S aipsniai / A icles 271
ULRICH GEUPEL
The Uni e si y o Ma bu g
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: compa a i e linguis ics and
Kel ology.
Li huanian
The e ymology
The wo d book
(ALEW) Wha a e you doing?
H sg. and . This is Wol gang Hock e al.
3 Bde. Wha a e you doing? Hambu g: Baa , 2015, 1639 S. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ecen pas has led o an unexpec ed p oli e a ion o he Bal ic languages and
he esou ces a ailable o linguis s in e es ed in he Bal ic language. A e he
second edi ion o Vy au as Mažiulis' PKEŽ on Old P ussian, Wojciech Smoczyński's
SEJL (including he 2008 and 2009 Addenda Smoczyński) on in e -e hnic Li huanian,
which akes in o accoun he cu en s a e o discussion in his o ical-compa a i e
linguis ics o a ying deg ees, as well as he da a- ich LKŽ, wo new dic iona ies
ha e been published in 2015 ha look a Bal ic om an Indo-Ge manic pe spec i e.
Fi s , Rick De ksen's E ymological Dic iona y o he Bal ic Inhe i ed Lexicon a he
Du ch B ill Publishing House and sho ly he ea e he exis ing Old Li huanian
E ymological Dic iona y concei ed unde he di ec ion o Wol gang Hock in a
wo king g oup o he Humbold Uni e si y o Be lin a he Baa Hambu ge
Publishing House. While he o me sys ema ically co e s all Bal ic languages, he
la e is language-speci ic.
A clea disad an age o V. Mažiulis' PKEŽ, W. Smoczyński's SEJL and he LKŽ is
hei o many esea che s who a e no expe s in he ield o Bal ic s udies
ULRICH GEUPEL
272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI a e di icul linguis ic accessibili y, as hey
a e no w i en in commonly known mode n scien i ic languages. Indoge manis s
he e o e s ill i s eso ed o E ns F aenkels LEW, which is obsole e in e e y
way. A leas o he la e g oup, which is looking o eliable synch onous as
well as his o ical-e ymological in o ma ion on Li huanian wo ds o
Indo-Ge manic e ymologies, he ALEW o e s a new, indispensable ool ha will
la gely eplace he LEW.
The in oduc o y ema ks a e b ie and in oduce he subjec and pu pose o he
wo k, he lemma iza ion, he s uc u e o he a icle, he ci a ion, he language
ma e ial used, as well as he p ojec and i s collabo a o s. Pa (1323 pages) in he
Den uneingesch änk g öß en Raum nimm dami de eigen liche Wö e buch-
i s and second olumes. A ached is a sepa a e, hinne olume wi h di ec o ies
o abb e ia ed ex sou ces, a li e a u e di ec o y, and de ailed indexes o all
he languages lis ed. The hi d olume is ounded o by a colo ed map o he
dis ibu ion o Li huanian dialec s a he beginning o he 21s cen u y. Jh.
Unlike in De ksen 2015, he discussion o heo e ical backg ounds and linguis ic
assump ions, such as he alidi y o con o e sial sound laws, is omi ed, which
obliges he ALEW o ake a posi ion on con o e sial issues in he indi idual
a icles, e en i i de ia es om he Communis Opinio. The head o he indi idual
lemma is ollowed by sho g amma ical in o ma ion and meaning in o ma ion wi h
quo a ions om he o iginal sou ces. In he case o he edi a y wo ds, ollowed
by, ma ked only wi h a black squa e, i s Bal ic and Sla ic cogna es in
enume a ion, ollowed by ela ed wo ds o o he idg. Languages, usually wi h an
indica ion o he u idg. The oo . In a new pa ag aph, a sho o medium-leng h
discussion o philological issues o Old Li huanian and Bal ic ma e ial as well as
e ymological compila ion ollows, wi h p io i y gi en o p oblems in p onuncia ion,
mo phology and seman ics. The i s sec ion o each lemma, which con ains he
de ailed p esen a ion o he p ima y ma e ial wi h con ex s as well as he
enume a ion o he bsl. In doing so, i is p in ed in a la ge on han he ollowing
linguis ic-his o ical discussion. A i s glance, his gi es he imp ession o an ali .
Howe e , a e e ence dic iona y wi h addi ional e ymological in o ma ion in small
p in does no co espond o he ocus o he wo k and he quali y o he e y
good discussions and is only due o easons o space.
The da a basis o he ALEW consis s o ancien Li huanian p ima y sou ces,
which a e e e ed o in he Lemma a wi h sigils. Old Li huanian is used o e e o ex s ha
ALTLITAUISCHES ETYMOLOGISCHES WÖRTERBUCH
(ALEW) Wha a e you doing?
Recenzijos Re iews 273 we e c ea ed be o e 1700. The main ex sou ces o ha
e a, accessible h ough edi ions, we e included. Some smalle and unedi ed wo ks
had o be omi ed. The ci ed Bal ic cogna es, which o igina e om he ele an
dic iona ies and special li e a u e, co e all he o he languages o he b anch,
and also he Neh ungsku ic has been sys ema ically included:
700 neh ungsku ic lexemes. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
F om he la ge e ymological dic iona y, he ALEW s ands ou o i s exempla y
ea men o synch onous and diach onous seman ics, b inging oge he
philological wo k on he p ima y sou ces wi h he his o y o language, as he
ollowing exce p shows: "In seman ic ela ion, he e b was na owed down
is wohl da on auszugehen, dass das au blagnas ‘ungeeigne , nu zlos’ basie en-
seconda ily o he desc ip ion o he s a e o hango e , om which i hen
becomes 'sobe '. The mo e gene al use o he e b be o e his seman ic
specializa ion is appa en ly handed down di ec ly in MgT 13417, whe e blagnyjimas
was used o ansla e la . le i as […]leich sinn[…] (I
119 s. . blagnas). This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Simila ly, wo d o ma ion, whe e e i seemed necessa y o he au ho s, is
discussed concisely and o en wi h e e ence o he s ill s anda d wo k o
P anas Ska dijus (1943). He e and he e he Caland sys em and he omós ype
o u idg a e discussed. Howe e , he desc ip ion o he speci ic su ix
wo d- o ma ion seman ics emains in he usual and he e o e limi ed
amewo k. Exempla y in he designa ion o he mo phemes in ol ed and hei
mo phoseman ic unc ion is he en y o á klas […]P lug[…] (I 55), in which he
eade is in o med abou he a iance and dis ibu ion o he su ix wi h he
unc ion […]Nomina ins umen i[…], as well as he o ma ion o a klys […]P e d[…]
as a lexicaliza ion o a de i a i e o med by means o he su ix o a ilia ion
*i[…]. The desc ip ion o he clea , obse able mo phological ela ionships
be ween e ymologically ela ed lexemes gi en in mos en ies p o ides he use
wi h a help ul basis o u he esea ch in his a ea. Typical is a desc ip ion o
how s. . bal […] (I 91) inds himsel : […]Tha no longe common li . Names and hei
le e ing. The co espondence gi es he imp ession o an o-le el su ix
de i a ion o he los p ima y e b (see he wo d o ma ion pa e n Ska dijus
1943: 377 .). The collec ion o hese cases, which is easily possible wi h he help o
he ALEW, and he s a i ica ion acco ding o hei
The idea o he op ional in oduc ion o an o-s ep in he subs an ia ion o a
( e bal) adjec i e o he ype u idg, which has no ye become a communis
opinio, could be ou da ed. I was bo n in U ge man. I was bo n in U ge man.
*bó no- (> go . ba n) ‘Kind (see Ne i 2013: 198) also o he Bal ic suppo .
ULRICH GEUPEL
274 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
O-le el e en ually also occu s o he wise o he o ma ion o bal osla . Subs an i e
on, see a uss. Zob […] ood, ood[…] e sus he p esumably old condi ions e lec ing
li . ž[…]bi[…] […] slowly ea , chew[…], i he noun does no , less likely, di ec ly om he
e b u sla . Zoba i is o med. Due o he es ic ion o he (old) Li huanian
ocabula y, a ew in e es ing con inua ions o U ind-Ge manic oo wo ds could
no be co e ed in Bal ic, such as ap . genno ‘F au (u idg. *genh2-), le . I 's called
ku […]ns […] aub[…] (U idg. *k[…]na) and le . d gs ‘lo e, expensi e ( o he accen . d ag,
Russian. do ogoj ‘id.). In hese cases, he esea che can e e o De ksen's new
E ymological Dic iona y o he Bal ic Inhe i ed Lexicon, p o ided ha he wo d is
included in i s la gely incomple e selec ion, as well as o Kons an īns ALEW, bu no
o ake on linguis ically impo an synonyms in Bal ic, which a e wi hou cogna e in
Ka ulis‘ LEV und das PKEŽ. In einigen Fällen ließen es sich die Au o en des
Li huanian, e.g. le . ‘Blood (le gall. asnis) s. . k ajas, he g ea linguis ic-his o ical
signi icance as he only Bal ic and Sla ic con inua ion o he u idg.
*h1ésh2- /nzukomm (I 521), and ap . wa sus […]Lippe[…] s. . li . l[…]pa […]id.[…] (I 602), o
which, in he la e case, an o e iew o he a ious Bal ic wo ds meaning "lip" is
gi en in he small p in ed discussion sec ion. Al hough no u he e ymology is
usually ci ed, his is a p ocedu e ha is app op ia e o use s in e es ed in he
his o y o language, as i allows he examina ion o possible seman ic shi s in wo d
subs i u ion o mu ual analogous in luences. I he oo is in he Ali . In gene al, all
ele an de i a ions in he o he Bal ic languages a e e e ed o, e en i hey do
no ha e an exac co espondence in he Li . He e and he e, he p esen a ion o
linguis ically di icul cases such as lexically ea ly splin e ed de i a i es o a
oo -o ien ed way canno be exhaus i e. Thus, hose no eco ded in he ALEW a e
easy. Ga […]a […]mea […] and le gall. […] galaid. […] p obably mos likely o be li . g[…]las
[…]end, goal[…] and hus he u idg. To pu he oo […]g[…]elH- […] o men , s ing[…];
Howe e , he discussion o he di e en seman ic de elopmen s would ha e blown
up he gi en amewo k. The es ic ion o he Old Li huanian ma e ial has se e al
ad an ages: on he one hand, i is common in his o ical compa a i e linguis ics o
assume he oldes language s age, as i has po en ially p ese ed mo e a chaisms
and is s ill closes o a econs uc ed p ecu so . Now he dep h o ime o
Li huanian, like ha o he o he Bal ic languages, is no e y la ge, so a second
eason weighs mo e hea ily: he co pus can be co e ed ela i ely comple ely and
he e is oom o discussion o he ele an e idence. F om he s ill e y ex ensi e
ALTLITAUISCHES ETYMOLOGISCHES WÖRTERBUCH
(ALEW) Wha a e you doing?
Re iews o he 275 h edi ion. Co pus na u ally s ill had o make a selec ion. The ALEW
has selec ed hose lexemes ha a e o linguis ic-his o ical in e es : […]Sugges ion
o his o ical-compa a i e linguis ics o he speci ically Old Li huanian language [...]
u he mo e, cul u al-his o ical and quan i a i e c i e ia came in o play
(spi i ual-his o ical and academic in e es o equency and dissemina ion)[…]
(In oduc ion: I 7). Unlike he wo k ailo ed o pu ely Indo-Ge manic needs, R. De k sens
was sys ema ically aken in o accoun acco ding o his concep , al hough i is he
a ea whe e smalle abb e ia ions had o be made. Thus, he eade misses some
lemmas on loanwo ds om Sla ic, wi hou i becoming clea why hey we e no
included, e.g. pu[…]kas […]Volk, Hee , Gemeinde[…] (see Ska džius 1931: 183), which is
discussed in LEW s. . and in Ali . is well a es ed, e.g. This is B BXXX. The absence is all
he mo e su p ising since, o example, […]bazas […]Lage , Hee lage , Hee […] (S. 17)
was eco ded. The use migh ha e an in e es in pu[…]kas, bu he wo d is
widesp ead in he Bal ic. Languages and he language o he gi e is no appa en a
i s glance. In all he bo owed wo ds, howe e , hese wo aspec s, in e nal Bal ic
dis ibu ion and bo owing ou es, a e discussed in a exempla y way, as a as space
and he cu en s a e o esea ch allow. Fo he many bo owings, which a e so
ea ly ha hey canno (ye ) be clea ly a ibu ed o he Polish o Bela usian, a good
s a ing poin is hus o e ed o a necessa y, mo e in-dep h special in es iga ion.
O g ea bene i o Bal is s is, in u n, he o e iew o he es imony wi hin he ali .
Co pus inclusi e, unlike in F aenkel's dic iona y, he indica ion o he i s wi ness.
Indo-Ge manis s, who a e no es ablished Bal icis s, would ce ainly ha e welcomed i
i , in an in oduc o y chap e , mo e heo e ical and me hodological ques ions such as
he econs uc ion o he U bal , e.g. I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he
is awa e o he ac ha he Commission has no ye aken a decision on his ma e ,
and i so, wha is he Commission's posi ion? The e is no doub ha he si ua ion in
his language b anch is mo e di icul han, o example, in Ge man, o which he
EWAhd and Guus K oonens E ymological dic iona y o P o o-Ge manic sys ema ically
uses u ge m. Recons uc ing wo k. Al hough he e is no uni o mi y in he esea ch
li e a u e e en o ha o iginal language wi h ega d o he dep h o he
econs uc ion as well as in many indi idual ques ions, his does no p e en he
egula indica ion o hese app oaches. Recons uc ed u ban. Fo ms could be a
help ul basis o compa ing he bal . In his con ex , I would like o d aw a en ion o
he ac ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has adop ed a numbe o esolu ions on his
subjec .

ULRICH GEUPEL
276 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
Compa ison wi h he app oaches o R. De ksen, who con inuously econs uc s
he o ms o he p elimina y s ages, may be use ul in ocusing he discussion.
The u he discussion o heo e ical assump ions, e.g. abou indi idual laws o
sound ep esen ed by he au ho s and he de elopmen o he accen sys em,
as discussed in dic iona ies o he Leiden se ies, including hose men ioned by R.
De ksen and G. K oonen, in an in oduc o y chap e , ce ainly has i s use ul
alue o hose who a e no expe s in he Bal ic languages. Howe e , he ALEW
can also be easily consul ed wi hou i , since gg s. In he discussion, e e ence is
made o p oblema ic assump ions, such as in I 617: "I he oo ocalism -ades La .
wi h Sch ij e (1991: 454 .) sound law om u idg. This law has inally been
enac ed, excep in he case o la . The wo d o "sea", la . ma e, abou no
unmis akable wi nesses. As a supplemen and heo e ical amewo k o cu en
assump ions in he his o ical g amma o Bal osla ian, along wi h an ex ensi e,
bu now somewha ou da ed bibliog aphy, he eade is addi ionally o e ed he
wo essays w i en by ALEW publishe Wol gang Hock Hock 2004 and Hock 2005 in
he
The magazine K a ylos.
O g ea in e es o Indo-Ge manic ques ions is he Bal ic, especially in he
aspec s in which i is conside ed unusually ancien . I is now known ha no all
he s ages o decomposi ion and o he wo d- o ma ion pa e ns a es ed in
Bal ic a e di ec ly inhe i ed om he idg. Ra he , a chaism consis s p ecisely in
ha ing p ese ed hese p ocesses as p oduc i e mechanisms o e a long pe iod
o ime. The g ea s eng h o he ALEW he e is o i s examine he inne Bal ic
ma e ial on he su ace, including aking in o accoun all dialec ically di e en
o ms, o weigh and exe cise cau ion be o e he conc e e de i a i e enounces
he indica ion o a pe iod o o igin o he o m in ques ion o a gap in he
1:1 in das U indoge manische übe agen wi d. Zugleich üh de eilweise
ep esen a ion, so ha i is le o he use o make a decision. I is also wo h
no ing he con empo a y inco po a ion o neo- oo s om ligh e b
cons uc ions (see e.g. I 331 s. . gi d[…] i ← u idg. g[…]e (H)- dheh1- ‘gi e
cus ome s[…]), which could be e- o med o a long ime, especially in Bal ic and
Sla ic, due o he anspa en mo phology.
The scope o he wo k and i s p ocessing ime necessa ily implies ha he
di e en aspec s o he his o y o a wo d o be discussed had o be weighed.
Rema kable is he a abo e-a e age ea men o synch onous and diach onous
seman ics. On he o he hand, some eade s migh some imes p e e a mo e
ho ough classi ica ion.
ALTLITAUISCHES ETYMOLOGISCHES WÖRTERBUCH
(ALEW) Wha a e you doing?
277 o he cogna es a e missing. So he e and he e mo e in o ma ion would ha e
been possible abou which o ms a e exac ly he same a e deduc ing he laws o
sound, whe e de i a ions occu om each o he and whe e he e is only oo
ela ionship wi h a comple ely di e en his o y o de i a ion. As an example o
illus a ion o his, see ali . "Blood" was chosen: Le . Howe e , an exac o mal
equa ion exis s be ween ali . K ajas and he Ved. Adjec i e c a ya- ‘bloody, bo h
i ually om idg. I'm no going o lie o you. Nex o i is an axle. coun ed blood. The
ALEW does no wan o speci y i sel and s a es (I 521): […]A di e en o ma ion o
he same oo p e ails in Sla onic.[…] In R. De ksen's dic iona y, on he o he hand,
he eade lea ns b ie ly, bu wi h posi ioning on he his o y o de i a ion: […]The
Bal ic o ms ep esen a de i a i e in *-[…]oo he oo noun e lec ed in Sla ic[…]
(P. 255). Ins ead, he ALEW o e s a mo e de ailed discussion o seman ics: He e you
lea n ha i is used in he ali . Lemma is abou he unma ked (i.e. gene ic) wo d o
blood, which p o ides impo an in o ma ion o lexicologis s in e es ed in he
wo d ield, as well as he La ian e lec s he assumed olde meaning o "blood
ou side he body".
An e ymological dic iona y co e ing he en i e language canno co e all
concei able e ymological app oaches ep esen ed in seconda y li e a u e, and so
he e emains ample oom o u u e esea ch o discuss indi idual connec ions
be ween Bal ic lexemes and po en ial cogna es wi hin Indoge mania, e.g. whe he
ke[…]k i […] damage (I. 477) he o he wise los p ima y e b o g . I 's bad, hough.
(< u idg. keq) Wha a e you doing? *k[…]k()ó-), wi h o-s ep subs an ia ion li .
kank[…] […]Qual, Pein[…] (I 447), da kas […] auchen, Rauch[…] (II 878) mus necessa ily
s ellen könn e. Ebenso wä e zu übe legen, ob mi de Sippe on li . k i, -
be a bo owing om Ge manic, since he co esponding consonan due o Kluge
o ms in he Ge manic clan (see K oonenism: 410 2013 s. . eukan ~ ūkan) is no
e y old- ashioned and a *k is he e o e no en i ely excluded, so i should be
possible o i s ca e ully cons a e an isogloss be ween Bal ic and Ge manic. One
o he mos exci ing p oblems in e ms o sound his o y and dialec geog aphy
wi hou a gene ally accep ed solu ion o he Bal ic language, espec i ely. Bal ic
Sla ic is he une en de elopmen o he U ind-Ge manic p ima y pala als *k, *g,
*gh. This p oblem mus also be add essed in an e ymological dic iona y, so he
ALEW e e s o he espec i e special de elopmen o all he wo ds conce ned.
Acco dingly, he ele an lemma klausý i (I 503) also con ains a
ULRICH GEUPEL
278 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI concise b eakdown o he hypo heses o he
une en ep esen a ion o u idg. In he Bal ic and Sla ic languages, i is some imes
e e ed o as […]šlund[…] and some imes as […]kl o gese z […]. S ang (1966: 91 and
ollowing). (2009 Ko land : 29 .) expec s Meille o be ollowed by a s a u o y
de elopmen o u idg. I 's called U bal . I would like o ask he P esiden -in-O ice
o he Council whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he
Commi ee on he Rules o P ocedu e, he Ve i ica ion o C eden ials and
Immuni ies. Howe e , Klund-Schl-Re lexe does no ind suppo in he p esen
ma e ial. In addi ion o he wo ks ci ed, which z.T. I hey a e o an olde da e, he
mos ecen ea ise on his p oblem, Reine Lipp (2009), which has been aken in o
accoun in he p esen wo k, could s ill be men ioned, which, also aking in o
accoun he Bal o-Sla ic ma e ial, speaks ou o an ea ly pos -language
inno a ion o he Sa em dialec s by phonologizing con ex -sensi i e allophones
om on owels o phonological pala es. The idea o a wa e-shaped sp ead o
sa emiza ion, which would no ha e eached he no hwes en i ely, is also
add essed in ecen li e a u e, implici ly, also in EWAhd (IV, 1254) s. . huo : […][...] i
u idg. The e minology is based on he wo k o he Bal ic poe Ha ey E. Maye . The
a o emen ioned enuncia ion o he sys ema ic econs uc ion o u ban and
u ban-Sla ic o ms could a i s glance lead he eade o assume ha he
au ho s would ejec a common p ecu so . Howe e , a close look a he
discussions o he ma e ial p esen ed shows ha , whe e e i seemed necessa y
o he au ho s in hei a gumen , changes in sound and meaning as well as wo d
o ms and new oo s we e da ed in o he co esponding p imi i e languages. I
has also no been undamen ally abandoned, u bsl. In o de o speci y shapes, he
e iewe was able o obse e he ollowing econs uc ions: u bsl. I is also known
as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle". Mo e o en s ill, ollowing he usual con en ions, […]p e-Bal osla ian[…]
äch ig’ (N.Sg. . eines Adjek i s, I 109), *de o- ‘Holz’ (I 196), *a ia - ‘wach
econs uc ions and p ocesses a e used when i comes o a la e-basic o ea ly-cell
dialec al inno a ion. U bal o ms a e also lis ed wi h some equency, al hough,
unlike in De ksen 2015, no con inuously. The ALEW has made a e y good decision on
he la ge numbe o aspec s o be aken in o accoun in he p epa a ion o such a
wo k in a limi ed space as al eady illus a ed, and i can only co espond o
indi idual p e e ences o omi in o ma ion ha goes beyond wha is equi ed.
Since i is no in he ocus o he ALEW and mos o i s use s, ea ly bo owings o
Bal ic wo ds in o o he languages a e ha dly eco ded. Na u ally
ALTLITAUISCHES ETYMOLOGISCHES WÖRTERBUCH
(ALEW) Wha a e you doing?
Recenzijos Re iews 279 The mos impo an ea ly con ac languages in addi ion o
Sla ic a e he Eas Sea Finnish languages, which a di e en imes we e in
exchange wi h he Bal ic-speaking a ea, c . he o e iew o Seppo Suhonen (1988),
s a i ied acco ding o he dis ibu ion o wo ds. Because o he z.T. Howe e , in
iew o he age o hese bo owings, hey could also be o in e es o he ea ly
his o y o he Bal ic and o aspec s o cul u al his o y, and i would be desi able
i hese we e aken in o accoun in u u e wo ks wi h he app op ia e ocus.
E en hough he amoun o bo owings is a below ha o Ge manic in Finnish,
some su pass i in age. The las wo ks known o he e iewe on he in luence o
Bal ic on hese neighbo ing languages a e La s-Gunna La sson (2001) and Pe i
Kallio (2008), he o me o which s a es ha some Bal ic bo owings in o Saami
show no aces o Finnish sound change, bu ea ly Saami de elopmen s, e.g.
no dsaam. Suoldni […]Tau, og, s eam […] (Finnish: halla […]F os […]) o li . šalna e c.
[…]F os […] o no dsaam. Suidni […]Heu[…] (Finnish heinä […]id.[…]) o li . šienas e c.
[…]Heu[…], so hey mus ha e come ei he di ec ly om Bal ic o h ough an
unknown hi d language […] and ha a any a e a a e y ea ly da e. Finally, he
consis en inclusion o his loanwo d in handbooks o Indo-Ge manic languages
would also be a welcome ges u e o Finno-Ug ic schola s. Smalle mis akes o
Inconsis encies a e ine i able in a wo k o his monumen al scale, bu hey a e
a e. In o de o p o e ha hese a e only small de ails, le 's ake a ew examples.
Examples lis ed:
(II 1019): […][...] an independen Vṛddhi de i a i e di ec ly om u idg. I don'
know wha you' e alking abou . My hea . […] Fo he sake o cla i y, i
dass nu de schwache S amm de Ausgangspunk de Ablei ung sein muss.
should ha e been s a ed he e, (II 1291): Russian. Zo od is once inco ec ly
no ed as Zo od. (II 1291): […]Non-con o mi y in he p onuncia ion o he Vela […]
(and mo e o en) […] is mean he e by he unusual e m […]Aussp ache[…] he
exac phone ical na u e ( oiced o oiceless o.ä.). The e is a lack o
uni o mi y in he ollowing case: […]Ken um[-de elopmen /duble e][…] o
[…]Sa em-[[…] (I 25 s. . ak[…] i, 28 s. . akmu[…], 29 s. . aksómin as, 30 s. . ezo as,
-a, 63 s. . ako […]šu as, 116 s. a. bi[…]g i) agains […]cen um-[…] (II 14 10 s. .k[…] i
and 10 s. . šé i) (as obse ed by Rez21).
As can be seen a once, hese a e e y ma ginal poin s which a e ha dly wo h
men ioning and do no in any way impai he use o he wo k.