52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
Masa yk Uni e si y
Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean s udies, especially Sla ic,
Bal ic, Cel ic, Ana olian, Tocha ian, Indo-I anian languages;
Fenno-Ug ic; A o-Asia ic; e ymology; gene ic classi ica ion;
ma hema ic models in his o ical linguis ics.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all81-03
VOLGA THE FIRST RIVER
OF EUROPE
Volga p emiè e i iè e eu opéenne
Чтобы не было раздора
Между вольными людьми,
Волга, Волга, мать родная,
На, красавицу возьми!
So ha peace may eign o e e
In his band so ee and b a e,
Volga, Volga, Mo he Volga,
Make his lo ely gi l a g a e!ˮ
Dmiтрий Николаевич Садовников1 in 1883
ANNOTATION
The p esen s udy summa izes all designa ions o he Volga Ri e and when i is possible, in
wide con ex o p ima y ex s, a anged in Appendix. The second ask is a su ey and
discussion o exis ing e ymologies. The hi d goal consis s in o e o new solu ions, i hose
exis ing a e no con incing enough. Finally, some gene al conclusions a e o mula ed.
KEYWORDS: Ri e , Volga, hyd onym, e ymology. 1 A ailable a :
<h ps://en.wikipedia.o gwiki/S enka_Razin> [accessé 01.11.2019].
A icles A icles A icles 53 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
ANOTATIJA Ce e é ude ésume ous les en an issages de i iè e Volga au an possible dans
le con ex e plus la ge des ex es p emie s donnés annexe de l'a icle. Le deuxième objec i de
l'é ude é udie e discu e les é ymologies exis an es, oisième p opose de nou elles
solu ions, si les exis an es ne son pas su isammen con aincan es. La in de l'a icle
p ésen e des conclusions géné ales. ESMINIAI VOODŽIAI: upė, Volga, anden a dis, é imologie. pe,
he wes e nmos big i e o Eu asia and he bigges endo heic i e in he wo ld. Fo such
Wi h i s 3,534 km o leng h (be o e he sys em o dam lakes i was 3,693 km)
and basin 1,380,000 km2 he Volga Ri e is he bigges wa e cou se in Eu o-
long i e s i is ypical ha hey bea se e al names in a ious languages. The ollowing se en
hyd onyms, a anged in alphabe ic o de , will be analyzed in de ail in bo h e ymological
pe spec i e and om he poin o
iew o seman ic mo i a ion.
1. Ἀράξης
1.0. He odo us [1.201202] (c. 450 BCE) men ionne ράξης as a i e comded o low h ough 40
pa able wi h o e en bigge han he Is e , i.e. he Danube. This A axes nee-
s eams, bu only one o hem emp ied in o he Caspian Sea. In i s del a he e would ha e been
islands o he size o Lesbos (1,630 km2). This desc ip ion can only be applicable o he Volga
(o iginally 3,693 km; basin 1,380,000 km2; discha ge 8,060 m3s in As axań; he del a o he Volga
consis s o c. 500 channels2 on he a ea o 27,524 km2) and no o he i e […]ράξης, known in
Mode n A menian as A aks, Tu kish, Pe sian, Ku dic A as, Aze baijani A az.072 km; 102,000 km2;
discha ge 285 m3s by he mou h in o he Ku a, ising nea E zu um Ci y in Eas Tu key in he
same a ea as he sou ce 2. This A aks was desc ibed as swi , bu na ow4, in con a y o he
desc ip ion o He odo us.
01.11.2019].
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1.1. Swi s eam can be a con incing mo i a ion o designa ion o his sho e
and as e i e ising on slopes o moun ains wi h an al i ude o e 3,000 m,
adi ionally explained wi h help o A menian a ag, e ag quick, swi , as (c .
Tomaschek 1895, c. 404), which i sel is o I anian o igin, c . Pa hian (Tu an) g
quick, swi , A es an aγu- leich beweglich, link (Olsen 1999: 868; Bailey 1979: 359).
The ini ial owel ep esen s a ypical A menian p o hesis be o e he
bo owings in -5. Le us add ha in classical A menian sou ces he i e was
called E ask‘, while Old Geo gian had Rašī6, s ill wi hou he ini ial owel.
1.2. I He odo us eally desc ibed he Volga as ράξης, he ‘swi -e ymology is no applicable,
since he al i ude o he Volgas sou ce is only 228 m and wi h ega d o he leng h o he
s eam, o iginally almos 3,700 km, he speed o he s eam is ex emely slow. In his case i
would be hinkable o explain he i3 This was known al eady o Pompey in 68 BCE acco ding o
e -name as I anian *a- axsa- “ha mlessˮ, c . Young A es an acc.sg. (-s em?)
he wi ness o Plu a ch in his cu iculum o Pompey [33.1]: Πομπήϊος δ ες ρμενίαν νένέβαλε το
καλοῦ Τιου ἐγράνουῦντος
αὐτόν ἤδη γὰρ ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πατρός, καὶ συνήντησε τῷ Πομπηΐῳ περὶ τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν,
ὃς ἀνίσχει μὲν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τῷ Εὐφράτῃ τόπων, ἀποτρεπόμενος δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς εἰς τὸ
Κάσπιον ἐμβάλλει πέλαγος, Pompey hen in aded A menia on he in i a ion o young Tig aCaspian
nes, who was now in e ol om his a he , and who me Pompey nea he i e A axes, which
akes i s ise in he same egions as he Euph a es, bu u ns owa ds he eas and emp ies in o he
Sea (Plu a ch 1917: Pompey. Plu a chs Li es, wi h an English T ansla ion by Be nado e Pe in. (MA):
Ha a d Uni e si y P ess Camb idge London: Heinemann, 1917). A ailable à:
<h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe seus-g c1:33.1>
[accessed 01.11.2019]; <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe -
seus-eng1:33.1> [accessé 01.11.2019].
4 C . Vi gil: Aeneid 8.728: pon em indigna us A axes he A axes, ang y a ha ing been b idged. See
also he lemma A axes in Encyclopaedia I anica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3 (1986), pp. 268271, by W. B. Fishe (& C.
E. Boswo h). A ailable à: <h p://www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e >
[accessed 01.11.2019].
5 C . A menian a oy b ass < I anian * auδa-, c . Manichaean Middle Pe sian wy, Zo oas ian
Middle Pe sian lwd coppe , b ass; A menian e ang colo s. Manichaean Middle Pe sian ng; Sansk i
aga- colo , dye; A menian e ak ein s. Zo oas ian Middle Pe sian k id. e c. (Olsen 1999: 869, 879).
6 W. B. Fishe , C. E. Boswo h. A ailable à: <h p://www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e >
[accessed 01.11.2019].
A icles a icles A icles 55 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
axsąm ha m [Viš sp Yaš 2.127; ansla ion o James Da ms e e 8]. A simila seman ic
mo i a ion was used e.g. o he Paci ic Ocean.
1.3.1. Among hyd onyms names which a e mo i a ed by colo s a e ela i emen
equen . A p omising candida e could be I anian * axša- da k-colo ed > Kho anese
ṣa da k-colo ed, Sogdian γš bay ho se, Pe sian axš mixed ed and whi e, be ween
black and usc > Wakhi akš g ey, b own (S eblin-Kamenskij open ques ion is
1999: 292), Ku dic aš “black, da kˮ (Bailey 1979: 362; Cabolo 2010: 194). The
in e p e a ion o he ini ial owel. The easies solu ion would be he nega i e *a-, i.e.
*a- axša- = non-da k. Bu i would be a he s ange ha a leas he middle s eam
any wo d deno ing a ligh colo was no di ec ly used ins ead. On he o he hand,
o he Volga has been called black (see below). 1.3.2. Ano he possibili y is he compound
*ha- axša- all da k, c . A es an ha- oge he , Kho anese ha all (ESIJ 3: 345353; Bailey
1979: 438). 1.3.3. The hi d possibili y is he compound *h- axša- da k mou h, c . A es an
h-, Kho anese ha- mou h (Ba holomae 1904: 345, 351, 357; Baiwould pe haps e lec he
ac ha in he del a o Volga he e a e oil deposi s9.
ley 1979: 29–30; ESIJ 1: 303–304). The hypo he ical meaning “da k mou hˮ
1.3.4. In p inciple, i is also possible o admi ha He odo us combined wo
quasi-homonymous hyd onyms, one wi h ini ial owel, ep esen ing he ‘A and
menian p o hesis’ (A aks/A s/A az; in pas E ask‘, bu Old Geo gian Raḵšī)
he second wi hou i (*Raxsao *Raxša-; pe haps Volga). The esul was a
le elling leading o he o m *A axšawi h he analogous ini ial a-. 2. *As(a) El >
στὴλ/σατήλ ~ ττίλας ~ τελ ~
Tίλ ~ Ä il
2.0.1. Byzan ine sou ces (in ch onological o de ; see Mo a csik 1958: 7879):
ττίλας... i e by Zema chus, c. 570 (media ed by Menande P o ec o )
Tίλ... i e by Theophylac us Simoca a, His o iae, w i en c. 630 abou he
end o he 6 h cen .
τελ... i e by Theophanes Homologe es (†818), Ch onicle (AD 284813;
abou c. 680)
7 A ailable à: <h ps:// i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de ex e/e cs/i an/ai an/a es a/a es .h m>
[accessé 01.11.2019].
8 A ailable à: <h p://www.a es a.o g/ agmen / y sbe.h m> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 9 A ailable à:
<h ps://ea hobse a o y.nasa.go /images/5650/ olga- i e -del a> [accessed
01.11.2019].
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
στὴλ... i e and o ess in Khaza ia in Byzan ine geog aphic no ices
om he 8 h cen .
σατήλ... episcopa e in Khaza ia acco ding o one Pa isian manusc ip
(c. 800?)
τὴλ... i e by Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us ( i s hal o he 10 h cen .
abou he 9 h cen .)
τελκούζου... place, whe e Pechenegs li ed in he ime o Cons an ine
(ibid.)
τλ καὶ Κουζοῦ... place o me ly inhabi ed by Tu ks (= Hunga ians), la e
by Pechenegs (ibid).
2.0.2. A menian sou ces (P i sak 1956: 407):
E ‘il in Geog aphy o Pseudo-Mowsēs Cho enac‘i in a copy o Anania
Ši akac‘i (c. AD 700).
A ‘l by G ego o Akanc‘ (†1333). 2.0.3. Sou ces w i en in he Heb ew
sc ip (Gas e 1899: 67, § 34.14): H l {התל} in Yosippon (c. AD 900). 2.0.4. Sou ces
w i en in he A abic sc ip (Ma qua 1929: 96; P i sak 1954:
407–408):
i il by Ibn Rus a (c. 903) e al-Muqaddas (996)
l & l by Ibn Falān (922)
l by al-Bal (†934)
i il by Ia (mid o he 10 h cen .) and Id s (1157)
il by Ibn awqāl (977/8)
Ä il by Mamūd Kašgha  (c. 1070) and Ma waz (1120)
a al by Abū āmid al-Andalus al-Ġa nā (10801170)
I il by Yāqū (†1229)
īl by uwain (†1283)
dīl in Šaa a al-a k (c. 1457)
adl by al-I ahān (c. 1509)
ʕadal o ʕadil in De bend-nāmeh e c.
2.0.5. Reco ds o he Eu opean a elle s om he 13 h cen . : F a e Richa d
E hyl; Rub uk E ilia, E hilia, Edilia; Ma co Polo Edilia; Il es si ué dans la égion de
Ma co Polo, en I alie. Benedic us Polonus E hyl (Gombocz 1917: 183; P i sak 1956:
409). 2.0.6. The hyd onym is a es ed in he Tu kic languages om he 11 h cen .
(Mamūd Kašgha ) and in he Mongolic languages om he 13 h cen . (Sec e
his o y o Mongols):
Ka akhanid E il ‘ i e name, pe haps Volga [Mamūd Kašgha , 11 h cen .;
Legend abou Oghuz-Qaghan om he 13 h cen .] (DTS 187), Chagha ay Ä il,
Ädil ‘Volga, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, li . ‘Whi e Ädil, Kazakh & Nogai Edil, Teleu Ädäl,
Bashki Idəl ‘Volga, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga, Ka a Idəl ‘Volga =

S aipsniai / A icles 57
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
‘Black Idəl s. Ak Idəl ‘Kama10 = ‘Whi e Idəl, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga, Šu ə- ADl ‘Kama,
li . ‘Whi e ADl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). Il es à
no e que le e me "adul es" es appa u dans le ex e de Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509;
Räsänen 1969: 52). La e occasionally in he appella i e ole: Chagha ay ädil i e ,
s eam, dim. ädil-ča & ädil-čik i ule , Kazan Ta a idəl big i e (> Mansi eè l
wa e o sea) s. idəl-čäk i ule (P i sak 1956: 415). Middle Mongol Idil ‘Volga
Ri e [Sec e His o y o Mongols, §§ 262, 270], Eil ‘ci y des oyed by he Mongols
[Sec e His o y o Mongols, § 274], Kalmyk Idžl (mö n) ‘Volga ( i e ) (Rams ed
1935: 205). The ollowing e ymologies o e ymological commen s ha e been (o
could be) p oposed:
2.1. Klap o h (1826) di e en ia ed ττίλας ‘Volga (p. 117) and Tίλ ‘Kama (p. 274),
asc ibing he meaning black o he la e one (p. 268). A ising om his concep ion
o a ela ion be ween he ancien A a s and mode n A a s om Daghes an, he
compa ed he hyd onym wi h Andi di , bu he e m black should be b-ečedi in
Andi, besides Ka a a b-ečei o-b, Hunzib cədilu, Bezh a codolo e c. (Klimo & Xalilo
2003: 354; acco ding o NCED 556 Andi -di is e e ing o Theophylac us Simoca a
a de i a ional su ix). Conce ning he a ibu e “blackˮ, c . P i sak (1956: 411),
́s [258.9]: His o ia (w i en c. 630 abou he end o he 6 h cen .), whe e
νθα ὁ Tίλ διαρρεῖ ποταμός, ν Mέλανα Toύρκοις ἀποκαλεῖν <θος> wo
de Til-Fluss hindu ch- liess , den die Tü ken ‘den Schwa zen
<zu>nennen<p legen
(see Haussig 1953: 283, 287), and u he he equen Tu kic designa ion o he
Volga as black, Qa a Idil o Qa a I il. P i sak (1956: 411) in e p e ed i as big, like he
name Qa a Mö en o Huang Ho by Rašd ad-Dn (†1318). o σιοι, whe e he o m Tίλ
was eco ded by Theophylac us Simoca a (al eady Abel-Rémusa 1820, 320
2.2. Haussig (1953: 426) econs uc ed he o m Ἀστήλ as *As-Til = *‘ i e
iden i ied in Tίλ he Volga Ri e ). Bu Haussig was no able o o e any wi ness
ha Tίλ ep esen ed he appella i e meaning
‘ i e el sim. no only in Tu kic.
2.3. P i sak (1956: 404419; 1982: 444) analyzed bo h he pe sonal and i e name ττίλας and he i e
name στήλ as a hypo he ical Old Bulga ian comla ion Talui-nuŋ Xanï see Pellio 1923: 2425: ‘le khan
pound, consis ing o he componen s *as “g ea , oldˮ and * il “seaˮ, i.e. “oceanic
= uni e sal { ule }ˮ (c . he Mongol i le Dalaj-in Qa’an, wi h i s Tu kic ans-
océanique; P i sak 10 Al e na i emen , he Kama was called Čölmen-Idəl in Kazan Ta a , i.e. he
i e o was eland, simila ly Chu ash čolma and Old Bulga ian Čōlmn-I il (Tomaschek 1889: 33) s. Old
Tu kish čöl, Kazakh šöl e c. s eppe, was eland (Räsänen 1969: 117).
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1956: 417), wi h e idence in he ollowing Tu kic o ms: Chu ash as-l g oss, ki old e c. (Räsänen 1969:
o nehmˮ11, Chagha ay äs-li “g ea , s ongˮ, Old Uyghu , Middle Tu kic äs-
50), and Old Tu kic alūy sea, Old Uyghu aluj sea o lake, Sa y-Uyghu alej, ali, aľi lake, sea,
ocean e c. (Räsänen 1969: 130; Clauson 1972: 502). The e m could be o Chinese o igin, i i ep esen ed
an adap a ion o he Chinese i e -name 大 dà(i)lěi12 < La e Middle Chinese * a(j)lyj ́ < Ea ly Middle
Chinese *dalwi o *dajhlwi (Hi h 1895: 18). Bu i is ques ionable ha his Chinese bo owing could
ha e been ans o med in o he componen Tίλ al eady in he 6 h cen . Mo e p obable is ano he
idea o P i sak ha Tίλ co esponded o he Chu ash hyd onym Tilɛ (> Russian Teľča), whe e he
las syllable e lec ed he Tu kic diminu i e su ix *-ča/*-če, P i sak (1956: 410412) iden i ied he
same oo in he a he enigma ic iAno he Qa a Tal emp ied in o Balkhash Lake acco ding o udūd
al-lam. The eal appella i e use o he oo * il-/* ïlwas ound by P i sak (1956: 413) only in Tungusic:
E enki ilkan lood, E en ïlqa, Ulchi čïlčan, Nanai čïlqã id., besides he e b in E enki ilka-, E en
e -name Qa a Tīl om he basin o he Sy -Da ya by Nizām ad-Dn (†1404),
al e na i ely called Qa a Tal by ‘Anonymous au ho o Iskande ’ om 1414.
lqъn-, Ulcha člčan-, Nanai člqa- o o e low, spla e (Cincius: 1977: 180181). InDAL i is compa ed wi h
Tu kic *d(i)ɨ()- o o e low > Old Uyghu , Ka akhanid aš-, Tu kmen dš Ki ghiz, Ta a ašɨ-, Yaku
ahje c., id., besides Oi a ašqɨn lood (Räsänen: 46 W i 1969 W i on 1972: 559; ESTJ 3: 169170), and
Mongolic * chalgilgi- * o o e low > Claus en Mongolian čilga-, čalgi-, Khalkha-, O dosalgi-, Bu ya -,
čalgi-, salgan, šald, e c. The Chu ash hyd onym Tiland i s Cen al Asia ic coun e pa s Tīl Tal can be
connec ed wi h Tu kic *d(i)()-ɨ o o e low /. In his case he hyd onym στήλ is analyzable as he Old
Bulga ian compound *as- ia supe -o e lowing o { i e b inging} big loods. No e: I is necessa y o
men ion ha Eugene Helimski (2000, 2004; plus E genij Xelimskij 2000, 2003) ied o p esen
a gumen s abou a Tungusic comcandida e o he i s componen *aso he hyd onym στήλ e c.
I could be 11 P i sak (1956: 414) ied o iden i y he componen *äsin he Hunnic name σκάμ =
*äs-kam g ea p ies , and in he name o he Khaza ian majo domus, called s a n (aba ), i.e. ‘g e-
*o e - a xan. He added, he same e ymology could be asc ibed o he ci y-name As axań, alnese
*da, *dajh & lěi ‘ i e name < La e Middle Chinese *lyj ́ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *lwi he Tungusic
oo *as- e y; many > Udihe asahi e y, Ulča as id., Nanai asō, aso no e y, Manchu asi, asu u
e y; many, much, equen ly (Cincius 1975: 5455). The compound *as(V) il would mean *{ i e b inging}
ponen in language(s) o he A a Kagana . I is na u al o add he Tungusic
e y {big} loods, i.e. almos he same as he Old Bulga ian in e p e a ion.
a a xan’, o sa ḫn (Yaʕqūb), wi h he i s A abic componen aʔs “head; op; leade ˮ, i.e.
hough i was known only om he 14 h cen .
12 大 dà, dài “big, g ea , la ge, wide, deepˮ < La e Middle Chinese * ɦaˋ, * ɦajˋ < Ea ly Middle Chi-
(Pulleyblank 1991: 69, 185).
A icles A icles a icles 59 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
2.4. Axme jano (2001: 76) de i ed he o ms o he ype Ka akhanid E il
* e il, pe haps ia *e il, and p oposed he same o igin as o he hyd onym
I yš; which should be de i ed acco ding o him om he e b a es ed in Old
Uyghu , Cumanic, Sho e -, Khakas, Chu ash i -, Yaku i dē- o pass
(Räsänen 1969: 46).
2.5. Taking in accoun he eco d στήλ, he e is an al e na i e Tu kic solucould be
ion, based on he hypo he ic compound *as 13-(h)l14 “lowe dampnessˮ, which
asc ibed o he del a o he Volga Ri e . ian compound, consis ing o Old Hunga ian
2.6. Al e na i ely, he o m Ἀστήλ allows us o hink abou an ea ly Hunga-
(AD 1055) azaa, azah Fluß, Bach (UEW 3) ~ ‘ ehe ea, Mode n Hunga ian (dial.) aszó
Wasse iß, zei weilige Wasse lau ; T ocken al (EWU I: 54), Tal, Niede ung; ein Tal, in
dem in Regenpe ioden und zu Zei de F ühjah schneeschmelze ein kleine Bach
ließ , das abe sons ocken is (UEW 3); and Hunga ian ele ( i s 1372), eli, dial. el
‘ oll, ge üll , el- ‘ oll we den, sich üllen, plein, a ch. eles ‘ganz, olls ändig, ken;
üllen, an üllen (EWU II: 14971500; UEW 518: oge he wi h Mansi TJ äwl, P aγlə and
o al, komple ; oll’, öl - ‘(Flüssigkei ) schü en, gießen, (Ge änke) einschen-
Khan y Vj. O el ‘ oll a e de i able om FU * älk o * äwδe). o ‘ i e ull {o
wa e }.
The hypo he ic compound asz(a) ele could designa e ‘ alley ull {o wa e }’
No e 1: Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us had also eco ded he compound τελκούζου [§ 38.30], explained
as places, in which he na ion o Pechenegs li ed in his ime. Fu he i appea ed in he syn agm τλ
{ποταμὸς} καὶ15 13 Tu kmen, C imea-Ta a , C imea-Ka aim, Ka akalpak, Uyghu as , Uzbek ås ,
Ki ghiz, Ta a as( ), benea h, as (13 h cen .) as ïndakï si ua ed below, Chagha ay(ï) benea h,
Bashki aş( )/aθ( ) “belowˮ (Se o jan 1974: 195–196); c . Ka akhanid (11 h cen .) as ïn “unde ,
Cumanic as ïnda
benea h e c. (Clauson 1972: 242).
14 P o o-Tu kic *(h)l > Old Tu kic (Manichaean), Old Uyghu (Buddhis ) (bo h 8 h cen .) l mois (Sanglax)
(abou land), Ka akhanid öl [Mamūd Kašgha i; Qu adɣu Bilig] “mois , we ˮ, Middle Tu kic öl
id., (Pa e de Cou eille) ma sh, Chagha ay (15 h cen .) öl mois , also used o da ya sea, öl Tu kish
mois , we , Osman öl pool, Tu kmen l, dial. hl mois , we , Khalaj Jél, Jél, Ki ghiz öl, Ka akalpak höl, Uzbek
hl id., Uyghu höl damp, mois , Khakassian öl mois , we , Clauson 1974: 124 1972; Se o jan: 524525). 15
Sho ǖl, Oy a ül, Tu a, To ala öl, Yaku üöl “mois , we ˮ, Chu ash ilǝ id. (Räsänen 1969: 371;
Ma qua (1903: 33, n. 3) explained he conjunc ion as a mis ake o a copis , who hough ha Kουζού
was an al e na i e name o τλ.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Kουζού [§ 40.24], which was explained mo e explici ly as he place in which he
Tu ks (= Hunga ians) used o me ly o be is called a e he name o he i e
ha uns h ough i , E el and Kouzou, and in i he Pechenegs li e now ( adui
pa Jenkins). Menges (19441945: 259) hough ha his e m designa ed ei he
ano he i e o i became an appella i e. Following Zeuss (1837: 751), Ma kwa
(1903: 33) specula ed ha he wo d Kουζού was an equi alen o köz cen e ,
o G eek μεσοποταμία, iden i ying in Kουζού Hunga ian köze (3 sg. possess.
middle), which was also used in Hunga ian names o dis ic s, e.g. Szamos-köz,
Mu a-köze, Rába-köze. Hunga ian köz is de i able om Fenno-Ug ic *kü (UEW
163; EWU II, 827) ~ *kü i middle (Sammallah i 1988:
544).
No e 2: Müllenho (1906: 75) p oposed ha he hyd onym Δάϊξ [P olemy 6.14.2,4,5],
Δαΐχ [Zema chus], Γεήχ [Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us 37.2], la e Jajík, c .
Chu ash Jεjək, Kazakh ajyk, om 1775 called he U al Ri e (Vasme IV: 551552),
migh be o U alic o igin, connec ing i wi h U alic *joke i e mology has been
(UEW 99) ~ *jukå (Sammallah i 1988: 537), al hough usually he Tu kic e y-
assumed (c . 19441945: 260, who compa ed Tu kish Tu kic [MK] jaδ-, Old Uyghu jad-,
jaj-yk “expanded, openˮ, pa . pe . pass. o jaj- “ o expandˮ, Tu a ča -, Middle
bu Al ai ďajyq lood, Tu a čajyq deluge, downpou a e seman ically close o he
i e -naming and canno be de i ed om Common Tu kic *jd-, bu only om *jj-,
con inuing in Tu a čaj- o swing, pump, Al ai ďaj- o o e low, inunda e, sp ead (on
a i e ) see
ESTJ 1989: 7677).
3. JUL
3.0. Ma i: KB Jl, B Jul, U Ju·l-ßü Wolga (Wichmann 1953: 54, #264); Eas
(Paasonen Jul 1948: 29).
3.1. Paasonen (1926: 38) connec ed he hyd onym wi h Khan y o Konda iə p sp ing,
sou ce, iə po·ŋ die Mündung eines aus eine Quelle liessenden Baches, Yugan iəLpə
kleine eissende Bach, Giessbach. The inal syllable was explained by Toi onen (1933:
382383). 3.2. Ma kwa (1929: 96) specula ed abou adap a ion o his Ma i hyd ono
analogy in Chu ash loans in Ma i.
nym om i s Chu ash equi alen ADl ia *Ajəl. Bu such a de elopmen has
3.3. Mos p obable seems o be he solu ion o Sino (1964: 18), seeking o igin o Ma i
Jul ‘Volga in Tu kic *jul s eam, b ook, oun ain > Old Uyghu yuul moun ain b ook,
sp ing, Ka akhanid jūl, jul b ook, Oi a , Sala jul, wi h i s mou h in he sou h
A icles A icles a icles 67 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
neighbo hood o Wa szawa (67 km long). These hyd onyms a e anspa en ly
de i able om Common Sla ic *Vьlga dampness, mois ness (Vasme I: 336337). I is
necessa y o add he di ec Bal ic cogna es, which can also e ymologize he
hyd onym Volga, namely La ian algs m., alga . euch , ilg , ogs u, ogu euch
we den (ME: IV: 454, 587), Li huanian ìlg i, ílgs u, ílgau an euch en e c. (Poko ny
1959: 11451146: *uelg-). The e a e also al e na i e e ymological a emp s: 7.2.
Tomaschek (1889: 32) e Rozwadowski (1913: 49; 1948: 227230) ied o explain he
hyd onym om Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa whi e21, bu Vasme (I: 336337) ejec ed i as
phonologically impossible. I is igh conce ning *walkeδa whi e and i s con inuan s,
bu he e a e also o he o ms, which a e no de i ed by he su ix *-δa, especially
Ma i wolγem ich leuch e, glänze (Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas). I s 3 d pe son sg. wolγa i
is ligh looks like a good candida e wi h ega d o he ac , ha he bigges
ibu a y o he Volga, Kama, is called whi e, namely Chagha ay Ä il, Ädil ‘Volga,
Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, li . ‘Whi e Ädil, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga; big i e , Ka a Idəl ‘Volga
= ‘Black Idəl s. Ak Idəl ‘Kama = ‘Whi e Idəl, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga, Šu ə-ADl ‘Kama, li .
‘Whi e ADl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). Il es à no e
que le èglemen n'a pas é é modi ié. Tomaschek (1889: 32) s ill men ioned he Lake
Volgo (61 km2), he lowes o ou na u al lakes which he Volga lows h ough.
7.3. Acco ding o o al wi ness o Roman Jakobson, his o me coun yman
Nikolaj Se gee ič T ubeckoj p oposed a Bal ic e ymology o he hyd onym Volga du ing his
lec u es in Vienna in he 1930 ́s. Acco ding o him he e ymology o Volga was as ollows: in
p imi i e eas e n Sla ic, un ounded on owels changed in o ounded back owels be o e a
au o-syllabic l, so ha jilga mus ha e changed o julga; he ini ial j was los be o e ounded
owels in eas e n Sla ic, and he ini ial u acqui ed an obliga o y p o he ic . Thus he o m ulga
a ose, and sho u changed in he 12 h13 h cen u ies in o o. So h ough a long se ies o changes
Jilga became Volga. Ci ed acco ding o Gimbu as 1963a: 69; 1963b: 33, 205. See also Topo o 1980: 40.
Among he Bal ic hyd onyms he e a e eally such names which a e o med om he Bal ic adj.
long con inuing in Li huanian ìlgas, La ian ilgs id., besides P ussian ad . ilga o long ime, 21
Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa > Finnish alkea weiß; leuch end, hell; Feue , leuch ende Flamme, Lich
des Feue s; Bli z, Ludic alged, Es onian alge weiß, hell, blond; Weißes, Lich, Li onian lda (SKES:
16191621); Saami N iel‘gâd whi e; ligh , pale, Kildin īlkeδ, Nö ielkeδ id. ; Mo do ian E zya aldo,
Moksha ald hell, lich ; Ma i (J) walδ, (U B) wolδo kla , hell; Helle, Kla hei . Fu he c . Ma i wolγem
ich leuch e, glänze (Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas); Hunga ian ilág Lich ; Wel ; Leu e, (a ch.)
Menschhei , Leben, indican Fenno-Ug ic *walk
whi e, ligh ; o shine (UEW: 554555; Be eczky 2013: 315316). Sammalah i (1988: 551)
econs uc ed Fenno-Ug ic *wɨlki- ligh , en plus Fenno-Pe mic * elki a.

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
e.g. in Li huania i e s Ìlga, Ìlgė, Ilgės, Ilgups e c., and lakes Ìlgai, Ilgis, Ilgs, Ìlgaže is,
Ìlgeže is e c. (Vanagas 1981: 129); La ian i e s Ìlga upe, Ilgupe, and lakes Ìldza-z s,
Ildzes-eze s e c. ; P ussian lakes Ilgayn, Ilgen See, Ilgolwen e c. (Topo o 1980: 39).
The longes ‘Long Ri e is Chinese 長江 Cháng Jing, wi h leng h 6,379 km and basin
1,808,500 km2, called ‘Long om he pe iod o Six Dynas ies (220589 CE). The p esen
name 揚子 Yángz o iginally was used o he lowes s eam o he i e 22. 7.4. S ill
less p obable is he a emp o Mikkola (1929: 127128) o iden i y a sou ce in
P o o-Ma i *Jyl23, eally a es ed as Wes Ma i Jl, Eas Ma i Jul ‘Volga (see
below). Fo an explana ion o di e ence in he anlau Mikkola (1929: 127) men ioned
he Old Russian ansc ip ion Omo (ъ)ža, Omo yža o he Es onian i e -name
Emajgi. The exis ence o Old Russian *Vъlga should be demons a ed by he
Udmu olklo e loan Bulga ‘Volga (Mikkola 1929: 128). Vasme (I: 337) added ha he
hypo he ic P o o-Ma i *Jyl would ha e been bo owed om such Tu kic
languages as Ba aba Ta a , Bashki jyla i e , b ook, Kazakh, Nogai yla i ule ,
i e (Räsänen 1969: 200: bo owed
om Mongol ǯylɣa “bed o i e , b ook, slopeˮ – see Rams ed 1935: 109).
7.5. A qui e new solu ion may be o e ed on he basis o Hunga ian ölgy
alley, ale, dale (1211); (obsole e) Ma k, Ke n eines Geschwü s, c . he Old Hunga ian
place-names: Fu izuelgi (1211), Welg (1220), Sasweolgy (1256), Weulgzad (1338),
Wo ewlab elgu (1342) e c. (EWU 1653). Rela ed a e ObUg ic *wγəľ > PKhan y *wγľ >
Khan y T j. wl ein Zu luß des Ob, O χaľ, Kaz. wχal Zu luss; Wogule, wχal-jχa
‘Вогулка ( i ule ); PMansi *wľ > Mansi (LM) uo Flußk ümmung, (KU KM P LO) wō,
(So.) w Flußs ecke (Hon i 1982: 193, #677); Komi (S) o, o-ju ein kleine Fluß, (Vō) e
‘ein ech e Neben luß de obe en Vyčegda; Nene s (Nj.) wäej in jaχaw < U alic
*waδk small i e ; bend i e o po ion o i e be ween wo bends
wäej “länge e ge ade S ecke des Flusses zwischen zwei K ümmungen; плсоˮ
(UEW: 550551).
7.6. Fo comple ness Tocha ian B walke (indeclinable) adj. long (o ime) , ad . o a long ime
should be added as a hypo he ical sou ce oo. The seman ic mo i a ion is he same as in
Li huanian Ìlga . long (c . § 7.3). The synch onic shape s ands also e y close o he o m Volga.
The adi ional p ojec i- (see Blažek 2015: 62), i co ec , p obably would exclude his solu ion. 22
on back o *ulH2go-, pe haps de i ed om he e b *uel- “ o u nˮ (Adams 2013:
631–632), is also applicable o Volga. Bu he e ymological analysis *ui-dlH1gho-
A ailable a :<h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Yang ze> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 23 The loss o a e he
all o he inal owel is egula , c . KB Ma i jal oo s. Mo do ian Moksha jalga on oo , Finnish
jalka oo (Mikkola 1929: 127; UEW: 8889).
S aipsniai / A icles 69
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
8. SUMMARY
hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic
ράξης
*a axsaha mless
(c . Ta a
Idəl Ka a
Volga)
*ha axša-
all da k
-*h axša-
da k
mou h
*As(a) El asz(V) ele Il es
alley ull
{o wa e }
*as ia
wi h big
loods
*as (h)l
lowe
dampness
* Juljul
s eam
Ta a jul
oad
Λύκος
*chaukas
eeless
e ain luk bend
Ra (o)
* ahdampness
> A es an
Raŋh-
a a i e
<* a a
* aγa
* aŋa / /
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic
Ὄαρος A es an
ai isea, sea bay
Pahla i
a lake
B wa B
wa e
-wä B
s eam
*ua u-
b oad
Volga * ьlga
dampness
La ian
alga .
we is ligh
walke
long
wolγa
ölgy
alley
Bashki
jyla i e
ìlga long
.
A icles A icles a icles 71 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
CONCLUSION 9.
9.1. The p eceding able (§ 8) ésume all mo e o less p obable solu i i a ions, hey can
ons, al hough hey a e o en mu ually exclusi e. E alua ing hei seman ic mo-
be di ided in o wo se s. The i s g oup consis s o he ully ‘hyd onymical names
mo i a ed by meanings connec ed wi h wa e , namely wa e i sel , u he i e ,
( i e -) alley, s eam, lood, dampness, lake, sea. The second g oup includes he e ms
cha ac e izing he i e s eam o sho es, he e namely b oad, long, ben , eeless,
ha mless, whiconnec ed wi h wa e and should be p e e ed. In he case o se e al
e/ligh ˮ, “black/da kˮ. I is appa en ha he i s seman ic g oup is di ec ly
e ymological candida es he seman ic mo i a ion, which is epea ed in di e en
designa ions, seems mo e p omising han isola ed explana ions. So, Old Russian Volga
* ah-, whose meaning mois u e, dampness, humidi y is econs uc ed acco ding o
< Common Sla ic * ьlga “dampnessˮ co esponds o I anian, pe haps Scy hian,
Vedic [RV] as-, which is he eminine o he masculine ása- he sap o juice o plan s,
juice o ui , any liquid o luid, mois u e, humidi y, essence, compound *as -(h)l
lowe dampness. I would be possible o imagine ha i desc ibed he Volga del a. I is
ma owˮ. The hi d coun e pa could be iden i ied in he hypo he ical Tu kic
emp ing o conclude ha he Sla ic and maybe
Tu kic hyd onyms ep esen calques on hei I anian p edecesso . al eady om
9.2. Ch onologically i s seem o be he my hical i e -names Ras, known
he Rg eda composed p obably be ween 15001100 BCE, and i s Young A es an
coun e pa Raŋh, om he beginning o he 1s mill. BCE. Mo do ian Ra o Ra o
can e lec bo h * aŋa and * aγa. The i s case p ese es he speci ic
A es an-like de elopmen o he sequence *h, he la e case p obably ep esen s
he o m *Rah, econs uc ible o se e al Old and Ea ly Middle I anian dialec s, à
sa oi Scy hian, Sa ma ian and Sakan wi h ega d o hei geog aphical
dis ibu ion. P olemy ́s and Pseudo-Aga heme os ́ ς a e cen . BCE He odo us
s ill close o *Rah in he 2nd and 3 d cen . CE espec i ely. In he mid o he 5 h
eco ded h ee a ious i e -names, which may pe haps belong o he Volga: αρος,
ράξης, Λύκος. The αρος is e ymologizable on he basis o Young A es an ai i- sea,
sea bay and Pahla i a lake. This solu ion indica es a i e emp ying in o a big
wa e ese oi . In compe i ion wi h he no less a ac i e Tocha ian e ymology
(B wa wa e , -wä s eam), he I anian o igin should be p e e ed wi h ega d o
he P olemy ́s hyd onym Οὐαρδάνης, p obably designa ing he Kuban Ri e
emp ying in o he Azo Sea Maeo is, which is analyzable explici ly as *ua (V)-dnu-
i e emp ying
in a sea/lakeˮ, whe e he second componen is I anian *dnu- “ i e ˮ > Young
A es an dnu- i e , s eam, Osse ic don i e , wa e , wi hou any known
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
Tocha ian coun e pa . The i e ράξης was desc ibed by He odo us as a s eam di ided in o 40
a ms be o e i s mou h in o he Caspian Sea. This desc ip ion is applicable only o a eally big del a.
I he del a o he Volga was mean , a leas h ee I anian in e p e a ions a e hinkable, à sa oi
*a- axsa- ha mless wi h espec o i s quie s eam o *ha- axša- all da k, wi h a ian *h- axša-
da k mou h wi h ega d o he black mud in he del a (c . also Kazan Ta a Ka a Idəl). The hi d
He odo us ́ hyd onym, p obably belonging o he Volga, Λύκος, looks like a G eek ansc ip ion o
P o o-Ma i *luk bend, which can designa e he bend o he Volga om he eas o he sou h by he
mou h o he bigges ibu a y, he Kama Ri e . This solu ion seems mo e con incing han he
al e na i e Bal ic designa ion *laukas eeless e ain, which would ha e designa ed he
was eland a ound he Kama Ri e , desc ibed by He odo us. Alseman ic mo i a ions o hyd onyms.
In he 2nd and 3 d cen u ies CE P olemy and Pseudo-Aga heme os eco ded he Volga-names and ς
espec i ely, which ep esen con inua ions o I anian *Rah, discussed abo e. F om he 6 h cen .
hough such an in e p e a ion is qui e legi ima e, i is no gene ally ypical o
CE he new name o he Volga is known, which is econs uc ible as *As(a) El. The e a e a leas
h ee al e na i e e ymologies. Old Bulga ian *as- ia g ad egions a e mo e o less egula ly
looded once e e y 5 yea s24. A weakness o his solu ion consis s in he ac ha he e is no
appella i e con inuan in Chu ash, only he hyd onym Tilɛ ( oi § 2.3). The hypo he ical compound
*as -(h)l lowe dampness should p obably be asc ibed di ec ly o some mains eam Tu kic dialec ,
“wi h big loodsˮ can be suppo ed by he ac ha e.g. he As axań and Volgo-
since none o componen s con inue in Chu ash. The hi d e ymological a emp p esen s he
hyd onym as a p edecesso o he hypo he ical Hunga ian compound asz(V)- ele i e alley ull
{o wa e }. I should no be any su p ise o ake in o accoun he possibili y o a Hunga ian
e ymology as well. The ajec o y o mig a ion o ances o s o he Hunga ians e y p obably
ollowed he s eam o he Kama and u he he Volga om hei con luence o he basin o he
Don, which b ough hem o he Pon us and along i s sho es u he o he Danube basin (c .
Blažek 2013: 181). The e ymology implique he p esence o ances o s o he Hunga ians in he basin
o he lowe Volga be o e c. 570 CE, when Zema chus c ossed he i e and eco ded i s name as
ττίλας. This in e p e a ion may be ein o ced by one o al e na i e e ymologies o he
hyd onym Volga p ope , namely Hunga ian ölgy alley. The Volga i sel was i s men ioned in he
Russian P ima y Ch onicle da ed AD 964. I s Sla ic p o o o m * ьlga dampness seems sa e;
co esponding hyd onyms a e known om basins o he Dniepe and Vis ula. Bu Volga may be an
24 A ailable a : <h ps://www.clima echangepos .com/ ussia/ i e - loods> [accessé 01.11.2019].

S aipsniai / A icles 73
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Eas Sla ic adap a ion o he Bal ic name o he ype La ian alga . we oo. The
close seman ic mo i a ion is p oposed o he Vedic my hical i e Ras, and i s
A es an coun e pa Raŋh, which ha e been connec ed wi h he I anian Indo-I anian
homeland and iden i ied wi h he Volga. The hypo he ical Tu kic compound *as -(h)l
lowe dampness would exp ess he same cha ac e is ics. Bu he e a e se e al
al e na i e e ymologies based on languages spoken along he Volga ea lie han he
ime he i s Sla s eached he i e (pe haps c. 600 CE wi h ega d o he
glo och onological da ing he disin eg a ion o Common Sla ic o he 6 h cen .),
namely Bal ic (La ian alga . we ; less p obable is Li huanian ìlga . long wi h
espec o he di icul explana ion o Sla ic -); Ma i wolγa is ligh ; Hunga ian ölgy
alley; Tocha ian walke long. Bashki jyla i e can be di ec ly excluded as a la e
Mongolic loan. Bien que he Ma i, Hunga ian and Tocha ian in e p é a ions a e no
compa ible, hey could ha e been applied o he same i e in a ious imes. I is
possible o imagine ha an olde designa ion was eplaced by a new one on he
p inciple o quasi-homonymy, independen ly o seman ic di e ence. An illusla ed in
he Russian P ima y Ch onicle as Уголъ angle, in ag eemen wi h i s
a i e example may be ound e.g. in he Old Russian hyd onym E elь, ans-
Tu kic e ymology (Osman äj i schie , k umm, äj ilä sich biegen), bu by oday i has
been modi ied o O eľ, i.e. eagle ( oi § 4.3). F om he las h ee al e na i es he
Tocha ian one had sepa a ed as i s . Acco ding o he glo och onological analyses
sepa a ion o he Tocha ian b anch om he Indo-Eu opean mains eam ( he
Ana olian b anch was al eady sepa a ed in he 5 h mill. BCE) is da ed o 3,810 BCE and
3,900 BCE by Se gej S a os in and Geo gij S a os in espec i emen (see Blažek &
Schwa z 203207), while disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p o olanguage is da ed only
o 2,350 BCE by Blažek o 2,160 BCE by G. S a os in (2015: 579): on a e age 2,230 BCE. The
(2012: 34; 2016b: 89), o 2,180 BCE by S. S a os in (see Blažek 2012: 32), and
sepa a ion o he Ma i and Pe mic b anches is da ed o 1,370 BCE by S. S a os in and
o 1,200 BCE by Blažek ( oi Blažek 2012: 32, 34; 2016: 89) and he sepa a ion o Hunga ian
om Ob-Ug ic is da ed o 1,340 BCE by S. S a os in and o 1,480 BCE by Blažek ( oi
Blažek 2012: 32, 34). This means ha he Tocha ian b anch was sepa a ed c. 1,5
millennium be o e disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p obably occupied he
eas e nmos posi ion in he Indo-Eu opean homeland oo. I he No h Pon ic
uni y and c. 2,5 millennia be o e sepa a ions o he Ma i and Hunga ian. The
Tocha ians we e he eas e nmos Indo-Eu opean b anch in he 1s mill. CE. They
localiza ion o he Indo-Eu opean homeland, a leas a e sepa a ion o he
Ana olian b anch, is accep ed, he Volga could ep esen he eas e n bo de line o
he Indo-Eu opean dialec con inuum, i s c ossed i e , impo an o o ien a ion,
ans e and ishing, was kep o a long ime, and when new popula ions inhabi ed
jus by he ances o s o he Tocha ians, pe haps in he i s hal o he 4 h mill.
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
BCE. In such a case, i would seem na u al ha he designa ion o such a migh y
i s sho es, hey p e e ed o use quasi-homonymous names, bien que leu s
signi ica ions u en ein e p é ées. Besides he longes chain ep esen ed by
Tocha ian B walke long25 → Hunga ian ölgy i e alley → Ma i wolγa is whi e → La ian
alga we → Old Russian Volga *dampness, he e is also he se ies consis ing o
Tocha ian B wa wa e , -wä s eam → A es an ai i- sea, sea bay, Pahla i a lake →
Chu ash a alley, lume, a ine, go ge; inside, cen e , middle, belly, o Young A es an
Raŋh o ‘Scy hian *Rah → Mo do ian E zya Ra , Ra o ‘Volga, Moksha a a i e , Ra
‘Volga. This hypo hesis implies a con inui y o popula ions in spi e o names o many
impo an i e s we e p ese ed, al hough languages on hei banks changed.
Na u ally, besides old names also new ones a e in oduced. In he case o he Volga
pe iods o massi e mig a ions, p obably in he o m o elic se lemen s along
impo an i e s media ing he o iginal hyd onyms. Thanks o his mechanism,
he younges example o his ype is p obably Ma i Jul, adop ed om some Tu kic
sou ce o he ype Old Uyghu yuul moun ain b ook, sp ing.
10. APPENDIX: TEXT FRAGMENTS Il es à no e que le p ésen èglemen ne po e pas su les élémen s de base de la p ésen e décision.
The Russian P ima y Ch onicle
Lau en ian edac ion
[6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастъшю . и възмужавшю . нача вои совку-
pl i. e beaucoup cou ageb ъı e légъko hod. pa d акисъ. oinъи многие творше
ходѧ. возъ по собѣ не возѧше . ни котьла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но потонку изрѣзавъ .
конину ли . звѣрину ли . или говѧдину . на оуглех испекъ ӕдѧху. ни шатра имѧше
. но подъкладъ пославъ. и сѣдло в головахъ . такоже и прочии вои єго вси бѧх.
[i] posъылаше к странамъ гл. hochyu su въı i i. e a su ku ku i su la Volga
. и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч Вѧтичемъ . кому дань даєте . ѡни же рѣша Козаромъ по
щьлѧгу . и ѿ рала даємъ.
A ailable à: <h p://li opys.o g.ua/la le /la 03.h m> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 25 I Tocha ian B walke was
eally de i ed om *ui-dlH1gho-, i should be abandoned om candida es o p o o o m o he Volga.
In his case he oldes membe o his chain copying he s eam
o he Volga would be Ma i. The chain should look as ollows: Hunga ian ölgy ← Ma i wolγa →
La ian alga → Old Russian Volga.
S aipsniai / A icles 75
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Hypa ian edac ion
[6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастьшю . и възмужавшю . нача воӕ съво-
куплѧти . многы и храбры . бѣ бо и самъ хоробръ и легокъ . ходѧ акы пардусъ
. воины многы творѧше . возъ бо по себѣ не возѧше . ни котла ни мѧсъ варѧ .
но по тонку изрѣзавъ . конину . или звѣрину . или говѧдину на оугълехъ испекь
ӕдѧшє . ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ постилаше . а сѣдло въ головах . тако
же и прочии вои єг вси бѧху . и посылашє къ странам . гл҃ѧ хочю на вы ити . и иде
на Ѡку рѣку . и на Волгу . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч имъ кому дань даєте . ѡни же
ркоша Козаром . по щелѧгу ѿ рала даєм
A ailable à: <h ps://li opys.o g.uaipa le /ipa h m> [accessé le 01.03.11.2019]. English
ansla ion o he Lau en ian edac ion 6472 (964). When P ince S ya osla had
g own up and ma u ed, he began o collec a nume ous and alian a my. S epping
ligh as a leopa d, he unde ook many campaigns. Upon his expedi ions he ca ied
wi h him ne wagons bee , and a e i a e oas ing i on he coals. No did he ha e a
no ke les, and boiled no mea , bu cu o small s ips o ho se lesh, game, o
en , bu he sp eall his e inue did likewise. He sen messenge s o he o he lands
ad ou a ho se-blanke unde him, and se his saddle unde his head; (65) and
announcing his in en ion o a ack hem. Il alla o he Oka and he Volga, and on
coming in con ac wi h he Vya ichians, he inqui ed o hem o whom hey paid
ibu e. They made answe ha hey paid a sil e -piece pe ploughsha e o he
Khaza s. The Russian P ima y Ch onicle: Lau en ian Tex , T ansla ed and edi ed by
Samuel Hazza d C oss & Olge d P. She bowi z-We zo A ailable
a :<h pwww.mgh-biblio hek.de documen .
Camb idge, Massachuse s: The Medie al Academy o Ame ica, No. 60, 1953.
01.11.2019].
Wi ness o G eek au ho s
He odo us 1.201202:
201. ὡς δὲ τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος κατέργαστο, ἐπεθύμησε Μασσαγέτας
ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι. τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο καὶ μέγα λέγεται εἶναι καὶ ἄλκιμον,
οἰκημένον δὲ πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, πέρην τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ, ἀντίον
δὲ Ἰσσηδόνων ἀνδρῶν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵτινες καὶ Σκυθικὸν λέγουσι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.
pe seus-g c1:1.201.1>
When Cy us had conque ed his na ion, oo, he wan ed o subjec he
Massage ae. These a e said o be a g ea and powe ul people dwelling owa ds
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI eas and he sun ise, beyond he A axes and
opposi e he Issedones; and some say ha hey a e a Scy hian people.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.
pe seus-eng1:1.201.1>
202. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους
δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι
ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς
δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ
τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν.
ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους
δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι
ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς
δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ
τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ἄλλα δέ σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι δένδρεα καρποὺς
τοιούσδε τινὰς φέροντα, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν ἐς τὠυτὸ συνέλθωσι κατὰ εἴλας καὶ πῦρ
ἀνακαύσωνται κύκλῳ περιιζομένους ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, ὀσφραινομένους
δὲ καταγιζομένου τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ἐπιβαλλομένου μεθύσκεσθαι τῇ ὀσμῇ
κατά περ Ἕλληνας τῷ οἴνῳ πλεῦνος δὲ ἐπιβαλλομένου τοῦ καρποῦ μᾶλλον
μεθύσκεσθαι, ἐς ὃ ἐς ὄρχησίν τε ἀνίστασθαι καὶ ἐς ἀοιδὴν ἀπικνέεσθαι. τούτων
μὲν αὕτη λέγεται δίαιτᾳ εἶναι. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέει μὲν ἐκ Ματιηνῶν,
ὅθεν περ ὁ Γύνδης τὸν ἐς τὰς διώρυχας τὰς ἑξήκοντά τε καὶ τριηκοσίας
διέλαβε ὁ Κῦρος, στόμασι δὲ ἐξερεύγεται τεσσεράκοντα, τῶν τὰ πάντα πλὴν
ἑνὸς ἐς ἕλεά τε καὶ τενάγεα ἐκδιδοῖ: ἐν τοῖσι ἀνθρώπους κατοικῆσθαι λέγουσι
ἰχθῦς ὠμοὺς σιτεομένους, ἐσθῆτι δὲ νομίζοντας χρᾶσθαι φωκέων δέρμασι. τὸ
δὲ ἓν τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Ἀράξεω ῥέει διὰ καθαροῦ ἐς τὴν Κασπίην θάλασσαν.
A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.pe -
he seus-g c1:1.202> [accessé 01.11.2019].
The A axes is said by some o be g ea e and by some o be less han he Is e . Il es
appo é que he e a e many islands in i as big as Lesbos, and men on hem who in
summe li e on oo s o all kinds ha hey dig up, and in win e on ui ha hey
ha e go om ees when i was ipe and s o ed o ood; and hey know (i is said)
o ees bea ing a ui whose e ec is his: ga he ing in g oups and kindling a i e,
he people si a ound i and h ow he ui in o he lames; hen he umes o i as i
bu ns make hem d unk as he G eeks a e wi h wine, and mo e and mo e d unk as
mo e ui is h own on he i e, un il a las hey ise up o dance and e en sing. Such
is said o be hei way o li e. The A axes lows om he coun y o he Ma ieni (as
does he Gyndes, which Cy us di ided in o he h ee hund ed and six y channels) and
emp ies i sel h ough o y síndhu ha m asáyā siñca áś n gh ! áya a uṣsa pá i
A icles A icles a icles 83 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
Ja: Those wi h which you swelled he Rasā (Ri e ) wi h a gush o wa e , wi h
which you helped he ho seless cha io o ic o y, wi h which T iśoka d o e up
uddy cows o himsel wi h hose o ms o help come he e, o Aś ins. G :
Whe ewi h ye made Rasā swell ull wi h wa e - loods, and u ged o ic o y he
ca wi hou a ho se; Whe ewi h T iśoka d o e o h his eco e ed Ge: Du ch die
cows,—Come hi he un o us, O Aś ins, wi h hose aids.ˮ
ih die Rasa mi Wasse s Flu angeschwell hab , mi denen ih den Wagen ohne
Roß zum Sieg e hal , du ch die T isoka die Kühe he aus ieb, mi diesen Hil en
komm doch ja he , ih As in!
IV3.4.6. Les É a s memb es doi en eille à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen .
gman á ū sú m aji ám ce i ynam yéna pá ī bhá a ha sū yy Ja: The Sindhu Ri e
sp inkles you ho ses wi h he Rasā; you uddy bi ds a oid he glowing hea . You
speedy ehicle has jus appea ed, wi h which you wo become he mas e s
[/husbands] o Sū yā. G : Le Sindhu wi h his wa e bedew you ho ses: in ie y glow
ha e he ed bi ds come hi he . Obse ed o all was ha you apid going, whe eby ye
we e he Lo ds o Sū yas Daugh e . Ge: Sindhu mi de Rasa bene z e eu e P e de;
die ö lichen Vogel osse en gingen den Glu en. Diese eu e schnelle Fah mach e ein
Au sehen, du ch die ih die Ga en de Su ya we de .
V1.15 padé-pade me ja im ní dhyi á ū ī śak y pyúbhi ca síṣak u mā ā mahī
asā na smá sū íbhi juhás ju áni Ja: S ep a e s ep old age has been secu ed
o me, ei he (by he ) who is he able Shielding Goddess o by he p o ec o s.4 Le
he mo he , he g ea Rasā, accompany us along wi h ou pa ons, she wi h hands
ou s e ched, wi h winnings ou s e ched.
G : Duly o each one ha h my laud been o e ed. S ong be Va ū wi h he
powe s o succou . May he g ea Mo he Rasā he e be iend us,
s aigh -handed, wi h he p inces, s i ing o wa d. Ge: Au Sch i und T i sei
mi das Al e siche ges ell , sei es du ch die mäch ige Va u i und du ch die
Schu zgeis e . Es sollen uns sam den Lohnhe en die g oße Mu e Rasa zu
Sei e s ehen, die eine edliche Hand ha , die edlichen Gewinn b ing .

VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
V.53.9. Elle
m a asā áni abh kúbh k úmu m a síndhu ní ī ama m a pá i s h sa áyu
pu īṣíī asmé í sumnám as u a Ja: Le no he Rasā {Ri e }, he Ani abhā, he
Kubhā, he K umu, le no he Sindhu b ing you o a hal . Le no he o e lowing
Sa ayu hem you a ound. On us alone le you a ou be. G : So le no Rasā,
K umu, o Ani abha, Kubha, o Sindhu hold you back. Le no he wa e y Sa ay i
obs uc you way. Wi h us be all he bliss ye gi e. Ge: Nich soll euch die Rasa,
Ani abha, Kubha, K umu, nich euch die Sindhu au hal en, noch euch die
quellen eiche Sa ayu im Wege s ehen. Bei uns soll eu e Huld sein.
VIII.72.13. Il es nécessai e de
su é siñca a ś íyam ódasyo abhiś íyam asā dadhī a ṣabhám Ja: In o
he p essed soma pou glo y {= milk}, he ull glo y o he wo
wo ld-hal es. The Rasā (Ri e {= wa e } should ecei e he bull. Ge: Gieße
die He lichkei in den ausgep eß en Sa , die beiden Wel en
übe s ahl ! Den Bullen soll die Rasa annehmen!ˮ
IX.41.6. Il es nécessai e de
pá i a śa mayán y dh ay soma iś á a | sá a asā i a iṣápam Ja: O Soma,
low o us in, p o ec ing s eam all a ound on all sides, like { he hea enly
i e } Rasā, along he uppe su ace {o he il e }. G : On e e y side, O
Soma, low ound us wi h hy p o ec ing s eam, As Soma As lows a ound
he wo ld. Ge: Fließe ü uns in schü zome, o Soma, wie ingsum die Rasa um
diede E höhung!
X5.6 ám sindho kúbhay goma īm k úmum meha n sa á ham ybhi īyase Ja: To
ṣmay p a ʰamám y a e sajū susá  asáyā ś e y y
a el i s joined wi h he T āmā, { hen} wi h he Susa ū, he Rasā, and his
Ś e yā, you, o Sindhu, {come} wi h he Kubhā o he Goma ū, wi h he Meha nū o
he K umu.7 Wi h he same cha io {wi h all hese}, wi h which you go speeding and
wi h Ś e yā he e, Kubhā; wi h hese, Sindhu and Meha nū, hou seekes in hy
cou se K umu and Goma . Ge: Zue s mi de T is ama zum Ve ein , mi Susa u,
A icles A icles a icles 85 /
Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope
G : “Fi s wi h T āma hou a eage o low o h, wi h Rasā, and Susa ū,
Rasa, mi diese S e ya komms du, Sindhu, mi de Kubha zu Goma i, mi de
Meha nu kím ichán ī sa ám p á idám na dū é hí ádh jágamāu i he pa caí
índ asya dū ī iṣi hiy ca mi ichī paaya nīn a a iṣkáda bá ás as na a hy
a a amy pá Ja: [Pa]Seeking wha has a i ed he e o , swallowing up he oad, he
zu K umu, mi denen du au gleichem Wagen dahineils .ˮ
X.108.1–2
a ele in he dis ance? and wha is he e? Wha is you mission o us? Wha was
k asméhi i k pá i akmy sī ka ʰám asy a a a páyṃsi
he inal u n (b inging you he e)? How did you c oss he wa e s o he Rasā?
[Sa amā] Sen as he messenge o Ind a I a el, seeking you g ea hidden
easu ies, Paṇis. Wi h a ea o leaping ac oss ha helped us! in ha way I
c ossed he wa e s o he Rasā. G : Wha wish o Sa amā ha h b ough he
hi he ? The pa h leads a away o dis an places. Wha cha ge has hou o us?
Whe e u ns hy jou ney? How This ha h p ese ed me om he ea o c ossing:
hus ha e I made my way oe
has hou made hy way o’e Rasā’s wa e s.ˮ
“I come appoin ed messenge o Ind a, seeking you ample s o es o weal h, O Paṇis.
Rasās wa e s.
Ge: Mi welchem Ansuchen is Sa ama hie he gekommen? De Weg so wei in die
Fe ne es ja au eibend. Was bedeu e die Sendung zu uns? Welches wa de
en scheidende Wendepunk ? Wie kams du übe die Flu en de Rasa? Als Ind a ́s
Bo in komme ich abgesand , eu e g oßen Schä ze suchend, ih Pani ́s. Aus
Fu ch o dem Übe sp ingen hal sie uns dabei. So kam ich du ch die Flu en de
Rasa.
X.121.4.
yásya imé himá an a mahi yásya samud ám asáyá sahá hú yásya im p adíśa yásya
bhū kásmai de ya ha íṣ idhema Ja: Whose a e hese snow-co e ed moun ains (= he
Himalayas) in hei g ea ness; don es le sea oge he wi h he wo ld-s eam, ils
disen ; whose a e hese di ec ions, whose ( hei ) wo a ms (= he zeni h and nadi ?)
Who is he god o whom we should do homage wi h ou obla ion?
VÁCLAV BLAŽEK
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
G : His, h ough his migh , a e hese snow-co e ed moun ains, and men call sea and
Rasā his possession: His a ms a e hese, his a e hese hea enly egiGe: Du ch
ons. Wha God shall we ado e wi h ou obla ion?ˮ
dessen Mach jene Schneebe ge sind, du ch dessen Mach , wie nen sollen?
sie sagen, de Ozean sam de Rasa is , du ch dessen Mach diese Himmelsge-
genden dessen beide A me sie sind. - We is de Go , dem wi mi Op e die-
A ailable à: <h p: i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de:// ex e/e cs/ind/aind/ ed/ /m /
.h m>
T ansla ions: Ja = Jamison & B e e on 2013; G = G i i h 1889[1987]; Ge = Geldne
1951.
No e: The abb e ia ions wi hou special explana ions, namely he pa s o
A es a o dialec s o he U alic languages, ollow s anda dly he abb e ia ions
used in he quo ed sou ces.
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