Volga – the First River of Europe

52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masa yk Uni e si y Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean s udies, especially Sla ic, Bal ic, Cel ic, Ana olian, Tocha ian, Indo-I anian languages; Fenno-Ug ic; A o-Asia ic; e ymology; gene ic classi ica ion; ma hema ic models in his o ical linguis ics. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all81-03 VOLGA THE FIRST RIVER OF EUROPE Volga p emiè e i iè e eu opéenne Чтобы не было раздора Между вольными людьми, Волга, Волга, мать родная, На, красавицу возьми! So ha peace may eign o e e In his band so ee and b a e, Volga, Volga, Mo he Volga, Make his lo ely gi l a g a e!ˮ Dmiтрий Николаевич Садовников1 in 1883 ANNOTATION The p esen s udy summa izes all designa ions o he Volga Ri e and when i is possible, in wide con ex o p ima y ex s, a anged in Appendix. The second ask is a su ey and discussion o exis ing e ymologies. The hi d goal consis s in o e o new solu ions, i hose exis ing a e no con incing enough. Finally, some gene al conclusions a e o mula ed. KEYWORDS: Ri e , Volga, hyd onym, e ymology. 1 A ailable a : <h ps://en.wikipedia.o gwiki/S enka_Razin> [accessé 01.11.2019]. A icles A icles A icles 53 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope ANOTATIJA Ce e é ude ésume ous les en an issages de i iè e Volga au an possible dans le con ex e plus la ge des ex es p emie s donnés annexe de l'a icle. Le deuxième objec i de l'é ude é udie e discu e les é ymologies exis an es, oisième p opose de nou elles solu ions, si les exis an es ne son pas su isammen con aincan es. La in de l'a icle p ésen e des conclusions géné ales. ESMINIAI VOODŽIAI: upė, Volga, anden a dis, é imologie. pe, he wes e nmos big i e o Eu asia and he bigges endo heic i e in he wo ld. Fo such Wi h i s 3,534 km o leng h (be o e he sys em o dam lakes i was 3,693 km) and basin 1,380,000 km2 he Volga Ri e is he bigges wa e cou se in Eu o- long i e s i is ypical ha hey bea se e al names in a ious languages. The ollowing se en hyd onyms, a anged in alphabe ic o de , will be analyzed in de ail in bo h e ymological pe spec i e and om he poin o iew o seman ic mo i a ion. 1. Ἀράξης 1.0. He odo us [1.201202] (c. 450 BCE) men ionne ράξης as a i e comded o low h ough 40 pa able wi h o e en bigge han he Is e , i.e. he Danube. This A axes nee- s eams, bu only one o hem emp ied in o he Caspian Sea. In i s del a he e would ha e been islands o he size o Lesbos (1,630 km2). This desc ip ion can only be applicable o he Volga (o iginally 3,693 km; basin 1,380,000 km2; discha ge 8,060 m3s in As axań; he del a o he Volga consis s o c. 500 channels2 on he a ea o 27,524 km2) and no o he i e […]ράξης, known in Mode n A menian as A aks, Tu kish, Pe sian, Ku dic A as, Aze baijani A az.072 km; 102,000 km2; discha ge 285 m3s by he mou h in o he Ku a, ising nea E zu um Ci y in Eas Tu key in he same a ea as he sou ce 2. This A aks was desc ibed as swi , bu na ow4, in con a y o he desc ip ion o He odo us. 01.11.2019]. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI 1.1. Swi s eam can be a con incing mo i a ion o designa ion o his sho e and as e i e ising on slopes o moun ains wi h an al i ude o e 3,000 m, adi ionally explained wi h help o A menian a ag, e ag quick, swi , as (c . Tomaschek 1895, c. 404), which i sel is o I anian o igin, c . Pa hian (Tu an) g quick, swi , A es an aγu- leich beweglich, link (Olsen 1999: 868; Bailey 1979: 359). The ini ial owel ep esen s a ypical A menian p o hesis be o e he bo owings in -5. Le us add ha in classical A menian sou ces he i e was called E ask‘, while Old Geo gian had Rašī6, s ill wi hou he ini ial owel. 1.2. I He odo us eally desc ibed he Volga as ράξης, he ‘swi -e ymology is no applicable, since he al i ude o he Volgas sou ce is only 228 m and wi h ega d o he leng h o he s eam, o iginally almos 3,700 km, he speed o he s eam is ex emely slow. In his case i would be hinkable o explain he i3 This was known al eady o Pompey in 68 BCE acco ding o e -name as I anian *a- axsa- “ha mlessˮ, c . Young A es an acc.sg. (-s em?) he wi ness o Plu a ch in his cu iculum o Pompey [33.1]: Πομπήϊος δ ες ρμενίαν νένέβαλε το καλοῦ Τιου ἐγράνουῦντος αὐτόν ἤδη γὰρ ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πατρός, καὶ συνήντησε τῷ Πομπηΐῳ περὶ τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν, ὃς ἀνίσχει μὲν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τῷ Εὐφράτῃ τόπων, ἀποτρεπόμενος δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς εἰς τὸ Κάσπιον ἐμβάλλει πέλαγος, Pompey hen in aded A menia on he in i a ion o young Tig aCaspian nes, who was now in e ol om his a he , and who me Pompey nea he i e A axes, which akes i s ise in he same egions as he Euph a es, bu u ns owa ds he eas and emp ies in o he Sea (Plu a ch 1917: Pompey. Plu a chs Li es, wi h an English T ansla ion by Be nado e Pe in. (MA): Ha a d Uni e si y P ess Camb idge London: Heinemann, 1917). A ailable à: <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe seus-g c1:33.1> [accessed 01.11.2019]; <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0007. lg045.pe - seus-eng1:33.1> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 4 C . Vi gil: Aeneid 8.728: pon em indigna us A axes he A axes, ang y a ha ing been b idged. See also he lemma A axes in Encyclopaedia I anica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3 (1986), pp. 268271, by W. B. Fishe (& C. E. Boswo h). A ailable à: <h p://www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e > [accessed 01.11.2019]. 5 C . A menian a oy b ass < I anian * auδa-, c . Manichaean Middle Pe sian wy, Zo oas ian Middle Pe sian lwd coppe , b ass; A menian e ang colo s. Manichaean Middle Pe sian ng; Sansk i aga- colo , dye; A menian e ak ein s. Zo oas ian Middle Pe sian k id. e c. (Olsen 1999: 869, 879). 6 W. B. Fishe , C. E. Boswo h. A ailable à: <h p://www.i anicaonline.o g/a icles/a axes- i e > [accessed 01.11.2019]. A icles a icles A icles 55 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope axsąm ha m [Viš sp Yaš 2.127; ansla ion o James Da ms e e 8]. A simila seman ic mo i a ion was used e.g. o he Paci ic Ocean. 1.3.1. Among hyd onyms names which a e mo i a ed by colo s a e ela i emen equen . A p omising candida e could be I anian * axša- da k-colo ed > Kho anese ṣa da k-colo ed, Sogdian γš bay ho se, Pe sian axš mixed ed and whi e, be ween black and usc > Wakhi akš g ey, b own (S eblin-Kamenskij open ques ion is 1999: 292), Ku dic aš “black, da kˮ (Bailey 1979: 362; Cabolo 2010: 194). The in e p e a ion o he ini ial owel. The easies solu ion would be he nega i e *a-, i.e. *a- axša- = non-da k. Bu i would be a he s ange ha a leas he middle s eam any wo d deno ing a ligh colo was no di ec ly used ins ead. On he o he hand, o he Volga has been called black (see below). 1.3.2. Ano he possibili y is he compound *ha- axša- all da k, c . A es an ha- oge he , Kho anese ha all (ESIJ 3: 345353; Bailey 1979: 438). 1.3.3. The hi d possibili y is he compound *h- axša- da k mou h, c . A es an h-, Kho anese ha- mou h (Ba holomae 1904: 345, 351, 357; Baiwould pe haps e lec he ac ha in he del a o Volga he e a e oil deposi s9. ley 1979: 29–30; ESIJ 1: 303–304). The hypo he ical meaning “da k mou hˮ 1.3.4. In p inciple, i is also possible o admi ha He odo us combined wo quasi-homonymous hyd onyms, one wi h ini ial owel, ep esen ing he ‘A and menian p o hesis’ (A aks/A s/A az; in pas E ask‘, bu Old Geo gian Raḵšī) he second wi hou i (*Raxsao *Raxša-; pe haps Volga). The esul was a le elling leading o he o m *A axšawi h he analogous ini ial a-. 2. *As(a) El > στὴλ/σατήλ ~ ττίλας ~ τελ ~ Tίλ ~ Ä il 2.0.1. Byzan ine sou ces (in ch onological o de ; see Mo a csik 1958: 7879): ττίλας... i e by Zema chus, c. 570 (media ed by Menande P o ec o ) Tίλ... i e by Theophylac us Simoca a, His o iae, w i en c. 630 abou he end o he 6 h cen . τελ... i e by Theophanes Homologe es (†818), Ch onicle (AD 284813; abou c. 680) 7 A ailable à: <h ps:// i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de ex e/e cs/i an/ai an/a es a/a es .h m> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 8 A ailable à: <h p://www.a es a.o g/ agmen / y sbe.h m> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 9 A ailable à: <h ps://ea hobse a o y.nasa.go /images/5650/ olga- i e -del a> [accessed 01.11.2019]. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI στὴλ... i e and o ess in Khaza ia in Byzan ine geog aphic no ices om he 8 h cen . σατήλ... episcopa e in Khaza ia acco ding o one Pa isian manusc ip (c. 800?) τὴλ... i e by Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us ( i s hal o he 10 h cen . abou he 9 h cen .) τελκούζου... place, whe e Pechenegs li ed in he ime o Cons an ine (ibid.) τλ καὶ Κουζοῦ... place o me ly inhabi ed by Tu ks (= Hunga ians), la e by Pechenegs (ibid). 2.0.2. A menian sou ces (P i sak 1956: 407): E ‘il in Geog aphy o Pseudo-Mowsēs Cho enac‘i in a copy o Anania Ši akac‘i (c. AD 700). A ‘l by G ego o Akanc‘ (†1333). 2.0.3. Sou ces w i en in he Heb ew sc ip (Gas e 1899: 67, § 34.14): H l {התל} in Yosippon (c. AD 900). 2.0.4. Sou ces w i en in he A abic sc ip (Ma qua 1929: 96; P i sak 1954: 407–408): i il by Ibn Rus a (c. 903) e al-Muqaddas (996) l & l by Ibn Falān (922) l by al-Bal (†934) i il by Ia (mid o he 10 h cen .) and Id s (1157) il by Ibn awqāl (977/8) Ä il by Mamūd Kašgha  (c. 1070) and Ma waz (1120) a al by Abū āmid al-Andalus al-Ġa nā (10801170) I il by Yāqū (†1229) īl by uwain (†1283) dīl in Šaa a al-a k (c. 1457) adl by al-I ahān (c. 1509) ʕadal o ʕadil in De bend-nāmeh e c. 2.0.5. Reco ds o he Eu opean a elle s om he 13 h cen . : F a e Richa d E hyl; Rub uk E ilia, E hilia, Edilia; Ma co Polo Edilia; Il es si ué dans la égion de Ma co Polo, en I alie. Benedic us Polonus E hyl (Gombocz 1917: 183; P i sak 1956: 409). 2.0.6. The hyd onym is a es ed in he Tu kic languages om he 11 h cen . (Mamūd Kašgha ) and in he Mongolic languages om he 13 h cen . (Sec e his o y o Mongols): Ka akhanid E il ‘ i e name, pe haps Volga [Mamūd Kašgha , 11 h cen .; Legend abou Oghuz-Qaghan om he 13 h cen .] (DTS 187), Chagha ay Ä il, Ädil ‘Volga, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, li . ‘Whi e Ädil, Kazakh & Nogai Edil, Teleu Ädäl, Bashki Idəl ‘Volga, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga, Ka a Idəl ‘Volga = S aipsniai / A icles 57 Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope ‘Black Idəl s. Ak Idəl ‘Kama10 = ‘Whi e Idəl, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga, Šu ə- ADl ‘Kama, li . ‘Whi e ADl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). Il es à no e que le e me "adul es" es appa u dans le ex e de Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). La e occasionally in he appella i e ole: Chagha ay ädil i e , s eam, dim. ädil-ča & ädil-čik i ule , Kazan Ta a idəl big i e (> Mansi eè l wa e o sea) s. idəl-čäk i ule (P i sak 1956: 415). Middle Mongol Idil ‘Volga Ri e [Sec e His o y o Mongols, §§ 262, 270], Eil ‘ci y des oyed by he Mongols [Sec e His o y o Mongols, § 274], Kalmyk Idžl (mö n) ‘Volga ( i e ) (Rams ed 1935: 205). The ollowing e ymologies o e ymological commen s ha e been (o could be) p oposed: 2.1. Klap o h (1826) di e en ia ed ττίλας ‘Volga (p. 117) and Tίλ ‘Kama (p. 274), asc ibing he meaning black o he la e one (p. 268). A ising om his concep ion o a ela ion be ween he ancien A a s and mode n A a s om Daghes an, he compa ed he hyd onym wi h Andi di , bu he e m black should be b-ečedi in Andi, besides Ka a a b-ečei o-b, Hunzib cədilu, Bezh a codolo e c. (Klimo & Xalilo 2003: 354; acco ding o NCED 556 Andi -di is e e ing o Theophylac us Simoca a a de i a ional su ix). Conce ning he a ibu e “blackˮ, c . P i sak (1956: 411), ́s [258.9]: His o ia (w i en c. 630 abou he end o he 6 h cen .), whe e νθα ὁ Tίλ διαρρεῖ ποταμός, ν Mέλανα Toύρκοις ἀποκαλεῖν <θος> wo de Til-Fluss hindu ch- liess , den die Tü ken ‘den Schwa zen <zu>nennen<p legen (see Haussig 1953: 283, 287), and u he he equen Tu kic designa ion o he Volga as black, Qa a Idil o Qa a I il. P i sak (1956: 411) in e p e ed i as big, like he name Qa a Mö en o Huang Ho by Rašd ad-Dn (†1318). o σιοι, whe e he o m Tίλ was eco ded by Theophylac us Simoca a (al eady Abel-Rémusa 1820, 320 2.2. Haussig (1953: 426) econs uc ed he o m Ἀστήλ as *As-Til = *‘ i e iden i ied in Tίλ he Volga Ri e ). Bu Haussig was no able o o e any wi ness ha Tίλ ep esen ed he appella i e meaning ‘ i e el sim. no only in Tu kic. 2.3. P i sak (1956: 404419; 1982: 444) analyzed bo h he pe sonal and i e name ττίλας and he i e name στήλ as a hypo he ical Old Bulga ian comla ion Talui-nuŋ Xanï see Pellio 1923: 2425: ‘le khan pound, consis ing o he componen s *as “g ea , oldˮ and * il “seaˮ, i.e. “oceanic = uni e sal { ule }ˮ (c . he Mongol i le Dalaj-in Qa’an, wi h i s Tu kic ans- océanique; P i sak 10 Al e na i emen , he Kama was called Čölmen-Idəl in Kazan Ta a , i.e. he i e o was eland, simila ly Chu ash čolma and Old Bulga ian Čōlmn-I il (Tomaschek 1889: 33) s. Old Tu kish čöl, Kazakh šöl e c. s eppe, was eland (Räsänen 1969: 117). VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI 1956: 417), wi h e idence in he ollowing Tu kic o ms: Chu ash as-l g oss, ki old e c. (Räsänen 1969: o nehmˮ11, Chagha ay äs-li “g ea , s ongˮ, Old Uyghu , Middle Tu kic äs- 50), and Old Tu kic alūy sea, Old Uyghu aluj sea o lake, Sa y-Uyghu alej, ali, aľi lake, sea, ocean e c. (Räsänen 1969: 130; Clauson 1972: 502). The e m could be o Chinese o igin, i i ep esen ed an adap a ion o he Chinese i e -name 大 dà(i)lěi12 < La e Middle Chinese * a(j)lyj ́ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *dalwi o *dajhlwi (Hi h 1895: 18). Bu i is ques ionable ha his Chinese bo owing could ha e been ans o med in o he componen Tίλ al eady in he 6 h cen . Mo e p obable is ano he idea o P i sak ha Tίλ co esponded o he Chu ash hyd onym Tilɛ (> Russian Teľča), whe e he las syllable e lec ed he Tu kic diminu i e su ix *-ča/*-če, P i sak (1956: 410412) iden i ied he same oo in he a he enigma ic iAno he Qa a Tal emp ied in o Balkhash Lake acco ding o udūd al-lam. The eal appella i e use o he oo * il-/* ïlwas ound by P i sak (1956: 413) only in Tungusic: E enki ilkan lood, E en ïlqa, Ulchi čïlčan, Nanai čïlqã id., besides he e b in E enki ilka-, E en e -name Qa a Tīl om he basin o he Sy -Da ya by Nizām ad-Dn (†1404), al e na i ely called Qa a Tal by ‘Anonymous au ho o Iskande ’ om 1414. lqъn-, Ulcha člčan-, Nanai člqa- o o e low, spla e (Cincius: 1977: 180181). InDAL i is compa ed wi h Tu kic *d(i)ɨ()- o o e low > Old Uyghu , Ka akhanid aš-, Tu kmen dš Ki ghiz, Ta a ašɨ-, Yaku ahje c., id., besides Oi a ašqɨn lood (Räsänen: 46 W i 1969 W i on 1972: 559; ESTJ 3: 169170), and Mongolic * chalgilgi- * o o e low > Claus en Mongolian čilga-, čalgi-, Khalkha-, O dosalgi-, Bu ya -, čalgi-, salgan, šald, e c. The Chu ash hyd onym Tiland i s Cen al Asia ic coun e pa s Tīl Tal can be connec ed wi h Tu kic *d(i)()-ɨ o o e low /. In his case he hyd onym στήλ is analyzable as he Old Bulga ian compound *as- ia supe -o e lowing o { i e b inging} big loods. No e: I is necessa y o men ion ha Eugene Helimski (2000, 2004; plus E genij Xelimskij 2000, 2003) ied o p esen a gumen s abou a Tungusic comcandida e o he i s componen *aso he hyd onym στήλ e c. I could be 11 P i sak (1956: 414) ied o iden i y he componen *äsin he Hunnic name σκάμ = *äs-kam g ea p ies , and in he name o he Khaza ian majo domus, called s a n (aba ), i.e. ‘g e- *o e - a xan. He added, he same e ymology could be asc ibed o he ci y-name As axań, alnese *da, *dajh & lěi ‘ i e name < La e Middle Chinese *lyj ́ < Ea ly Middle Chinese *lwi he Tungusic oo *as- e y; many > Udihe asahi e y, Ulča as id., Nanai asō, aso no e y, Manchu asi, asu u e y; many, much, equen ly (Cincius 1975: 5455). The compound *as(V) il would mean *{ i e b inging} ponen in language(s) o he A a Kagana . I is na u al o add he Tungusic e y {big} loods, i.e. almos he same as he Old Bulga ian in e p e a ion. a a xan’, o sa ḫn (Yaʕqūb), wi h he i s A abic componen aʔs “head; op; leade ˮ, i.e. hough i was known only om he 14 h cen . 12 大 dà, dài “big, g ea , la ge, wide, deepˮ < La e Middle Chinese * ɦaˋ, * ɦajˋ < Ea ly Middle Chi- (Pulleyblank 1991: 69, 185). A icles A icles a icles 59 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope 2.4. Axme jano (2001: 76) de i ed he o ms o he ype Ka akhanid E il * e il, pe haps ia *e il, and p oposed he same o igin as o he hyd onym I yš; which should be de i ed acco ding o him om he e b a es ed in Old Uyghu , Cumanic, Sho e -, Khakas, Chu ash i -, Yaku i dē- o pass (Räsänen 1969: 46). 2.5. Taking in accoun he eco d στήλ, he e is an al e na i e Tu kic solucould be ion, based on he hypo he ic compound *as 13-(h)l14 “lowe dampnessˮ, which asc ibed o he del a o he Volga Ri e . ian compound, consis ing o Old Hunga ian 2.6. Al e na i ely, he o m Ἀστήλ allows us o hink abou an ea ly Hunga- (AD 1055) azaa, azah Fluß, Bach (UEW 3) ~ ‘ ehe ea, Mode n Hunga ian (dial.) aszó Wasse iß, zei weilige Wasse lau ; T ocken al (EWU I: 54), Tal, Niede ung; ein Tal, in dem in Regenpe ioden und zu Zei de F ühjah schneeschmelze ein kleine Bach ließ , das abe sons ocken is (UEW 3); and Hunga ian ele ( i s 1372), eli, dial. el ‘ oll, ge üll , el- ‘ oll we den, sich üllen, plein, a ch. eles ‘ganz, olls ändig, ken; üllen, an üllen (EWU II: 14971500; UEW 518: oge he wi h Mansi TJ äwl, P aγlə and o al, komple ; oll’, öl - ‘(Flüssigkei ) schü en, gießen, (Ge änke) einschen- Khan y Vj. O el ‘ oll a e de i able om FU * älk o * äwδe). o ‘ i e ull {o wa e }. The hypo he ic compound asz(a) ele could designa e ‘ alley ull {o wa e }’ No e 1: Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us had also eco ded he compound τελκούζου [§ 38.30], explained as places, in which he na ion o Pechenegs li ed in his ime. Fu he i appea ed in he syn agm τλ {ποταμὸς} καὶ15 13 Tu kmen, C imea-Ta a , C imea-Ka aim, Ka akalpak, Uyghu as , Uzbek ås , Ki ghiz, Ta a as( ), benea h, as (13 h cen .) as ïndakï si ua ed below, Chagha ay(ï) benea h, Bashki aş( )/aθ( ) “belowˮ (Se o jan 1974: 195–196); c . Ka akhanid (11 h cen .) as ïn “unde , Cumanic as ïnda benea h e c. (Clauson 1972: 242). 14 P o o-Tu kic *(h)l > Old Tu kic (Manichaean), Old Uyghu (Buddhis ) (bo h 8 h cen .) l mois (Sanglax) (abou land), Ka akhanid öl [Mamūd Kašgha i; Qu adɣu Bilig] “mois , we ˮ, Middle Tu kic öl id., (Pa e de Cou eille) ma sh, Chagha ay (15 h cen .) öl mois , also used o da ya sea, öl Tu kish mois , we , Osman öl pool, Tu kmen l, dial. hl mois , we , Khalaj Jél, Jél, Ki ghiz öl, Ka akalpak höl, Uzbek hl id., Uyghu höl damp, mois , Khakassian öl mois , we , Clauson 1974: 124 1972; Se o jan: 524525). 15 Sho ǖl, Oy a ül, Tu a, To ala öl, Yaku üöl “mois , we ˮ, Chu ash ilǝ id. (Räsänen 1969: 371; Ma qua (1903: 33, n. 3) explained he conjunc ion as a mis ake o a copis , who hough ha Kουζού was an al e na i e name o τλ. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI Kουζού [§ 40.24], which was explained mo e explici ly as he place in which he Tu ks (= Hunga ians) used o me ly o be is called a e he name o he i e ha uns h ough i , E el and Kouzou, and in i he Pechenegs li e now ( adui pa Jenkins). Menges (19441945: 259) hough ha his e m designa ed ei he ano he i e o i became an appella i e. Following Zeuss (1837: 751), Ma kwa (1903: 33) specula ed ha he wo d Kουζού was an equi alen o köz cen e , o G eek μεσοποταμία, iden i ying in Kουζού Hunga ian köze (3 sg. possess. middle), which was also used in Hunga ian names o dis ic s, e.g. Szamos-köz, Mu a-köze, Rába-köze. Hunga ian köz is de i able om Fenno-Ug ic *kü (UEW 163; EWU II, 827) ~ *kü i middle (Sammallah i 1988: 544). No e 2: Müllenho (1906: 75) p oposed ha he hyd onym Δάϊξ [P olemy 6.14.2,4,5], Δαΐχ [Zema chus], Γεήχ [Cons an ine Po phy ogeni us 37.2], la e Jajík, c . Chu ash Jεjək, Kazakh ajyk, om 1775 called he U al Ri e (Vasme IV: 551552), migh be o U alic o igin, connec ing i wi h U alic *joke i e mology has been (UEW 99) ~ *jukå (Sammallah i 1988: 537), al hough usually he Tu kic e y- assumed (c . 19441945: 260, who compa ed Tu kish Tu kic [MK] jaδ-, Old Uyghu jad-, jaj-yk “expanded, openˮ, pa . pe . pass. o jaj- “ o expandˮ, Tu a ča -, Middle bu Al ai ďajyq lood, Tu a čajyq deluge, downpou a e seman ically close o he i e -naming and canno be de i ed om Common Tu kic *jd-, bu only om *jj-, con inuing in Tu a čaj- o swing, pump, Al ai ďaj- o o e low, inunda e, sp ead (on a i e ) see ESTJ 1989: 7677). 3. JUL 3.0. Ma i: KB Jl, B Jul, U Ju·l-ßü Wolga (Wichmann 1953: 54, #264); Eas (Paasonen Jul 1948: 29). 3.1. Paasonen (1926: 38) connec ed he hyd onym wi h Khan y o Konda iə p sp ing, sou ce, iə po·ŋ die Mündung eines aus eine Quelle liessenden Baches, Yugan iəLpə kleine eissende Bach, Giessbach. The inal syllable was explained by Toi onen (1933: 382383). 3.2. Ma kwa (1929: 96) specula ed abou adap a ion o his Ma i hyd ono analogy in Chu ash loans in Ma i. nym om i s Chu ash equi alen ADl ia *Ajəl. Bu such a de elopmen has 3.3. Mos p obable seems o be he solu ion o Sino (1964: 18), seeking o igin o Ma i Jul ‘Volga in Tu kic *jul s eam, b ook, oun ain > Old Uyghu yuul moun ain b ook, sp ing, Ka akhanid jūl, jul b ook, Oi a , Sala jul, wi h i s mou h in he sou h A icles A icles a icles 67 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope neighbo hood o Wa szawa (67 km long). These hyd onyms a e anspa en ly de i able om Common Sla ic *Vьlga dampness, mois ness (Vasme I: 336337). I is necessa y o add he di ec Bal ic cogna es, which can also e ymologize he hyd onym Volga, namely La ian algs m., alga . euch , ilg , ogs u, ogu euch we den (ME: IV: 454, 587), Li huanian ìlg i, ílgs u, ílgau an euch en e c. (Poko ny 1959: 11451146: *uelg-). The e a e also al e na i e e ymological a emp s: 7.2. Tomaschek (1889: 32) e Rozwadowski (1913: 49; 1948: 227230) ied o explain he hyd onym om Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa whi e21, bu Vasme (I: 336337) ejec ed i as phonologically impossible. I is igh conce ning *walkeδa whi e and i s con inuan s, bu he e a e also o he o ms, which a e no de i ed by he su ix *-δa, especially Ma i wolγem ich leuch e, glänze (Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas). I s 3 d pe son sg. wolγa i is ligh looks like a good candida e wi h ega d o he ac , ha he bigges ibu a y o he Volga, Kama, is called whi e, namely Chagha ay Ä il, Ädil ‘Volga, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, li . ‘Whi e Ädil, Kazan Ta a Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga; big i e , Ka a Idəl ‘Volga = ‘Black Idəl s. Ak Idəl ‘Kama = ‘Whi e Idəl, Chu ash ADl ‘Volga, Šu ə-ADl ‘Kama, li . ‘Whi e ADl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlo I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). Il es à no e que le èglemen n'a pas é é modi ié. Tomaschek (1889: 32) s ill men ioned he Lake Volgo (61 km2), he lowes o ou na u al lakes which he Volga lows h ough. 7.3. Acco ding o o al wi ness o Roman Jakobson, his o me coun yman Nikolaj Se gee ič T ubeckoj p oposed a Bal ic e ymology o he hyd onym Volga du ing his lec u es in Vienna in he 1930 ́s. Acco ding o him he e ymology o Volga was as ollows: in p imi i e eas e n Sla ic, un ounded on owels changed in o ounded back owels be o e a au o-syllabic l, so ha jilga mus ha e changed o julga; he ini ial j was los be o e ounded owels in eas e n Sla ic, and he ini ial u acqui ed an obliga o y p o he ic . Thus he o m ulga a ose, and sho u changed in he 12 h13 h cen u ies in o o. So h ough a long se ies o changes Jilga became Volga. Ci ed acco ding o Gimbu as 1963a: 69; 1963b: 33, 205. See also Topo o 1980: 40. Among he Bal ic hyd onyms he e a e eally such names which a e o med om he Bal ic adj. long con inuing in Li huanian ìlgas, La ian ilgs id., besides P ussian ad . ilga o long ime, 21 Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa > Finnish alkea weiß; leuch end, hell; Feue , leuch ende Flamme, Lich des Feue s; Bli z, Ludic alged, Es onian alge weiß, hell, blond; Weißes, Lich, Li onian lda (SKES: 16191621); Saami N iel‘gâd whi e; ligh , pale, Kildin īlkeδ, Nö ielkeδ id. ; Mo do ian E zya aldo, Moksha ald hell, lich ; Ma i (J) walδ, (U B) wolδo kla , hell; Helle, Kla hei . Fu he c . Ma i wolγem ich leuch e, glänze (Feue , Wasse , Gold, Glas); Hunga ian ilág Lich ; Wel ; Leu e, (a ch.) Menschhei , Leben, indican Fenno-Ug ic *walk whi e, ligh ; o shine (UEW: 554555; Be eczky 2013: 315316). Sammalah i (1988: 551) econs uc ed Fenno-Ug ic *wɨlki- ligh , en plus Fenno-Pe mic * elki a. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI e.g. in Li huania i e s Ìlga, Ìlgė, Ilgės, Ilgups e c., and lakes Ìlgai, Ilgis, Ilgs, Ìlgaže is, Ìlgeže is e c. (Vanagas 1981: 129); La ian i e s Ìlga upe, Ilgupe, and lakes Ìldza-z s, Ildzes-eze s e c. ; P ussian lakes Ilgayn, Ilgen See, Ilgolwen e c. (Topo o 1980: 39). The longes ‘Long Ri e is Chinese 長江 Cháng Jing, wi h leng h 6,379 km and basin 1,808,500 km2, called ‘Long om he pe iod o Six Dynas ies (220589 CE). The p esen name 揚子 Yángz o iginally was used o he lowes s eam o he i e 22. 7.4. S ill less p obable is he a emp o Mikkola (1929: 127128) o iden i y a sou ce in P o o-Ma i *Jyl23, eally a es ed as Wes Ma i Jl, Eas Ma i Jul ‘Volga (see below). Fo an explana ion o di e ence in he anlau Mikkola (1929: 127) men ioned he Old Russian ansc ip ion Omo (ъ)ža, Omo yža o he Es onian i e -name Emajgi. The exis ence o Old Russian *Vъlga should be demons a ed by he Udmu olklo e loan Bulga ‘Volga (Mikkola 1929: 128). Vasme (I: 337) added ha he hypo he ic P o o-Ma i *Jyl would ha e been bo owed om such Tu kic languages as Ba aba Ta a , Bashki jyla i e , b ook, Kazakh, Nogai yla i ule , i e (Räsänen 1969: 200: bo owed om Mongol ǯylɣa “bed o i e , b ook, slopeˮ – see Rams ed 1935: 109). 7.5. A qui e new solu ion may be o e ed on he basis o Hunga ian ölgy alley, ale, dale (1211); (obsole e) Ma k, Ke n eines Geschwü s, c . he Old Hunga ian place-names: Fu izuelgi (1211), Welg (1220), Sasweolgy (1256), Weulgzad (1338), Wo ewlab elgu (1342) e c. (EWU 1653). Rela ed a e ObUg ic *wγəľ > PKhan y *wγľ > Khan y T j. wl ein Zu luß des Ob, O χaľ, Kaz. wχal Zu luss; Wogule, wχal-jχa ‘Вогулка ( i ule ); PMansi *wľ > Mansi (LM) uo Flußk ümmung, (KU KM P LO) wō, (So.) w Flußs ecke (Hon i 1982: 193, #677); Komi (S) o, o-ju ein kleine Fluß, (Vō) e ‘ein ech e Neben luß de obe en Vyčegda; Nene s (Nj.) wäej in jaχaw < U alic *waδk small i e ; bend i e o po ion o i e be ween wo bends wäej “länge e ge ade S ecke des Flusses zwischen zwei K ümmungen; плсоˮ (UEW: 550551). 7.6. Fo comple ness Tocha ian B walke (indeclinable) adj. long (o ime) , ad . o a long ime should be added as a hypo he ical sou ce oo. The seman ic mo i a ion is he same as in Li huanian Ìlga . long (c . § 7.3). The synch onic shape s ands also e y close o he o m Volga. The adi ional p ojec i- (see Blažek 2015: 62), i co ec , p obably would exclude his solu ion. 22 on back o *ulH2go-, pe haps de i ed om he e b *uel- “ o u nˮ (Adams 2013: 631–632), is also applicable o Volga. Bu he e ymological analysis *ui-dlH1gho- A ailable a :<h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Yang ze> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 23 The loss o a e he all o he inal owel is egula , c . KB Ma i jal oo s. Mo do ian Moksha jalga on oo , Finnish jalka oo (Mikkola 1929: 127; UEW: 8889). S aipsniai / A icles 69 Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope 8. SUMMARY hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic ράξης *a axsaha mless (c . Ta a Idəl Ka a Volga) *ha axša- all da k -*h axša- da k mou h *As(a) El asz(V) ele Il es alley ull {o wa e } *as ia wi h big loods *as (h)l lowe dampness * Juljul s eam Ta a jul oad Λύκος *chaukas eeless e ain luk bend Ra (o) * ahdampness > A es an Raŋh- a a i e <* a a * aγa * aŋa / / VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI hyd onym Sla ic Bal ic I anian Tocha ian Mo do ian Ma i Hunga ian Tu kic Ὄαρος A es an ai isea, sea bay Pahla i a lake B wa B wa e -wä B s eam *ua u- b oad Volga * ьlga dampness La ian alga . we is ligh walke long wolγa ölgy alley Bashki jyla i e ìlga long . A icles A icles a icles 71 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope CONCLUSION 9. 9.1. The p eceding able (§ 8) ésume all mo e o less p obable solu i i a ions, hey can ons, al hough hey a e o en mu ually exclusi e. E alua ing hei seman ic mo- be di ided in o wo se s. The i s g oup consis s o he ully ‘hyd onymical names mo i a ed by meanings connec ed wi h wa e , namely wa e i sel , u he i e , ( i e -) alley, s eam, lood, dampness, lake, sea. The second g oup includes he e ms cha ac e izing he i e s eam o sho es, he e namely b oad, long, ben , eeless, ha mless, whiconnec ed wi h wa e and should be p e e ed. In he case o se e al e/ligh ˮ, “black/da kˮ. I is appa en ha he i s seman ic g oup is di ec ly e ymological candida es he seman ic mo i a ion, which is epea ed in di e en designa ions, seems mo e p omising han isola ed explana ions. So, Old Russian Volga * ah-, whose meaning mois u e, dampness, humidi y is econs uc ed acco ding o < Common Sla ic * ьlga “dampnessˮ co esponds o I anian, pe haps Scy hian, Vedic [RV] as-, which is he eminine o he masculine ása- he sap o juice o plan s, juice o ui , any liquid o luid, mois u e, humidi y, essence, compound *as -(h)l lowe dampness. I would be possible o imagine ha i desc ibed he Volga del a. I is ma owˮ. The hi d coun e pa could be iden i ied in he hypo he ical Tu kic emp ing o conclude ha he Sla ic and maybe Tu kic hyd onyms ep esen calques on hei I anian p edecesso . al eady om 9.2. Ch onologically i s seem o be he my hical i e -names Ras, known he Rg eda composed p obably be ween 15001100 BCE, and i s Young A es an coun e pa Raŋh, om he beginning o he 1s mill. BCE. Mo do ian Ra o Ra o can e lec bo h * aŋa and * aγa. The i s case p ese es he speci ic A es an-like de elopmen o he sequence *h, he la e case p obably ep esen s he o m *Rah, econs uc ible o se e al Old and Ea ly Middle I anian dialec s, à sa oi Scy hian, Sa ma ian and Sakan wi h ega d o hei geog aphical dis ibu ion. P olemy ́s and Pseudo-Aga heme os ́ ς a e cen . BCE He odo us s ill close o *Rah in he 2nd and 3 d cen . CE espec i ely. In he mid o he 5 h eco ded h ee a ious i e -names, which may pe haps belong o he Volga: αρος, ράξης, Λύκος. The αρος is e ymologizable on he basis o Young A es an ai i- sea, sea bay and Pahla i a lake. This solu ion indica es a i e emp ying in o a big wa e ese oi . In compe i ion wi h he no less a ac i e Tocha ian e ymology (B wa wa e , -wä s eam), he I anian o igin should be p e e ed wi h ega d o he P olemy ́s hyd onym Οὐαρδάνης, p obably designa ing he Kuban Ri e emp ying in o he Azo Sea Maeo is, which is analyzable explici ly as *ua (V)-dnu- i e emp ying in a sea/lakeˮ, whe e he second componen is I anian *dnu- “ i e ˮ > Young A es an dnu- i e , s eam, Osse ic don i e , wa e , wi hou any known VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI Tocha ian coun e pa . The i e ράξης was desc ibed by He odo us as a s eam di ided in o 40 a ms be o e i s mou h in o he Caspian Sea. This desc ip ion is applicable only o a eally big del a. I he del a o he Volga was mean , a leas h ee I anian in e p e a ions a e hinkable, à sa oi *a- axsa- ha mless wi h espec o i s quie s eam o *ha- axša- all da k, wi h a ian *h- axša- da k mou h wi h ega d o he black mud in he del a (c . also Kazan Ta a Ka a Idəl). The hi d He odo us ́ hyd onym, p obably belonging o he Volga, Λύκος, looks like a G eek ansc ip ion o P o o-Ma i *luk bend, which can designa e he bend o he Volga om he eas o he sou h by he mou h o he bigges ibu a y, he Kama Ri e . This solu ion seems mo e con incing han he al e na i e Bal ic designa ion *laukas eeless e ain, which would ha e designa ed he was eland a ound he Kama Ri e , desc ibed by He odo us. Alseman ic mo i a ions o hyd onyms. In he 2nd and 3 d cen u ies CE P olemy and Pseudo-Aga heme os eco ded he Volga-names and ς espec i ely, which ep esen con inua ions o I anian *Rah, discussed abo e. F om he 6 h cen . hough such an in e p e a ion is qui e legi ima e, i is no gene ally ypical o CE he new name o he Volga is known, which is econs uc ible as *As(a) El. The e a e a leas h ee al e na i e e ymologies. Old Bulga ian *as- ia g ad egions a e mo e o less egula ly looded once e e y 5 yea s24. A weakness o his solu ion consis s in he ac ha he e is no appella i e con inuan in Chu ash, only he hyd onym Tilɛ ( oi § 2.3). The hypo he ical compound *as -(h)l lowe dampness should p obably be asc ibed di ec ly o some mains eam Tu kic dialec , “wi h big loodsˮ can be suppo ed by he ac ha e.g. he As axań and Volgo- since none o componen s con inue in Chu ash. The hi d e ymological a emp p esen s he hyd onym as a p edecesso o he hypo he ical Hunga ian compound asz(V)- ele i e alley ull {o wa e }. I should no be any su p ise o ake in o accoun he possibili y o a Hunga ian e ymology as well. The ajec o y o mig a ion o ances o s o he Hunga ians e y p obably ollowed he s eam o he Kama and u he he Volga om hei con luence o he basin o he Don, which b ough hem o he Pon us and along i s sho es u he o he Danube basin (c . Blažek 2013: 181). The e ymology implique he p esence o ances o s o he Hunga ians in he basin o he lowe Volga be o e c. 570 CE, when Zema chus c ossed he i e and eco ded i s name as ττίλας. This in e p e a ion may be ein o ced by one o al e na i e e ymologies o he hyd onym Volga p ope , namely Hunga ian ölgy alley. The Volga i sel was i s men ioned in he Russian P ima y Ch onicle da ed AD 964. I s Sla ic p o o o m * ьlga dampness seems sa e; co esponding hyd onyms a e known om basins o he Dniepe and Vis ula. Bu Volga may be an 24 A ailable a : <h ps://www.clima echangepos .com/ ussia/ i e - loods> [accessé 01.11.2019]. S aipsniai / A icles 73 Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope Eas Sla ic adap a ion o he Bal ic name o he ype La ian alga . we oo. The close seman ic mo i a ion is p oposed o he Vedic my hical i e Ras, and i s A es an coun e pa Raŋh, which ha e been connec ed wi h he I anian Indo-I anian homeland and iden i ied wi h he Volga. The hypo he ical Tu kic compound *as -(h)l lowe dampness would exp ess he same cha ac e is ics. Bu he e a e se e al al e na i e e ymologies based on languages spoken along he Volga ea lie han he ime he i s Sla s eached he i e (pe haps c. 600 CE wi h ega d o he glo och onological da ing he disin eg a ion o Common Sla ic o he 6 h cen .), namely Bal ic (La ian alga . we ; less p obable is Li huanian ìlga . long wi h espec o he di icul explana ion o Sla ic -); Ma i wolγa is ligh ; Hunga ian ölgy alley; Tocha ian walke long. Bashki jyla i e can be di ec ly excluded as a la e Mongolic loan. Bien que he Ma i, Hunga ian and Tocha ian in e p é a ions a e no compa ible, hey could ha e been applied o he same i e in a ious imes. I is possible o imagine ha an olde designa ion was eplaced by a new one on he p inciple o quasi-homonymy, independen ly o seman ic di e ence. An illusla ed in he Russian P ima y Ch onicle as Уголъ angle, in ag eemen wi h i s a i e example may be ound e.g. in he Old Russian hyd onym E elь, ans- Tu kic e ymology (Osman äj i schie , k umm, äj ilä sich biegen), bu by oday i has been modi ied o O eľ, i.e. eagle ( oi § 4.3). F om he las h ee al e na i es he Tocha ian one had sepa a ed as i s . Acco ding o he glo och onological analyses sepa a ion o he Tocha ian b anch om he Indo-Eu opean mains eam ( he Ana olian b anch was al eady sepa a ed in he 5 h mill. BCE) is da ed o 3,810 BCE and 3,900 BCE by Se gej S a os in and Geo gij S a os in espec i emen (see Blažek & Schwa z 203207), while disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p o olanguage is da ed only o 2,350 BCE by Blažek o 2,160 BCE by G. S a os in (2015: 579): on a e age 2,230 BCE. The (2012: 34; 2016b: 89), o 2,180 BCE by S. S a os in (see Blažek 2012: 32), and sepa a ion o he Ma i and Pe mic b anches is da ed o 1,370 BCE by S. S a os in and o 1,200 BCE by Blažek ( oi Blažek 2012: 32, 34; 2016: 89) and he sepa a ion o Hunga ian om Ob-Ug ic is da ed o 1,340 BCE by S. S a os in and o 1,480 BCE by Blažek ( oi Blažek 2012: 32, 34). This means ha he Tocha ian b anch was sepa a ed c. 1,5 millennium be o e disin eg a ion o he Fenno-Ug ic p obably occupied he eas e nmos posi ion in he Indo-Eu opean homeland oo. I he No h Pon ic uni y and c. 2,5 millennia be o e sepa a ions o he Ma i and Hunga ian. The Tocha ians we e he eas e nmos Indo-Eu opean b anch in he 1s mill. CE. They localiza ion o he Indo-Eu opean homeland, a leas a e sepa a ion o he Ana olian b anch, is accep ed, he Volga could ep esen he eas e n bo de line o he Indo-Eu opean dialec con inuum, i s c ossed i e , impo an o o ien a ion, ans e and ishing, was kep o a long ime, and when new popula ions inhabi ed jus by he ances o s o he Tocha ians, pe haps in he i s hal o he 4 h mill. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI BCE. In such a case, i would seem na u al ha he designa ion o such a migh y i s sho es, hey p e e ed o use quasi-homonymous names, bien que leu s signi ica ions u en ein e p é ées. Besides he longes chain ep esen ed by Tocha ian B walke long25 → Hunga ian ölgy i e alley → Ma i wolγa is whi e → La ian alga we → Old Russian Volga *dampness, he e is also he se ies consis ing o Tocha ian B wa wa e , -wä s eam → A es an ai i- sea, sea bay, Pahla i a lake → Chu ash a alley, lume, a ine, go ge; inside, cen e , middle, belly, o Young A es an Raŋh o ‘Scy hian *Rah → Mo do ian E zya Ra , Ra o ‘Volga, Moksha a a i e , Ra ‘Volga. This hypo hesis implies a con inui y o popula ions in spi e o names o many impo an i e s we e p ese ed, al hough languages on hei banks changed. Na u ally, besides old names also new ones a e in oduced. In he case o he Volga pe iods o massi e mig a ions, p obably in he o m o elic se lemen s along impo an i e s media ing he o iginal hyd onyms. Thanks o his mechanism, he younges example o his ype is p obably Ma i Jul, adop ed om some Tu kic sou ce o he ype Old Uyghu yuul moun ain b ook, sp ing. 10. APPENDIX: TEXT FRAGMENTS Il es à no e que le p ésen èglemen ne po e pas su les élémen s de base de la p ésen e décision. The Russian P ima y Ch onicle Lau en ian edac ion [6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастъшю . и възмужавшю . нача вои совку- pl i. e beaucoup cou ageb ъı e légъko hod. pa d акисъ. oinъи многие творше ходѧ. возъ по собѣ не возѧше . ни котьла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но потонку изрѣзавъ . конину ли . звѣрину ли . или говѧдину . на оуглех испекъ ӕдѧху. ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ пославъ. и сѣдло в головахъ . такоже и прочии вои єго вси бѧх. [i] posъылаше к странамъ гл. hochyu su въı i i. e a su ku ku i su la Volga . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч Вѧтичемъ . кому дань даєте . ѡни же рѣша Козаромъ по щьлѧгу . и ѿ рала даємъ. A ailable à: <h p://li opys.o g.ua/la le /la 03.h m> [accessé 01.11.2019]. 25 I Tocha ian B walke was eally de i ed om *ui-dlH1gho-, i should be abandoned om candida es o p o o o m o he Volga. In his case he oldes membe o his chain copying he s eam o he Volga would be Ma i. The chain should look as ollows: Hunga ian ölgy ← Ma i wolγa → La ian alga → Old Russian Volga. S aipsniai / A icles 75 Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope Hypa ian edac ion [6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастьшю . и възмужавшю . нача воӕ съво- куплѧти . многы и храбры . бѣ бо и самъ хоробръ и легокъ . ходѧ акы пардусъ . воины многы творѧше . возъ бо по себѣ не возѧше . ни котла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но по тонку изрѣзавъ . конину . или звѣрину . или говѧдину на оугълехъ испекь ӕдѧшє . ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ постилаше . а сѣдло въ головах . тако же и прочии вои єг вси бѧху . и посылашє къ странам . гл҃ѧ хочю на вы ити . и иде на Ѡку рѣку . и на Волгу . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч имъ кому дань даєте . ѡни же ркоша Козаром . по щелѧгу ѿ рала даєм A ailable à: <h ps://li opys.o g.uaipa le /ipa h m> [accessé le 01.03.11.2019]. English ansla ion o he Lau en ian edac ion 6472 (964). When P ince S ya osla had g own up and ma u ed, he began o collec a nume ous and alian a my. S epping ligh as a leopa d, he unde ook many campaigns. Upon his expedi ions he ca ied wi h him ne wagons bee , and a e i a e oas ing i on he coals. No did he ha e a no ke les, and boiled no mea , bu cu o small s ips o ho se lesh, game, o en , bu he sp eall his e inue did likewise. He sen messenge s o he o he lands ad ou a ho se-blanke unde him, and se his saddle unde his head; (65) and announcing his in en ion o a ack hem. Il alla o he Oka and he Volga, and on coming in con ac wi h he Vya ichians, he inqui ed o hem o whom hey paid ibu e. They made answe ha hey paid a sil e -piece pe ploughsha e o he Khaza s. The Russian P ima y Ch onicle: Lau en ian Tex , T ansla ed and edi ed by Samuel Hazza d C oss & Olge d P. She bowi z-We zo A ailable a :<h pwww.mgh-biblio hek.de documen . Camb idge, Massachuse s: The Medie al Academy o Ame ica, No. 60, 1953. 01.11.2019]. Wi ness o G eek au ho s He odo us 1.201202: 201. ὡς δὲ τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος κατέργαστο, ἐπεθύμησε Μασσαγέτας ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι. τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο καὶ μέγα λέγεται εἶναι καὶ ἄλκιμον, οἰκημένον δὲ πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, πέρην τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ, ἀντίον δὲ Ἰσσηδόνων ἀνδρῶν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵτινες καὶ Σκυθικὸν λέγουσι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι. A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001. pe seus-g c1:1.201.1> When Cy us had conque ed his na ion, oo, he wan ed o subjec he Massage ae. These a e said o be a g ea and powe ul people dwelling owa ds VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI eas and he sun ise, beyond he A axes and opposi e he Issedones; and some say ha hey a e a Scy hian people. A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001. pe seus-eng1:1.201.1> 202. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ἄλλα δέ σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι δένδρεα καρποὺς τοιούσδε τινὰς φέροντα, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν ἐς τὠυτὸ συνέλθωσι κατὰ εἴλας καὶ πῦρ ἀνακαύσωνται κύκλῳ περιιζομένους ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, ὀσφραινομένους δὲ καταγιζομένου τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ἐπιβαλλομένου μεθύσκεσθαι τῇ ὀσμῇ κατά περ Ἕλληνας τῷ οἴνῳ πλεῦνος δὲ ἐπιβαλλομένου τοῦ καρποῦ μᾶλλον μεθύσκεσθαι, ἐς ὃ ἐς ὄρχησίν τε ἀνίστασθαι καὶ ἐς ἀοιδὴν ἀπικνέεσθαι. τούτων μὲν αὕτη λέγεται δίαιτᾳ εἶναι. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέει μὲν ἐκ Ματιηνῶν, ὅθεν περ ὁ Γύνδης τὸν ἐς τὰς διώρυχας τὰς ἑξήκοντά τε καὶ τριηκοσίας διέλαβε ὁ Κῦρος, στόμασι δὲ ἐξερεύγεται τεσσεράκοντα, τῶν τὰ πάντα πλὴν ἑνὸς ἐς ἕλεά τε καὶ τενάγεα ἐκδιδοῖ: ἐν τοῖσι ἀνθρώπους κατοικῆσθαι λέγουσι ἰχθῦς ὠμοὺς σιτεομένους, ἐσθῆτι δὲ νομίζοντας χρᾶσθαι φωκέων δέρμασι. τὸ δὲ ἓν τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Ἀράξεω ῥέει διὰ καθαροῦ ἐς τὴν Κασπίην θάλασσαν. A ailable a : <h p://da a.pe seus.o g/ci a ions/u n:c s:g eekLi : lg0016. lg001.pe - he seus-g c1:1.202> [accessé 01.11.2019]. The A axes is said by some o be g ea e and by some o be less han he Is e . Il es appo é que he e a e many islands in i as big as Lesbos, and men on hem who in summe li e on oo s o all kinds ha hey dig up, and in win e on ui ha hey ha e go om ees when i was ipe and s o ed o ood; and hey know (i is said) o ees bea ing a ui whose e ec is his: ga he ing in g oups and kindling a i e, he people si a ound i and h ow he ui in o he lames; hen he umes o i as i bu ns make hem d unk as he G eeks a e wi h wine, and mo e and mo e d unk as mo e ui is h own on he i e, un il a las hey ise up o dance and e en sing. Such is said o be hei way o li e. The A axes lows om he coun y o he Ma ieni (as does he Gyndes, which Cy us di ided in o he h ee hund ed and six y channels) and emp ies i sel h ough o y síndhu ha m asáyā siñca áś n gh ! áya a uṣsa pá i A icles A icles a icles 83 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope Ja: Those wi h which you swelled he Rasā (Ri e ) wi h a gush o wa e , wi h which you helped he ho seless cha io o ic o y, wi h which T iśoka d o e up uddy cows o himsel wi h hose o ms o help come he e, o Aś ins. G : Whe ewi h ye made Rasā swell ull wi h wa e - loods, and u ged o ic o y he ca wi hou a ho se; Whe ewi h T iśoka d o e o h his eco e ed Ge: Du ch die cows,—Come hi he un o us, O Aś ins, wi h hose aids.ˮ ih die Rasa mi Wasse s Flu angeschwell hab , mi denen ih den Wagen ohne Roß zum Sieg e hal , du ch die T isoka die Kühe he aus ieb, mi diesen Hil en komm doch ja he , ih As in! IV3.4.6. Les É a s memb es doi en eille à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen à ce que les au o i és compé en es s'engagen . gman á ū sú m aji ám ce i ynam yéna pá ī bhá a ha sū yy Ja: The Sindhu Ri e sp inkles you ho ses wi h he Rasā; you uddy bi ds a oid he glowing hea . You speedy ehicle has jus appea ed, wi h which you wo become he mas e s [/husbands] o Sū yā. G : Le Sindhu wi h his wa e bedew you ho ses: in ie y glow ha e he ed bi ds come hi he . Obse ed o all was ha you apid going, whe eby ye we e he Lo ds o Sū yas Daugh e . Ge: Sindhu mi de Rasa bene z e eu e P e de; die ö lichen Vogel osse en gingen den Glu en. Diese eu e schnelle Fah mach e ein Au sehen, du ch die ih die Ga en de Su ya we de . V1.15 padé-pade me ja im ní dhyi á ū ī śak y pyúbhi ca síṣak u mā ā mahī asā na smá sū íbhi juhás ju áni Ja: S ep a e s ep old age has been secu ed o me, ei he (by he ) who is he able Shielding Goddess o by he p o ec o s.4 Le he mo he , he g ea Rasā, accompany us along wi h ou pa ons, she wi h hands ou s e ched, wi h winnings ou s e ched. G : Duly o each one ha h my laud been o e ed. S ong be Va ū wi h he powe s o succou . May he g ea Mo he Rasā he e be iend us, s aigh -handed, wi h he p inces, s i ing o wa d. Ge: Au Sch i und T i sei mi das Al e siche ges ell , sei es du ch die mäch ige Va u i und du ch die Schu zgeis e . Es sollen uns sam den Lohnhe en die g oße Mu e Rasa zu Sei e s ehen, die eine edliche Hand ha , die edlichen Gewinn b ing . VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI V.53.9. Elle m a asā áni abh kúbh k úmu m a síndhu ní ī ama m a pá i s h sa áyu pu īṣíī asmé í sumnám as u a Ja: Le no he Rasā {Ri e }, he Ani abhā, he Kubhā, he K umu, le no he Sindhu b ing you o a hal . Le no he o e lowing Sa ayu hem you a ound. On us alone le you a ou be. G : So le no Rasā, K umu, o Ani abha, Kubha, o Sindhu hold you back. Le no he wa e y Sa ay i obs uc you way. Wi h us be all he bliss ye gi e. Ge: Nich soll euch die Rasa, Ani abha, Kubha, K umu, nich euch die Sindhu au hal en, noch euch die quellen eiche Sa ayu im Wege s ehen. Bei uns soll eu e Huld sein. VIII.72.13. Il es nécessai e de su é siñca a ś íyam ódasyo abhiś íyam asā dadhī a ṣabhám Ja: In o he p essed soma pou glo y {= milk}, he ull glo y o he wo wo ld-hal es. The Rasā (Ri e {= wa e } should ecei e he bull. Ge: Gieße die He lichkei in den ausgep eß en Sa , die beiden Wel en übe s ahl ! Den Bullen soll die Rasa annehmen!ˮ IX.41.6. Il es nécessai e de pá i a śa mayán y dh ay soma iś á a | sá a asā i a iṣápam Ja: O Soma, low o us in, p o ec ing s eam all a ound on all sides, like { he hea enly i e } Rasā, along he uppe su ace {o he il e }. G : On e e y side, O Soma, low ound us wi h hy p o ec ing s eam, As Soma As lows a ound he wo ld. Ge: Fließe ü uns in schü zome, o Soma, wie ingsum die Rasa um diede E höhung! X5.6 ám sindho kúbhay goma īm k úmum meha n sa á ham ybhi īyase Ja: To ṣmay p a ʰamám y a e sajū susá  asáyā ś e y y a el i s joined wi h he T āmā, { hen} wi h he Susa ū, he Rasā, and his Ś e yā, you, o Sindhu, {come} wi h he Kubhā o he Goma ū, wi h he Meha nū o he K umu.7 Wi h he same cha io {wi h all hese}, wi h which you go speeding and wi h Ś e yā he e, Kubhā; wi h hese, Sindhu and Meha nū, hou seekes in hy cou se K umu and Goma . Ge: Zue s mi de T is ama zum Ve ein , mi Susa u, A icles A icles a icles 85 / Volga – he Fi s Ri e o Eu ope G : “Fi s wi h T āma hou a eage o low o h, wi h Rasā, and Susa ū, Rasa, mi diese S e ya komms du, Sindhu, mi de Kubha zu Goma i, mi de Meha nu kím ichán ī sa ám p á idám na dū é hí ádh jágamāu i he pa caí índ asya dū ī iṣi hiy ca mi ichī paaya nīn a a iṣkáda bá ás as na a hy a a amy pá Ja: [Pa]Seeking wha has a i ed he e o , swallowing up he oad, he zu K umu, mi denen du au gleichem Wagen dahineils .ˮ X.108.1–2 a ele in he dis ance? and wha is he e? Wha is you mission o us? Wha was k asméhi i k pá i akmy sī ka ʰám asy a a a páyṃsi he inal u n (b inging you he e)? How did you c oss he wa e s o he Rasā? [Sa amā] Sen as he messenge o Ind a I a el, seeking you g ea hidden easu ies, Paṇis. Wi h a ea o leaping ac oss ha helped us! in ha way I c ossed he wa e s o he Rasā. G : Wha wish o Sa amā ha h b ough he hi he ? The pa h leads a away o dis an places. Wha cha ge has hou o us? Whe e u ns hy jou ney? How This ha h p ese ed me om he ea o c ossing: hus ha e I made my way oe has hou made hy way o’e Rasā’s wa e s.ˮ “I come appoin ed messenge o Ind a, seeking you ample s o es o weal h, O Paṇis. Rasās wa e s. Ge: Mi welchem Ansuchen is Sa ama hie he gekommen? De Weg so wei in die Fe ne es ja au eibend. Was bedeu e die Sendung zu uns? Welches wa de en scheidende Wendepunk ? Wie kams du übe die Flu en de Rasa? Als Ind a ́s Bo in komme ich abgesand , eu e g oßen Schä ze suchend, ih Pani ́s. Aus Fu ch o dem Übe sp ingen hal sie uns dabei. So kam ich du ch die Flu en de Rasa. X.121.4. yásya imé himá an a mahi yásya samud ám asáyá sahá hú yásya im p adíśa yásya bhū kásmai de ya ha íṣ idhema Ja: Whose a e hese snow-co e ed moun ains (= he Himalayas) in hei g ea ness; don es le sea oge he wi h he wo ld-s eam, ils disen ; whose a e hese di ec ions, whose ( hei ) wo a ms (= he zeni h and nadi ?) Who is he god o whom we should do homage wi h ou obla ion? VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI G : His, h ough his migh , a e hese snow-co e ed moun ains, and men call sea and Rasā his possession: His a ms a e hese, his a e hese hea enly egiGe: Du ch ons. Wha God shall we ado e wi h ou obla ion?ˮ dessen Mach jene Schneebe ge sind, du ch dessen Mach , wie nen sollen? sie sagen, de Ozean sam de Rasa is , du ch dessen Mach diese Himmelsge- genden dessen beide A me sie sind. - We is de Go , dem wi mi Op e die- A ailable à: <h p: i us. kidg1.uni- ank u .de:// ex e/e cs/ind/aind/ ed/ /m / .h m> T ansla ions: Ja = Jamison & B e e on 2013; G = G i i h 1889[1987]; Ge = Geldne 1951. No e: The abb e ia ions wi hou special explana ions, namely he pa s o A es a o dialec s o he U alic languages, ollow s anda dly he abb e ia ions used in he quo ed sou ces. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aal o Pen i 1976[79]: Ka a-kala, le poisson. É udes Finno-Oug iennes 13, 2938. 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