S aipsniai / A icles 9
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: senoji bal ų li e a ū a i aš ija,
lyginamoji olklo is ika, leksikog a ija, bal is ikos is o ija.
SENOJI BALT[…] This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion.
LECTICOGRAPHY by he Hans
Pu chase a he se ice.
English wo ds
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his Regula ion:
The law
Old Bal ic Lexicog aphy in he Se ice o
Hansa Me chan s. Pu pose o Manusc ip
Vocabula ies and he Time o Compiling
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle o ms a new app oach o he oldes lexicological monumen s o he Bal ic
languages: he Elbing dic iona y and he so-called Simon G una o dic iona y. Bo h manusc ip
sou ces a e linked o he u ili a ian bilingual adi ion o Hansea ic lexicog aphy and a e
mo e closely ela ed o he so-called "Russian books", i.e. he Ge man-language dic iona ies
and business con e sa ions w i en by he leade s o p ac ical language lea ning and
summa ized in he Hansea ic sp akele e e o he new age. I can be concluded ha he
ocabula y and dialec s o he Ge man-P ussian languages became ele an and we e
c ea ed sho ly a e he g an ing o he igh s o Lübeck o Elbing and he a i al o
Ge man me chan s and colonis s o p o i om he new ma ke . Elbing is also closely
associa ed wi h he Elbing dic iona y and he S. G ūna a dic iona y; The in luence o
Hansea ic lexicog aphy can also be seen in he "Lenkic" Yo ingian ocabula y. Ve ical
eading o he S. G una o dic iona y allows he econs uc ion o he con e sa ions o he
pi a es, i.e. he unc ional s yles o he pi a e sociolec o he second hal o he 13 h
cen u y, which ha e no ye been unde s ood in he ex o he Bela usian languages. The
lexicon o co esponding assump ions was no o med on he basis o he Li huanian language
in he 13 h cen u y (due o he limi ed geog aphy o he Hansea ic League's sp ead). The ollowing wo ds a e included: Hanson's lexicog aphy, Elbing's dic iona y, Simon G unow's dic iona y, speech guides, he sociolec o Ge man-speaking peoples.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
10 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXVIII
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle shapes a new app oach owa ds he oldes lexicog aphic monumen s o he Bal ic
languages: Elbing ocabula y and he so-called Simon G unau's ocabula y. Bo h manusc ip
sou ces a e associa ed wi h Hansea ic u ili a ian bilingual lexicog aphic adi ion and a e
ho oughly compa ed wi h he so-called "Russian books", i.e. ansc ip s o Low
Ge man-Russian ocabula ies and ph ase-books compiled by young Hansa men, he so-called
sp akele e e, o p ac ical language lea ning and business pu poses. A conclusion is compiled,
made ha Ge man-P ussian ocabula ies and ph ase-books became ele an , i.e. hey we e
soon a e Elbing was g an ed Lübeck law and Ge man me chan s and colonis s he
a i ed a he new ma ke o make p o i . The Elbing ocabula y and G unau’s ocabula y
a e closely linked wi h Elbing; he in luence o he Hansea ic lexicog aphy is also seen in
Polish-Yo ingian ocabula y. The e ical eading o G unau's ocabula y enables us o
econs uc he me can ile ph ase-book, i.e. he unc ional s yle which has no ye been
g asped in he Bal ic co pus […] he Ge man-P ussian me can ile sociolec o he second hal o
he 13 h cen u y. The e we e no espec i e p econdi ions o he o ma ion o lexicog aphy
on he basis o he Li huanian language in he hi een h cen u y.
phy o he sp ead o Hansa me chan s).
KEYWORDS: Hansea ic lexicog aphy, Elbing ocabula y, G unau's ocabula y, only
ph ase-book, Ge man-P ussian me can ile sociolec .
Lyginamasis ž ilgsnis į senus ašy inius šal inius pa odo ieną ski umą: i-
pa o he lexical monumen s o he du ams a e a ailable in he Bal ic […]
P ussia and […] Jö ingia[…]1. Kyla's ques ion: why a en' hey wi nessed among
o he whi es? The
Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-P-
seudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Ps-
eudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pse-
udo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseu-
do-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo-Pseudo Couldn' he same educa ed people ha e con ibu ed o he dic iona ies? In o de o answe hese ques ions, i is necessa y o de ine he pu pose o lexicog aphic monumen s, i.e. o de e mine wha causes de e mined he eme gence o dic iona ies and o whom, whe e and o whom hey we e use ul.
1.1. The oldes and la ges dic iona y o Ge man-P ussian languages, he so-called
The Elbinge Vokabula (sho o EŽ) […] has su i ed as pa o he Codex Neumannianus, which
was kep in he Elbing Ci y Lib a y (sign Q 84) un il Wo ld Wa II. The wo d, he ou h pa in a ow
o he code, was he las ; I and he en i e book we e c owned wi h a colophon, which, a e he
w i ing o 1 Zhodyno Pogańske gwa y z Na ewu (Zinke ičius 1985), ends o ise o he imes o he
C usade s. His jo ingianism is ques ioned (Schmid 1986; see also Dini 2014: 304307). A mixed language
is seen in he wo d, in which he in luence o he Yiddish language is no iced, a compila ion o he
lexical esou ces o he Bal ic and P ussian languages.
A icles o he 11 h
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
The ex o he manusc ip and he au ho o he en i e codex: Explici pe manus
Holc ǁ weʃche De maienbu g (185 p.). Sk ip o iaus an oponimas i nu ašymo
Pe i mis akes, which occu in he P ussian pa o he dic iona y, indica e ha
Pe e Holbein, who came om Mayenbu g, was p obably a Ge man. Un il now, he
widely accep ed s a emen ha he wo d i sel , i.e. The ansc ibed p o o ype
o P. Holcwesche was c ea ed by a monk o he Ge man o de . The ques ion o
nuo leksikog a inio paminklo ūšies esp. žodyno paski ies p oblemos, ku i iki
šiol lieka neišsp ęs a. Be šios p oblemos išsamaus ap a imo kalbos apie ienuolį
au ho ship di ec ly depends on whe he ano he pe son wi h social s a us is oo
ea ly. I is belie ed ha he manusc ip o he book P. Hol zinge in Hein ich
wesche is nu ašė XIV a. pabaigoje a XV a. p a-
džioje. Tiksliau da uo i a ei yje bus pa anku a -
Niebuh 's 1912 wa e ma k, whose da ing is s ill unce ain. I is cha ac e ized by a
speci ic ea u e […] he ounded la ness o he lowe pa o he nose ( he nasal
ca i y), which makes i di icul o a ibu e i o he cu en ly known p ecisely
da ed a ian s and ypes o wa e ma ks. In he pa o he collec ion o Ge ha d
Picca do […]Ochsenkop […] Ohne Gesich sme kmale […] Übe S ange […] Übe K euz
[…] Einkon u iges K euz[…] he e a e a couple o images ha a e no included in he
collec ion.
iš olo i ik sąlygiškai galima lygin i su Elbingo
kodekse bu usiu andens ženklu. Jie (N . 56698–
56769, da ed July 14, 1437 and Ma ch 14, 1435 espec i ely.
In he yea 1464. A sligh ly simila wa e ma k, he našia zalenk ých ho ns, da ed o 1434, is depic ed in
(su am ik u jaučio nas ų ap alaus išpla inimo
požymiu, ačiau i su akimis bei ž aigžde a p pa-
he shop o Nikolai Lichache […] No. 511 (see also 1427 wa e ma k No. 541: Lichache I 43, 46; III LXXXVIII).
Gi en he g adual de elopmen o he ype o wa e ma k in ques ion, i would make sense o
" eju ena e" he pape p oduc ion o he Elbing codex. The Codex could ha e been w i en in he
second qua e o he i een h cen u y o e en in he middle o he i een h cen u y. 1.2. P.
Holcwesche w o e a collec ion domina ed by legal w i ings. A i s , he copied he "Liubek law"
g an ed o Elbing […] Lübisches 2 In e p e ing he wo d "Ma ienbu g" is done wi h a comple ely
un easonable and unnecessa y conjec u e: Ma ienbu g. 3 The 1912 census o H. Niewöhne is a ailable in
he Handsch i encensus da abase a h p: sisches Rech (100 < 120 p.) 5. Then he Polish law […]
Polnisches Rech (120[…]168 pages)6 and inally he Ge man […] P ussian language dic iona y (169[…]185
www.bbaw.de/ o schung/d m/HSA/Elbing_700330290000.h ml.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
Rech ü Elbing (1–100 p.)4. An ąjį sk ip o ius nu ašė p ūsų eisyną – P eus-
pages). The plainly isible shee was insc ibed wi h he common i le Buch da ihn de Lübeschen Rech e
besch iben [...], as well as he eloquen sen ence Fia jus icia & pe ea mud[us] ([…] elaimi eisė umas
polinkis į eisinius dalykus bu o pas ebė as XVI a. Tada audonu ašalu p ieš-
and ežūna [no s and žū ų] all he wo ld[…]). A combina ion o w i en sou ces ga e he i s
esea che s o he code eason o belie e ha he ci il law concep was used by he high go e no o
he o de esiding in Elbinge […] kom u , who was subo dina e o he Elbinge owns and all he locali ies,
i.e. he p o inces o ha kom u ia. In ac , he alleged legal unc ion is poo ly compa ible wi h he
ocabula y o he concep s o he Ge manic-P ussian languages. On he one hand, i lacks a
"specialized" lexicon, i.e. o a legal na u e, and on he o he hand, i con ains many wo ds (and en i e
okiečiai bei lenkai. Šios nuomonės laikėsi Fe dinandas Neumannas i Edwi-
nas Volckmannas (Volckmann 1869: 4). Vėliau p ak inę eisinę paski į ( ü den
p ac ischen ech sgeb auch) s a s ė Adalbe as Bezzenbe ge is bei Reinholdas
T au mannas (Bezzenbe ge 1874: 1225; T au mann 1910: XXIV–XXV).
sec ions) ha a e seman ically di icul o associa e wi h legal subjec s (pi ys, abal, a decision
sugges ed by Wol am Eule , acco ding o which he dic iona y co esponds in unc ion o he books o
ou is con e sa ions (Eule 1988: 9). F ied ich Benningho en also in e p e ed he wo d as a "quick
speech guide" (ku ze Sp ach üh e ) o acili a e communica ion wi h he P ussians on a ious
domes ic opics: "A Ge man has he oppo uni y o gi e himsel o he P ussian land popula ion quickly
ž aigždynas i pan.). Šiuolaikišką, . y. žiū ėdamas pe mode niųjų laikų p izmę,
o e he concep s o daily li e" (Benningho en 1990: 106).
In 2003 Ral Päsle published a comp ehensi e s udy en i led "Deu schsp achige Sachli e a u im
P eußenland bis 1500" (Ge man language li e a u e in P ussia be o e 1500). In es iga ion o hei deli e y,
in which se e al 4 Be o e he main sou ce ex , he ansc ibe submi ed a de ailed egis e wi h he
ed headline: […]Das is das lubichs ech nd de sack[…] (1 p.). The beginning o he egis e he e, on page
1, was dis inguished by he ini ia ion: […]Das e s e is on ech ischa I [...][…]. The excipi o he egis e
is page 11: "De on sinnen is Komen CCXXXIIX". The La in e m is gi en a e he egis e 1113 p. The
sou ce i sel began on page 13: "F om he Ech escha . Wo eyn man sinen son adi sine ch s gebe [...];
I ended wi h he wo ds: […] dij[...] en mogen Keyn gu weg gebin daz is s e e sie nd daz is yman gewe e sie amen[…].
5
The colo ed headline and he beginning o he ex "F om he wound o he p oo ". The capi al is
m1. Eyn man de do gewund wi sal syne wunden bewisen dem Keme e [...][…] (100 p.) and he end
o he ex : […][...] we dy sune b ich de is des geldes bes andn[…] 120 p. 6 A he beginning o
his sou ce, 120[…]123 p., an eilia ed speech was gi en.
A icles o he 13 h
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
dėmesio sky ė Elbingo kodeksui. Remdamasis gausia Cen inės i Vaka ų Eu o-
pos biblio ekose, a chy uose bei muziejuose saugoma medžiaga, y ėjas pasiūlė
in e es ing new insigh s. Disag eeing wi h he decla ed legal na u e o he code, R.
Päsle op s o a di e en unc ion o he manusc ip . The lexicog aphic wo k, in
his opinion, me he educa ional needs: "I is unlikely ha a Ge man would lead
himsel , i he had he help o a na i e P ussian, o unde s and". The Zielsp ache is
no P ussian, bu Ge man. The P ussians ha e lea ned he Ge man language and wi h
i hey ha e lea ned he Ch is ian-inspi ed wo ld iew o he colonial mas e s.
Le z e es opens up o he s uden , also o a s uden , bu i s by explaining he
addi ions o a eache . chen, also in he Umk eis on Ausbildung und Schule[…] (Päsle
Die Funk ion des Vokabula s is somi im Umk eis des Sp achun e ich s zu su-
2003: 307). in lexicog aphic wo ks o Eas P ussian o igin (in he o m o a
Sa o min is mokslininkas bando pag įs i ipologiniu g e inimu su ki ais ži-
15 h-cen u y loan. The la e a e lis ed in a sepa a e able in he Wo g uppen des
ynų– okiečių kalbų žodynu, ku į jis žymi san umpa Königsbe g, SUB: 901 –
Päsle 2003: 213, 304, 306) bei išsamesne žodyną suda ančių eminių sky ių
‚Elbinge
The ocabula y (Päsle 2003: 305306) is as ollows:
L d.
N .
1. Wo d.
G uppe
Vokabel-
N .
Anzahl
de s. Cha ak e is ik de G uppe
1Go 1–11 11 Himmel(sgewölbe)
2Jo 12–23 12 Jah eszei en und Wochen age
3E de 24 […] 32 9
Die ie Elemen e (The ou elemen s o he ea h)
4Vüe 33 o 44 12
5L 45 o 58 14
6Wasse 59[…]66 and 8
7168 102 de Mensch om Schei el bis zu Sohle 8Va e
169192 24 Ve wand scha sbezeichnungen (Family ela ionships) This is a lis o people who a e ela ed by blood o descen .
9Hüs 193[…]235 43 House and
The Ho
10 Acke man and 236 […] 293 58
11 Wayn 294 o 315 22 Wagen
12 Möle 316 […] 328 9Mühle and i s subsidia ies
13 Becke 329 […] 346 18 Bäcke This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h Becke .
14 Ga b e e 347 […] 381 35 Ga koch This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
15 K eczem 382 […] 403 22 Schankwi scha (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) (Schankwi scha ) is also known as
16 He e 404 […] 428 25 Ranking o he ee wo lds;
The K iegswessen
17 Ros 429-439 11 P e de (Spanish p onuncia ion)
18 Se ele 440[…]453 14 Sa e handwe k (Sa e handwe k) is loca ed in he dis ic o Se ele .
19 Webe 454 […] 472 19 Webe handwe k (Webe handic a s) 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s 19 Webe handic a s
20 Sch e e 473 […] 495 23 Schneide handwe k and i s subsidia ies

ILJA LEMEŠKIN
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
L d.
N .
1. Wo d.
G uppe
Vokabel-
N .
Anzahl
de s. Cha ak e is ik de G uppe
21 Schuwe 496–512 17 Schuhmache handwe k
22 Smy 513-549 37 Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading
23 Bede 550[…]559 10 Bede handwe k (Bede handwe k) is he name o a company in Ge many.
24 Vysch 560[…]585 26 Fische (F ench p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Swedish ele ision se ies.
25 Wal 586 […] 646 61 Wald This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h Wal .
26 Tye 647[…]670 24 Animals o he genus Tye
27 Va e 671 […] 686 16 Vieh also known as
28 Milk 687[…]695 9 Milk and i s p oduc s
29 Joge 696 […] 705 10 Jagd He is a membe o he Swedish na ional eam.
30 Vogel 706 […] 773 68 Vogelnamen (F ench p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Swedish ele ision se ies
31 Slange 774 […] 791 18 Schlangen, Wü me and Insek en This is a lis o he municipali ies o Schlangen, Wü me and Insek en in Ge many.
32 We ld 792 […] 802 11 […]Die Wel , in which we li e[…] Ty is inclined o see a ce ain sub le y in he
p esen a ion o he hema ic g oups […] Schema […] (einzelnen G uppen einem bes imm en Schema
olgen): […]Die Sachg uppen geben ein Abbild des Kosmos, in dessen himmlische , zei liche und
wel liche Ein eilung, also eine g obe Skizze des Lebenswel de ch is lichen Einwande e , whose
Schwe punk au den Bezeichnungen ü die di ek e lieg (G uppe 7[…] 31); The g oups 1 o 6 o e
he cosmological o e haul, supplemen ed by G oup 32, in which he concep s o he wo ld, Lan ,
Ch is iani y, Heidenscha , S a e and illage a e collec i ely e e ed o as o ms o
coexis ence in he abs aining sequence. I he Land, S a e and Village do no u he b ing he
igh in o connec ion, because hey ha e a cons i u ion, hey a e legally de ined. We also know he
concep s o Ch is iani y and Heidenscha in a legal-canonical conno a ion. And 16 shows wi h he
ocabula y o he King, Ri e , Leman (Lehensmann), V ie , Gebue a social anking on which he
legal du chaus o Belang is […] (Päsle 2003: 237). common esp. a non-specialised (i.e. no s ic ly
legal) lexical wo k may ha e o igina ed in Heilsbe ge o F auenbu ge. In he Bishop's esidence a
Heilsbe g, he P ussian school had been in ope a ion since he middle o he ou een h cen u y,
and he six een ca hed als o F auenbu g (Ecclesia Wa miensis) we e o be main ained and
educa ed in he house o he canon. R. Päsle is also no ed ha such a 7 Ty éas Päsle is (2003: 237)
Žodyno unkciona imą susiejęs su „mokykline s e a“ y ėjas eigia, kad oks
quo es Klaus Nei mann: "Auch jede de sechzehn Domhe en des e mländischen Domkapi els zu
F auenbu g ha e einen Jungen p ußische Zunge in seinem Hause zu un e hal en und ihn ü die
spä e e Seelso ge un e seinem Volke zu e ziehen. Unzhodyn may ha e been needed in Ma ienbu g,
whe e, acco ding o him, he also s udied P ussian.
e ich e hiel en die Jungen an de do igen Ka hed alschule. Einige S ammp ußen sind im 14.
A icles o he 15 h
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
The local esea che hesi a ed because o he c ea ion o he Elbing Code. P. Holcwesche was
able o do his wo k a he Elbinge […] o he Elbinge Deu scho denskon en . On he o he hand,
he au ho does no ule ou he possibili y ha he compila ion o "p i ileged" sou ces in hem
o iškas a chy a imas į yko Ma ienbu ge: „Die Handsch i wü de sich dann
is pa o he e o s o adminis a i e e o m and o de and as an a come" (Päsle 2003: 237).
„Belegexempla “ e schiedene Tex e in de Ma ienbu g „gelage “ wo den sein;
nach Elbing wä e die Handsch i womöglich nach Au gabe de Ma ienbu g ge-
Bu in which case he examine , in acco dance wi h a long-s anding adi ion, i mly links he
d awing up o he code o he adminis a i e pu poses o he Vokiech o de : "In bo h cases,
howe e , he Handsch i o he adminis a i e pu poses o he Ge man o de s would ha e
been es o ed" (Päsle 2003: 237). The la e widely accep ed s a emen seems oo ca ego ical
and limi ing. Is i eally possible o jus i y he unc ioning o he collec ion solely on he basis o
he o icial adminis a ion o he Ge man o de ? Is he e eally no way o econcile he con en
o he manusc ip wi h he ocabula y? I seems o us ha such a possibili y exis s. I should be
bo ne in mind ha all h ee concep s o igh s included in he Elbing Code egula ed economic
ela ions in dep h and paid pa icula a en ion o ade issues. In essence, hese a e he
comme cial laws ha o e ime - especially he Lübeck law - ensu ed he dynamic en ichmen and
de elopmen o he ci ies o he Bal ic egion. Thus, judges assigned o di e en adminis a i e
uni s (Pamedę, Elbingą, […]Lenkų eise[…] con olled e i o y) we e needed no only by he
commande s, p osecu o s and a ew o he […]adminis a o s[…], bu also by he powe ul
me cena ies ep esen ing he Hansea ic League. Wi hou such sou ces, hey could ha dly
success ully engage in hei ac i i ies. Howe e , o he w i en sou ces we e also needed o
he me chan s' business, including auxilia y ones om local esiden s who we e no ye speaking.
he es imony o comme cial needs cons i u ed he wo k o lexicog aphy. The mos in e es ing
and closes collec ion o such linguis ic sou ces is he so-called "Russian Book" (Einn Russisch
ling is inių p iemonių, paleng inančių komunikaciją esp. de ybas su nobiliais,
ama ininkais, als iečiais, u gininkais, palydo ais i ki ais okiškai menkai a
Buch; Ein Rusch Boeck; acc. sg. 8sk8jo knigjo usche boek). Dic iona ies and con e sa ions o
S a bu pab ėž i, kad ai nė a ien eo inė galimybė. Hanzos egione y a pa-
Russian-Ge man languages, some imes Nauga do und 15. The cen u y in hei success ul Lau bahn
bis au die Bischo ss ühle on Samland und Pomesanien gelang […] (see also Nei mann 1996: 64).
ak o ijoje ealizuojami „Hanzos okiečių žemaičių kalba“ (apie są okas Han-
sesp ache a ba Lübecke Ausgleichssp ache ž . Sande s 1982; Pe e s 1973), y a
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
will be impo an in he examina ion o he co esponding "P ussian book", i.e.
Elbing's dic iona y, because i explains he o igin o his lexicog aphic wo k, i s
na u e and pu pose (i.e. he ypological connec ion) om a gen e poin o iew.
We will come back o ou conce ns abou Russian books, bu i s we will look a
he sou ce om which he Elbing dic iona y has been and is s ill de i ed.
1.4. Elbingo's ocabula y o Ge man-P ussian languages is adi ionally associa ed
wi h he medie al ocabula y o Ge man-La in languages (Mažiulis 1966: 28), bu no
such ocabula y o language pa e ns has been ound in P ussia o elsewhe e. The e
a e well-known dic iona y eco ds o La in-Ge manic languages (Päsle 2003: 213), bu
hei pu pose is qui e di e en . I was used o lea n La in ocabula y. I 's called
mokiniai sėkmingai įžengda o pe „a i as du is kalboms i isiems mokslams“
(J. A. Comenius: Janua lingua um ese a a si e Semina ium lingua um e scien ia-
"Dwé e Jayků odewřené To ae K á ký a nadný půob k e éhokoli Gaykaspolu y s
ača ky wech měnj / wobodných pochopenj". I 's also known as "Dwé e Jayků
o ien uo i (iš okiečių į lo ynų kalbą) žodynai ap a iamuoju laiko a piu ne u-
ėjo p asmės ( a o ojų), dėl o jų hipo e inis egzis a imas, apie ku į sa o laiku
odewřené To ae K á ký a nadný půob k e éhokoli Gaykaspolu y s ača ky wech wech
měnj". On he con a y, he conside a ion o Wal he is Zieseme (Zieseme 1920:
139[…]140) aises many doub s. I is heo e ically possible o conside an al e na i e
model, ha he compile o he ocabula y o he Ge man-P ussian languages
emo ed he La in-language egis e s om he school ocabula y and used he
⇩
Ge man equi alen s […] d ik ins ead. dic iona y o G eek-La in languages dic iona y o La in-Ge man languages dic iona y o Ge man-P ussian languages
The schema ic o he in e ela ionship o he gi en ocabula y is ollowed by
Rolando Fe i, who became he i s esea che o ake he decla ed ela ion o
2018). Elbingo žodyną jis nuodugniai g e ina su XIV a. pabaigos lo ynų– o-
kiečių žemaičių Libe o dinis e um, ku į spaudai pa engė i 1983 m. Tübingene
išleido Pe e is Schmi as. I alų mokslininkas įž elgia „didelį a umą“ (signi i-
can closeness) a p eminių sky ių i pama inių žodžių, ku ie ampa pa ienių
be based ex ually (Fe i hema ic ield iden i ie s (Fe i 2018: 129[…]130). The
g a ing ga e him his esul :
Libe o dinis e um Elbing ocabula y
1. De Deo e Sanc is 1. Wha is he meaning
o li e? (1) Go he Dewis 2. De mundo celo
and he s a s 2. This is Jo Me an 3. (12) De
empo e (yea o he yea ) 3. (24) The same
ea h 4. De igne (=EV4) 4. The ollowing able shows: (33) The Vüe Panno 5. De ae e (=EV5) 5. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. (45) Lu Wins
A icles 17 and 7. De
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
Libe o dinis e um Elbing ocabula y
6. De aquis (=EV6) 6. (59) Wasse Wundan
e a is equal o EV3.
De mon ibus (=EV26) is he name o he bus.
(67) The Mensch Smonenawi(n)s
8. De dis inccione e locis nemo um (Dis inc ion and loca ion no known) Wa e o Towis (169)
9. De uiis in e
De aedi iciis (=EV9) is he name o he building.
e a. 9. Wha is he name o he island? (193) Hüs Bu an (also known as Hüs Bu an)
10. De cogna ionibus hominis 10. (236) Acke man A oys
11. The o icial bus (=EV16)11. (294). The Way o
he Abbasid 12. De his qui p esun ic u 12. (316)
jege ) 13. The Mole Malunis (ag essus
The Mole Malunis (ag essus acke man, ena o
acke man, ena o jege ) is a species o he
panium p epa a o ibus 13. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. (329) Becke Pecco e (mola mol; o na ius becke ) This species is endemic o he Uni ed S a es.
This is he case o he ollowing p oduc s:
genus Mole in he amily Molluscaceae. De
14 The p epa a ion o he
(cough cough)
cibo ium (347) Ga b e e and Aubi go
15. De diue sis gene ibus cibo um 15.
(lac milch)
Wha is he meaning o he name Cibo um? (382) K e zem Ka czemo (384 malcz) is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
Piwamal an (also known as
16. De di e sis gene ibus po uum 16.
di e sis gene ibus po uum? This
Wha is he meaning o he name De
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
(w i en by webe )
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. De a i icibus p o es i u is he name o he game. (429) The Ros Russis
18. De p aepa a o ibus
(sa o sch ade ) Wha a e you doing?
ues ium 18. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . (440) The Balgninix se le
19 o he p epa a o ibus
(su o schowo ) Wha a e you doing?
co ei. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
De A ibus p o Edi icio is loca ed in he hea o he ci y.
(473) Sch o e and Sc u ele 21. De ins umen is ad
on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. (496) Schuwe Schuwikis e um necessa iis (= EV 11, 17, 18) This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
(sella o sa lä )
commu a iones 21. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce
22. De emunda o ibus (balnea o , bade )22. (513) Smy Wu is
23. De b u is e eo um gene ibus
(=EV26)
23. (550) Bede S ubonikis
24. De incomes ibilibus
(=EV17) and
domes icis 24. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . (560) High Suckis
25. De e is is equal o EV26. (586) The Wal Median is 26.
De speciebus a ium (=30)EV26. This species is endemic
o he Uni ed S a es. (647) Tye Alue 27. The
Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h
he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. De piscibus is equal o EV24)27. (671) Va e Lonix is 28. De e mibus enenosis (EV31) is he name o he disease. (687) Milk Dadan is 29. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. (696) T ees o he Jage
(b) he ollowing able is inse ed:
31. (774) Slange Angis
(792) The Wo ld o Swe an 32.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
24 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXVIII
Einn Russisch Buch
(1546 m. žodyno edakcija)
Ein Rusch Boeck...
(XVI a. idu ys)
Tönies Fenne
(1607 m., Psko as)
Vonn Rus ungenn zu Van
The P e denn
Seüden Gezeüg Van alle ley lesch (also known as Vonn Rus ungenn zu Van Seüden Gezeüg) is a Swedish oo ball club based in Ge many.
Vonn K iege Vnd Seine
Zubeho unnge
Van wand lacken Van alle ley ged enke
Vonn Tan zen Singenn
Vnnd Sp ingen
Van Alle leie e wenn Van menschen led ma en
Vonn Rauch Wah as
This is a lis o
Van mo en nnde
ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
Alle lei kau manes wa (also known as Alle lei kau manes wa )
Las en Van bekledinge This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Vonn alle leÿ wah en
sch i wah enn he nach oll This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
as Van
Vonn Alle leÿ K eude Van huszge ade Vonn Edlenn
ges einenn Vonn ue Vonn golde nnd gol we ck Van
hand we kes eschop This is he i s ime I' e seen his kind o hing in my li e.
O a kind used in
The Mun ze
he manu ac u e o semiconduc o de ices
Vonn Seÿdenn gewand Van alle ley pel e ienn
Vonn alle ley colou Van alle ley ledde nd skin
which is used in he manu ac u e o lea he goods
Vonn Alle leÿ Lackenn Van alle ley is Du ch
O a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm
Van wasze and allige
Van lasze nd hemp, no u he wo ked han ho - olled
O a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm
Van gold nd sulue (also known as Van gold )
Van de uschen mun e, also known as Van de uschen mun e
O a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm
Van on he side wall
Van linen wande
Van alle ley a ue and
Van alle ley lakenn, also known as Van alle ley lakenn
The di e ences be ween he monumen s in ques ion indica e ha mo e simila
insc ip ions mus ha e exis ed in he 14 h and 15 h cen u ies, which al eady a
ha ime o med a ne wo k o insc ip ions in e ms o ex u e. This indica es a
high demand and dis ibu ion o "Russian books". I will ha dly be possible o
de e mine he exac a io o he h ee manusc ip s cu en ly a ailable (unless on
he basis o a compa a i e analysis o Elbing's dic iona y). The econs uc ion o
he common p o o ype is complica ed by he ac ha he i les o he same hema ic sec ions a e di e en . Now we will indica e he i les o he chap e s one nex o he o he ega dless o hei place in he ocabula y:
Einn Russisch Buch
(1546 m. žodyno edakcija)
Ein Rusch Boeck...
(XVI a. idu ys)
Tönies Fenne
(1607 m., Psko as)
Vonn go nd
I 's all igh ,
Himlischenn Van Go nnd This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
i 's all igh

S aipsniai / A icles 25
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
Einn Russisch Buch
(1546 m. žodyno edakcija)
Ein Rusch Boeck...
(XVI a. idu ys)
Tönies Fenne
(1607 m., Psko as)
Vonn Zei enn Des Jah s Van üden des
dagen we me Auch unden iah es Vonn
Ja s nnd Van den ee iden desz
dem Geis lichenn Van Geüs lüchenn
wesenn Van geis lichen s and nd
S annd
This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a pe son has been awa ded he i le o Geis lichenn.
egimen
F om he wo ldly s and o he
The
wo ldly s and o he wo ldly s and
Obe kügheü egimen
Vonn eunnd nnd
Gesiebscha en an
Hüe wül Ick sch iuen
Vade nnd mode
nd B ode nd This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, li ed in, o a e cu en ly li ing in Ge many.
The F ünd schap
Van und schop nd
hobeho inge Süs e
De qua uo . Wha a e
Van Alle lei
you doing? The elemen o he Van den ee elemen
Wa e Van wa e enn is loca ed in he dis ic o Van Alle lei.
Van winde nd de mane is he name o he i e .
O a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm
Fo he ba h
Vonn Mannes Pe sohnenn Van pe sonen nd ges al
de lude This is a lis o people who ha e been ea u ed on he ele ision se ies Vonn Mannes Pe sohnenn.
Van geschikeden luden
gude a . Wha a e you doing he e?
Van ngeschick en luden
bose a . Wha a e you doing he e?
Vonn Handwe ckenn Van Alle lei
c a sman by ade who wo ks in he handic a s indus y.
Amp en nd Van Alle lei is a
I 's called he Van
F om S ed en o
The Land scha en
S eden slo . I 's
Lande o Do pen
called he Van Lende n slo .
Vom Gewich e
Vonn gewich e Maß nnd nd
kau manes wa Vonn ischenn Van
Van mo en nnde Las en
gewüch enn nnd Ellen Alle lei
Alle lei üschcken Im Van ischen
Von mah en nd wich enn
nd eh e a wa e I'm no
su e i his is he case.
su e i his is he case, bu I'm no
Vonnell Vognn Van Alle lei oegel
Hemmel
nde Von alle ley ögelln wil This is a lis o he municipali ies o he p o ince o No h Rhine-Wes phalia.
and am
This Regula ion shall en e
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
bemen
in o o ce on he
Vonn Viehe Van
Vonn Wildwe gk od(e )
Wildwah en
wülden ü en nd
Ande en Viehe nd pe denn
Van wilden de enn This is he name o he illage in which he illage is loca ed.
Van amen de enn
Vonn p e denn Van a wen de p e de Van pe denn
Vonn ge encke Van E en nd d üncken nd Van
Van Schepenn Van schepenn He o De no Vonn
alle ley ged enke Vonn Vÿ alÿenn beda He o
alle ley i allie Vonn de Sehe Vnnd Van Schepenn
De no Vonn alle ley i allie Vonn de Sehe nnd
Van Schepenn He o De no Vonn alle ley
i allie Vonn de Sehe Vonn de Sehe Vnnd Van
Schie enn and
Schepenn Wha is he name o he ho se ha is being played by he
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
26 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXVIII
Einn Russisch Buch
(1546 m. žodyno edakcija)
Ein Rusch Boeck...
(XVI a. idu ys)
Tönies Fenne
(1607 m., Psko as)
Vonn Hausge ad
De selben
Vonn Haushal unge nd is loca ed a :
The De selben Zubeho ung is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
nd Vann Hus nnd
Zubeho unnge
Hus Van huszge ade is loca ed in he dis ic o Vonn
Hal ung Van hand we kes eschop is loca ed in he dis ic o De selben.
Vonn Sch eÿbwe gk Van
The B üe en
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading
sch iue s nnd Van sch i wah enn This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h Vonn Sch eÿbwe gk.
F om Mennschlichenn
led ma en
om Münschen da
glied massenn lü nd sin wesen om he head o he head o he head o he head o he head o he head o he head
gan ze om menschen
Vonn Mannes Namen Van Alle lei
münschen is he name o he ci y in which he ci y is loca ed.
Namen De Van menschen namen
Vonn Kleÿdunnge Van Kleidungen Van Bekledinge
Vonn K iege Vnd Seine Van K üges Lüdenn Van
O he , o
K iege Vnd o lichs This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Vienna.
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
Vonn golde nnd gol we ck Van Gold .
Coppe and a icles he eo
Wha a e you doing he e? I 's called sul u . The Eüse n. Van gold nd sulue (also known as Van gold )
Vonn Alle leÿ K eude Van Edelen K eü e en Van K ude n nd gewu ze
Vonn Edlenn S einenn Van Edel Ges eünen Van edelges einen Vonn
Vonn Seÿdenn gewand Van sidengewande
Vonn alle leÿ a ben Van Alle leie e wenn Van alle ley a ue
Alle leÿ Lackenn Van wand lacken Van alle ley lakenn I is also known as he "Lack o Alle " o "Lack o Alle ".
Vonn de Russischenn
The Mun ze
Van Gelde Vnde schede Van de uschen mun e
The 12 h Mensibus.
mahn e nd qua uo
De Namen de
Tempo a auiui dage This is he i s ime I' e seen his mo ie.
Vonn Rus ungenn zu Van
P e denn
us ingen hon pe den is loca ed in he dis ic o Vonn Rus ungenn.
Van Alle lei E d Be en
This is Abes
Van uch en de e denn
Van alle ley awe e.
Vonn Eÿse we gk Van alle ley is a Du chman
Vonn Tan zen Singenn
Vnnd Sp ingen
Van alle ley spellwa k
O he hi y- wo hema ic chap e s o he Elbing dic iona y, only eigh do no
con ain nominal co espondences: […]Ūkis and ag icul u al wo k[…] (in he Elbing
dic iona y i is he 10 h), […]Ra ai and ho ns[…] (11 h), […]Malūnas[…] (13 h),
[…]Ba siu ys ė[…] (21 h), […]Pi is[…] (23 d), […]Pie, milk manu ac u e s[…] (28 h),
[…]Medžioklė[…] (29 h) and […]O bis mundi[…] (32nd). The wen y- h ee sec ions o
he Elbing dic iona y ha e s ong adjacencies in a leas wo edi ions o
"Russian books". I is possible o choose he co espondence o one hema ic
sec ion only in one o hem: he Elbing dic iona y […]Ropliai i abzdžiai[…] […] T.
Fenne[…]ės […]Van alle ley gewo m e[…]. I may be ha his sec ion ouched by T.
A icles o he 27 h
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
Fenne's w i ing comes om he Russian-Ge manic wo d p o og aph (close o he Elbing dic iona y), bu o he unique sec ions may be o a seconda y, inno a i e na u e.
Speci ically, hese a e:
Einn Russisch Buch
(1546 m. žodyno edakcija)
Ein Rusch Boeck...
(XVI a. idu ys)
Tönies Fenne
(1607 m., Psko as)
Vonn Ko nn
Vonn Nehewe gk
Vonn D eschenn Van
Vonn Be en Vnnd
O a hickness
Vonn Rauch
O a hickness no
Vonn alle leÿ wah en
allige he nach oll
Sch e bens
K anckhei en
Alle ley wüne nd
Ih e Van Seüden
Leü en nnd Van na ionen de lude is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
B ed nd is loca ed in
Bie Van alle ley lesch This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o D esden, Ge many.
Gezeüg Van alle ley pel e ienn is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
no exceeding 0,2 mm bu no exceeding 0,2 mm
Wah as he skin
exceeding 0,2 mm bu no exceeding 0,2 mm
as Van wasze nd
Van lasze nd hemp also known as Van wasze nd allige he nach oll
Van linen wande
1.5.3. G e imų an aščių į ai a imas leidžia many i, jog usų– okiečių žo-
dynų p o og a as ne u ėjo sky ių pa adinimų, . y. kad jis šiuo a ž ilgiu bu o
panašus į Elbingo žodyną, ku iame a spi ies ašku nusakan eminį bloką bu o
he colou is a dis inc base wo d. This pa ly explains he eme gence o some
"excess" hema ic blocks. Acco ding o he basic ( heme) wo ds, he ex is
su eikda o e d ę am ik am leksiniam klodui a ski i i „pe p o iliuo i“ į a ski-
a anged in a seman ic column. I was enough o addi ionally colo he ini ia ion
and de elop such a sec ion. We could illus a e his p ocess by looking a Elbing's
dic iona y. Fo example, le 's look a he successi e hema ic chap e s: "Human
body, heal h" (EŽ 67 […]168), "Family, amily" (EŽ 169 […]192), "Home, a m buildings"
(EŽ 193 […]235). The concep o kinship o ms he basis o he […]Sheima, amily[…]
sec ion, bu he sec ion is comple ed by a ew social and wo k- ela ed nuances
u in ys žodžiai (EŽ 190–192):
Son Wayklis
Knech Gewineis
Juc owe Me go
The gi en lexemes o m a seman ic ansi ion om one hema ic ield o
ano he , because be o e he "Houses, a m buildings" sec ion in o ms abou
he amily close o o he household s a su ounding he amily. In his wo d
posi ion (wo d dic iona ies mus also be ead e ically, because when o ming
wo ds, hey we e aded on a seman ic associa i e basis) he wo ds Wayklis, Gewineis, Me go ha e he ma king ‘se an , son (as
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII woikello […]knech […] se nas (be nas) […] G G
79 […] PŽE IV 213), […]labo e , hi ed man[…] and, espec i ely, […]me ga, a nai ė[…].
This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his con ex . Thus, in he
place in ques ion, he dic iona y concealed a ce ain po en ial o a new hema ic
block o eme ge. In he Elbing dic iona y, i emained unused, as bo h he enla ged
and unenla ged dic iona y i sel (due o he wi hd awal o he P ussian language
om he dic iona y) became an acliga o he lexical adi ion. On he con a y,
he ocabula y o he Russian-Ge manic languages, which e ol ed om he
monumen o he same o simila adi ion, emained ele an o a long ime, i.e.
i was imp o ed and expanded (e en in he 17 h cen u y). The a o emen ioned
po ency was no iced in hem and was p ope ly exploi ed, which is why he Von
Mannesohn Pe senn and Von Handwe ckenn (T. Sch oue's Einn Russisch Buch
Redak ion) a e unde he umb ella o he […]Vonn eunnd nnd
Gesiebscha en[…]. The same, bu unde di e en names, sec ions a e gi en
anonymously in he 16 h cen u y in Ein Rusch Boeck... (Hüe wül Ick sch iuen an
Vade nnd mode Süs e nnd B ode nnd F ünd schap... Van Alle lei Amp en
nnd meis e s) and in he T. Fenne's no ebook (Van und schop nnd
hobeho inge... Van alle lei handwe k enn). The second hema ic g andis […]Ape
occupa ions, wo k du ies[…], which addi ionally excluded he sec ions […]Šeima,
giminė[…] and […]Namai, a m buildings[…] in he neighbo hood, could also educe he ac ha o he seman ically close hema ic ields we e a ac ed, p es ige sume imais p eposi i ely, i.e. be o e he e iew o kinship:
Vonn dem Geis lichenn S annd , Vom wel lichenn S ande (T. Sch oues scope and
Einn Russisch Buch); „Van Geüs lüchenn wesenn“, „Van weld lücke Obe ü-
gkheü “ (XVI a. Ein Rusch Boeck...); „Van geis lichen s and nd egimen “,
„Van wel lichen s ande nd egimen “ (T. Fenne).
Susida o įspūdis, kad „Rusiškų knygų“ p o og a as sa o apipa idalinimu,
con ac we e simila o hose o he Elbing dic iona y. A compa ison o
lexicog aphic wo ks in some places e eals a close ela ionship be ween he
Elbing dic iona y and he mid-16 h-cen u y Ein Rusch Boeck... ( his can be said, o
example, o he o al numbe o hema ic blocks and hei sequence in he
s a ing posi ion o he manusc ip s: […]Van Go nnd hemmelschen dingen […] EŽ
1; […]Van Geüs lüch wesennenn[…]; […]Van weld lücke Obe ügkheü […], which is
loca ed in he no he n pa o he coun y. […]Van üden des Ja s nnd dagen
we me Auch unden[…] […] EŽ 2; […]Van Alle lei Wa e […], […]De qua uo . […] This is
EŽ 7; „Van K üges Lüdenn“ – EŽ 16; „Hüe wül Ick sch iuen an Vade nnd
he i s ime I' e seen his song in my li e, and i 's he i s ime I' e seen i in my
panašumo su ki ais nuo ašais. A odo, kad Elbingo žodynas bus naudingas e-
li e. The elemen is […] EŽ 3[…]6; […]De 12 Mensibus. De qua uo Tempo a auiui[…]; This
Koks bu o Elbingo žodyno i „Rusiškų knygų“ p o og a o yšys, kol kas ga-
lima ik spėlio i. Vidu amžių Hanzos leksikog a ija u ėjo bū i ibo a, ma han-
is he i s ime I' e seen his. Van münschen da gan ze lü nd sin wesen mode
Süs e nd B ode nd F ünd schap EŽ 8 and so on), bu elsewhe e he e is a
S aipsniai / A icles 29
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
jiems nebu o sunku di b i sa o da bą Nyde landuose i Skandina ijoje esan-
p o o ype o he ocabula y o he Russian-Ge man languages being cons uc ed.
The islands in he No h Sea and he wes e n Bal ic Sea coas did no ace majo
communica ion p oblems. Because o language kinship and diglossia in hese
ac o s. The si ua ion was mo e complica ed in England, whe e mixed e bal
communica ion (on he basis o Ge man-speaking peoples) was mo e complica ed
due o he in luence o F ench. In his space, one can po en ially expec auxilia y
manusc ip dic iona ies, which acili a ed he o ien a ion om a linguis ic poin
o iew o he beginne s o he Hanzo dic iona ies. As hey mo ed o Eas e n
Eu ope, he need o bilingual ocabula y ine i ably inc eased, as me chan s
inc easingly encoun e ed " o eign" languages. As a esul , i is possible o p edic
di e en ages in he Eas o he wo ks o he lexicog aphy o he Ge manic Low
Sla ic (in Russian o Polish), Ge manic Low Bal ic (in P ussian, La ian), Ge manic
Low Fino-Ug ic (in Es onian, Li huanian) languages. O cou se, his is only a
heo e ical possibili y, which does no mean ha all such dic iona ies we e
ac ually w i en a ha ime. Taking in o accoun he linguis ic speci ici y o he
Hansea ic egion (b oade : Sk ai s, Fe dinand 2002: 78[…]80), i would be possible o
hypo he ically conside an example o a bilingual ocabula y ha has no eached ou ime, o example, he Ge man-English languages, which was la e used o compile dic iona ies o he Ge man-P ussian and (o ) Ge man-Russian languages. On he o he hand, Elbing's ocabula y may be de i ed om he ocabula y o he Ge man-Russian languages, om which i has long since e ol ed in o he g ea ly expanded ocabula y ha exis s oday.
Russian books. I could be he o he way a ound: a 13 h-cen u y dic iona y o
Ge man-P ussian languages could ha e helped lay he ounda ion o he
eme gence o "Russian books". Rega dless o he di ec ion o de elopmen ,
wha is impo an o us is he cul u al his o ical con ex and he p ac ical unc ioning o ela ed ocabula ies, which de e mined hei s uc u e and con en .
1.6. An analogy wi h he ci cums ances o he eme gence o
unkciona imu padeda ge iau sup as i Elbingo žodyno iš akas i ipologiją. P ak-
Russian-Ge manic ocabula ies and hei signi icance The Hansea ic
app oach o o eign languages was ap ly desc ibed by Ca he ine Squi es and S e lana Fe dinand:
партнера, ганзейцы осознали рано. Именно в источниках, касающихся
Russians a e men ioned in he spoken language […] s udying Russian language me chan s
сыновья […]. Овладение иностранным языком являлось обязательным
This is he case wi h he p og amme o he educa ion o no ice Hansea ic
me chan s [B uchhäuse 1989, 99, 118]. And as a as he sou ces can ell,
подход к обучению языку был сугубо практическим: ганзейские «ученики»
приобретали знания в устном общении с русскими хозяевами во время
пребывания на боярских дворах. Уже в проекте договора 1268–1269 гг.
оговаривается возможность направлять немецких и готландских юношей на
Russia o he mas e y o he language: Hospi es libe e e sine con adic ione
pue os suos mi an ad descendum loquelam in e am quoqumque uolun (Squi es,
Fe dinand 2002: 59). The household language paymen model is pa icula ly emphasized
he e. Bo h he p o o ype o he "Russian books" and he o e unne o he Elbing
dic iona y had o co e a wide ange o e e yday li e: om God and di ine na u e o

ILJA LEMEŠKIN
30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
į ai ius žmogiškus dalykus iki į ai iausių gy ūnų (o dėl abzdžių i iki pi ies).
Specializuo iems dalykams juose nebu o ie os. Jų pi minė paski is – padė i
bend ai o ien uo is naujoje kalboje, pa ody i, kas kaip adinama naujoje ie o-
I is. Among o he hings, his was o de e mine he "nomencla u e" app oach o
language, i.e. he dominance o nouns. Nomencla u e dic iona ies can be combined
wi h mode n illus a ed bilingual dic iona ies o beginne s ( he dic iona y o he
ocabula y egis e co esponds he e wi h he illus a ion). The absence o
ocabula y o coun ing, measu ing, exchanging, selling and buying is also
unde s andable. This is ano he le el o knowledge o language, which, because o
i s ele ance (in he eyes o u u e buye s), may no ha e equi ed special pape
ixa ion, because such hings we e said in he head by hea and u he de eloped in con e sa ions.
I can be assumed ha he a ge ed use o he dic iona y was a young man
unde he age o wen y: "Knowledge o he Russian language was conside ed e y impo an
и ценным качеством для купца, ведущего торговые дела с Русью. Русско-
немецкие разговорники Шрове, Фенне и анонимный разговорник 1568 г.,
как показывает их анализ, скорее всего были не единичными трудами
And hey ep esen ed a whole adi ion. Au ho s o hese
разговорников, как правило, бывали молодые купеческие сыновья, так как
людям старше 20 лет считалось уже нецелесообразным начинать поприще,
ela ed o he s udy o such a complex language as Russian: […]Nen le ekin bo en
win ich ja ol scal de sp ake in deme Nauga deschen ich e noch o Nouga den
enbinnen, he se we he si, de in des kopmannes ech e wesen wille[…] (Sc ai s,
Fe dinand 2002: 68). The P ussian language, wi hou a doub , belonged o he complex,
he e o e he Elbing- ype ocabula y had o be o ien ed owa ds he younge
gene a ion o consume s. The same comme cial s a egy success ully applied by he
Hansea ic League - based on a unique emphasis on he local language - was o be
implemen ed in P ussia, and especially in ensi ely when a po was es ablished in he
Elbe Ri e alley a e he mili a y in e en ion (1237). Ten yea s la e (1246), he
se lemen o Elbing was g an ed he igh s o he ci y o Lübeck […] he o de was
p i ilegijų pi klių luomui10. Teisiniuose san ykiuose pi kliai aip įgijo ypa ingą
loss-making, because i g an ed a ious bene i s and s a us (legally secu ed by he
cou s), which p omo ed he expansion o un es ic ed ade. Founded in he
mid-13 h cen u y and con olled by Lübeck, he ci y soon became an impo an
in e na ional ading cen e , whe e me chan s belonging o he Hansea ic League
( a eling h ough Elbing o Nauga uck and back) gained he oppo uni y o ee
ade. I is belie ed ha he o de was g an ed no pa icula ly use ul igh s "in
he o de o exemp ion", i.e. as a hank you o he suppo o he Swabian Lubeck me chan s in he conques and coloniza ion o P ussia. I 's impo an o us ha he ci y's excep ional accessibili y
10 La e , in he P ussian-inhabi ed e i o y, hese speci ic ci y igh s we e g an ed o B ane
(1284 m.).
A icles by A icles 31
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
Hanzo's pu chases encou aged compe i ion and he e o e in e es in he local
language, which in u n led o he eme gence o a sepa a e ca ego y o people
[…] young people in he sp akele .
1.7. The Hansea ic language policy […] he subjuga ion o all po en ial ading
pa ne s […] may sugges ha he wo d o igina ed om he dis an a i al o
pi kliai. Tai iesa, ačiau negalima nu e in i i p ekyba užsiimančių ie inių
Ge man colonis s. They did no look a he language o he ensla ed people in a
nes jos nesu okda o kaip kliū ies. Tam ik u laiku galėjo bū i ne gi a i kščiai.
Konku encijos sąlygomis ie inės kalbos mokėjimas už ik inda o monopolinę
nega i e way, a si ua ion ha he weal hy me chan s willingly used. F om he
same Nauga d, we know o s ic language es ic ions. In o de o elimina e
compe i o s, a consis en "dialec blockade" was implemen ed he e, when he
sec e s o he Russian language we e o bidden o be gi en o he F ench, Du ch,
Flemish, Walloons, English, Sco s and o he o eigne s. Fo example, in he Lubeck
con oy o 1423, a p ohibi ion was adop ed agains Du ch you h: "da man jennigen
Hollandesschen jungen up de sp ake b inge". Ano he es ic ion was in oduced
in he Hansea ic Council in Valmie a in 1434: […]Ok en sall man neynes Hollande s,
Zeelande s, Campee s, Vlaminghe noch Engelsche jungen do noch do help up de
sp ake[…] (see also Squi es 2009: 38; Ribina 2009: 228). In he case o he P ussian
language, he e is no documen ed connec ion be ween he Hansea ic and he
Gen iles, bu he e may ha e been a ce ain in e nal ension in P ussian e i o y
a ha ime be ween he Elbingi and all o he ep esen a i es o he Hansea ic
ci ies. This is unde s andable, since o some, he di icul o mo e di icul
access o an exo ic language became an impo an ool ha p e en ed hem
om gaining a g ea e sha e o he p o i s in he local ma ke and hus ensu ing
he long- e m well-being o he buye s. Thus, bo h ep esen a i es o dis an
Hansea ic ci ies and local me chan s ( owns) o Elbing we e in e es ed in
bys ės įsigalėjimo su eikda o konku encinį p anašumą, dėl o bū ų galima sam-
p o au i ne apie ai, kad jų pla inimas i pli imas bu o ibojami a eguliuojami.
dona ing hei sons o he "p ussian language sciences". The dic iona y o
sudė yje, ku ie likda o pi klių nuosa ybė. Šiuo a ž ilgiu e a p isimin i Elbin-
Ge man-P ussian languages and simila linguis ic sou ces up o he wen ie h
cen u y p omo ed he con olled w i ing o dic iona ies in p o essionally
specialized collec ions o he his o y o he Go code. Un il 1823, i was owned by
Ab aham G ubnau (1740-1823). The i s owne we know o was he in luen ial Elbingo me chan , who was also known as a collec o o ine books and a ious an iques. The Elbe Code was a collec ion o he same code ha he had collec ed om his colleagues.
jis, įsigy i iš ki ų p o esijų a s o ų, ačiau labai gali bū i, kad knyga ilgą laiką
p iklausė „šeimai“11.
11 The amily o he Gibeoni es descended om he king o Judah. I is belie ed ha he ances o s
o A. G iubna o mo ed o Elbing in he se en een h cen u y, bu his does no con adic ou
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
1.8. I is wo h emphasizing ha he "Lübeck igh s" g an ed o Elbing in 1246
cons i u e he sign o he code. Q 84 he basis. This codicological aspec , in ou
opinion, is signi ican because i suppo s he belonging o he ocabula y o he
Ge man-P ussian languages o he p e iously discussed u ili a ian Hansea ic
lexicog aphy, suppo ing he alidi y o such an assignmen . I seems ha he
specialised local composi ion o he code o i s comme cial na u e has no ye been
p ope ly aken in o accoun . The e will p obably be a close causal ela ionship
be ween he legal basis gi en o Elbing and he ocabula y o he Ge man-P ussian
languages: wi hou he i mly es ablished Hansea ic languages in Elbing, P ussian
lexicog aphy would ha dly o ne e ha e eme ged. The si ua ion would ha e been
ki okių aiškinimų.
P ūsų a ž ilgiu y a pažymė inos i ki os kodeksą suda ančios dalys. Po p a-
e y di e en i he Magdebu g o Kulm laws had been included in he code. Such a
combina ion o sou ces would ha e equi ed he essen ially ic o ious P ussia o
danam ellen elige e. el que ellen secula ia iudicia obse ua e, habi o in e se
consilio pecie un e elege un legem mundanam e secula ia iudicia Polono-
he 1242-1249 up ising, as indica ed by he T ea y o Ch is bu g, o ag ee o lead he
Polish igh : […]Pos ea dic i neophi i equisi i a nobis quam legem mun um icino um
suo um. And p edic i a es eis concesse un benigne[…] (K egždys 2012: 45) This is
he i s ime ha his has happened. This would jus i y he inclusion o Polnisches
Rech in he code. In he case o he Pamed law, close ies wi h he P ussians a e
also e iden . Gi en he ci cums ances discussed, i can be hypo hesized ha he
"P ussian" collec ion was compiled on he e i o y o Elbinge by me chan s o
i s pu pose and con en . We ind he mos a o able condi ions in he second
con olled ci y o Lübeck, which mo i a e he combina ion o ocabula y and igh s
knyga iš u ė ų šal inių bu o suda y a ik XIV a. idu yje, ačiau i okiu a eju
ją suda an u ė a a siž elg i (iš dalies e ospek y iai) į p ak inius Hanzos pi -
klių in e esus.
1.9. Elbingo žodyno su okimas pe Hanzos kalbos poli ikos p izmę bei han-
easoning. In he con ex o he ci y's old knowledge o lexicological p oduc ion (d ikalbes and
u ili a ian), i helps o de ine he ime when he p o o ype o he Elbing dic iona y could ha e been
i sąlygos žodynui a si as i susi o ma o XIII a. idu yje. Abejo ina, a ai bu o
compiled. Assump ions a e possible be o e he eme gence o he Elbing ac o . The need o such a
dic iona y p obably a ose sho ly a e he g an ing o Lübeck's igh s in 1246, when Ge man
me chan s and colonis s looded in o he new ma ke . This si ua ion con inued un il he me chan
dynas ies, which had wi hd awn, le hei place a e p o i ably in e ma ying wi h
ep esen a i es o non-local amilies wi h he co esponding capi al. Due o business ma iages,
he p ope y o one amily egula ly passed in o he hands o o he s ( om he s epmo he o he son-in-law). This could also be he case wi h G iubna . I 's impo an o us.
p iklausymas mies o aldžiai (S ad a h) i pi klių luomui.
S aipsniai / A icles 33
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
associa ions unde one umb ella. Ini ially, such a se could consis o he "Liubek
law", he "Lenk law" and he dic iona y. No ea lie han 1340 he collec ion was
supplemen ed by he "Pamedė law". O cou se, i may be ha he manusc ip wi h
supplie s and buye s o a ious goods could be nego ia ed only in P ussian.
Compa ed o o he P ussian lands in he Pami , his pe iod was no long. Soon he
i šu inę ibą, . y. laiką, iki kol suda y i nomenkla o inį žodyną da bu o p asmės.
le el o use o Polish and Ge man languages inc eased d ama ically he e. F om he
beginning o middle o he 14 h cen u y, we can speak o he condi ions o
bilingualism, a leas in he speci ic con ac communica ion ha included he
Hansea ic League. So he condi ional cou se o he Elbing Code can be ep esen ed
in he ollowing ways: a) A ound 1237-1300, due o he needs o he Hansea ic
sp akele e e, a dic iona y o Ge manic-P ussian o P ussian-Ge manic languages was compiled, which may ha e di e ed conside ably om he wo k o P. Holcwesche (i may ha e con ained con e sa ions, see below).
(b) The "Liubek igh s" cons i u ing he sign o he code g an ed o Elbing. Q 84
ep esen s he legal edac ion ha eme ged no la e han 1300 ( he o igins o
he edac ion a e de i ed om he manusc ip […]Liubeko eisių[…], which un il
Wo ld Wa II (signa u e E 135) was s o ed in he Elbing ci y a chi e […] Päsle 2003:
234). In he pe iod om abou 1300 o 1340 a pa chmen manusc ip book may ha e
appea ed, which was composed o he "Laws o Lübeck" and he "Laws o
Lenckes" and he dic iona y gi en o Elbing a abou he same age. c) The
"Pamedė law" was added la e , a e 1340, o he Tokyo compila ion o he
second qua e o he 15 h cen u y o p obably in he middle o he 15 h cen u y and was w i en (no composed)
This is P. Holcwesche is.
2. The g adual composi ion o he econs uc ed Elbing codex indica es ha he
ocabula y o he Ge man-P ussian languages was ew i en se e al imes a
di e en imes. I seems ha a leas wo in e media e copies could ha e been
made be ween he o iginal o he second hal o he middle o he hi een h
cen u y and he manusc ip o P. Holcwesche . Unde s andably, his leads o
unkciona o pagal sa o pi minę paski į (XIII a. an oji pusė), jis, ko ge o, bu-
o obulinamas i pildomas, ačiau ėliau, p ekybai pe sio ien a us į okiečių
kalbą, sus aba ėjusio žodyno nuo ašai bu o mechaniškai kopijuojami bei ik ų
ik iausiai i edukuojami. Pas a ąją galimybę emia lyginimas su ki u leksiko-
conside ing how he wo k o lexicog aphy has changed o e hose cen u ies. he
dic iona y o w i ing memo ial (jo sanda a) […] a small-scale dic iona y wi h
con e sa ions, which is adi ionally closely associa ed wi h he name o Simon
G ūna a (Simon G unau, abou 1470[…]1530 o 37 yea s old). I a ac s ou a en ion
because o he Hansea ic lexicog aphic adi ion ound in he same Bal ic egion.
2.1. The desc ip ion o Simon G unow's dic iona y in he Bal ics is no e y
ex ensi e, as i sugges s he possibili y ha a monk om Tolkemi con ibu ed o
he c ea ion o he dic iona y. His eal ole will p obably be much mo e humble and
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
40 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXVIII
Hanzos ekspo o p ekė, i ai lemia impe a . 2 a. sg. p . pla eys ‘mokėk’ a oji-
supe icial. S. G ūna as ea nings can be compa ed o P. Holcwesche s income. I 's
„suki mijusių [ audonos spal os ąžuolo] obuoliukų“ ( o. galöp el = o e ap el,
plg. id. o. aukš . ō ‘ alsch, lis ig’; aisyklingesnis bus G A žodžių junginys
ou s. Lea he was anspo ed om he Bal ic egion, and i needed a lo o d ied
wa mun wabelcke, which had a ma ked subs a e, o oas i . he genus wa mun
IV 263). Ši daug anino u in i p ekė (galai a ba cecidijos, lo. galla), sp endžian
pagal žodynėlį, aip pa igū a o uome inių pi klių pasiūloje: ‘ u ne u i? – duo-
siu au galus’. „Rusiškose knygose“ ją a i inka: ska n6y w áhi – gallen (Fenne
123.14). Ki aip su ok i wa mun wabelcke ne ik ų, nes kas XIII a. pa da inė ų a
[…]ki mėlių, abzdžių[…] (subs i u e p onoun * a mas […]ki mėlė; abzdys[…]); he
ollowing able is added: Be o e buying such a "goods" as a simple apple. One
sen ence e eals he godliness o (and) missiona y ole o he hen me chan s. I
is gi en a he beginning o he chap e […]Bažnyčia[…]: Beich en Sunde […] hono able
G eek […]kalbėk (know) sins[…] (G G 28[…]29). We'd wai o a G eek ins ead o a
G eek. he ollowing able is added: * G eek (PEŽ I 408) The spelling Galūnė may
e lec he in luence o he Russian language (acc. pl. galūnė). F om an unusual
communica i e pe spec i e, sha p insul s and ulga i ies shine h ough: de a ch
leck […] peida pomeleis […]pas u galis laizyk man[…] (G A 76[…]77), A ch kuen […] pi[…]da
pomeleis […] . p is equal o (G G 82[…]83) (plu al: o. küssen Sie meinen A sch; lie. o
kiss he ass, o kiss he ass; če. o kiss he ass, o kiss he ass, and so on) I is also known as he "G A 8081" o "G A 8081" o "G A 8081".
куметру; еть твою мать);
G G 86 o 87

S aipsniai / A icles 41
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
e iʃ ein d eck – ieʃ goʃen ‘( ai y a) šūdas’ (G A 99–100) (plg.: o. das is
scheiße).
The examples gi en a e in e es ing om he poin o iew o language
in e e ence and le eling o keys. The pe son who was consul ing (selec ing) he
P ussian language da a was p obably o ien ed owa ds keiks, wi h which he had
al eady encoun e ed nego ia ing wi h ep esen a i es o o he peoples. Well, i
was he same nauga die. I can be hypo hesized ha some o he exis ing
Russian-Ge manic speech ph ases we e applied o he P ussian language, because
he me chan - oce saw a g ea e simila i y be ween he Eas Sla ic and P ussian languages and linguis ic beha io .
The widesp ead Sla ic emoji * ( o on) jes go jno was i sel […]pe guldy as[…]
in o P ussian, bu due o ca elessness he o iginal, bu w i en in La in le e s,
e b […] u emained. I is also known as he "Dam" o "Dam7" o "Dam7" o
"Dam7" o "Dam7". also ly į aucm (le. bośiań, = u. ais ) […]gand as[…] in he
so-called jo ingian ocabula y […] Zinke ičius 1985: 67). This me hod o wo k has
led o he P ussian wo kmanship o he "a i udes", when, o example, he
sen ence "Ymays coma e imk kūma" can only be unde s ood in he con ex o
he obscene lexicon o he Russian language (a combina ion o he wo ds "I'll ake
he kummu" i s ouched on he Nauga d Russian monumen in he so-called
Fi s Nauga d subway: "I'll ake he kumme seab" women, acco ding o he law
ha e o ha e sex wi h he kumma, acco ding o he law cu o hei noses and
cu hem o ) (NPL 499).
In he ligh o ade ela ions, he ph ase is well unde s ood: […]lo ein ich e 21 […] ky eis icke s
[…]mušk ik as[…] (G A 94[…]95). The e will be a s anda d o m o en e ing in o ag eemen s which, in he
ha monised o m, would look like a *ky eis ick an […]ki sk ik ą[…], whe e acc. he ollowing able is
added: I 's a emale. ick an means humb ( ank) (plg. da . he ollowing able is added: I 's a emale. I 92
[…] PEŽ IV 192[…]193; also known as: u. he " humb o he humb", lie. I 's all igh . p. […] and so on. The
p omise o he *ky eis ick an […] o igh wi h he igh hand [in ag eemen ][…] would co espond o:
lie. (c) cu ing o he hands, gi ing he igh hand; o which: handshakes; Wha 's ha ? The placnou si
( ukama) = uku na o, p a icu dá i i . . A e a minė i, kad pi kimo-pa da-
imo si ua ion is cha ac e ized by he handshake and he b eaking o he […] sulygus, a e ag eeing on
a ansac ion […] cons an ly appea s in Russian-Ge man con e sa ions, whe e 20 On he o he hand, he
o m ie[…] (G A 98) can po en ially be ead as in . he e […] algy i[…]. Then he gende goen would be
in e p e ed by he imam as sg. he acc. The name is de i ed om he G eek wo d "mosen", which is
de i ed om he G eek wo d "moses". Cop ophagia had a seman ic connec ion (pl. d eam
in e p e a ions) wi h he sudden acquisi ion o income, he seizu e o ade, money, en ichmen . 21
Because o gende ich e see T. Fenne's sen ence is in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a
sen ence in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a sen ence in he o m o a sen ence.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
42 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII Bei: da i sim po ukam, da dai bog am obemæ
mums ūpima pa alelė a ojama kaip obliga o inis e minus echnicus? Kaip
ieną iš daugelio pa yzdžių nu odysime T. Fenne‘ės už iksuo ą azę:
na p ikub. This is he i s ime ha he Li huanian language has been ansla ed
in o English. I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know
wha I'm doing. (Fenne 394) Due o he unclea communica ion si ua ion, he meaning
o he ph ase zum i en kom he i s eyke e ‘ i mas eik en (G A 9798) emains
con o e sial. Since he ime o R. T au mann, he gende o he eyke is ead as a
I 246). Ki os kalbos į aka bu o anksčiau ilius uo a keiksmų pag indu, i ji ne-
lie. I is no su p ising, hen, ha he Bible speaks o " he end o he wo ld". In he
susidu da o į ai ios au os, dėl o kaimyninės lenkų i lie u ių kalbos čia ik ai
skambėjo. Kaip nu ody i žodžiai galėjo / u ėjo unkcionuo i, sunku pasaky i.
ma ke a ea, whe e he Hansea ic me chan s pe o med hei "language
p ac ice", pe haps his was he way he Li huanian g ee ing eik elniop was
epea ed. In his case, he nume al i s would mos likely be he lexical uni o he Li huanian language, which would u he expand he ange o o eign wo ds.
Thus, he manusc ip , whose w i ings in he six een h cen u y ound hei way
in o he P ussian Ch onicle by S. G unow, can be co ec ly unde s ood in he
con ex o he Hansea ic u ili a ian lexicog aphy. The pa ha co esponds o
he "Russian books" con e sa ions ep esen s ele en sen ence o ma ion
schemes. These a e he cases whe e he g amma ical cen e ( eiksmažodžio) is
accompanied by no always consis en addi ions: 1. hono able G eek: *he bais
g ēkans ‘know you sins (G G 2829); 2 pla es Sali: *plā eis sālis […]moke he sal […]
(G G 38[…]39); and 3. peida pomeleis: *peizdan pa-mi-leis ‘le me ha e you ass (G A
7677); 4. ymays coma e : *imais kuma e ( . sl. kъmo ъ) […]pisk kūmą[…] (G A
80[…]81) This is he name o he ish. 5. Ny hue i hu […] Dam hoi wa mun wabelcke:
*you don' ha e o […] dam (< dam[…]) you don' ha e o wea a eil? ♪ I'll gi e you wo m apples ♪
90, G A 83); and
6. pipelko kaya hu: *pipelkā k( )ai - u ‘paukš ės no i u (G G 9394); also known
as pipelko kaya hu; also known as pipelko kaya hu 7. […]aydi [ hi Dewes]: […]sudi ([…]sudiтъ) [ i(n) dei as] […][god o you] ( e) eisia[…] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
(G 95, G A 86) and
8. Ny koy o [wiʃge] : *Ni k( )ai- u izgis ‘neno i u a ižos’ (G G 100, G A
91–92);
9. ky eis icke s: *ki ais ik an […](su)ki sk dešinę ( anką)[…] (G A 94[…]95)
10. pi mas eyke e : lie. *pi mas eiki en (G A 97–98);
This is he i s ime ha he icke s ha e been used in Ky gyzs an. 11. ie
goen: *jes (< is) gozes ‘( ha ) is a shell (G A 99100). Also o be included he e
a e lexical esou ces ha acili a ed communica ion wi h hei ading pa ne s and a ious P ussian adesmen:
A icles o he T ea y
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h
A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he
ka u su: ʃaydi [ hi Dewes] ‘( e) eisia [die as a e]’ (G G 95, G A 86) i Sanday
‘sudie’ (G G 96). Taigi po encialių sin agminių san ykių a ž ilgiu įmanoma e-
applica ion o his Regula ion. I should be no ed ha hese po en ial e e ences
a e also p esen ed o cons uc he ollowing pai s: Sanday Di […]os gin os
[…]sudie, šaunus žmogau[…] (G G 96[…]97); […]aydi [ hi Dewes] Mangos Sones Mai e s […]( e) eisia [god you], kekšės sūnau šelmi[…] (G G 95, G A 86, G G 98[…]99). This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha he e m has been used.
2.3. Mos o he examples gi en a e emo icons and ph ases ela ed o ade in
one way o ano he , mos o which ha e exac co espondences in he "Russian
books" no es. Sa a is iden i ied by g amma ical, seman ic, lexical and ideoma ic
s angeness, and his is no mal, gi en he possible in luence o Russian-Ge man
dialec s and he p ope ies o he monumen s o Hansea ic lexicog aphy. The
con en o he ocabula y and con e sa ions was domina ed by he
mul i-language ma ke space, whe e p imi i e ade in exchanges ook place22.
cija, ku i eks ui su eikia nepaka ojamą u ga ie ės šnekos kolo i ą, negali bū i
a si ik inė. Tuo galima leng ai įsi ikin i. Daik a a džius už enka pas um i iena
The sequence o G G and G A ac ion wo ds and su names is gi en abo e o below.
Then he sum o he seman ic ela ionships indica ed disappea s ins an ly. A e such an expe imen , we ge seman ically inconsis en and om
p incipo nesude inamų leksemų inkinį: ‘išpažink’ – ‘d uska’, ‘mokėk’ – ‘pas-
u galis’, ‘palaižyk man’ – ‘kūma’ i . .
Thus, i can be concluded ha he lexicog aphic sou ce in ques ion is much olde han he
"Ch onicle o P ussia", o which i was mechanically included much la e . He may ha e been he
o e unne o he Elbing dic iona y, because his kind o wo k had o be done a a ime when
he ade in exchanges was s ill based on he P ussian language, i.e. he e we e buye s,
ep esen a i es o he younge age o he Ge man language, in e es ed a leas supe icially
in he language o he local ma ke . The sou ce ha su i ed in some manusc ip s in he
six een h cen u y was pe cei ed as an example o "pu e" P ussian. The legacy o he pas
a ac ed he a en ion o S. G unow, 22 The na u e o na u al changes has led o he
applica ion o seman ic pai s: […](no ) wan ing[…] […](no ) hold[…] […] gi e[…]. Yellow
dyne y a paliudy i i piniginės p ekybos elemen ai: pla eys ‘mokėk’, kal e ‘ma kė’. Pažymė ina,
kad žodynėlis a skleidžia ienpusišką p ekybą – pa da imą (be p ekių įsigijimo). Ne u ėdamas
a i inkamų kompe encijų jaunas pi klys a lieka pla in ojo unkciją: pa duoda, siūlo, ieško pi kėjo.
ILJA LEMEŠKIN
44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII bu i is unlikely ha he unde s ood he
pu pose o he lexicog aphic sou ce ansmi ed in he ch onicle, he au ho o
jo suda ymo p iežas į bei aplinkybes. Niekuo nepag įs ą hipo ezę, jog „P ūsi-
i s ch onicle adap ed a ce ain guide o he con e sa ions o he Ge man-La in
languages (Rosenk anz 1957), which can be i mly ejec ed. Thus, he composi ion
o he lexicog aphic sou ce has no hing o do wi h he pe sonali y o S. G ūna o,
so i is no app op ia e o call i G ūna o's name. In ou opinion, he e m "P ussian
books o e" would be app op ia e o him, which can be applied o he Elbing
dic iona y i sel wi hou a diminu i e. 3. The so-called "P ussian (Elbingo) Book" and
ė“ – g indžiami analogija su giminiškomis „Rusiškomis knygomis“, ku iose
pasikalbėjimai pa eikiami ka u su žodynu. Tai mus g ąžina p ie anksčiau pa-
lies os p oblemos: koks y a galimas Elbingo žodyno i „Rusiškų knygų“ esp.
jų pi m akų san ykis? Ap a as Hanzos leksikog a inės adicijos kon eks as lei-
"P ussian Books o e" belie e ha he wo ds "Elbingo", i.e. he 15 h-cen u y
manusc ip , p obably only pa ially e lec he o iginal o he second hal o he
13 h cen u y. A some poin , he sou ce may ha e been signi ican ly sho ened by
emo ing he impo an pa o he "Book o P ussia" om he w i en ex . In
he 15 h cen u y, his can be unde s ood because in he ime o Holcwesche hey
jau seniai bu o pe ėjusi į okiečių kalbą ( aip pa sma kiai paki o p ekybos po-
we e no longe ele an and meaning ul, since ade was: om na u al exchanges
o money. F om he poin o iew o lea ning he P ussian language, i.e. om he
pe spec i e o he 13 h cen u y, his p ac ical pa is e y lacking, because ocabula y and con e sa ions used o o m one whole (i is di icul o decide which pa was he mos impo an ).
The main one.
Un o una ely, he ela ionship be ween he closely ela ed "P ussian" and
"Russian" books emains unclea . Thei p o o ypes, as al eady no ed, could ha e
o igina ed om a hi d sou ce, i.e. om a hypo he ical Ge manic-language
ocabula y ( o example, pe haps Ge manic-English wi h con e sa ions). The
Eas e n Sla ic elemen s seen in he "P ussian Book" used by S. G unow e eal a
e y likely in luence o he con e sa ions o he Russian-Ge manic languages, bu
hey do no ha e decisi e e idence o de e mining he di ec ion o de elopmen
be ween Russian and P ussian lexicog aphy. I is necessa y o ake in o accoun
he close con ac s be ween Nauga d, Elbing and o he Hansea ic ci ies in he 13 h
- 14 h cen u ies. Me chan s wen o Nauga d Rus h ough Elbing, h ough he
same Elbing, ca ying ca go, hey d o e home. So hese a e he same people who
used o go h ough his ading own and ade he e. Since, o business easons,
he same widely known language-lea ning p ac ice was applied e e ywhe e, i is
no su p ising ha some o hem, when ansla ing and adap ing, w o e a sho
Russian-Ge man language-lea ning ool (pe haps no ansla ed, bu only eely
ansmi ed). The e ec o he la e sou ce may ha e been seconda y, since i
may be ha he Russian-Ge manic lexicog aphy i sel eme ged om he
ian as, ku is ipologiškai, a odo, y a senesnis negu isi daba žinomi „Rusiškų
S aipsniai / A icles 45
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
13 h-cen u y P ussian book. The "P ussian book" is now ep esen ed by he
Elbing dic iona y, i.e. he abb e ia ed (wi hou con e sa ions) "P ussian book" en elopes. The ela ionship be ween he wo can only be ep esen ed condi ionally and oughly in he way shown in Figu e 1.
The se ice o he Elbing dic iona y and he "P ussian dic iona y" encou ages
he men ion o he so-called "Lenk's Yo ingian dic iona y" in a ew wo ds, which
in i s s uc u e, con en and scope esembles he adi ion o Hansea ic
lexicog aphy. A compa a i e look a he oldes manusc ip dic iona ies o he
Bal ic languages leads us o a clea unde s anding ha in he pe iod unde
conside a ion he compila ion, ansc ip ion, compila ion o bilingual ( egional
papildymą lėmė g ynai p ak iniai ikslai. Žodynų suda ymas – sunkus da bas,
meaning) lexicog aphic wo ks and which should ha e p o ided a well-unde s ood
dėl abs akčių „pažin inių“ sume imų okių dalykų uome niekas ne ašė. Rei-
p ac ical bene i , because i is a pleasu e o a pi y o hink ha he Pogańskie
ap a i žodynai. G eičiausiai dėl ų pačių kome cinių p iežasčių bu o panaudo-
a a pa i seniai išbandy a kalbos mokymosi me odika. Ski is u ėjo suda ymo
gwa y z Na ewu unc ioned simila ly as be o e and he a ge use […] Polish
pi kliai. This explains he mixing o s ong languages. The language o he
me imais a si adusį i p ekiau ojų a pe a ojamą pidžiną, ku is po encialiai
x– o. a ba o.–x kalbų žodynas i (a ba)
pasikalbėjimai
„P ūsiška knyga“:
[…]Jo ingian[…] dic iona y eminds us o he speci ic na u e o ade. […]p . o
p . o. language ocabula y and con e sa ions
he middle o he hi een h cen u y. hal
The Russian book:
Russian. language
ocabula y and con e sa ions
(may be olde han XIIIXIV cen u y)
The P ussian book:
P o o ype o
he Elbing dic iona y
The P ussian book:
Glossa y o e ms
The young man o P. Holcwesche .
In he Russian Book
(Edi o 's no e: This is om 1494)
Ein Rusch (F ench p onuncia ion)
Boeck, wha a e you doing?
(middle o he 16 h cen u y)
Fennel mush ooms
7 yea s
old, Psko (160 yea s old)
P ussian bookshops
nuo ašai (S. G ūna o)
G A, G G, G C, G F, G H
in e media e w i ing
o w i ing
Pogańske gwa y
om he Na ew
Polish
?
[…]jo ingi[…]
kalbų žodynas
1 PAV.

ILJA LEMEŠKIN
46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
galėjo susi o muo i a i Elbingo – Tče e, To unėje a ba Bydgoščiuje. Pas a oji
lokalizacija mums a odo į ikimesnė, nes paaiškina s ip ų jidiš kalbos po eikį.
Taigi, idu amžių bal ų leksikog a iją, ku iai a s o auja okiečių–p ūsų kal-
The Elbing dic iona y, also known as he S. G una o dic iona y and p obably he
Lenck's Yo ingian dic iona y, makes sense o explo e h ough he p ism o Hanzo's
language policy and in he con ex o Hanzo's lexical p oduc ion ( wo-wo d and
u ili a ian). Such a cou se e eals he simila i y o he closely ela ed ocabula y
pa e ns o he s udy. A compa a i e analysis o he ocabula ies o he P ussian,
P ussian, and Russian languages shows ha he 13 h- and 14 h-cen u y p o og aph
o he Russian books (c ea ed in he Nauga do ac o o he Ge manic languages)
was simila in i s desc ip ion, scope, and s uc u e o he Elbing dic iona y o he
middle o he 13 h cen u y. This sou ce will be use ul in econs uc ing he
p o o ype o he ocabula y o Russian-Ge manic languages. A compa ison wi h he
la e 14 h cen u y La in "Voce ic" landlo ds Libe o dinis e um should be
conside ed oo a - e ched. By analogy wi h he ela ed "Russian books", he
Elbing dic iona y (Elbinge Vokabula ) and he so-called S. G ūna a dic iona y, i
makes sense o call i he "P ussian (Elbingo) book" and he "P ussian book". The
belonging o he medie al Hansea ic lexicog aphy is suppo ed by he close di ision
o hema ic ields, egional bilingualism, u ili a ian na u e, compa ibili y o scope, bu no only. No less impo an is he close connec ion o he dic iona y wi h Elbing
(which I acqui ed in he igh s o Liubek in 1246) and he composi ion o he
Elbing Code i sel , whe e he main place is occupied by he Lübisches Rech ü Elbing.
The ela i e cou se o he composi ion o he Elbing Code is econs uc ed in
he ollowing sec ions: 1. In he pe iod om abou 1237 o 1300, due o he needs
o he Hansea ic sp akele e e, a dic iona y o he Ge manic-P ussian o
P ussian-Ge manic languages was compiled, which may ha e had a pa o con e sa ions.
2. F om 1300 o 1340 a pa chmen manusc ip book may ha e appea ed,
consis ing o he same age: he "Liubek laws" g an ed o Elbing, he "Lenk
law" and he dic iona y.
3. […]Pamedė cou […] was added la e , a e 1340.
kinį XV a. idu yje nu ašė P. Holcwesche is.
The g adual composi ion o he codex indica es ha a leas wo in e media e
copies may ha e been made be ween he o iginal o he second hal o he 13 h
cen u y and he manusc ip o P. Holcwesche . Rew i ing lexicog aphy is
someone else's job. As he dic iona y unc ioned acco ding o i s o iginal
pu pose ( he second hal o he 13 h cen u y), i was e ined and enla ged (in he
case o Russian books, he p ocess o upda ing con inued un il he 17 h
cen u y), bu la e , as ade shi ed o he Ge man language, he ex s o he
en iched dic iona y we e mechanically copied and p obably signi ican ly educed. The "P ussian (Elbingo) Book" could ha e los pa o he con e sa ion by umpe ing.
Pasikalbėjimų s a bą a skleidžia į „P ūsijos k oniką“ į auk as leksikog a ijos
A icles o he T ea y A icles 47 and
Senoji bal ų leksikog a ija Hanzos pi klių a nyboje.
Rank aš inių žodynų paski is bei suda ymo laikas
wo k whose ends a e econs uc ed ( e ical eading o newspape a icles)
sen ences a e impo an o he success ul conduc o ade. Re u ning o he
ques ion aised a he beginning o he a icle (why he gen e o lexicog aphy is
limi ed o a na ow geolinguis ic a ea and who we e he i s c ea o s o Bal ic
wo ds?), i should be no ed ha he inclusion o he P ussian and "jo ingian"
dimą lėmė ekonominiai san ykiai i mo y ai. Lemiamos eikšmės u ėjo u ė i
monumen s in he Hansea ic zone, in pa icula he ounding o he ci y o Elbing
jo s ip us po eikis iso egiono p ekybai. Hanzos pi klių ekspansija į p ūsų bei
jo ingių apgy endin as žemes su sa imi a nešė hanziečių p ak ikuojamą – jau-
and he me hodology o lea ning he local language. This language lea ning
mechanism is no ound in he LDC e i o y, i.e. whe e he Hansea ic League
eme ged much la e and whe e i s ac i i ies we e hampe ed. Fo his eason, he
beginning o Li huanian lexicog aphy is da ed o a much la e pe iod.
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Benningho en F ied ich 1990: Un e K euz und Adle . De Deu sche O den im Mi-
elal e . Auss ellung des Geheimen S aa sa chi s P eußische Kul u besi z anläßlich des
800jäh igen Bes ehens des Deu schen O den. Be lin: Geheimes S aa sa chi .
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ILJA LEMEŠKIN
48 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
Dwo zaczkowa Jolan a 1958: K onika p uska Szymona G unauna jako z odło
his o yczne (Die Ch onica P ussica des Simon G unau als Geschich squelle). – S udia
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Hend iks Pepijn, Schaeken Jos 2008: Tönnies Fenne‘s Low Ge man Manual o
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