288 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The ollowing subjec s a e augh : accen ology, dialec ology,
lexicog aphy.
SEIRIJŲ ŠNEKTOS TEKSTAI
Suda ė As a Leskauskai ė (Spanish p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Swedish ac ess.
The Li huanian Language Ins i u e,
Vilnius, 2016, 296 p. + 1 audio disc (CD)
ISBN 978-609-411-183-9 A he beginning o he yea , he Ins i u e o Li huanian
2017
Language published ano he ansla ed sou ce p epa ed by he expe ienced
dialec ologis As os Leskauskai ė […] Sei ijų šnek os ex s wi h sound eco dings
on a compac disc. This book is he au ho 's hi d collec ion o sou he n
high-al i ude o al ex s. As a compe en compile o spoken ex s, A. Leskauskai ė
p esen ed he sel o he scien i ic communi y and he gene al public be o e he
good decade by publishing he ex s o he na i e slang […] Kučiūnų k aš o šnek os
eks ai (2006, p. 428). Sho ly a e , i.e. a e h ee yea s, he publica ion […]
Ma cinkonių šnek os eks ai (2009; 384 p.) o sou he n sou he n highland snails
appea ed, which is cha ac e ized by scien i ic ma u i y. A e enjoying he la es
book o he dis inguished sou he n high-al i ude linguis ic esea che , i is a pi y
ha i is much smalle in size han he i s wo (see he numbe o publica ions o
he Sei ijų šnek os ex s in he a chi es o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e o
he Geolinguis ic Cen e o Ta myna, p. 33[…]34). The desi e o ha e as many
ansc ibed ex s wi h commen s as possible by expe ienced dialec ologis s is, I
hink, comple ely unde s andable. Because au hen ic e nacula ex s a e an
in aluable sou ce no only o dialec ologis s, Bal icis s o esea che s o ancien
w i ings, bu also o e hnologis s, e hnog aphe s, his o ians. Al hough he olume
o he book unde e iew is smalle , in e ms o le el o p epa a ion and scien i ic
insigh s, i ce ainly does no all sho o he ansla ions published by A. Leskauskai ė in 2006 and 2009.
The s uc u e o he ex s o he Sei ijų šnek os books is essen ially he same
as ha o any o he publica ion o his na u e published so a . As usual, he book
consis s o a p e e m (p. 9-12), a scien i ic s udy (p. 13-88) and a ske ch ex (p.
89-251). A he end o he book, an explana o y dic iona y (p. 252 […] 265) and a se o
ansc ip ion cha ac e s (p. 266 […] 268) ha e been added. I is ollowed by a lis o sou ces o be published
Sei ijų šnek os eks ai
Re iews by 289
(p. 269-270), a ai ly ex ensi e lis o li e a u e (p. 271-282), a egis e o
summa ies (p. 283-284) and a summa y in English (p. 285-292). The book is
accompanied by a compac disc con aining high-quali y audio eco dings o mos
o he s o ies published in he book.
The scien i ic s udy, which he au ho modes ly calls he in oduc o y a icle (p.
da o ke u i s ambesni a smulkesni sky iai: „Iš Sei ijų k aš o is o ijos“, „Šnek-
5), con ains s udies and sou ces, he sociolinguis ic si ua ion a he beginning o
he 21s cen u y, and he a ea and mos impo an ea u es o Snek . The i s
chap e (p. 13-31) discusses he his o y o he Sei iya egion om he ea lies
imes o he p esen day in conside able de ail, based on his o ical sou ces. I
p o ides knowledge no only abou he his o ical ci cums ances ha de e mined
he de elopmen o he coun y, bu also aluable da a abou he eligious iews,
e hnic composi ion and language use o he people li ing in he Sei iya dis ic s in
he 17 h and 20 h cen u ies. The da a p o ided in ables 1 and 2 o his chap e a e
e y aluable da a on he inhabi an s o he Me eli and Sei i illages o he Seine
dis ic in 1885 and he end o he 19 h cen u y. Fo compa a i e analysis,
especially in he u u e, an analogous able on he numbe o people li ing in he Sei iya sena e a he beginning o he 21s cen u y, p epa ed on he basis o he 2011 Wo ld Popula ion and Housing Census, would ce ainly be help ul.
In he chap e "S udies and Sou ces o he Snake" (p. 32-35) he e is a b ie
discussion o ea lie s udies o he Snake o Sei , which, as he au ho igh ly
poin s ou , a e " agmen a y, agmen a y" (p. 32). I is wo h no ing ha he
scien is no only e iews he published linguis ic ma e ial, bu also p esen s
p e iously unpublished manusc ip s and audio sou ces, indica ing hei place o
s o age. Speaking abou he dialec ological ma e ial collec ed du ing a ious
expedi ions, i is pe haps wo h saying how much o i is cu en ly in he Ta mių
a chi e o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e (a leas he numbe o hou s o
esiden ial a eas and sound eco dings). The hi d chap e (p. 36-44) p o ides, o
he i s ime in a publica ion o his kind, a ai ly de ailed o e iew o he
social-linguis ic si ua ion o he Šnek os […] he cu en e hnic composi ion o he
Sei ija egion, he dis ibu ion o he popula ion acco ding o age g oups, linguis ic
p o isions and he use o languages. Wi h he o e all demog aphic si ua ion in
Li huania in mind, i is necessa y o ag ee wi h he au ho ha "a u he
dec ease in he numbe o inhabi an s is also o ecas in he u u e" (p. 38).
Howe e , by compa ing he iden ical da a on he numbe o inhabi an s o he
Sei iya sena e by age g oups o 2011 and 2016 as o 1 Janua y (p. 37-38), i can be
hoped ha he dec ease in he numbe o people is (and is expec ed o be) no
pa icula ly apid in he u u e. On he o he hand, he e a e some doub s abou he s a is ical da a ha ha e no changed a all o e he yea s (pe haps a co ec ion e o ?).
O pa icula scien i ic alue is he ou h chap e o he s udy […]Snek 's a ea
and mos impo an ea u es[…], which consis s o ou smalle chap e s
synas“, „G ama inė sanda a“, „Sin aksė“ i „Leksika“ (p. 45–88). Šiame sky-
[…]Ga iuje discusses he mos impo an and mos p ominen o he hi he o li le s udied Sei ijas snek os
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
290 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI ea u es, he mos cu en linguis ic
li e a u e is indica ed. As an expe ienced phonologis , he au ho desc ibes he
sound o he syllable e y p ecisely in he i s pa ag aph, choosing app op ia e
examples o suppo he claims (p. 46 […] 56). In he pos code […]Ki is and
accesso ies[…] (p. 56[…]58) da a is p o ided no only on he ki is and accesso ies,
bu also on he ci cumcision sys em o he snail, which, acco ding o he
esea che s, […] esembles o he e ening meal ele a o s[…] (p. 56). When
discussing he spelling sys em, he dialec ologis d aws he eade 's a en ion
o he wo sou he n dialec s, especially he sou he n and wes e n dialec s, he
dis inc i e ea u es o he spelling sys em and he spelling o he spelling o he
kilnojamojo) ki čia imo modelį. Pas ebė ina, kad akcen uacijos sis emai ap a i
ski a be eik pusė nedidelės apim ies posky io „Ki is i p iegaidė“. Taigi au-
spelling o he spelling o he spelling o he spelling o he spelling o he spelling
o he spelling o he spelling o he spelling o he spelling o he spelling.
The mos comp ehensi e subsec ion o he sec ion unde discussion is he
"G amma ical con ac " (p. 58-79), which deals wi h "some o he mo e impo an
and s iking ea u es o mo phology, wo d o ma ion and syn ax" (p. 58). O all he
pa s o he language, he mos educa ed a e he nouns […] o he numbe and
genus ca ego ies, he chee ing sys em, and he diminu i e o m. The main
subjec s a e indica ed and p ope ly a anged in he discussion and he o he
pa s o he language […] In he Sei ian dialec , nouns, e bs, p onouns, and
conjunc ions a e used. You would like o be g ee ed by a colleague only o he
b ie in oduc ion o he adjec i e (only a page o ex ). E en i we ag ee wi h he
au ho 's posi ion ha he sys em and p ac ice o p onouncing he adjec i es o
he "Sei " syllables does no di e om ha o o he sou he n dialec s, and
he e o e only one o he case is discussed" (p. 69), i emains unclea why he
mos impo an linguis ic li e a u e is no men ioned. I is no ewo hy ha no a
single speake has ye w i en abou he sys em, ac ions, and a ious aspec s o
he use o sou he n highland adjec i es. The Commission he e o e concludes
ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle
107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. We would also like o d aw a en ion o he accen ua ion
o he p eposi ions -okas, -a and he adjec i es -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a,
-a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a, -a. E en i we
ecognize he possibili y o a i m app oach in hese cases, he accen ua ion
pa adigm o he adjec i es lis ed emains unclea . The male o ms a e likely o
indica e he ou h ci cumcision, bu i is unclea whe he he emale o ms a e
ci cumcised as […] didok[…] (4 2 3) o didóka (1)? In such cases, he examples o
ci cumcision p o ided should be indica ed and he endencies o ci cumcision
should be explained. No e ha he p eposi ions -okas, -a and he adjec i es a e
cha ac e ized by di e en accen ua ion polynomials in he sou he n high-pi ched
syllables. The mos common o m o he i s c ossing o he Vedas discussed in he sou he n highland snails is he i s c ossing (see Leskauskai ė 2009: 57). In he sou hwes e n pa o he a ea, hese adjec i es end o be c ossed ou acco ding o
Sei ijų šnek os eks ai
Re iews 291 The hi d ci cumcision (Leskauskai ė 2006: 54; Ragaišienė 2015: 291)
This is he i s ime ha he Bible has been ansla ed in o English. In he
Punsko and Seine s ee s, hey a e mo e o en han elsewhe e c ossed in
pai s, e.g. ge ókas, - (3) ge ókas, -a (1), sma kókas, - (3) sma kókas, -a (1) and k .
(Ragaišienė, 290 2015: 2016: 167). In addi ion, he o ms o he eminine su name o
he eminine amily a e mo e equen ly men ioned in he p e ix and ending han in he o he joys (Ragaišienė 2015:
291; 2016: 148).
In he Posky ie […]Sin aksė[…] (p. 77[…]79) he e is a b ie discussion o he
ances al cons uc ions ypical o he sou he n highlands, some o which, as A.
Leskauskai ė igh ly poin s ou , a e inhe i ed om he Old, while o he s a e
inhe i ed om he Sla ic languages. Many in e es ing hings, no only abou lunch,
bu also abou o he high school subjec s, a e p esen ed in he […]Lexika[…]
subsec ion (p. 79-88). In ac , he au ho s had o lis en o a numbe o audio
eco dings and e iew w i en sou ces in o de o examine in such de ail he
dialec ics, bo owings, ph ases, o compa isons used in he discou se and o gi e
so many examples o usage. I would jus like o d aw you a en ion o one de ail
ha a less expe ienced eade may no unde s and which lexical o seman ic
dialec ics should be conside ed by he claim o illus a e some o he examples
gi en by G e a, e.g. o bidden, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous,
jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous,
jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous, jealous,
jealous, jealous, jealous. The mos in e es ing, mos aluable and undoub edly
he mos demanding pa o he book is […] […]Šnek os eks ai[…] (p. 80 […] 251). The
s o ies o nine ep esen a i es o he oldes gene a ion om di e en
se lemen s - Sei iji, Pase ninkų, Ba čiūnai and S a iškės - p esen ed in he
publica ion e y well p esen he Sei iji adi ion o he end o he 20 h cen u y.
As an expe ienced dialec ologis , a g ea connoisseu o ghos s and households, A.
Leskauskai ė has app op ia ely selec ed ex s on a a ie y o opics ha e y
well " e lec he wo ld iew and alues o he local popula ion, linguis ic iden i y,
cus oms, a i ude owa ds he amily, neighbo s and na ional mino i ies,
his o ical e en s and many o he hings" (p. The collec ion o ex s ansc ibed
in his way is a eal easu e o e no only o esea che s o lexicon,
mo phology o syn ax, bu also o esea che s o e minology and common
language, language in e ac ion. In ac , p o essionally selec ed and p ope ly
p esen ed ma e ial allows schola s o assess he de elopmen and changes o a ious language subjec s. In o he wo ds, he ma e ial published in he collec ion p o ides esea che s wi h i id ac s abou p oblema ic subjec s o language, helps o answe some ques ions o a discussion na u e.
Resea che s ha e now mainly aised ques ions and unce ain ies abou he
p onuncia ion o he sou he n dialec s, especially he wes e n and sou hwes e n
pa s, he accen ua ion o he long owels [u], [i], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e],
[e], [e], [e],] [e], [e], [e], [e], [e],] [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e],
[e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e],
[e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e], [e]. Especially many schola s ha e discussed and w i en abou he i s ques ion. In he scien i ic li e a u e o ecen yea s, as has become common sense,
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
292 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI dzūkai does no always dis inguish be ween long
owels and polyphons [ie], [uo] acu e and ci cumplex, he e a e signs o bo h
app oaches o le eling (see Leskauskai ė 2004: 180[…]194 and he e min. li .). F om his
poin o iew, he esea ch ca ied ou by A. Leskauskai ė on Sei ijų šnek os is e y
aluable, as i co ec s he assump ions o ea lie scien is s. The au ho claims
ha i is di icul o de e mine he leng h o owels and poly ongs [ie], [and]
[…]p iegaid when, o example, due o he alling in ona ion, especially a he end o a
wo d, he sounds men ioned a e said o be sho e . This is called he middle wai . In
o he cases, i mness and s ead as ness a e clea ly indica ed" (p. 58). I should also
be added ha he middle p onoun (s) is also ma ked qui e consis en ly in he ex s in
he cases o he abs ac p onoun, e.g. kɔ.p·s us, bl·nus, pi us, g ·na, ·žɛs and k . (p.
116, 118, 123, 150, 225). Gi en ha he ep esen a i es o he Sei iya syllables
dis inguish he accen s o he sounds in ques ion ai ly well, he ques ion a ises as
o how such accen ua ion cases […] pu[…]dαi, αik[…]· ẹ.(s), kúolαi, kaim[…]nu should be
in e p e ed. I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". The e is no doub ha he leng h o he owels
and he polyphonic [ie], [ hey] i mly o i mly lead he au ho o ake in o accoun
he di ec ion and in ensi y o he main no e one. Thus, in he cases discussed, as
con i med by he ex s p epa ed by he schola s, i is no necessa y o speak o he
coincidence o coincidence o he wo e en s, bu o hei ha m. The possibili y o
acu e and ci cumsc ibed a ia ion o he same wo d in he oo o p e ix is also
con i med by he p og am o he collec ion o language ac s published in 1983,
which gi es a numbe o cases o such accen ua ion, e.g. ó as (3/1) as (4), me gý ė (1)
me gý ė (2) and k . (p. 21, 31). The change in he p e ixes o he i ems discussed in he
Dali e iew is ce ainly no acciden al o new (Lazauskai ė-Ragaišienė 2008a: 3750; 2009:
161181). In ac , i can be conside ed a phenomenon wi h his o ical assump ions, i.e. i
is associa ed wi h a la ge numbe o cups ha ha e been p ese ed in high- ise
buildings un il now. I is belie ed ha he gene alized plu ali y pa adigm and he
singula i y o he o ms o he ini ia o o he c oss in some o he b anches o
p e ixes o he nouns may ha e gi en ise o a i m a achmen , gene ally
cha ac e is ic o he abs ac c oss, e.g., neighbo hood, neighbo hood,
neighbo hood, neighbo hood, neighbo hood. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking
abou . The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Thus, om a diach onic poin o
iew, he ci cum lexion o some wo ds is ea ed as an accesso y o he a kel ine
c oss ( om he plu al o ms o he kuopnis) (Mikulėnienė 1996: 152153; 2005: 156). I would
no like o ag ee only wi h he plu al inesy o o ms skusmuse, lukuse, nαmusα and
e c. (p. 125, 186, 195) in he i agale guide. As is well known, hese, like he iliac, o
example, ha e he o ms o he ki an o he old polysyllabic gallows gallows (Zinke ičius 1966: 238-239; 1980: 197). So he ci cum lex o he limb in his case has no hing o do wi h he Sosi o-Fo una o law.

Sei ijų šnek os eks ai
Recenzijos / Re iews 293
Da a k eip inas dėmesys į a minių eks ų komen a us. Kaip nu odo au o-
, he oo no es commen on […] a e phone ic, mo phological and o he ea u es,
i egula exp essions, o he ac s[…] (p. 34). In ac , mos hings a e b ie . I would
pakomen uo a moksliniu požiū iu nep iekaiš ingai, . y. labai aiškiai, iksliai i
like o discuss wi h he au ho only abou he spelling o he noun o m b. zha. I
is claimed ha he o m db. žai indica es he sou he n highland a ea nex o he
hi d in e sec ion o he possible and cons an in e sec ion o he wo d (p. 94, 8
o his issue). I is mo e likely ha i is a elic o he old ba i one chi ping, plg. la.
b za, b ze, b zs (S undžia 1994: 20), which es i ies o he o me accen and
seman ic p e-exis ence o he wo plu al […] simple and kuopinės […], plg. d b. žαi
and á.uga be žα[…]. In his case, i is no necessa y o alk abou he main enance
o he inhe i ed cons an ci cumcision pa adigm, bu abou he use o indi idual
oo o ms o he ci cumcision. O cou se, i is no necessa y o comple ely
ejec he au ho 's assump ion ha in some sou he n highland slopes, he name
be z may also be p onounced acco ding o he i s p onoun (i is said ha he
pa adigm o cons an p onouncing is used as a g e imin in he eas e n highland
ilniški slopes). I is no ewo hy ha he anno a ions qui e consis en ly explain
old and a e cases o ci cumcision, discuss he wo ds and hei o ms in he
in e jec ion. I jus ead a commen a y on a o m o slōjkāi (p. 204) ha has no been hea d o un il now.
Ve y well-spoken wo ds and hei meanings a e explained and explained. Dialec s,
loanwo ds, and hyb ids, ma ked wi h a special ma k in ansc ibed ex s, a e
explained in he dic iona y. In e es ing cases o use a e also discussed in he
e e ences, o example, he p e alence o he diminu i e cos ume (kɔ im·li.) in he
a ea o he pa a mės (p. 145, 140 n.), he meaning o he wo d aikš ė ( α.k ẹ.m.) in
he meaning o ‘ aiš is (p. 151, 153 n.) and k . P o au ho 's eye in he ex o
conside able olume only one o he wo d eme ges ha no all eade s o he ex s
may know, e.g. bα.gαs, migl·nu., alαndúoẹ, esalka, dekad (p. 150, 161, 168, 181, 251). Some
cases we e ansla ed in o he dic iona y, o he s could be explained in he oo no es.
The explana o y dic iona y (p. 252[…]265) is compiled keeping in mind he p inciples
o p epa ing a dic iona y o lexical e minology […] indica es he o igin o wo ds,
he pa s and meanings o he language, he headings o wo ds. The dic iona y
con ains a numbe o wo ds and hei meanings, which a e only ound in Sei ijas
and adjacen wo ds, such as: appaškdy i, appaškdina, appaškdino a ma uo i, bmbė
koly  (2) ‘di inė čiužu ė’ i k . (p. 252, 253, 255, 258). Taigi žodynėlio me-
(1) bu buolė, dubsas (2) plačialapis šaukš is, which adds o he g ea Li huanian
dic iona y wi h new da a. A he end o he e iew, i mus be said ha he
au ho succeeded in achie ing he s a ed goal […] […] o show bo h he a chaici y
and he ha m o he Sei […]y […] (p. 10). Wi h ha , I since ely cong a ula e you. And
le i no be o go en ha one o he commen o a discussion na u e, a
colleague's eply o a jo ial ad ice, unde mines he p o essionally done wo k o A. Leskauskai ė. I is also discussed
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
294 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI e e s only o he mo e expe ienced, he
mo e expe ienced and he mo e ad anced. Reading he book and discussing i only
shows how necessa y and impo an a e he sou ces p epa ed by expe ienced
schola s o no only oday's bu also u u e esea che s.
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čia imo ypa ybių. – Lie u ių kalbo y os klausimai 34, 97–106.
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ų aukš aičių šnek ose. – Žmogus i žodis 10(1), 94–104.
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ki čia imo a ian ai pie ų aukš aičių i y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose. – Li uanis-
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ose. – Ga sas i jo y imo aspek ai: me odologija i p ak ika. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
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Leskauskai ė As a 2004: Pie ų aukš aičių okalizmo i p ozodijos b uožai. Vilnius:
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
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Leskauskai ė As a 2008: Daugiaskiemenių būd a džių da yba pie inėse pie ų
aukš aičių šnek ose. – Li uanis ica 54 4(76), 31–43.
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šnek os eks ai. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 29–76.
Ma ke ičienė Žane a 1999: Aukš aičių a mių eks ai 1. Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e -
si e o leidykla.
Mikulėnienė Danguolė 1996: Dėl linksniuojamųjų žodžių ki čia imo a ian ų
pie inėse aukš aičių a mėse. – Lie u ių kalbo y os klausimai 36, 148–155.
Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2005: Ci kum leksinė me a onija lie u ių kalbos a dažodi-
niuose daik a a džiuose i jos kilmė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
Sei ijų šnek os eks ai
Recenzijos / Re iews 295
Ragaišienė Vilija 2010: Linksniuojamųjų žodžių ki čia imo a ian ai pie ų aukš aičių i
y ų aukš aičių ilniškių a mėse. Dak a o dise acija. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
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sikog a ija i leksikologija 5. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 274–308.
Ragaišienė Vilija 2016: Akcen uacijos sis ema i jos pokyčiai. – Lie u ių a mių kai a
XXI a. p adžioje: Lenkijos lie u ių šnek os. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 120–204.
S undžia Boni acas 1994: Daik a a džių kamienų bei giminių a ian ai bal ų kal-
bose (ide. i bend oji bal ų bei sla ų kalbų leksika). – Bal is ica 27(2), 13–29.
Zinke ičius Zigmas 1966: Lie u ių kalbos dialek ologija. Vilnius: Min is.
Zinke ičius Zigmas 1966: Lie u ių kalbos is o inė g ama ika 1. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Deli e ed on 14 June 2017
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This is a lis o he municipali ies o
Li huania by popula ion wi hin he municipali y o Vilnius, excluding he municipali ies in which he municipali y is loca ed.