S aipsniai / A icles 267
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas: syn ax o he old and cu en Li huanian
language, seman ics and p agma ics, his o y o Li huanian
cul u e and chu ch ex s.
The DOI
Juozas Pab ėža
LANGUAGE AND WRITING The ollowing is a summa y o some o he mos common wo ds used in he English language:
This is a lis o uni e si ies in he Czech Republic by numbe o
s uden s en olled. (wikipedia.o g) The Uni e si y o he Czech
Republic is a membe o he Eu opean Union (EU). (wikipedia.o g)
The Uni e si y o he Czech Republic is a membe o he Eu opean Union (EU).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The monog aph published by Juozas Pab ėžas a he end o 2017 on he language and w i ing o he
Zemai ians (ZKR) is impo an no only o dialec ologis s, bu also o e e y pe son in e es ed in
he Zemai i language, because his book as a concep o he Zemai ian dialec and he possibili ies
o ecogni ion e eals he mos impo an , in e es ing and s udied o , on he con a y, missing
componen s o he Zemai ian esea ch. The ZKR can be o in e es and is in ended o wo
di e en ypes o add essees. The i s ype o add essee is an emo ionally neu al eade who
is in e es ed in Li huanian s udies and dialec ology: he linguis ic sys em o he lowlands is
desc ibed in he e e ence poin , conside ing he common Li huanian language ( his is also
e lec ed in he eaching o mula ions emphasizing he di e ences be ween he wo linguis ic
sys ems, and in he illus a i e examples, which almos always co espond o he common language
o o m o meaning). Bu ZKR also has ano he "emo ionally sensi i e" add ess. This book is also
e y impo an o e e y na i e o na i e-bo n pe son, because i p o ides he basis o
elemen a y li e acy, he p o isions o applied spelling (p. 168, 194) and he explana ions o phone ic
ansc ip ion (p. 3740). (a) Excep in he case o a mino o ence, as de ined by he law o he S a e
o he Union, he o ence is punishable by imp isonmen o a e m no exceeding six mon hs. (b)
Excep in he case o a mino o ence, he o ence is punishable by imp isonmen o a e m no
exceeding six mon hs.
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX, con aining desc ip ions o esea ch in he ield
o Li huanian cul u e (p. 1736), and he Li huanian language (p. 41113), he Li huanian
language acco ding o he di e en ex s ep esen ing he ad ice (p. 114144 and 146) o
he Li huanian w i e s, he example o he collec ion o wo ks o he Li huanian
li e a u e (p. 195300) and a ious aspec s o he e e ence o he ield o Li huanian
li e a u e (p. 301309) p o ide an oppo uni y o ge acquain ed wi h he peculia i ies o
he ield. On Oc obe 19-20, 2017, he i h Alekso Gi sia ook place a he Li huanian
Language Ins i u e, co e ing he pe iod om he i s Li huanian book (1547) and he
denio (1936–2011) a minimo kon e encija „Kalbų i a mių ans o macijos“.
Juozas Pab ėža šioje kon e encijoje kalbėjo apie žemai iško aš o iš akas i adi-
landlo dism o Ma in Maž ydas o he p esen day and he landlo dism union ha
came wi h he Renaissance, as well as he published landlo dism w i ings o Alekso
Gi sia and Juozas Pab ėžis in 1998. A ha ime, he P ophe said ha he himsel had
al eady p epa ed a book on he language and w i ing o he na i es. Bu i wasn' jus
he con en o he s o y o he whole message ha was impo an - he way i was
old made he bigges imp ession on he audience. Juozas Pab ėža did no change he
code o he language wi h he example o a Li huanian-language illus a ed sen ence in
a common Li huanian language. A simila me hodology o "Zemai ic speech" is used in
he book unde e iew: he lec u es o he ZKR a e p esen ed in Li huanian, ollowed by
Zemai ic ex s illus a ing wo di e en sys ems o ep esen a ion o Zemai ic
speech in he spelling "accu a e" and "app oxima e" ( he i s applies o bo h hose
who know and hose who do no know how o speak Zemai ic […] his is he so-called
simpli ied phone ic ansc ip ion, […] based on accu acy o sounds acco ding o hei
p onuncia ion[…] (p. 37); he second w i ing sys em […] he applied w i ing wi h which he
eade o he ZKR is in oduced is in ended o eco d he e e yday and o li e a y
language o he lowlands; isually, he la e sys em appea s o be much simple , bu i
is p ecisely i ha equi es he eade o ha e he skills o speaking he local language,
and he beginne o apply i in p ac ice […] and no o ha e he knowledge o he local
language p onuncia ions, which a e based on a compa ison wi h he common sound
sys em o he ZKR). In he back o he book, he au ho 's in oduc ion o he Zemai ic
ŽKR is gi en: Eso Skouda he man o he ea h. This is Pab ieža Jūzaps. The monog aph
in ques ion consis s o P a a mė, Į adas, wo eaching pa s in he Zemaičių kalba and
Zemaičių ašyba (bo h con aining hese di e en exp essions […] speaking and w i ing
[…] sys ems ep esen ing examples o ex s), a lis o li e a u e, a lis o su names
and a summa y o The Samogi ian Language and W i ing. The book is s uc u ed in such
a way ha he only hing ha s ands ou is he placemen o he i le T ansc ip ion
no in he pa o he Zemai ic language, bu in he Zemai ic language, which, i i we e
no o his in oduc ion o he ounda ions o ansc ip ion, could be desc ibed as an
o e iew o he esea ch on he o igin and sel -iden i y o he Zemai ic language. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Juozas Pab ėža
Žemaičių kalba i ašyba. Mokslo monog a ija
Re iews 269 o he landowne mo emen (p. 20 […]25) and he ac i i ies o he Landowne Cul u al
Socie y ounded on 27 No embe 1988 (p. 26 […]30) and issues o landowne iden i y (p. 31 […] 36). In
in oducing he in e p e a ions o he o igin o he wo d lowland, he au ho o he ZKR emphasizes
wo plu al meanings o he o m o his name: […]Zemaičiai (la ge aide) means land, and lowland (small
aide) […] inhabi an s[…] (p. 17). Acco ding o Juozas Pab ėžis, he naming o he egion as a
mul i-e hnic Zemai is is much olde han he iden i y o he Zemai is in Sky ie (p. 31-36). Two
p o isions on he o igin o he Zemai is a e indica ed: a chaeologis s P anas Kulikauskas, Tau as
ie o a dį Žemai ija (pas a asis „p adėjęs plis i po spaudos a ga imo“ (p. 19)).
Ske ičius, Albinas Kunce ičius, Adomas Bu imas, Vladas Žulkus, who ha e ca ied ou esea ch,
p opose he Zemai is as a sepa a e e hnic g oup (o sepa a e e hnic uni ) as a concep o exis ence,
and his o ians Al ydas Niki a, Zigmas Guda ičius, Ed as Ske ičius, E hnologus Pe as Kalnis as a
subg oup. The e hnic iden i y and i s peculia i y a e desc ibed by Juozas Pab ėža in his s udies o
he dialec s o Regina Kliukienė, Rasos K ikly ės, Kazimie Župe kos, Sil ija Papau ėly ė, e hnologues
Auksuolės Pai ienės, Čeido o Pakalniškio, Pe o Kalniaus, S asio Gu au o, he e hno-psychologis
Remigijus Bliumas, he e hnomusicologis Lo e as Sungailienė and in pa icula by poin ing ou ha
[…] he mos impo an and dis inc i e elemen o he adi ional cul u e o he na i es is he
language […]. The sec ion on he language o he Low Coun ies begins wi h he ques ion o he s a us
[…] language s. language […]. A gumen s in suppo o he language's s a us poin o he dis inc
di e ences be ween he local language and o he languages, emphasizing ha he local language has
all he mos impo an le els, pa ame e s o componen s o each language: phone ics, mo phology,
syn ax and lexicon (p. The au ho emphasizes his pe sonal con ic ion ha he himsel " i mly adhe es
o he p o ision ha he e a e h ee dis inc dialec s in he Lowland language: he no he n Lowland
dounininkai, he sou he n Lowland dunininkai, he wes e n Lowland donininkai, he no he n Lowland
elšiški and k e ingiški, he sou he n Lowland a niški and aseiniški pa a mai and many smalle
šnek ų and šnek elių" (p. 48). Thus, a isual pic u e o he land language sys em is p esen ed in he
ZKR […] discussing he mos cha ac e is ic ea u es o he land language (and a he same ime i s
dialec s, syllables) in e ms o sounds, p ose, mo phology, syn ax and lexicon3. In his e iew, he
lis ing o all he sub-species is also based on 3 I is cus oma y o he species o be desc ibed i s by
indica ing he mos common ea u es and hen by e e ing o a speci ic species o ad ice. Fo
example, Zigmo Zinke ičius' Dialec ology ini ially p esen s he mos p onounced di e ences be ween
lowland and highland (Zinke ičius 1994: 85[…]105), and hen also discusses he phone ic and p osodic
ea u es o he sou he n lowland ( aseiniškiami and a niškiami), no he n lowland ( elšiškiami and
k e ingiškiami), wes e n lowland ( en, pa […]1063).
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
270 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX he concep o he Lowland language, so a en ion will
also be d awn o he ques ion o whe he i is app op ia e o au oma ically accep he
s a us o he ZKR as a whole o he Lowland language a ian s a he han as a language and
o apply he usual e ms o dialec desc ip ions. As al eady men ioned, he lowland language
o he Czech Republic is desc ibed on he basis o a common language4. Such a sys em o
epo ing is common in he adi ion o Li huanian dialec ological desc ip ions and in mos
cases such a ac ic does no in e e e a all wi h his monog aph. Fo example, he
(ŽKR kaip mokslo monog a ijos s a usas odo, kad pag indiniu ad esa u y a
numa y as bend inę lie u ių kalbą mokan is i apie jos s uk ū ą nusimanan is
cha ac e is ics o lowe case owels and consonan sounds a e discussed by indica ing he
common Li huanian owels uo, ie, o, ė, ai, ei, u, i5, am, an, em, en, ą, ę, ų, in ma ches, desc ibing he
cha ac e is ics o he so owels č, ž and some o he consonan sounds and he educ ion
o owels. The desc ip ion o he lowe dialec s is ich in illus a ions, indica ing bo h he
p onuncia ion and he excep ion. Fo example, in he case o double owels, he
co espondence o he lowe case owels (p. 49-52) also discusses he "disobedience" o he
change o e bs, and he e en ion o hese sounds in loanwo ds such as mes s, s e s; No
only a e he e a ia ions o he su ix -ien (e.g. ma ied women's names, e.g. Bu k[…]en, and
ood names, e.g. bulb[…]nẹ, lap[…]nẹ), bu he e a e also cases whe e he whole […]j place uo, i.e.
all he lowe case has long u[…], i[…] o sho u[…], and balsius, e.g. Jũš[…]zaps Jũš[…]zaps Ju
[…]ozapas, [...] when […], k[…] umè […] ki ada[…], kàžkumè ka[…] when […], jọm. […], […]sumè u,
[…], […], […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] ,
[…] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] ,
[…] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] , […] ,
[…] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] (p. 52) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. The simple desc ip ion cha ac e is ic o he GRC is
commendable and ob iously speci ically in ended o his pu pose. Howe e , in one case, a
pa icula ly simpli ied explana ion p esen ed o he eade makes i possible o ques ion he
meaning o such a ac ic. Fo example, he beginning o he desc ip ion o he common
language uo, i.e. he co espondence o he sou he n lowlands, and he en i e pa ag aph
sugges ing ha he au ho himsel is no inclined (and as a scien is should no be) o ag ee
wi h he simpli ied e sion, see. In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Commission conside s
ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o
he T ea y. I is ue ha some linguis s (A. Gi denis, J. Bukan is, D. A kočai y ė,
[…]Li huanian language e ms 4 […]I is ue ha some imes he cha ac e is ics o he
lowland language ŽKR a e also compa ed wi h he cha ac e is ics o he uppe classes, e.g. p.
75[…]76.
5
Much a en ion is paid o he cases o u and eg essi e assimila ion, by which he no he n lowland
elšiški pa a mė di e s om he no he n lowland k e ingiški, discussed (see p. 57[…]62). 6 The
e e ence in he o ewo d makes his one o he objec i es o he book, i.e. […] o desc ibe he local
language, i s uniqueness, as simply, unde s andably and easily as possible[…] (p. 11).
Juozas Pab ėža
Žemaičių kalba i ašyba. Mokslo monog a ija
Re iews 271 o ch es oma ic […] suda y ojai (7) claim ha he e a e no long
owels (mono ongai) u[…], i[…], bu close double owels (di ongoidai) u[…], i[…],
e.g. due […]na […]duona[…], [...] s […]s s […]s ies as[…] [...]. Acco ding o a ious
s udies and expe imen s, i has been p o en ha he common wo ds ie, uo and
y co espond o he sou he n lowland dialec s o […] s […] y as[…], […]
mėje nė a isai apa ūs ga sai, nes ski iasi okios o mos, kaip  s ‘ ie as’
[…]lie i[…] and […] […]ly i[…] [...] (p. 50)8 The peculia i y o u al sounds is
a emp ed o be desc ibed by he ZKR by e e ing no only o u al
non-lea ning eade s (e.g. no he n lowland languages, ėi nep iim inum o he
common Li huanian language, u inčiai ou ik skoliniuose klounas, šou (p. 4950)),
bu also o he lowlande s hemsel es, who egula ly seek common language
wo ds, a en ion, plg. :
[...] mos o he lowlands (excep he wes e n pa ) do no ha e long,
ense sounds a all. And i 's inc edibly di icul o lea n o p onounce
sounds ha don' exis in he na i e language sys em. As a esul , many
illage s, e en hose who a e well- e sed in he common language, o en
exp ess hei ue o igins by speaking in ongues. (pages 53 and 54)
In addi ion, he use o he e m "collec i e" in he con ex o he e m
"collec i e" in he con ex o he e m "collec i e" in he con ex o he e m
"collec i e" in he con ex o he e m "collec i e" in he con ex o he e m
"collec i e" in he con ex o he e m "collec i e" in he con ex o he e m
"collec i e" in he con ex o he e m "collec i e" in he con ex o
"collecollec i e" in he con ex o "collecollec i e".
The chap e discusses he cha ac e is ics o he p osody, he cha ac e is ics o
he ci cumcision cha ac e is ic o he lowe classes (p. 74-84) and desc ibes he […]
lauz ina, he con inua ion […] and a ce ain a ian o he la e […] he middle […]
he expec a ion (p. 85-86), no ing also ha in ce ain places o he demesne […] he
expec a ion o he ci cumcision is assigned (p. 86), and he ac ions o he in ona ion
can also nulli y ce ain expec a ions (p. 87). I also indica es how he knowledge o
he peculia i ies o he lowland spelling and p onuncia ion can be ansla ed by
lea ning he common language spelling (p. 83[…]84). I is ue ha he eade who is
no in e es ed in dialec ics, and especially he lowly one, when he begins o ead he
ZKR Ki chho , will ha e o be pa ien , because he e he heo y o he de achmen o he c oss is unde s ood as sel -e iden .
7 Ž . Bace ičiū ė i k ., sud. 2004.
8 Apie šiuos di ongoidus da plg. Zinke ičius 1994: 105.
9 On he in luence o he language and he di icul ies o speaking in common Li huanian o he
lowe classes, see Zinke ičius 1966: 2021; 1994: 126131; G ina eckis 1973: 3135. He is also a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende Equali y.

JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
dalyku apibūdinamos nuo bend inės kalbos besiski iančios žemaičių kalbos
(i.e. cha ac e is ics o ci cumcision ha mani es hemsel es in ce ain ways in
ce ain e i o ies o indi idual e i o ies). In he absence o any heo e ical
explana ion and e e ences, he e m ci cumcision has begun o be used, which
seems o con adic he concep s o he Low Ge man language p oposed by he
nuo odų į akcen ologams įp as o disku so sąlygiškumą10, žemaičiams, mąs an-
ZKR, because in he absence o any ini ial heo e ical in oduc ion and
unde s anding o hei na i e language, i may be di icul o hose o unde s and
on wha basis he na u al me hod o ci cumcision is called condi ional, o uni e sal,
ci cumcision (see pa ag aph 4 below). Plg. how much he abb e ia ed le e Ki čia imas begins:
Acco ding o he ci cum e ence, he lowlands can be di ided in o ou a eas: 1.
The whole sys em o spelling is e y simila o he common language, i.e. he wo d
is main ained in all cases and is no wi hd awn, e.g. pugà ‘pūgà, gi ‘gy à, laukùs
‘laukùs [...], žal s ‘žal ýs, agū ‘ ag, small ‘mažõs. All o he lowlande s ha e one
o ano he cu om he end o he beginning o he wo d. The e a e wo ypes
o c oss-sec ional de achmen : condi ional and uni e sal. Unlike he deg ee o
which he ci cumcision is wi hd awn, he deg ee o which he ci cumcision is
wi hd awn is di ided in o wo deg ees.
2. in a e y small a ea o he sou he n lowlands, a ound Raséinus, Vidùklę,
Nemakščiùs, Ldu ėnus, he e is a second-deg ee cu o : he cu o om he
sho end o he p e-pas o al long skiemen, e.g. pũgà ‘pūgà, g ‘ àgy, lãũs
‘ aglaukùs [...], bu [...] yellowish ‘žal ýs,
I 's small, i 's small.
In he no h, in he al eady somewha la ge a ea o he sou he n lowlands, abou Pãk ažan is,
K ažius, Kelm, Kiauno ius, Šáukėnus, Kú u ėnus, he ki is is wi hd awn acco ding o he
i s -deg ee condi ional (o in ensi e condi ional) wi hd awal o he c oss, i.e. om he end o he
unk o he end o any leng h (long o sho ) o he ski, e.g. g àgygy a, ddienku, lãnas, laukūs, bu [...],
bu [...] yellow, al ýs, ag, small ho ns. In he case o he la e , he gene al (in ensi e) discha ge o
he kidney is: ki is 10 Plg. Vy au as Rinke ičius's desc ip ion o he condi ionali y o his e m is no
4. Dauguma žemaičių ( isi šiau ės, didžioji dalis aka ų i pie ų žemai-
only called an epi he , bu also a poin o e e ence o he compa ison o he common language in
e ms o he sys ems o ci cumcision: "The disc epancies be ween he spaces o he sys emic
ci cumcision, men ioned abo e, a e cha ac e is ic o he no he n and no hwes e n Li huanian
languages. [...] The common Li huanian language, o med on he basis o a ela i ely a chaic dialec o
he Wes e n Highlands, in which he e is a good sepa a ion o app oaches and no sepa a ion o he
c oss, is a con enien poin o e e ence o esea ch on he his o y o he c ossing[…] (Rinke ičius
2015: 24; 25).
Juozas Pab ėža
Žemaičių kalba i ašyba. Mokslo monog a ija
Re iews Re iews 273 wi hd awn om sho and long i m limbs o he i s limb o any leng h, e.g.
g[…] à […]gy à[…], bãis[…]s […]baisùs[…], [...] šàká […]šaká[…], [...] žl […]s […]žal ỹs[…], [...] […]k ã […] ik a[…],
[…]e ũ […] ė […], [...] j[…] jokes […]s […]. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, he Cou o
Jus ice o he Eu opean Communi ies has also held ha he Cou o Fi s Ins ance did no ha e
ju isdic ion o hea he appeal agains he judgmen o he Cou o Fi s Ins ance o he
Eu opean Communi ies conce ning he applica ion o he p inciple o p opo ionali y in he ligh o
he p o isions o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The so-called cases o disobedience o he heo y
o he wi hd awal o he c oss, which had been he ocus o Juozas Pab ėza's scien i ic in e es
o some ime,13 led o he p esen a ion o his heo y as a ma e o cou se in a e iewed book,
since he app op ia eness o he concep o he wi hd awal o he c oss is nei he ques ioned no
jus i ied. The e a e also places in he UK whe e desc ip ions o he wi hd awal o he c oss as a
phenomenon may a i s glance appea o con adic each o he (e.g. claims: "Fo a long ime i was
belie ed ha he wi hd awal o he c oss was a comple ely egula , dec easing, no excep ions
un ecognized phenomenon. Howe e , a e examining ex ensi e empi ical ma e ial (o e 61,000
examples) and p ocessing he esul s s a is ically [...], i u ned ou ha he emo al o he lowe
jaw is no a s a ic bu a dynamic phenomenon […] (p. 78) and […][m]lea ning o lea ning o sha e can
e en be based on he emo al o he jaw because i is p ecise, s ic and gen le[…] (p. 88). The illusion
o Tokyo's objec ion would be dispelled by an addi ional ema k on he na u e o he si ua ions o
speech in he second case, ela ing o he spelling o he wo ds used, since in he i s case, p. 78-82,
e e ence is made o he ex o he chap e s. 11 Plg.: […][T]he indigenous peoples o he lowlands
ha e mo e han one common language o o he languages [...]. Thus, unlike highland dialec s o
common languages, he ci cumsc ip ion is absen in lowland dialec s, a he han in any dialec a all
(e.g., zyudê […] wo ds […]) (p. 77). Fo example, cases o spelling o wo ds wi h an excep ional
abundance o owels: […]Use wo ds e en wi h ou o i e owels, e.g. [...] mòzkn ùs […]muzikán us[…],
dá bn[…]s […]da bininkùs[…], [...] nàbàp g[…] d[…] […]nebep igi d[…] [...][…] (p. 78).
akū as y a žymė asis opozicijos na ys“ (p. 75).
12 Taip adinami a ejai, kai „po pag indinio ki čio a si anda naujas šalu inis ki is, ku io bend i-
13 See, o example, Pab ėža 1986.
14 Fo example: […]The e a e qui e a ew wo ds in he Zemai ic binding ex om which he ends
a e some imes no sub ac ed acco ding o he ac ions o he wi hd awal, e.g.: [...] mọžks
[…]mužikas[…], s uogã[…] […]s ogai[…], p as ã[…] […]p as ai[…]...[…] (p. 78) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
274 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he chap e Mo phology ea u es (p. 89101) a e discussed mo e clea ly
mo phologically (and no phone ically) om he common language o he o ms o
wo ds ha di e om o he dialec s. They a e desc ibed by looking a he
di e en pa s o he language […] he noun, he adjec i e, he p onoun, he e b,
he nume al, he ad e b […] he dis inc i e di e ences and by discussing he
peculia i ies o wo d o ma ion (p. 100[…]101) and bilingualism (because he
lowe case has no only he nouns, e.g. d aw. […]do, d aw[…]d( )ẹ, j[…]dọ, j[…] (b) The
wo d "d" is used in he same way as he wo d "d," bu wi h di e en meanings (e.g., "d," "d," "d," "d," "d," "d," "d," "d," "d," "d," "d"d" e c.); and he wo d "d" is used in he same way as he wo d "d" (e.g., "d," "d" "d").
Wi h ega d o syn ax ea u es, he ZKR emphasizes he abili y o he speake s o exp ess
hemsel es in e ms o ac ion si ua ion, ime and ac ion. The sys em o e bs in he lowe case
(especially no he n ones) is desc ibed as a ina ė, which has no only a meaning and an e en , bu
also an in e media e ac ion (p. 103), which is mos o en added o he ad e b o he opposi e
meaning by adding he e bs o he da kes meaning, inc easing he e bs o he lowe case (jaen,
layuq, šaliñ, lgiai, kie a, ga a a, kiāu ai, i šu, a ie, i, and pan). (p. 102), p. . […]in[…] i[…]bažn[…]čē i[…]
ã[…]kùs […]d[…] […]áu â[…] o go o chu ch and ake he child en o he chu ch (Žid[…]kai); [...] you
will be ou o a job (Mósėdis); "I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e", he said. "I 's been a long
ime since I' e been he e". This chap e emphasizes he e y s ong an i-p ejudice o he use o
singula and esidual enses in he Lowland dialec (p. 103 […] 104) and he so-called e iden ial
consis ency o he p onuncia ion (p. 103) as well as he peculia lowland de i a i es o p e e en ial
cons uc ions (p. 104 […] 106) and he exclusi eness o wo d o de (which includes an unusual
combina ion o he common noun, i s when a pe son's su name is said, and hen he case o […],
e.g. […], Kaub […] Kazm Kazme s ba[…]. In he lexicon sec ion on cha ac e is ics (p. 107[…]113) he
g oups o meaning ul wo ds ha a e mos likely o pe sis a e desc ibed. The peculia i y o he
Semi ic lexicon is demons a ed by he p esen a ion o a collec ion o wo ds di ided in o se e al
hema ic g oups. These lis s o wo ds (p. 107[…]111) allow he eade o check he knowledge o he
eal geog aphical lexicon, al hough mos likely hey a e in ended o in ol e mo e han jus he
eade 's geog aphical lexicon, because he e he geog aphical lexicon is gi en no in a
ansli e a ed ansc ip ion, bu , as is cus oma y in dic iona ies, ansposed in o he common
language16 (e.g., […] - […] - […] - […] - […] -> - […] -> - […] - […] -> - […] - […] -> […] […]). I also discusses
ce ain o mal cha ac e is ics and unc ional peculia i ies o he o he 15 E idence Fo ms, which,
acco ding o Axel Hol oe , make i di icul o include hem in sys ems o sedimen a ion and
džiui, žmogaus kūno dalių – šlañkai ‘kaulai’, kùš inas ‘kojos kaulelis’, šliežis
modali y. Fo mo e in o ma ion on e idenciali y as a "pa asi ic ca ego y" see Hol oe 2004: 107 h
yea 16 Fo anspona ion see Pab ėža, Ma cišauskai ė, Leskauskai ė 2013: 17. This is he i s
ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o his esolu ion.
Juozas Pab ėža
Žemaičių kalba i ašyba. Mokslo monog a ija
Re iews o e iews o 275 wo ds ha a e ypical o he dialec s ha he
inhabi an s o he lowlands use in a di e en sense, e.g. ish […] land. […]wo k
o he house, li es ock slaugh e , ca le […] land. "P aye s wi h songs" (p.
111). The sec ion on lexical ea u es also discusses he ole o bo owings and
hei quan i y […] I is pa icula ly no ewo hy ha he lowlands ha e ewe
bo owings han o he Li huanian languages (p. 112[…]113).
The second pa o he e iewed monog aph consis s o se en chap e s: A b ie
his o y o he Zemai ic sc ip , he Zemai ic alphabe , Bals, P iebals, D ibals,
D iga s, Some mo phological, syn ac ic, lexical subjec s and examples o Zemai ic
sc ip . When alking abou he his o y o he Zems o sc ip (p. 147-166), he mos
impo an and b igh es cases o he use o he Zems o sc ip a e men ioned in
he ca echism o Ma in Maž yd (1547), in he pos ilija o Wol enbü el (1574), in he
e se o Saliamon M. Sla očinski (1646), in he Zems o manusc ip ex ( he ea lies
da ing is 1636),17 and in he mos impo an and b igh es monumen o he 18 h
cen u y. The ansla ion o he Book o Bona en u e om Polish […] ZIWATAS PONA
YR DIEWA MUSU JEZUSA CHRISTUSA[…]18. La e , a en ion is d awn o he e y
impo an pe iod o he de elopmen o he Zemai ic sc ip in he 19 h cen u y and,
mainly on he basis o he esea ches o Gied ius Subacius, he mos ou s anding
19 h-cen u y Zemai ic cul u al igu es a e p esen ed: Ju gio Pab ėžis, Simono
Daukan o, Mojaus Valančiaus. Zemai ic w i ing is in ended o speaking, w i ing o
w i ing in Zemai ic languages. The ZKR emphasizes ha a e he o ma ion o he
common Li huanian language as he basis o he sou he n wes e n highe educa ion
in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies, he need o he Zemai ic sc ip emained: a ha
ime in he Zemai ic p ess […] in he weekly newspape s […] in he Zemai ic
newspape s […] (1925-1940) and in he Zemai ic newspape s […] (1940-1944) […] i was
discussed and encou aged o w i e Zemai ically (pl. J. Tau ydas, B. Ju gu is,
a ious a ian s o he s anda dized w i ing o he Lowlande s (p. 155[…]156), he
publica ion o he lowlande 's s o ies, ad ice, p ose, So ija Čiu lionienė-Kyman ai ė
and o he au ho s (p. 155[…]158) a e sugges ed. A new wa e o cul u al sen imen in
he Low Coun ies, accompanied by e i al, p omp ed a allying c y
džių, dainų i eilė aščių (minė uose leidiniuose i 1938 m. išleis oje an ologijoje
Žemaičiai žemai iškai už ašy ą sa o kū ybą skelbė S asys Anglickis, P anas Ge-
17 See also This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
18 See also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
19 Subačius 1993: 5. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
282 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Holbein-Axel 2004 is he i s o i s kind. […] G amma ical s udies o ca ego ies
[G amma ical wo ks o he Li huanian language 2], by Axel Hol oe , Lo e a Semėnienė
(edi o ). Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 105[…]120.
Klicne Lo e a: The Bible in he Low Ge man language is p esen ed in he Low Ge man
language. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Linke ičienė Nijolė, Šinkūnienė Jolan a 2012: Pe sonal names in he language o
science. […] The language is 64(3), 78[…]102. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
www.kalbo y a. l . u.l / wp-con en /uploads2012-04 Kalbo y a_64_78-102.pd . Pab iz
Juozas (1986): Diach onic no es on he sepa a ion o he c oss in he no he n
lowlands. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pab ėža Juozas, Ma cišauskai ė Vida, Leskauskai ė As a, sud., 2013: No h o
he lowlands o he Telšiškiai. She was bo n in he illage o Pab ėža Juozas,
Ma cišauskai ė Vida, Leskauskai ė As a. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
Pab ėža Juozas: Poudo ožsė uožės, buobas naso asi. I is also known as
Pab ėža Juozas o Pab ėža Juozas. The ollowing is om he L.M.A. V ubelie sky Lib a y: I is a ailable on he In e ne a h ps: www.you ube.com o wa ch? =E 5HqE YiMc.
Subačius Gied ius, pa ., 1993: S udies on he his o y o he ebi h o Li huania 6. The Vilnius:
Scien i ic and encyclopedic publishing house.
U bana ičienė Joli a, Ja osla ienė Ju gi a, 2018: A con e ence in memo y o Alekso
Gi denio (1936-2011) "T ans o ma ion o he speeches and he speeches" was held.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1966), Li huanian dialec ologis and w i e . Vilnius: The Min .
Zinkiewicz-Zigma (1974) is he au ho o he highly acclaimed ex Reichsmi h's
Landscape. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 15, 171[…]193.
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas, Dialec ology o he Li huanian language (1994) Vilnius:
Science and encyclopedia publishing house.
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas: The o igins o he Li huanian language Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
Deli e ed on 15 Janua y 2019
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
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