102 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ai, inų kalbų bal izmai, inoug is ika, e i-
mology, compa a i e linguis ics, he ela ionship be ween linguis ics
and a chaeology, algi das sabaliauskas.
keyWo ds: bal ic- innic con ac s, bal ic loanwo ds in innic, inno-ug ian
linguis ics, e ymology, compa a i e linguis ics, ela ions be ween linguis ics
and a chaeology, algi das sabaliauskas.
san e i jun iLa
he Uni e si y o Helsinki
Resea ch a eas: e ymology and compa a i e linguis ics,
con ac s be ween he Bal ic and Finnish languages.
The oldes con ac s be ween he Bal ic and Finnish languages ha e been s udied mainly by
linguis s o he Finnish and U al languages. In he con ex o his esea ch, he mos equen ly
y iMŲ PenkiasdeŠiM Me is
he La es i y yea s o s udies in o he
P ehis o ic con ac s be ween bal ic and innic
ci ed by he Bal ic people is he analysis o he Li huanian language by Algi das Sabaliauskas
(1963). Resea che s o he U al languages ha e gained a g ea deal o knowledge abou language
con ac s in he las i y yea s. The a icle discusses he la es gene al si ua ion o all ou
subg oups desc ibed by Sabaliauskas: Finnish loanwo ds in he Bal ic languages, Bal ic loanwo ds
in he Finnish languages, g amma ical simila i ies be ween he wo language g oups, and
linguis ic and a chaeological ci cums ances in he con ex o p ehis o ic con ac s.
anno a ion
he oldes con ac s be ween bal ic and innic languages ha e mos ly been esea ched by
Finnish and U alic linguis ics. When e e ing o hese s udies, Bal ologis s mainly quo e a
Li huanian-language e iew by Sabaliukas (1963), howe e , he U alicis knowledge on he con ac s
has inc eased subs an ially du ing he las hal cen u y. This a icle p esen s an upda ed
o e iew o all ou sub- ields o Swahili: Finnish loanwo ds in Bal ic, Bal ic loanwo ds in Finnish,
g amma ical simila i ies be ween he wo language g oups, and linguis ic and a chaeological
conside a ions on he p ehis o ic con ex o he con ac s.
naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
103 a icles by a icle
Fi y yea s ago, he alen ed and e y luen Finnish-speaking p esen a ion was
kalbininkas algi das sabaliauskas publika o s aipsnį „bal ų i Pabal ijo suo-
mių kalbų san ykiai“ žu nale Lie u ių kalbo y os klausimai. sabaliausko emos
mode n a he ime and based on he bes Finnish o he ime, unlike in 1963.
ikos skolinių y imų šal iniais. bėgan dešim mečiams inų kalbų kon ak ų y i-
mai spa čiai obulėjo i šiandien požiū is į seno ės bal ų i inų kon ak us isiš-
Howe e , he con ac s in Li huanian li e a u e ha examines he his o y and
p ehis o y o he Bal ic language a e s ill desc ibed on he basis o Sabalyan
w i ings.
I is pa ly unde s ood ha Li huanian-Bal is s do no s and on he le el o he
Fino-Ug ic discussion, since he e is no men ion o con ac s be ween whi es and Finns
in he I äme ensuomalais en kiel en bal ilaise lainasana ([…]bal iški skoliniai inių
kalbose[…], he eina e […]ibL, 1936) and he mos impo an wo k in his a ea is he
ebė a Vilhelmo homseno Be ö inge mellem de inske og de bal iske (li auisk-
wo k eikalas le iske[…] ([…]san ykiai suomių i bal ų (lie u ių-la ų) kalbų […],
he eina e […] b b, 1890). Howe e , in ecen yea s he e ha e been a numbe o sho
e iews o his opic: in pa icula he English Lembi o Vabos (2011b) and he San e i
jun ilos a icles and he Vabos a icle w i en in Es onian (2011-2012a). The mos
ecen lis s o deb s we e compiled by Seppo Suhonen (1988) and Vaba (1990a), bu hese
lis s do no ma ch each o he and a e pa ly obsole e, see jun ila 2011. The pu pose o
his a icle is o o e Li huanian scien is s he means o ill he gaps in he i y-yea
pe iod. I p o ides he main di ec ions o con ac esea ch in he las hal -cen u y and
he mos impo an sou ces. he collec ion o sou ces ies o concen a e on ex s
w i en in Indo-Eu opean languages, bu some e ymologies a e also men ioned in
sou ces w i en in Finnish and Es onian. sabaliauskas di ided his a icle in o ou
pa s: Gene al ema ks, G amma ical ea u es, Bal s language loans in Bal s Finnish
and Bal s Finnish loans in Bal s Finnish. All ou hemes will be analyzed, bu in e e se
o de , lea ing he mos impo an hough , i.e. he conclusion, he end. Sabaliausko
Pabal ijo Finnish language (i äme ensuomalaise kiele , lääneme esoome keeled, die
os see innische Sp achen) means he same as wha is la e used in he Finnish language
(Finnic languages). Bal ic Finnish belongs o he same obsole e se o concep s as
Pa logian Finnish. Bo h o hese e ms can be misunde s ood as desc ibing Finns li ing
on he sho es o he Bal ic Sea and he Volga, so I won' use ei he o hem he e.
Ins ead o he i s concep , i is be e o use he Finnish, ins ead o he second […]
Mo d iai and Ma ia. Acco ding o he mode n iew, he Mo d ins and Ma ians a e no
pa o he Pa lo ian Finnish (o Pa lo ian Finnish) g oup, and he Mo d in language is
close o he Finnish han o he Ma ian languages.
104 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI inskoLiniai baL in he dialec s as sabaliauskas
san e i jun iLa
ašė, mos o he Finnish bo owings a e ound only in hose La ian i can be
concluded ha hese bo owings a e signi ican ly newe han he old Bal ic
bo owings in he Finnish languages. And he ac ha hey' e newe can also be
kalbos dialek uose, ku ių a ealai geog a iškai ibojasi su ly ių i es ų kalbų a ealais.
ki i andami ik la ių kalboje, kele as jų oliau pa eko i į lie u ių kalbą. iš o
seen by he ac ha hey don' ha e he same sound a ios as he old ones. These
newe La ian bo owings om sou he n Finnish languages ha e been ex ensi ely
s udied by Vaba (see Vaba 1997a, 2006). The mos ecen wo k on hem is by Ca he ine
Kolle o a (2013). he e is a eason o emo e only one wo d om he lis o
sabaliausko deb s, i.e. lie. I 's always he same. I 's called a caddy. The wo ds
Li huanian and P ussian canno be bo owed om he La ian kadiķis and he
La ian wo d is no om Finnish, bu om he Bal ic Ge man Kaddik, om which es
o igina ed. I 's a ca ish. om he Finnish-G eek wo ds o he same meaning […] suo.
He says, yes. I is impossible o de i e any common o m o pi mykš ė om
kadakas, no he n Sami gaskkas, komių kač and mansių a mių köös and koś . hey
a e p obably subs a e bo owings om unknown languages spoken in he egion,
and o he same o igin, may be, a e wo ds om Li huanian and P ussian languages.
bu lies. he essel < la. The ship […] in Finnish, as i is w i en sabaliauskas, bu i.
he ship is no < ge m. I 's jus a ge m. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Sabaliauskas makes he un eliable asse ion o Paulo A is e's ha he in luence o
he Finnish languages on he Bal ic languages has been li le s udied, bu i is s ill
possible o ind e y old bo owings. A p esen , we know ha he a is e
hypo hesis is no suppo ed by ac s: dozens o wo ds om he Li huanian and
P ussian languages ha e been p oposed as inisms, bu none can be p o en o ha e such an o igin (jun ila 2014).
Resea che s o Finnish-Bal ic con ac s ha e men ioned wo possible easons why
he e a e no old Finnish loanwo ds in he Bal ic languages. Fi s , wi hou a doub ,
he con ac ed Bal ic language has disappea ed and has no passed on i s possible
inisms o o he Bal ic languages. Secondly, i was gene ally belie ed ha he
p es ige o he Bal ic con ac language was much highe han ha o he Finnish
dialec . Howe e , acco ding o Vladimi o Topo o o (1990) and also Pe i Kallio (2014: 113), he old Bal ic languages o he Finnish language a e no a supe s a um, bu a subs a um.
The main sou ce o he lis o Finnish-speaking Bal ic languages was ibL 1936, as
seconda y sou ces o use: b b 1890, he i s wo pa s o he e ymological
ocabula y o he Finnish language (www.skes. i) and 195 and Lau io Hakulinen's
ansla ion o he Finnish language in o Russian wi h addi ions by Paulo A is e
(A is e 1953 and 1955). Sepa a e e ymologies sabaliauskas ook om ka lo abeno
(1947), and one niemineno
naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
105 a icles by a icle
(1955 and 1963b) and Topo o o and T ubachio o (1962) wo ks. On he basis o he main
wo ks on his opic, Sabaliauskas published an a icle p o iding a gene al o e iew
o Li huanian eade s. i canno be said ha any sepa a e Finnish sou ce would
ha e been be e han he Li huanian a icle in Sabalia. o he o al, 109
non-objec i e and 116 ques ionable Finnish deb s we e submi ed by he
Sabaliauskas. he also submi ed wo Bal ic languages ha a e missing om he ibL:
hei iä ~ heide ~ hedelmä ( opo o and ubačio as) and sii (niemienenas). In addi ion,
many o he dispu ed e ymologies o he Kalima a e lis ed in he Sabalya lis as
lai a, lielo, liika, ii a (sabaliauskas klaidingai pa ašė ii a), uskea, sammas, ee i,
dubious (ka s a, ka a, kekäle, ki s u, a si, es. ka is ama, es. kuk u, ly . kē ) o
e en as unques ioned e ymology ( eps. hähk). F om he e ymologies o he IbL
doub s, Sabaliauskas explained ha he wo ds hä kä, uohi and es a e no doub s.
The cu b. The Sabellians also ma ked he Kalimos as unques ionable, conside ed
e ymologies as doub ul, especially i any o he esea che doub ed hem: homsen
b b conside ed doub ul a a, me i, a is a and ly . Ais a , SKeS […] elki, kelle,
kääppä, laiska, lunka, napa and mä kä, a is e[…]s […] hanhi, hihna and kappale and
wi hou he sou ce o he sapa, inka and uona. Sabaliauskas did no accep all he
e ymologies o he Kalima deb s. In o al, he did no men ion he 11 Bal ic loanwo ds
om he IBL, o which, howe e , he co ec ones a e me sä, halme, luhis ua and
ohla. ibL lacks he ela i ely la ge numbe o bal s epo ed by Thomson and o he
esea che s. The e o e, he numbe o bo owed e ymologies in he sabaliausko
a icle emained e y small. I he had collec ed all he e ymologies om he i s
wo pa s o he skes, he would ha e had 11 mo e e ymologies, o which he possible
ones would be aa kela, a i o, kampi, kiiliäinen and lii a. In addi ion, he e is a sho age
o good e ymologies in he Sabalia a icle, such as ha a, juh a, oka, umma, a pa,
and i a. Some likely o possible bal s emained unno iced by Sabaliausko: jä i
(buga 1922b: 29295), es. (Endzelin Ku a 1912: 71[…]72), Ku sua (Mägis e 1923: 35[…]36), Malo
(Loo i s 1929: 175[…]76), es. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he
English language. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's called a u nip. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
O e he las i y yea s, many o he e ymologies men ioned in he Sabine ha e
been disca ded and new ones ound. o he new e ymologies in he Li huanian
language we e examined by Ka i Liukkonen (1999) and ee os elinos uo ilos (2000)
e ymologies p esen ed by Vencku ė (2001) and 2002; a k . dėm. also kaplas and eikä,
Liukkonen 1973). Howe e , only a small p opo ion o he Bal ic loan e ymologies
ound in he las i y yea s ha e been discussed. The ollowing species a e
included in his ca ego y: Lab ado e icula ed mo h (Lab ado e icula ed mo h),
Lab ado e icula ed mo h (Lab ado e icula ed mo h), Lab ado e icula ed
mo h (Lab ado e icula ed mo h), Lab ado e icula ed mo h (Lab ado
1990a, huone 1992, äljä 1993, kaukalo 1994, kii e 1998, sy jä i es. ma ma 1999,
In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Cou o Fi s Ins ance uled on he
san e i jun iLa
compa ibili y o he aid wi h he in e nal ma ke on he basis o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he
T ea y on he Func ioning o he Eu opean Union, and on he basis o A icle 107 (3) (c) o
he T ea y on he Func ioning o he Eu opean Union. Oh, ha 's igh . I 's a lo . I'm om
1989. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. See also 1992c, a mo, ehmas,
s. älmäs 1994, es. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . This is hü n 1997b, es. 1997c, amp 1997d, suga is 1998, his is ang. Vagel and
many o he esea che s (hai a o man 1993: 99100, halea and lenko suhonen 1989, hanka
ni i 1964: 138–64, muhea salmela 1965, paukama hahmo 1998: 228, peijas ~
peikko i e 1977, säe ä sammallah i 1998: 123, sä ky i e 1993: 14, aljaa
linde 1994, ha en hahmo 1990: 212, heijas aa uibo 2012: 107, kuhis a and laukea e en je
1990: 30, 2007, leina sköld 1982 and a as nieminen 1963a) ha e been in ol ed in he s udy o
his species o many yea s. The indings o Vabo (1990b) and Ecke o (1990) on he
gene al lexicon o Sla ic, Bal ic and Finnish beekeeping a e also e y in e es ing. The
a gumen s denying he e ymology o he Bal ic loanwo ds gi en by Sabalia did no en e
Li huanian li e a u e a all. I 's especially un o una e o wo ds ha ha e been used
as e idence in ques ions o whi e p ehis o y. In he book The O igin o he Na ion
(Zinke ičius, Luch anas, Česnys 2006, u he […] k) i is w i en: […]The Finnish
loanwo d pi i […]li ing smoke ound[…] indica es ha a he ime o he bo owing he
whi e dwelling was a smoke ound and wi hou a i eplace, in which people no only li ed,
bu also c ied[…] ( k 2006: 41). Ne e heless, Nieminen (1940: 384) has al eady p o ed ha
pi i is a Sla ic loan: i belongs o he Finnish i-kamen, which a e much newe han
con ac s wi h whi es (see also Nieminen 1953:216 […] 17, Vah os 1966: 61[…] 68). The Finnish
ai as […]dangus[…] is a lag acco ding o he phone ic and seman ic c i e ia o he
a yan school (La sson 1984b: 132, koi uleh o 1990b: 149, an ila 2002: 97), so on his basis
no hing can be said abou he old Bal ic pan heon, as a emp ed by k (p. 49). The
impo an e ms o he low-income g oup, ba hs […]no agas[…] and […]es […]akėčios[…],
a e Ge man loans (ka s en 1915: 84[…]85, Vilkuna 1971: 47[…]55, koi uleh o 1971: 591). The e is
also well- ounded c i icism o hese Sabaliauski-p oposed e ymologies o unce ain
de i a i es: eps. The ollowing species a e included in CITES Appendix I: Lis o
endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as
de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I:
Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species,
as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species. (Mägis e 1977: 173 […] 74), he aaja (ho s a 1985: 189), he aikku (Mägis e 1960 […] 61: 296 […] 98) and he i pi (Mägis e 1962: 26).
e icula ed mo h), Lab ado e icula ed mo h (Lab ado e icula ed mo h),
Lab ado e icula ed mo h (Lab ado e icula ed mo h), Lab ado e icula ed
mo h (Lab ado e icula ed mo h). I is also known as kabu a (Mägis e 1977:
162[…]63), kale a (eisen 1910: 11[…]13, Mikkola 1934, oi onen 1955: 109[…]22, jun ila 2011:
107), es. I 's called ka is ama (ibL 107), ka el. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
107 a icles by a icles
113, 14; Buga 1922a: 17071), kyy ö (Ma ikainen 1962), kyäs (LägLos ii 13839), lai a
bescha enhei (ka s en 1937: 183, ska džius 1957: 377, LägLos ii), lai a ‘sei e
(ka s en 1937: 183, LägLos ii 1577, jun ila 2012: 283), es. This is he i s ime ha he
e m has been used in his way. (Vasme 1920), My y i (jun ila 2012: 284), who is a
(Wiklund 1904: 156), ahna (nieminen 1940: 380, jun ila 2011: 103), ah u (Mä-
membe o he Ka el amily. In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Cou o Fi s
Ins ance uled ha he applica ion o he p inciple o p opo ionali y did no
cons i u e S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y. I is
necessa y o co ec in he Li huanian adi ion, which occu s in he con ex o
Bal ic esea ch, ha wo conside able e ymological wo ds we e w i en in 1879.
ija susijusią klaidingą są oką, ku i a si ado ik po sabaliausko s aipsnio, susijusio
su kazimie o jauniaus ank aščio pa iešinimu. klima ičius (1977: 6) ašo, kad
y imo p adžioje „pi menybės palmę eikė ų į eik i k. jauniui, da p ieš V. om-
Thomson's wo k on Bal ic s udies did no begin wi h he closu e o his main shop in
1890, bu as ea ly as 1869, when his disse a ion on Ge manic bo owings in Finnish
languages appea ed. In i , he succeeded in cha ac e izing he Finnish Bal ic laye in
he same way ha Sabaliauskas w o e abou i abou a hund ed yea s la e .
Mode n esea che s ha e mo e o say abou he possibili ies o g amma ical changes
abou (p e)his o ic language con ac s han hei p edecesso s did 50 yea s ago, o
e alua e all he language changes a ising om he monies o con ac s. Thomas and
pi ma odėl, kad daba žinome daug daugiau apie pasaulio kalbas negu ais laikais.
ypač homseno i kau mano pi mieji da bai šioje s i yje da ė y inė ojams p ie-
Kau man di ided he in luence o con ac s in o supe s a e-induced bo owing and
shi -induced in e e ence: in he i s case, he language communi y does no
disappea in con ac s and he language- ansmi ing communi y occupies a s onge
posi ion han he language- ecei ing communi y; in he second case, he use s o he
language- ecei ing communi y change in o he language- ansmi ing communi y.
The e a e no loanwo ds in Li huanian, so i is no possible o make assump ions abou
skolinimosi a eju iš ienos kalbos į ki ą plin a isų pi ma leksika, o ik po o
ki a kalbinė medžiaga, okia kaip one inės i sin aksinės sa ybės. senų inų sko-
he in luence o o he loanwo ds. Howe e , he e a e so many lexical bal s in he
Finnish languages ha i is possible o make an appliance o his esea ch sabaliauskas
laidą apie bal ų kalbų į aką aip pa sin aksei i one ikai.
apie bal išką supe s a o į aką inų kalbų one ikai ašė Lau i Pos i (1953–54),
did no o ge (Pos i k i iko see also Kallio 2000).
108
san e i jun iLa
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
In spi e o his, he Sabellian compiled he mos impo an ph ases o mo phological
syn ax p esen ed as a con ac in luence: he e bs o he o me ime o ms, he
cong uence o he sign, he use o he e b as a na a i e and he e b […] as a
nega i e sen ence complemen . In addi ion, he men ioned wo mo phological
ca ego ies: he Li huanian alleged sedimen and he ilia ic limbs. Finnish e b o ms
(especially olen lugenud, olin lugenud) a e much close o Ge man han o he Bal ic
languages in e ms o hei use. They a e associa ed wi h he Bal ic con ac s o he
Sumanian a is e, which had no o he basis han he desi e (us maja; uuele majale) is
sumenkin i ge manų kalbų į aką inų kalboms. aip pa pažyminio kong uencija
mo e associa ed wi h he Ge mans han wi h he Bal ic in luence. The o he
g amma ical p ope ies men ioned by Sabaliauskas p esen ed as a possible in luence
o he Finnish subs a e on he Bal ic languages. Acco ding o cu en concep s, he
in luence o he subs a e usually s a s om syn ax and phonology and a ec s
only known a eas o he ocabula y, such as na u al and local e ms. Since Li huanian
has no phone ic ine g amma s (kallio 2001) o wo ds o ine g amma ical o igin and
no place names can be indica ed, i is easie o assume ha seman ic p ope ies a e
in luenced by whi es in Finnish […] i hey do no ha e a common subs a e om some
unknown pas language.
A leas he use o he Li huanian language as a na a o is no a ine-g ained
subs a e, bu a he an in luence o he Polish language. A mo e sub le phenomenon is
Finnish pa i i us, he use o which co esponds qui e well o he use o he Li huanian
pa i i us dialec . The e is no pa i i e ca ego y in o he Finno-Ug ic languages, bu
simila phenomena occu in Polish and Russian. so his can be conside ed as he
in luence o he whi es on he Finnish languages, on he con a y, han he Sabalian
hough . Pa i ion and i s ela ionship o he Li huanian language ha e been
ex ensi ely s udied by La s-Gunna La sson (1981a, 1984a and 2001). I is leas likely ha
he in luence o bo h con ac ypes is a shi in mo phological ca ego ies. Thus, he
Li huanian language's k-liepnoji consonan is less closely ela ed o he Finnish
languages, as well as o he ilia ic end, which Sabaliauskas igh ly doub ed was due o
he acciden ally esembling Finnish ilia ic end. Howe e , he uniqueness o he
Li huanian language's seconda y place link sys em in he Indo-Eu opean language amily
leads o he in e p e a ion o some subs a e ha also in luenced he de elopmen o he Finnish place link sys em […] i.e. i is no a common communi y o Finno-Ug ic languages.
The mos impo an pa o he gene al no e, he pa o he sabaliausko a icle
p esen ing he conclusion, is, un o una ely, he oldes o he no he n
gy enusi. Pačioje s aipsnio p adžioje sabaliauskas eigia, jog „dėl bal ų san ykių su
neighbou hoods o he Bal ic Finns. i s , he p esen s he opinion o he […]his o ical
a chaeologis s[…] b iuso o and Moo o, acco ding o which […] he
naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
The Finnish-Ug ic ances o s li ed in he 3 d millennium BC in he o es bel o eas e n
Eu ope, in he moun ains and he Bal ics, engaged mainly in hun ing and ishing, and
p oduced po e y, o chalk, ce amics. La e , in he hi d millennium B.C.E. "The ances o s
o mode n whi es" came o he Bal ic, who "knew animal husband y and ag icul u e well
and used ope po e y". This heo y, acco ding o Sabaliauskas, is suppo ed by "o he
So ie his o ians and scien is s" (Sabaliauskas 1963: 109). Such an opening should aise
c i ical ques ions in eade s. How can a chaeologis s know wha kind o po e y was
made by he ances o s o oday's Finnish-Ug ic o Bal ic peoples, wha pa o he wo ld
hey li ed in, and wha language hey spoke? How can hey know ha some o he
speake s o he P abal language did no change hei language as a esul o changing
ci cums ances and ha hei descendan s do no speak o he languages oday? How
can we know ha all he s ing po e y make s, and hey alone, spoke Bal ic om
beginning o end, o e a housand yea s? A en whi e and Fino-Ug ic linguis ically de ined
g oups, he iden i ica ion o which is a ma e o linguis ics and no o a chaeology?
Un o una ely, hese ques ions ha e no been aised in Li huanian dialec o decades,
only decades a e he Sabalia a icle, a chaeological ex s domina e he discussion, in
which […]Bal icism[…] and […]Fino-Ug icism[…] a e p esen ed as cha ac e is ics o known
p ehis o ic a chaeological cul u es despi e linguis ic a gumen s. I he concep s o
"whi e" and "whi e" a e de ined as "speake s o he Bal ic and Finnish languages", hen
i is no possible o c i icize he idea o eino nieminen (nieminen 1934 and 1956) in he
Sabalia manne .
The Bal ic dialec s a e de i ed no om he Bal ic dialec , bu om i s no he n
dialec s, which he Nemeans called he ancien Ku si. The only a gumen made by he
Sabellians was ha i was di icul o imagine ha in he second millennium B.C.E. he
Bal ic dialec could ha e been di ided in o sepa a e languages, since in he second
millennium B.C.E. a chaeologis s da ed s inged po e y. Howe e , Nieminen
conside ed he con ac s o be much younge and did no associa e hem wi h co ded
po e y. he elied on a gumen s abou he phone ic p ope ies o he bo owings,
which con i med ha hei sou ce was newe han he Whi e dialec . I is ue ha
he pe iod o he Whi e Speech could no ha e been comple ed in he e a o he ope
po e y, bu his implies ha i s con ac s wi h he Ug ic iews on he Whi e and
inų p okalbe u ėjo į yk i ėliau.
oliau sabaliauskas pa eikia „užsienio kalbo y ininkų“ . y. homseno i ino-
Finnish con ac s, claiming ha hey a e based only on linguis ic a gumen s. He e is
he Sabellian e o : in addi ion o linguis ic a gumen s, he opinions o he Finnish
Finoug is s we e also suppo ed by he a chaeologis Al edo Hackman's heo y o
Finnish mig a ion in he i s cen u ies o ou e a (hackman 1905). On his basis, he
se lemen s and o he Feno-Ug ic se lemen s da ed he con ac s o he ime
be o e he mig a ion, i.e. he beginning o ou e a. In ac , his was s ongly
suppo ed by Thomson's iew ha he Finnish language was spoken in eas e n Russia
du ing he Sla ic expansions o he 8 h and 8 h cen u ies (see jun ila 2012).
110 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI sabaliauskas men ions ha Kazimie 's lu e
san e i jun iLa
was inclined o b ing he con ac s o he whi es back o he ea lies imes
(1000[…]500 BC), bu o ge s ha he lu e was bo owed om he Finnish o ois o
e e o ka s eno and he Swedish inoug is ka lo be nha do Wiklundo (Ge man
lu e 1921). Ka s en, Wiklund and Boog sough o da e based on a chaeology. So
Moo e's heo y wasn' as new and unique as Sabalia wan ed o make i ou o be.
The eal e olu ion in he p ehis o y o he Finnish language was only signi ied by he
wo ks o he Ge manis Jo mos Koi uleh o (1934-2014) a he end o he eigh h decade.
Ini ially, Koi uleh o (1972) suppo ed Moo ish con inui y heo y, bu ejec ed i a e
no icing i in Finnish and o he Wes e n Finno-Ug ic languages o he Bal ic
bo owing laye , he olde no hwes e n Indo-Eu opean laye , he
p e-Bal esla ic-p e-Ge manic laye . The dis ibu ion o he Indo-Eu opean loans in he
no hwes is based on he Bal ic Sea egion, so hey can be linked o he a i al o
he p imi i es in he Bal ic and he i s con ac s wi h local Indo-Eu opeans
(Koi uleh o, 1983). o phone ic easons, he Bal ic loans mus be signi ican ly newe .
Thus, he Fino-Ug ic peoples ha e long since ceased o associa e he da es o Finnish and
Whi e con ac s wi h he appea ance o na al igh ing ha che s. Koi uleh o and his
con empo a ies es ablished hem in he la e Neoli hic Kiukainen cul u e, bu hei yea
numbe s (Ca pelan-Pa pola (2001: 89 […] 90) men ioned 2300 […] 1600 BC did no di e much
om he Moo ish da es. This was made possible by he ac ha in he nine een h
cen u y a chaeologis s began o use calib a ed c14 da es, which indica ed ha
p ehis o ic cul u es we e olde han p e iously hough (Ca pel-Pa pola 2001: 5558, i.e. all
da es da e back o ea lie imes). The Moo s o iginally da ed he na al wa axes cul u e
o 2000-1800 BC, bu acco ding o calib a ed da es hey began as ea ly as 3200-3000 BC
(Pa pola 2012: 129). I is s ange ha somewhe e in Li huanian li e a u e ( .p. k 2006) he
old uncalib a ed yea igu es a e s ill men ioned. Mode n calib a ed da es clea ly
indica e ha he Bal ic dialec should no be associa ed wi h co ded po e y, since a
ha ime he Li huanian language would ha e emained almos unchanged o a
housand yea s (koi uleh o 1983: 136). The ea lies known e e ence o a ca pen e 's
inoug is ų nuomonės spa čiai kei ėsi pe pas a uosius dešim me ų i ūks an-
po e y, he Ca pel-Pa pella po e y, was made in he 4 h cen u y B.C. I is oo old o be
jau pasenę (ž . Pa pola 2012: 119–21). be eik isi šiais laikais p ipažįs a, kad šu-
associa ed wi h he Finnish language. A language can' s ay he same o ha long.
Fu he mo e, he e a e common me allu gical e ms in he Finno-Ug ic languages,
excluding S one Age da es, and compa ing new A yan bo owings, which mus ha e been
ob ained be o e he a i al o he Finns on he Bal ic coas (Pa pola 2012). Mos o he
younge gene a ion o Finno-Ug ic ejec ed he assump ion ha he sp ead o
languages always le a chaeological aces (aikio 2012: 81, 97 […] 102). Pa o hem ko
i uleh o jo ma 2001b: F om he day o he eas , om he ou ism o he u quoise?
naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
117s aipsniai a icles lio (eds.): Ea ly Con ac s be ween U alic and Indo-Eu opean.
Linguis ic and A chaeological Conside a ions. Pape s p esen ed a an in e na ional
symposium held a he ä minne esea ch s a ion o he uni e si y o helsinki 8-10
Janua y 1999. Memoi s o he Finnish-Ug ian Socie y 242, 235 […] 63.
The ial akes place on 5 h May, 48 h-51s .
2006: How old a e he con ac s be ween Finno-Ug ic and Bal ic-Sla ic? […] Juhani Nu luo o
(ed.): The Sla iza ion o he Russian No h. Mechanisms and Ch onology. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. In 2013, she was awa ded he Bal o-Finnish P ize in Bal ic Languages.
Mas e 's deg ee wo k. The Facul y o Philosophy a Masa yk Uni e si y is a linguis ic and Bal ic acul y.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he case o Aus ian-Finnish
language s udies, pa ial use.
ups ai s: Finnish-Ug ic ins i u ions.
La sson-gunna 1981b: Th ee Bal ic loanwo ds in Fennic. he ac o he uni e si y
upsaliensis. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is Wiksell In e na ional.
La sson La sgunna 1984a: he ole o bal ic in luence in he aspec ual sys em o
innish. […] c. de g oo , h. ommola (eds.): Aspec Bound. This is he i s ime I' e
seen his. A oyage in o he ealm o Ge manic, Sla onic and Finno-Ug ian
aspec ology, 97109. he igh o de ence. La sson-Gunna 1984b: Es onian and Finnish
milk […] and Bal ic milk? […] Fenno-Ug ica Suecana 7, 129 […] 40. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has ecei ed a eques o a decision on his ma e .
La ss on La s -gunn a 2001: Bal ic in luence on Finnish languages. […] The Ci cumBal ic
languages. Typology and con ac . Volume i: Pas and P esen , 237 o 53. This is a lis o
ilms p oduced by John Benjamins Publishing Company. In 1911, he was awa ded he
Bal ic-Sla ic Wo e kla ungen. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. a-b. O he ups ai s: academic can een.
Lin de Paul an 1994: zu e ymologie on hanka, hanko. This is he i s ime I' e seen his wo d in
255–8.
English. […] Linguis ica U alica 30, Linde Paul an 2007: The Finnic ocabula y agains he
backg ound o in e e ence. P oe sch i e e k ijging an he doc o aa in de Le e en
aan de ijksuni e si ei g oningen op gezag an de ec o Magni icus, d . . zwa s, in he
openbaa e e dedigen op donde dag 25 ok obe 2007 om This is he i s ime in he his o y o
he Uni e si y o G oningen ha a doc o al deg ee has been awa ded. I 's a qua e a e wo. This is G oningen. Liu kkon en ka i 1973: The lis o Bal ic-English ansla ions o he s udy. –
The i gins a e 77, 1732.
Liukkonen Ka i 1999: Bal isches im Finnischen (Bal ish in Finnish) is a Finnish
ele ision se ies based on he no el o he same name. This is Ms ou 235. Loo i s osk o 1929: Mõningad lä i laensõnad ees is. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

118
san e i jun iLa
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
Läglos […] a. d. kyls a si kka-Liisa hahmo, e e ho s a, osmo nikkil ä 1991[…]2012: Lexikon de
äl e en ge manischen Lehnwö e in den os see innischen Sp achen. This is he i s ime in
he his o y o he Ge man language ha he wo d has been used in he same way. Ams e dam, he A lan ic: he Rhodope.
Ma ikainen Hanna (1962) is a Finnish ele ision se ies. […] Vi i äjä 66, 37 […] 47. This
is he i s ime ha his has happened. Mikola Josip and Julius 1934: Kale a. He
Mäg is e julius 1923: e ümologisee imiska seid. – Ees i Keel 2, 33–39.
was bo n in he illage o Kale a. […] Kale alaseu an uosiki ja 14, 106[…]10. This is
he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha he e m […]Kale alaseu an uosiki ja[…] has been used. Mäg is e julius 1927: Lmsm. He was bo n in Pa is, F ance. You' e going o ha e o come o he ba h oom. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Mäg is juli us 1953: zum i. I'm going o ake a look a his. The ha akka is an els e and i s ail. […] The U al-Al aic
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Mäg is e us juli 1959: is he e a Bal ic Lehnwö e in he Czech Republic? […] The U als
The Al aische Jah büche 31, 169 o 76.
Mäg is e ju liu s 1960–61: Os see innische und wolga innische e ymologische Be ach un-
gen ii. commen a iones bal icae 8/9, 4.
Mägis e julius 1962: Äld e yska låno d i es niskan, sä skil i de gamla es niska sk i s-
I'm going o ask you a ques ion. Lunds uni e si e s Å ssk i is loca ed in he ci y o
Lunds. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: 1. bd 55. numbe 1. I'm so y, bu in 1966, I was in a gi l's na ionali y p oblem. […] O he
70, 114−20.
Mäg is e juliu s 1977: o some o he supposed Bal ic Lehnwö e n in he Os see-Finnish
language. […] S udies in Finno-Ug ic languages in hono o Alo Raun. Indian uni e si y u alic
and al aic se ies. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In 1934 he published a
book en i led "De S ammauslau de ins u innische en lehn en bal ischen ā- eminina und die he kun s age" (The s ammauslau o he inne -Finnish en husiasm o he Bal ic women and he ques ion o he kun s). […] Finnish-Ug ic Resea ch 22, 5[…]66.
nie minen eino 1940: i äme ensuomalais en ja bal ilais en kiel en älis en koske us en
u kimukses a. – Vi i äjä 44, 376–84.
In 1944, he Ge man Eino: Jää ä ja uona sanojen ole e uis a bal ilaisis a as ineis a was published. I was also published in he Ge man Eino 1944: Jää ä ja uona sanojen ole e uis a bal ilaisis a as ineis a. –
The i gins a e 48, 24 and 31.
In 1953 he published a book en i led "A Bei ag zu de os slawischen und os see innischen
Bade e minologie" (A Bei ag o he Eas Sla ic and Eas Finnish Bade e minology). This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. The i s was published in 1955 as Die bal ischen und os see innischen Ausd ücke ü Segel. […] Jou nal o compa a i e language esea ch in he a eas o Indo-Ge manic languages.
neue olge, 72. band, 128–60.
nie min en ein o 1956: Übe einige eigenscha en de bal ischen sp ache, die sich in
he oldes Lehnwö e n o he Finnish spoken sea. In he o eg ound, hold a 9. Xi. 1956 […]
Mee ing epo o he Finnish Academy o Sciences 1956, 185-206.
naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
119 a icles in he wo k o he yea a ce i, 201[…]10. : La ian Academy o Sciences
nie min en ei no 1959: bei äge zu den bal isch-os see innischen be üh ungen. – Rak-
s u k ājums. Vel ījums akadēmiķim p o eso am D . Jānim Endzelīnam iņa 85 dzī es un 65
publishing house. The e m " o eign o igins in Finnish" is de i ed om he e m
" o eign o igins in Finnish" in he Zei sch i ü sla ische Philologie 31, 233-41. no in
one o 1963b: innisch sii. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 6, 177[…]82. 1996: is
bal o- innic kypä ä ‘helm, casque eally a loanwo d om bal ic, o is i indigenous?
The Wo d, olume 47, numbe 2, 185 and 91. Ni i Ruben 1964: He says she's ac ing.
His o ical s udies ii. Finnish 111: 1. Helsinki: The Socie y o Finnish Li e a u e. nuu in
en olli 1987b: Kalannimi seipi […] Fennis ica es i al in hono o he se en h anni e sa y
o Gö an Ka lsson. Fennis ica 9, 107 and 15.
nuu in en olli 1987a: bal ilais en lainojen subs i uu io apauksia. – Vi i äjä 91, 52–63.
In 1989, Sa akunnan Syn y and Kainuun Ka o we e ounded in Vi i äjä 93, 1149. The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. In he 1960s, when I was a eenage , I was in i ed o a end a lec u e on he subjec . –
Sanjalka wo, six y wo se en y se en.
Ojanusuu Heikki (1921): Lisiä suomalais-bal ilaisiin koske uksiin (English: Lis o
Finnish-Bal ic languages) is a Finnish language newspape published by Ojanusuu
Heikki. The e ymology o Mahdollisia bal ilaisia is hai a, hu u, o io. The e ymology o Mahdollisia bal ilaisia is hai a, hu u, o io. The e ymology o Mahdollisia bal ilaisia is hai a, hu u, o io. The e ymology o Mahdollisia bal ilaisia is hai a, hu u, o io. This is Vi i äjä 97, 99101.
Pa p ola asko 2012: o ma ion o he indo-eu opean and u alic ( inno-ug ic) language amilies
in he ligh o a chaeology: e ised and in eg a ed […] o al[…] co ela ions. […] Riho G ün hal,
Pe i Kallio (ed.): A linguis ic map o p ehis o ic no he n Eu ope. Mémoi es de la socié é
inno-oug ienne 266, 119[…]84, also known as he "Memoi s o he Finno-Oug ienne Socie y"
In he case o La U i 1946, he e ymology is aken in o accoun . […] Vi i äjä 50, 385
[…] 86. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain a
s a emen o assu ance om he applican . Po s i L au i 195354: om P e-Finnic o La e P o o-Finnic. […] Finnish-Ug ic Resea ch 31, 1[…]91.
A e La u i 1969: he name o he siikanen you […] Juhlaki ja Paa o Si on in ull 60
yea s 2. The i s ac o he Uni e si y o Tampe e was published in he Finnish
language by he Ins i u e on 8 Sep embe 1969. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A e La S i u i 1970: een kaus a […] Vi i äjä 74, 165[…]7. This is he i s ime ha he
e en has been held in he coun y. In 1972, Vehma o and he ques ion o he cul u al he i age o he Me cosu coun ies we e discussed.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Po s i Lau i 1977: some new con ibu ions o he s ock o bal ic loanwo ds in innic
languages […] Bal is ica 13, 263[…]70.
120 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI i e al -Pe e 1977: zu age de innischen
san e i jun iLa
e idenz ü die sie e ssche egel im ge manischen. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Wadowsk i ja n 1913: a ew quo es om p ehis o ic si es in eas e n Eu ope and he
i e al -Pe e 1993: S udien zu den äl es en ge manischen En lehnungen im Os see-
innischen. opuscula enno-ug ica go ingiensia V. ank u am Main: Pe e Lang,
Indo-Eu opean plains based on he names o he wa e . […] Rocznik Sla is yczny . He is a
membe o he Swedish Academy o Sciences.
Vi, hi y-nine se en y- h ee.
See also alb e 1923: e ymologically ma ked iii. […] Ees i Keel 2, 10[…]15. The Paleo-Eu opean
Subs a e In e e ence in he Wes e n B anches o he U als This Regula ion shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In
2007 he published On he U alic Subs a e: Toponymy o he A khangelsk Region: P oblems o
Resea ch Me hodology and E hnohis o ical In e p e a ion. […] i a Liisa Pi känen, janne
saa iki i (ed.): Bo owing o place names in he U alic languages. he onomas ic u alica 4, 45[…]109.
I 's called he Deb ecen Helsinki. Linguis ics and a chaeology: a c i ical iew o an
in e disciplina y app oach wi h e e ence o he p ehis o y o no he n scandina ia. […]
cha lo e damm & janne saa iki i (eds.): Ne wo ks, in e ac ion and eme ging iden i ies in
Fennoscandia and beyond: pape s om he con e ence held in T omsø, No way, Oc obe 1316 2009.
Mémoi es de la socié é inno-oug ienne 265, 177217 sab ali auska s alg i das 1963: ela ions be ween
he Finnish languages o he Bal s and he Bal s. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 6,
109[…]36.
Salma Hayek (1965): "I'm no going o lie o you. […] Vi i äjä 69, 289[…]91. This is he
i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain in o ma ion om he
119–36.
Membe S a es. Sam mal lah i Pekka 1977: his o ical ques ions in Finnish. […]
Vi i äjä 81, sammallah i Pekka 1998: The Sami languages. […] The Sami language is he language o he Sami people. This is an in oduc ion. Ka asjohka: I'm going o gi e i o you.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Communi ies.
SKeS […] Finnish e ymological dic iona y 1[…]7. Helsinki: Finnish-Ug ic communi y, skö ld
1955–1979.
yg g e 1982: Finnish aljaa […]ha ness[…] a Bal ic loanwo d. […] Fenno-Ug ica
Suecana 5, 292[…]304. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has ecei ed a eques o a decision on his ma e .
SSa […] Finnish wo d o igin 1[…]3. Helsinki: Finnish publishing house, 1992 […] 2000. One n s
eppo 1988: he Bal ic Lehnwö e o Finnish-Ug ic spoken language. […] The U alic
languages. Desc ip ion, His o y and Fo eign In luences, 596 o 615. Leiden, New Yo k,
Copenhagen, and Cologne a e all in he same boa .
naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
The i s edi ion o he book was published in Sep embe 1989 and is en i led
"Bal ic and Sla ic E ymologies". This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Finno-Oug ienne 82, 21121. I is loca ed in he dis ic o Finno-Oug ienne.
e en […]e V. 1990: co ec ions o he […]suomen kielen e ymologinen sanaki ja[…]
conce ning he Ge manic, Bal ic and Sla ic Loanwo ds […] U alo-Indoge manica. The Bal ic S a es
вянсие языки и проблема урало-индоевропейских связей. Материалы 3-ей балто-сла-
A he Vienna Con e ence on 18 and 22 June 1990, Pa II, No. 3032. Moscow: The Ins i u e
ведения и балканистики АН СССР.
o he Sla ic Homeland Vilhelm 1869: The in luence o he Go hic language classes on he
his o isk unde søgelse. københa n: den gyldendalske boghandel.
Finnish language. En sp og k […] zigmas zinke ičius, alexiejus luch anas, gin au as
Česnys. He is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. The o igin o he na ion.
Vilnius: Cen e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 2006. I 's called Wsoy.
Topo o 1990 […] V. N. To Po o : On he cha ac e o he ancien Bal ic-Finnish con ac s
on hyd onium ma e ials. […] U al-Indo-Ge manic language Bal ic and Sla ic languages
и проблема урало-индоевропейских связей. Материалы 3-ей балто-славянской
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
и балканистики АН СССР.
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Moscow: Ins i u e o Sla ic
S udies Topo o , ubače 1962 […] b. h. opopo , I. o. h. pyb ache : Linguis ic analysis o
he hyphena ion o he Podneppo language. Moscow: Publishing house o he Academy o
Sciences o he USSR. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules
o he applica ion o his Regula ion. […] Keel and Ki jandus 50, 571[…]75. uo ila ee a elina 2000: Selec ed loans in o Finnish and Bal ic-Finnic (and some aspec s o Finnish g amma ). a memo ial olume published on he 60 h anni e sa y o he bi h. Naples: he ins i u e o he o ien al uni e si y.
Vabai 1983: Bal ic Lehnwö e de Wolga-sp achen im Lich e neue e
o schungse gebnisse (Lembi 1983: Bal ic Lehnwö e de Wolga-Sp achen im Lich e
neue e o schungse gebnisse) is a book by he Ge man w i e and jou nalis Vabai
Lembi , which was published in 1983. […] So ie inance and ag icul u e 19, 138[…]45. In he sp ing o 1989, he whi e-hai ed lion was he subjec o a ho ough in es iga ion. […] Keel and Ki jandus 32, 138 […] 41 and 206 […] 18.
Vaba Lembi 1990a: he Bal ic Sonde en lehnungen in he Finnish language o he Bal ic Sea.
[…] I is a language con ac . I äme ensuomalainen symposium a he 7 h In e na ional
Cong ess o Finnish and Hunga ian Languages in Deb ecen 27.8. – 1.9.1990, 125–39. he ollowing able is inse ed:
The e is a Bal ic agmen in he Es onian Wo scha z de Waldimke ei? This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vaba Lembi 1992a: Käblik on ahjulind! This is he i s ime I' e seen his mo ie. […] Keel
and Ki jandus 35, 459 and 62. Vabai Lemb 1992b: a. d. kyls a, si kkaLiisa hahmo, e e
ho s a, osmo nikkilä, Lexikon de äl e en ge manischen Lehnwö e in den
os see innischen sp achen. This is he i s ime ha he Ge man language has been used in his way. Linguis ica U alica 28, 219 and 23.
122 ac a
san e i jun iLa
Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
Vabai Lemb 1992c: ees i kala õkkenime us nä i ja bal i *ē lääneme esoome subs i- This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha a woman has been awa ded he Nobel P ize o Li e a u e.
uu ides . – Keel ja Ki jandus 35, 726–7.
Vaba L emb i 1994: o he Bal ic m-de e bal in he Os see-Finnish speech. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vaba Lembi 1996a: Abou he Bal ic he i age o he eas . Oh, him and he subs i u ion
o whi e. ♪ I'm he one ha go away ♪ […] Linguis ica U alica 32, 161[…]3. This is he
i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . Vaba
Lemb i 1996b: Abou he Bal ic he i age o he eas . ühm and seinen o he Finnish coas . […] Linguis ica U alica 32, 241 […]2. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Uu imusi lä i-ees i keelesuhe es . allinn – ampe e.
Vaba Lembi 1997b: Übe die bal ische he kun on es . hü n. – Linguis ica U ali ca 33,
1–3.
Vaba Lemb i 1997c: E gänzungen zu subs i u ion des bal ischen wo anlau enden *s . […] This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Bal ic S a es.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vaba Lembi 1997d: On he Bal ic he i age o he Finnish coas line. –
Linguis ica U alica 33, 281 […]3. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Vaba L embi 1997e: os see innisches me i ‘Mee - doch ein bal isches Lehnwo […]
Finnisch-ug ische Sp achen in Kon ak . This is he i s ime ha he Finnish-Ug ic language
has been used in con ac wi h he Bal ic Sea. Lec u es a he symposium on he occasion o
he 30 h anni e sa y o he Finno-Ug ic Fes i al a he Uni e si y o G oningen, No embe 1996. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Vabai Lemb 1998: he ole o he old P ussian language ma e ials in e ymological s udies o he
Bal ic Sea. […] Wojciech Smoczyński (ed.): Colloquium P u henicum secundum. This a icle is pa o
a se ies on he subjec . Pape s om he Second In e na ional Con e ence on Old P ussian held in
Mogilany nea K aków, Oc obe 3 d-6 h, 1996, 17785. The uni e si y is in K akow. Vaba Lembi 2006:
P oblems wi h he esea ch o he Bal ic-Finnish-Li huanian lexical beziehungen. […] P oceedings
o he 4 h In e na ional Cong ess o Dialec ologis s and Geolinguis s, 490[…]9. I 's aining.
Vaba Lembi 2011a: whi e loan in he s udy o he a ab o ou dis ance o mine ikku. […] Keel and
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vaba Lembi 2011b: Language con ac s be ween Bal ic and Finnish languages […] an exhaus ed
issue in linguis ic esea ch? This is Cong ess XI. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Pa s VI and VI Disse a ions a he symposium on linguis ics, 44 o 52.
I 's called Piliscaba.
Vagel: Wha is he e ymology o he wo d? […] Keel and Ki jandus 55, 202[…]10. Vah os
Igo 1966: On he his o y and olklo e o he G ea Russian Sauna. communica ion n:o
197. helsinki: Finnish language academy.

naujausias seno ės bal ų i inų kalbų kon ak ų
y imų penkiasdešim me is
123 a icles by a icle
Vanaga s aleks and a s 1966: Finnish place names in Li huania. […] Science and li e
1966: 4, 28–29.
In he 1920's, he Indo-Ge manic language was in oduced in o Es onian. This Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal
Ausb ei ung de Wes innen in den heu igen sla ischen Lände n. be lin: Ve lag de akademie
o he Eu opean Union. Max Wasse mann (1934), "A con ibu ion o he his o ical s udy o he peoples o Eas e n Eu ope." The o me o he sciences.
In 2001 he was awa ded he i le o Liukkonen, Bal isches im innischen. […]
125–30.
Bal is ica 36, Vencku […] eg i na 2002: e. e. uo ila, Selec ed Loans in o Finnish and
Bal ic-Finnic. –
Bal is ica 37, 172–77.
Vil kun a ku s aa 1971: die P lugge ä e innlands. – S udia Fennica 16, 5–178.
Wic hma nn y jö 1911: zu geschich e de innisch-ug ischen anlau enden a ika en,
I 's all igh . Hunga ian and Finnish. […] Finnish-Ug ic Resea ch 11, 173 […] 290. Wik lun d
k a l be n ha d 1904: en insk me a es i låno d. This is a lis o people who we e
bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o . […]
No dic s udies by Adol No een on his 50 h bi hday on 13 Ma ch 1904, 153[…]67. he ollowing en y is inse ed: k. W. appelbe gs bok ycke i.
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas: The his o y o he Li huanian language and he o igins o he Li huanian language The Vilnius:
I 's science.
Zinkiewicz-Zigma, 2005: The o igin o he Li huanian na ion. Vilnius: Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
he La es i y yea s o s udies in o he
P ehis o ic con ac s be ween bal ic and innic
In e ms o Finnish loanwo ds in Bal ic and Bal ic loanwo ds in Finnish, he main conclusion o
Sabaliauskas is s ill alid: he oldes Bal ic bo owings ha e eached he P o o-Finnic s age,
whe eas all Finnish bo owings in Bal ic languages a e much mo e ecen . Howe e , se e al
loanwo d e ymologies p esen ed by him ha e been p o en e oneous, and many new e ymologies
ha e been p esen ed. The e o e, some claims, which s ill occu in ecen Li huanian languages,
ha e globally enabled he e alua ion o he g amma ical simila i ies be ween Bal ic and Finnish
language li e a u e on cul u al his o y, ha e become obsole e.
he de elopmen o linguis ic ypology and inc easing knowledge o he s uc u es o lan-
languages in a way ha was no possible e e be o e. some sha ed ea u es men ioned
by sabaliauskas ha e been shown o be acciden al, bu some o he s a e s ill being conside ed
con ac -induced.
124 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI con ac s, has become obsole e o wo easons, which ha e no
san e i jun iLa
eached he Li huanian o Bal ic discussion so a . Fi s ly, he e ymological s udies o Jo ma
he mos subs an ial pa o sabaliauskas pape , dealing wi h he p ehis o ic con ex o he
Koi uleh o since he 1970s ha e e olu ionized ou unde s anding o he ela i e ch onology o
p ehis o ic con ac s be ween U alic and Indo-Eu opean languages. Secondly, he 20 h cen u y
p ac ice o equa ing language, a chaeological cul u e and gene ic ( acial) ea u es in he pas has
p o en o be e y p oblema ic. ins ead o sabaliauskas[…] neoli hic da ing, he b onze age seems a
mo e likely con ex o he bal ic- innic con ac s.
Deli e ed on 26 Oc obe 2014
san e i jun iLa
o he Uni e si y o Helsinki
Ins i u e o Finnish, Finno-Ug ic and Scandina ian Languages and Li e a u es
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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