S aipsniai / A icles 227
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0346-8421 Resea ch
a eas include geolinguis ics, sociolinguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Sou h o he Lowe Rhine
DATES OF NOMINATIONS
AND INVERSIONS This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.
Dialec Nomina ions and E alua ions in he
A ea o he Sou he n Samogi ian o Raseiniai
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle, based on he me hodologies o pe cep ual dialec ology, examines he nomina ions
and e alua ions o he esponden s o he sou he n lowland ace-speci ic pa a m a ea (Kemės,
Raséinių and Tau ags zones). A s ong opposi ion o lowland and highland a eas has aken oo in
he consciousness o in es iga o s in all h ee zones. The la e is iden i ied wi h he common
Li huanian language. Acco ding o he esponden s, he local language is incomp ehensible and
easily ecognizable. I is used in o he owns (places) whose inhabi an s in hei colloquial
language ealize he cha ac e is ics o he ep esen a i e land-based dialec s o he
in es iga i e names. The language o he Highlands, cha ac e ized by aes he ics,
comp ehension, egula i y and a sense o he concep o he common language, is used in he
nea es e hnog aphic egion o he Highlands as well as in he la ges Li huanian ci ies
(locali ies) and in Cen al Li huania. The mo e dis an a ian s o he language spoken in he
mo he ongue and he common language a e associa ed wi h he names o ci ies and a e named
a e hem. Assessmen s o lowland and highland a eas sugges a apid inc ease in he numbe
o sou he n lowland aces (especially in he Kemy a ea, whe e lowland a eas a e mos o en
conside ed he mos misunde s ood).
These a e he ollowing wo ds: pe cep ual dialec ology, na i e language, sou he n
lowland ace language, language, common language.
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
228 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Based on he me hodologies o pe cep ual dialec ology, he a icle add esses dialec nomina ions
and e alua ions o he esponden s om he a ea o he Sou he n Samogi ian subdialec o
Raseiniai (a eas o Kelmė, Raseiniai and Tau agė). The e is a clea opposi ion be ween he
Samogi ian and he Augus ian dialec s es ablished in he consciousness o he people o
esponden s om all h ee a eas. The la e is associa ed wi h S anda d Li huanian.
Samogi ian, which is incomp ehensible and easily ecognizable. I is used in o he owns (locali ies)
whose esiden s ealize he ep esen a i e ea u es o he Samogi ian dialec speci ied by he
esponden s in hei spoken language. The language, which demons a es aes he ics,
comp ehensibili y, co ec ness, and mee s he concep o he s anda d language, is spoken in he
nea es owns o he e hnog aphic egion o Aukš ai ija and Li huania's la ges ci ies (locali ies)
and Cen al Li huania. The speake s o he sub-dialec o Rassey associa e he local dialec s (Li h.
šnek os), which exhibi g ea e di e ences compa ed o he language a ian spoken in hei
linguis ic homeland and he s anda d language, wi h he names o owns and e e o hem as
dialec s.
(English)
The e alua ions o Samogi ian and Augus ian dialec s lead o an assump ion conce ning he
apid shi o he whole a ea o Sou he n Samogi ian om Rasseini o Augus ian (in as
pa icula in he a ea o Kelmė whe e he Samogi ian dialec is mos commonly e alua ed
mos incomp ehensible).
KEYWORDS: pe cep i e dialec ology, linguis ic homeland, Sou he n Samogi ian
subdialec o Raseiniai, dialec , s anda d language.
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
Socio-cul u al and socio-economic easons ha encou age mig a ion o la ge and
mo e s uc u ally con enien a eas a e changing he way consume s speak and
beha e. Con ac s wi h use s o o he language a ian s, he isualiza ion o he
"p es igial" a ian co ec s he e alua ions o language changes and a he same
ime ini ia es an app oach o he e iew o he e minology.
In he las decade, a la ge numbe o geolinguis ic compe ence s udies based on he main
p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology ha e been ca ied ou in Li huania1, bu he a ea o he
sou he n lowland ace-speci ic pa e ni y is analyzed agmen a ily om his poin o iew, as i
does no include all he poin s o he pa e ni y a ea men ioned in he Li huanian language a las
(LKA 1977, 1982, 1991; u he […] LKA). Ex acu icula linguis ic esea ch has e ealed
ex alinguis ic 1 Fo mo e in o ma ion on geolinguis ic compe ence s udies o membe s o he
common language communi y, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles by A icles 229
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
he in luence o ac o s on he ho izon al and e ical a ia ion o he Raseini
language (Aliūkai ė, Bakšienė, Ja osla ienė and o he s 2014: 146; Vai monienė 2014;
2017: 343[…]365). Due o he con e gence o phenomena, h ee sel - o ming geolec s
ha e been iden i ied in he a ea: he ansi ional Kemės and Raséinių and he
gs (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014a: 260; NLTA 2014: XIII žemėlapis i komen-
somewha mo e s able Tau a a , sp. įklija).
Howe e , in o de o assess he linguis ic si ua ion in he obse a ion pe iod2
nos inį pa a mės kai os scena ijų i jo p iežas ingumą, bū ini isų pa a mės
and o es ablish comp ehensi e complex geolinguis ic s udies o he LKA poin s
in he p ogplo , one o he mos impo an componen s o he esea ch is he
geolinguis ic compe ence o he language communi ies.
Thus, he pu pose o his a icle is o analyze he geolinguis ic compe ence ( he
abili y o ecognize wo ds) o membe s o he sou he n lowland Raseini language
communi y, aking in o accoun he geog aphical loca ion o he Raseini LKA
poin s (by belonging o sel - o ming geolec s). Objec […] Nomina ions o membe s
o he Sou he n Lowland Racial Language Communi y, hei images and
e alua ions. The a icle is based on empi ical ma e ial collec ed and eco ded by
he au ho o his a icle om 34 LKA poin s ha exis o da e in he mon hs o
No embe 2014 […] Oc obe 2017 […] Oc obe 2019 […] June 2019 in he a ea o he
sou he n lowlands o he Raseniškiai pa a mė3.
The geolinguis ic compe ence analysis is p esen ed in he a icle
acco ding o he geog aphical loca ion o he LKA poin s, i.e. :
1) The no he n pa o he egion is ep esen ed by he esponden s om he 14 LKA
moniškės (LKA 162), Šáukėnų (LKA 194), Kù u ėnų (LKA 195), Váigu os
poin s […] Gùd- (LKA 224), Kušlekių (LKA 225), Pãdubysio (LKA 226), Kiauno i […] (LKA 22), K ãži (LKA
257), Ke[…]mės (LKA 252), Kub až (LKA 258), Tý u ė (LKA 260), Adomčín (LKA 29), Pái Kánčio (LKA
293) and S ulgi […] (LKA 327); (2) The Raséiniai (pie y ine) zone includes he se en poin s o he
Lýdu ėnai (LKA 294), he Nemãkščių (LKA 327), he Alėj (LKA 329), he Vidùklės (LKA 363), he
Ge nės (LKA 398a), he Pãupio (LKA 396) and he Raséiniai (LKA 364); The language spoken by he
ep esen a i es o he Ba aki imes, mo e de ailed on he e m see Ž iñgių (LKA 357),
3) Tau ags ( aka inei) zonai p iski iami 13 punk ų – Vainù o (LKA 356),
Pãg amančio (LKA 358), Lomi (LKA 359). Labo 1972: 24; Sanko 2006: 1[…]16; see also Aliuki e,
(LKA 360), Skaud lės (LKA 361), Pe káičių (LKA 362), Žygáičių (LKA 390),
2 S ebimojo laiko (angl. appa en ime) me odą pa anku aiky i i ian ienu me u gy enančių kelių
Mikulėnienė 2014b: 36; Kalėdienė 2015: 213[…]214 and e c. 3 Raseiniškių a ea has 37 LKA poin s, bu
one […] Giniõčių (LKA 328) […] poin is comple ely dese ed, he e is no longe a single inhabi an ,
and Joci[…] (LKA 391) and Rūgã (LKA 463) poin s a e al eady conside ed subu bs o Tau ag
( he e a e people om nea by Tau ag).
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
230 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
Fo he pu poses o his Decision, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
(See also Figu e 1)
1 PAV. O he The bounda ies o he sou he n lowland acecou se and he LKA poin s (land map
agmen om Ge žo ai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: I map, map au ho L. Ge žo ai ė) The su ey ma e ial is
composed o me aling is 99 in o man commen s on he e ms. The mos impo an da a on
in o man s a e gi en in he able. Cha ac e is ics o he age o he esponden s in he sou he n
lowlands
Highe
P ima y
Highe
P ima y
Highe
Educa ion.
P o essio-
g adua e-
nal
d.
Seconda y
g adua ed. g adua ed. g adua ed. g adua ed. O he o al
Up o 35 m 6 - 5 3 4 4 22
3660 me e s 6 12 10 3 3 1 35
mo e han 61 m. 412 3
8 4 11 42
The i s wo digi s o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e
o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e
o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e
o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e
o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e
o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e o he i s le e
o he i s le e o he i s le e . In he ollowing a icle, he commen s o he esponden s a e named wi h he code o he esponden s.
A icles o he T ea y
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
In he a icle, geolinguis ic compe ence is assessed by he abili y o ecognise
e ms and ela e hem o social, geog aphical a eas, a ge ed by examining
he e os e eo ypical desc ip ions based on he pe cep ion o he e ms s udied
and highligh ing he mos cha ac e is ic desc ip ions ela ed o geog aphical,
sociodemog aphic, sociocul u al da a. The age o he esponden s implies hei
linguis ic expe ience, hei choice o linguis ic beha iou ; cul u al a iables show
he o ali y o he no ms, alues and belie s o med by he educa ion sys em and
he p o isions, alues and belie s ha ha e become p e alen in socie y.
Me odai i me odologinės p ieigos. Medžiaga su ink a de inan pu-
s anda dised su ey and in-dep h in e iew (pokalbio) me hods5. The au ho o
his a icle will o mula e he ques ions o he subjec s in such a way as o
ob ain as much in o ma ion as possible o he s udy o geolinguis ic compe ence.
Geolinguis ic compe ence in scien i ic discou se is de ined as he sum o he
knowledge o he use o a common language abou language a ia ions and he
abili y o ela e hem o geog aphical, social, cul u al a eas (Die cks 2002: 52 […] 53;
Aliukay e, Mikulėnienė, 92 2016: Ge žo ai ė 2019: 1). The subjec i e disposi ions o
o dina y language use s can e eal an objec i e pic u e o he a iance o he
language and p edic a p edic i e model o a iance change and de elopmen (Aliukai ė, Mikulėnienė).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The s udy o linguis ic disposi ions is impo an in explaining he ela ionship
be ween he cul u al and social iden i ies o he membe s o he linguis ic
communi y and hei use s, and in demons a ing ha he a iance and change o
languages a e in luenced bo h by ideologically cons uc ed dialec s and by he
cha ac e is ics o s e eo ypical language a ian s o med in consciousness (e.g.
T udgill 2004: 28; aip pa ž .: Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2016a: 17–30; Mikulė-
Chambe s, 2019).
He e os e eo ypical desc ip ions a e used in his a icle o e alua e a ian s o he language o
e hnog aphic egions. Fo a b oade e m, see Papau ėly ė, Župe ka 2010: 185[…]202 and k . 5 By
combining quan i a i e and quali a i e esea ch me hodologies, a deepe pic u e o he s udy sample
is e ealed, ends and causali ies o linguis ic beha io , p o isions o he language communi y a e
iden i ied (Macaulay 2009; Co in, Lillis, O[…]Hallo an 2010; Heigham, C oke 2009). Di e en me hods o
s udying a i udes owa ds linguis ic a ie ies highligh he social s a us o he language use , his
compe ence and he alues o language a ian s (e.g., a ac i eness, which is o en ela ed o linguis ic solida i y,
kalbė ojų pa ikimumu i pan.), p anašumas, p es ižas i k . (plg.: Edwa ds 2006: 324–331; Ga e
2010: 66 i k .).
Japanese linguis Fumio Inoue de ines he e m "dialec image" as he psychological social images o
a egional o social dialec imagined by he use o he language. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he isual
heo y o dialec and he meaning o he e m, see Inoue 1999a: 147; 1999b: This is he i s ime ha his has happened in he his o y o he coun y.
161, 174.

DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
2. LIETUVOS TARMĖS PIETŲ ŽEMAIČIŲ
In he sou he n pa o he coun y
In he scien i ic pa adigm, he e is a adi ion o gi ing Li huanian high and
low-le el speeches. Howe e , da a om applied linguis ic esea ch indica e ha
he mos common classi ica ion o o dina y language use s is he ou -language
classi ica ion, whe e languages a e named a e ou Li huanian e hnog aphic
egions (Aukš ai ija […] highland a mė, Žemai ija […] lowland a mė, Dzūkija […]
dzūkų a mė i Su alkija – su alkiečių (su alkų) a mė), kiek ečiau a mėmis
į a dijamos p o o ipinių a miškumą ep ezen uojančių mies ų a a minių zo-
nų). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
2016: 121[…]142 and k . ).
The esul s o he su ey we e p esen ed in he o m o a i e-pa
ques ionnai e, wi h he answe s o he ollowing ques ions: (a) Wha is he name
o he coun y? (b) Wha is he name o he coun y? (c) Wha is he name o he
coun y? (d) Wha is he name o he coun y? (e) Wha is he name o he
coun y? ( ) Wha is he name o he coun y? Ju ba ko, Rokiškio, om Upina,
dzūkai, zemaičiai (398aGERV3M), 4) ci ies ep esen ed by he e i o y (e.g.
Ma ijampolė, Ju ba ko (396PAUP1M) and 5) om he g oup o people who ha e
abandoned he e minology (no named by he e minology).
The da a a ies acco ding o he classi ica ion o he zones (see Figu e 2). 2
PAV. O he The classi ica ion o he nomina ions o he sou he n lowland
aces8 Fo example, no scien i ic classi ica ion has been eco ded in he
Keymess zone, while he Rasé zone has mainly gi en he names o places o
speci ic loca ions o he aces.
Almos a en h o he esponden s in he Tau ag zone a e amilia wi h he
scien i ic classi ica ion. Almos all he in o ma ion in his classi ica ion is (o
S aipsniai / A icles 233
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
was) ela ed o he s udy o he Li huanian language in highe educa ion
ins i u ions, o he s claimed o ha e some ecollec ion o he dis ibu ion o
Li huanian languages in Li huanian language lessons in schools.
Howe e , mos o he ime, he nomina ions o he egions a e no sepa a ed
om he names o he e hnog aphic egions o Li huania in he ace
u na ės – aukš aičių, žemaičių, dzūkų i su alkiečių – a mių klasi ikacijos, ki i
consciousness: he esponden s a e mos ly conside ed o name one, wo o
h ee egions co esponding o he names o he e hnog aphic egions.
Responden s a e mos amilia wi h he local language, men ioned by mo e han nine- en hs o he
esponden s in he Kemės and Tau ags zones and by mo e han wo- hi ds o he esponden s in
he Raséiniai zone (see Fig. 3). The dis ibu ion o desc ip o s in o he languages by zone a ies:
he s udy subjec s o he Kemy zone, in addi ion o he lowlands, he well-known sub- egions
(sub- egions), he Rasés […] highlands and dungeons, and he Tau ag[…]s […] highlands; In he Raséiniai
and Tau ags zones, he mos common is called he sub-coun y (sub-coun y) e m, Kemės
high-al i ude (see Fig. 3). 3 PAV. O he Explana ion o he names o hype nomic dialec s acco ding
o zone 9 I should be no ed ha he names o he mos common dialec s a e no coun ed om all
he ones being s udied. No hing abou e ms unknown and nomina ions no submi ed o inclusion
in he calcula ion.
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
234 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
Thus, i is a gued ha he acial e ms, when iden i ied wi h e hnog aphic egions,
s ongly con i m he indings o ea lie esea ch in Li huania10. The ac ha he
name o he landlo d is mos o en used is also no a new ac in he Li huanian
landlo d s udies11. In addi ion o he abo e, i is wo h no ing ha he e m
"c oss-cul u al" is o en used o e e o a g oup o people who sha e a common
ances o o common ances o wi h a common ances o (e.g., he "c oss-cul u al"
e m is o en used o e e o a g oup o people who sha e a common ances o o
a common ances o ). I is wo h no ing ha when desc ibing he subjec s, he
mos commonly used epi he s indica e he dis inc i eness o he lowe subjec s:
he mos beau i ul (358PA2M, 360BATA2M, 364RASE1M, 394GRASA2M-A, 398AGERV1M),
he oldes (3643YRASE1M), he unnies (226PADU2M, 258KELM1M, 259Y252M,
294LBIDU2V, 329ALJ2M, 356VAIN3MKU), he unnies (360YL3M, 394PADU) and so on.
When analyzing by zones, he di e ences in he e alua ion o he e onymic e ms
did no eme ge, only he di e ences in he posi ion o he alues. Fo example, he
esponden s in he Kemy a ea mos exp essed a lack o unde s anding o he
lowe dialec s (di icul o unde s and (162GUDM2M), no unde s anding e e y hing
(225KUŠL3M), no unde s anding us (mos ecognizable (327ŽVIN2M, 329ALJ2M), mos
(ŠAUK3M, 257KRAŽ1M, 257KRAŽ3M)), Raséinių i Tau ags – a pažįs a-
ecognizable (294LYDU2V, 356VAIN3M-1, 364RASE3M, 395ERVZ3M), ecognizable
(390ZYGA1M) is he ollowing: These es ima es indica e ha he a ian s o he
language wi h dis inc no he n lowland ea u es a e bes dis inguished by he
žemaičių a mė laikoma nesup an ama (Raséinių i Tau ags apylinkių gy en o-
sou he n lowland aces, and he ac ha hei incomp ehension is second only o
ecogni ion means no only he p oximi y o all h ee zones o he highlands, bu also he p oximi y o all he Spa ans.
plo o aukš ai ėjimą (ypač aplink Kemę).
When e alua ing he da a o he di e en age g oups, i was ound ha he s uden s o he
younges age g oup o Kemy and Rasé demons a e he knowledge and ideological disposi ions
o med by he educa ional ins i u ions. Fo example, he young esponden s om he Kemy a ea,
who a ed he lowland dialec as incomp ehensible, also no ed phone ic 10 Plg. This is he case in he
ollowing cases: Aliūkai ė 2013; Ba anauskienė, K upickai ė 2012; Ramonienė, K upickai ė 2013 and
o he s. In he case o a language-speci ic de ini ion, he mos impo an ac o s a e: (i) he
language-speci ic cha ac e is ics; (ii) he language-speci ic cha ac e is ics; and (iii) a leas an
app oxima e isual di ision o he Li huanian language-speci ic map (see Aliukai ė, Mikulėnienė,
Čepai ienė, Ge žo ai ė, 2017: 158-160). The 11 h Plg. Aliukai e 2013: 12; Zupe ka 2012: 297 and k . This is he
i s ime ha his has happened. I should be no ed ha a su ey o he geolinguis ic compe ence
o he Rasé language communi y in 2014 e ealed simila esul s: 92% o he esponden s belie ed
ha hey knew he language o he lowlands, 87% belie ed ha hey knew he language o he
highlands. A he same ime, mo e aces we e named, such as Su alkiya, Su alkiya, Su alkiya,
Su alkiya (65%), and Dzūkija was men ioned he leas (57%) o he ime. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he s udy, see This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles by A icles 235
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
(nuke galūnes (259KUBI1M)), he di e ences be ween accen s (ki čia imas ki oks
(258KELM1M)), Raséinių emphasizes aes he icism ( he mos beau i ul, bu
incomp ehensible (298aGERV1M)), as well as he di e ences be ween accen s
(ki čia imas ki oks (364RASE1M). Howe e , in he opinion o a young esea che wi h
highe educa ion in Tau ag, because o he speci ic lexicon, his e m is humo ous
(humo ous lowe -case e m wi h i s own wo ds (360BATA1M). Such an assessmen
asmens nuomonę, be i apsk i ai menkesnę a mės ( a miškumo) e ę (kad
implies no only a subjec i e one we would no ind unny, we need o speak in a way
Pab ėž ina, kad Tau ags zonos aukš esnio išsila inimo i iamųjų žemaičių
a mės apibūdinimai gana ka ego iški: nuo pab ėžiančių is o iškumą i es e iš-
ha e e yone unde s ands). I is no possible o dis inguish be ween he wo
ypes o wo ds, i.e. e y beau i ul (360BATA2M), mos beau i ul (358PAGR3M,
394SPAŠA2M-1, 392STRA2V), pleasan wo ds (392STRA3M) and subjec i ely nega i e
wo ds (g ubijaniška (362PETK3M), unnecessa ily shy and unpleasan (395ERVZ3M). In
he opinion o he inhabi an s o he LKA poin s a ound Rasé, he mos Li huanian,
mą (žodžiai ki okie, be g aži (GUDM2M); ski ingi žodžiai (194ŠAUK3M); g aži,
he oldes (364RASE1M) and he mos beau i ul (327NE1M)
MA2V) is he a ge . In he case o he i s wo, he s uden s we e gi en a
di e en g ade poin a e age, and he second h ee we e gi en a di e en
g ade poin a e age (e.g., A1, A2, A3, A4, A4, A4, A4, A5, A5, A6, A6, A6, A7, A7, A7, A8, A9,
A9, A9, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10,
A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A10, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A, A.
Thus, he language o he Low Coun ies is hea d by many esponden s, bu i s
image y is iden ical o he dialec s o he No he n Low Coun ies, which a e
e y di e en om he a ian s o he Sou he n Low Coun ies' own acial language12.
The commen s o he esponden s om all h ee zones abou he highland dialec we e "mo e
ca e ul" han he desc ip ions o he lowland dialec , and almos hal o he esponden s did no
e alua e he name o he dialec a all, bu only claimed o ha e hea d i heo e ically. Thus, such
p o isions a e de e mined no by he abili y o ecognise he language o he uppe classes, bu by
he in o ma ion gene a ed by he media, he public o educa ional ins i u ions (o he opposi ion
o he lowe classes: he uppe classes). This is con i med by he commen s o he middle and olde
gene a ions o esponden s ha he dialec s would no ha e been named i hey had no wa ched
he ele ision p og am […]Duokim ga o[…] (224VAIG2M, 257KRAŽ3M, 259KUBI3M, 393JONI3M), and one
ep esen a i e o he younges age g oup a gued ha he dialec s 12 A en ion should be paid o
he ac ha he analysis o he co ela ion o au os e eo ypical ( he same esponden s used)
language a ian s and e hnic iden i y is no he subjec o his a icle.
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3. Excluded
The geog aphical loca ion and zoning o he LKA poin s does no ha e a signi ican
impac on he geolinguis ic compe ence o he sou he n lowlands aces. The abili y
o ecognise, e alua e and ela e e minals o e mina ion a eas in all he zones
s udied is simila , so ha he en i e a ea o he b eed's e i o y is conside ed
ansi ional in his espec .
The e minological uni s o ace a e mos o en named on he basis o heo e ical
žiniomis i konk ečiomis kalbinėmis pa i imis. Ch es oma inės (su o muo os
knowledge h ough he educa ional sys em, demons a ed by he use o
hype nomina i e e minological desc ip o s, he names o small language a ian s
a e gi en based on linguis ic ends, bo h pe sonal expe iences and s e eo yping o
he a ian s o he language hea d in he public space. The desc ip ions o e ms a e
mos closely ela ed o acial educa ion: hose o highe educa ion highligh he
compe ences acqui ed h ough he educa ional sys em o he language a ian s
(g amma ical signs), hose o lowe educa ion […] mo e o en upda e he emo ional
based on he alues. Howe e , an o e all analysis o he assessmen s o he a ge s
showed ha in all h ee zones, esponden s ended o a oid he desc ip ion o he
a ge s (excep o he low-lying a ge s). The ac ha he landlo d's land is linked
o speci ic places and ha he landlo d's land is conside ed incomp ehensible and
ecognizable ( he landlo d's land is loca ed in he nea es owns in he e hnog aphic
egion o Uppe Aus ia and is desc ibed as he mos beau i ul, unde s andable and
egula ) allows us o say no only abou he ansience o all h ee zones, bu also a
ai ly spa an landscape.
plo o aukš ai ėjimą (ypač aplink Kemę).
The analysis o he s udy shows good heo e ical knowledge o sou he n lowland
dialec s and he o ien a ion o dialec s in Li huania, bu , summing up he names o
dialec s and hei meanings, i canno be said wi h con idence ha he
ep esen a i es o his dialec a e cha ac e ized by good dialec compe ence and hey do no dis inguish be ween dialec s well.
LITERATURA and yellow
A: The ho izon al and e ical con inui y o language: 21s -cen u y a ian s o speech
om he pe spec i e o a simple in e p e e . […] Taikomoji dialec o he language 2.
Access o he In e ne : www. aikomojikalbo y a.l . This Decision shall en e in o o ce
Aliūkai ė Dai a, Bakšienė Rima, Ja osla ienė Ju gi a, Judžen y ė Gin-
a ė, Leskauskai ė As a, Lubienė Jū a ė, Meiliūnai ė Viole a, Pakalniš-
on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

S aipsniai / A icles 243
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
ankis geoling is inės ski ies aukš aičiai : žemaičiai požiū iu. – XXI a. p adžios lie u ių
D. Mikulėnienė, V. Meiliūnai ė, Vilnius: B iedis, 129[…]196.
Alyuki e Dai a, Mikulė Danguolė, 2014a: The peculia i ies o he o ma ion o geolec and
egional dialec s in Li huania. […] Geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy o Li huanian
languages a he beginning o he 21s cen u y (land maps and hei commen s), D.
Mikulėnienė, V. Meiliūnai ė, Vilnius: B iedis, 257[…]262.
Aliūkai ė Dai a, Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2014b: Geoling is ika: ideologija,
eo ija i me odai. Pag indinės są okos. – XXI a. p adžios lie u ių a mės: geoling is inis
and sociolinguis ic s udy (land maps and hei commen s), D. Mikulėnienė, V. Meiliūnai ė,
Vilnius: B iedis, 2947.
Aliukai ė Dai a, Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2016: Ins umen s and esea ch di ec ions o
pe cep ual dialec ology: a eas o a ian s in men al maps ( he case o Bi žų). […] Ac a
Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV, 89[…]120. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Alikai ė Dai a, Mikulė Danguolė 2016a: The a i ude o Li huanian gymnas s: educa ion
in Li huanian gymnasium images. […] Ve bum 7, 17[…]33. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. I
is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: www.zu nalai. u.l / e bum/a icle:// iew/10283.
Au ho ed by:
J.M.W.E.R.E.S.T.A.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.R.E.R.R.E.R.R.E.R.-
R.R.E.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R
The Remains o he 21s Cen u y: The Remains o he 21s Cen u y: The Remains o he
21s Cen u y: The Remains o he 21s Cen u y: The Remains o he 21s Cen u y: The
Remains o he 21s Cen u y: The Remains o he 21s Cen u y: The Remains o he 21s
Cen u y: The Remains o he 21s Cen u y Li huanian language 9. I is a ailable on he
In e ne a : h p: www.lie u iukalba.l index.php:lie u iu-kalba/a icle/ iew/172.
Ba anauskienė Vik o ija, K upickai ė Do ilė 2012: Cha ac e is ics o he linguis ic egional iden i y o he inhabi an s o Li huanian ci ies (based on a sociolinguis ic s udy). […] Taikomoji dialec o he language 1. Access o he In e ne : www. aikomojikalbo y a.l .
Chambe s Jack K., T udgill Pe e 2004: Dialec ology, 2nd edi ion, Camb idge:
Camb idge Uni e si y.
Ca oline Co in, Lillis The esa M., O[…]Hallo an Kie an 2010: Applied Linguis ics
Me hods, London and New Yo k: Rou ledge. This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. Die ks Willy 2002: Men al maps. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Linguis ic
and geog aphical concep s. This is he case wi h he Handbook o Pe cep ual
Dialec ology 2, edi ed by D. Long, D. R. P es on, Ams e dam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 51[…]70.
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
244 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXIII
John Edwa ds, Language A i udes […] Encyclopedia o Language and Linguis ics 6,
second edi ion, ed. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Pe e Ga e ,
A i udes o Language, Camb idge, Uni e si y o Camb idge, is he au ho o his book.
Lau a Ge žo ai ė 2016: The sel -image o he young g asshoppe s and he
g asshoppe s: bounda ies in men al maps. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV,
121[…]142. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended. "Lo d o he Flies"
(2016): The subjec i e cha ac e o he Polish-Li huanian snake in men al maps. […]
Li huanian dialec s change a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: Polish Li huanian slang,
D. Mikulėnienė, A. Leskauskai ė, V. Ragaišienė, L. Ge žo ai ė, N. Bi gelienė, Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 321[…]339. Lau a Ge žo ai ė 2018: The language o he young people o Šiauliai in he men al maps. […] P oblems o language his o y and dialec ology 5, sud. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 76–101.
The i s edi ion o "Li e a u e o he Li huanian Language" (Li e a u e o he Li huanian
Language) was held in he Kaunas Dis ic Gymnasium. Li huanian language 13. I is a ailable on
he In e ne a : h p: www.lie u iukalba.l index.php:lie u iu-kalba/a icle/ iew/278. Ge žo ai ė
Lau a, Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2014: Cu en classi ica ion o Li huanian dialec s and poin s o
he Li huanian language a las: maps and commen s. […] Geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy
o Li huanian languages a he beginning o he 21s cen u y (land maps and hei commen s),
edi ed by D. Mikulėnienė, V. Meiliūnai ė, Vilnius: B iedis, I map and commen a y (sp. įklija).
Residen s […] h ps: www.sp.s a .go .l 2011m.- isuo inis-gy en oju-i -bus u-su asymas. This
is he i s ime I ha e seen his image. Heigham Juani a, C oke Robe A. 2009: Quali a i e
esea ch in applied linguis ics, London: Palg a e. Heigham Juani a, C oke Robe A. 2009: Quali a i e esea ch in applied linguis ics, London: Palg a e. Heigham Juani a, C oke Robe A. Heigham was bo n in London, England, and is he son o a linguis .
Inoue Fumio 1999a: Classi ica ion o Dialec s by Image: English and Japanese. The
Handbook o Pe cep ual Dialec ology 1, edi ed by D. R. P es on, Ams e dam,
Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 147 […] 160. I is also a ailable in he ollowing languages:
Inoue Fumio 1999b: Handbook o Pe cep ual Dialec ology 1, ed. by he au ho D. R. P es on,
Ams e dam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 161-176. This is he i s
ime ha he book has been published. Kalėdienė Laima 2015: The language o he ci y o
Vilnius: he hypo hesis o obse ed ime. […] Ta mės […] Cul u al he i age o he peoples
o Eu ope […] Dialec s […] Cul u al he i age o he Eu opean na ions, Vilnius: MRU, 211 […] 244.
Labo William 1972: Sociolinguis ic Pa e ns, Philadelphia: Uni e si y o Pennsyl a-
The p ess.
LKA […] A las o he Li huanian language I. Lexicon, answe . ed. K. Mo kūnas, Vilnius:
1977.
A icles and a icles 245
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
LKA […] A las o he Li huanian language II. Phone ics, he answe is ed. K.
1982.
LKA – Lie u ių kalbos a lasas III. Mo ologija, a sak. ed. K. Mo kūnas, Vilnius: Moks-
Mo kūnas, Vilnius: Mokslas, las, 1991. He is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Vilnius Uni e si y.
Macaulay Ronald 2009: Quan i a i e Me hods in Sociolinguis ics, London: Palg a e. This is
he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do his. Mykolaienė Danguolė, 2019: Nomencla u e o
he ea u es o he e minology: om he signs o he e minology o he signs o he
e minology. […] Respec us philologicus 35 (40) […] Wha is he pu pose o his documen ? I
is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps:
www.zu nalai. u.l / espec us-philologicus/a icle/ iew/12716/11395. NLTA […] Li huanian
languages a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy (land
maps and hei commen s), D. Mikulėnienė, V. Meiliūnai ė, Vilnius: B iedis, 2014. Sil ia
Papu ėly a, Župe ka Kazimie as 2010: Cha ac e is ics o he popula ion o e hnic a eas in
Li huania in he wo ld iew o he language. Cul u e o he language 83, 185 […]202. Ramonienė
Meilu ė, K upickai ė Do ilė 2013: The peculia i ies o he use o egional languages in
Li huanian ci ies. […] Ci ies and languages II. Sociolinguis ic map o Li huania: collec i e
monog aph, edi ed by M. Ramonienė, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y, 23 […] 53. Sanko Gillian 2006:
Age: Appa en ime and eal ime. This is he case wi h he Else ie Encyclopedia o Language and Linguis ics, 2nd edi ion. Access o he In e ne : h ps: www.ling.upenn. This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion.
Vai monienė Diana 2014: Raseinių kalbinės bend uomenės geoling is inė kompe enci-
Science, i.e. mas e 's wo k, Vilnius: Uni e si y o Vilnius. He is also a membe o he
Boa d o T us ees o he Vilnius Uni e si y. Vai monienė Diana 2017: Images o
Li huanian a ms on he men al map o sou he n lowland aces. […] Pe spec i es o
Bal ic philology III. The Apocalypses o he Bal ic Wo lds, Poznan: Wydawnic wo Rys,
343[…]365. Zsuzsa Menzel is he 2012 winne o he Me a e se. The p ess o ice o he
Uni e si y o Šiauliai, Šiauliai.
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
246 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
Dialec Nomina ions and E alua ions in he
A ea o he Sou he n Samogi ian o Raseiniai
Summa y
Sociocul u al and socioeconomic easons d i ing mig a ion o la ge and s uc u ally mo e
con enien locali ies change he linguis ic beha iou o language use s. Con ac s wi h he use s o
o he language a ian s and he image o a mo e p es igious a ian co ec he e alua ions o
language a ie ies and also ini ia e a e iew o he a i ude owa ds dialec s. The Samogi ian
The esea ch add essing he geolinguis ic compe ence in he a ea o he Sou he n
subdialec o Raseiniai, based on he p inciples o pe cep i e dialec ology, has been a he
agmen a y. I e ealed he impac o ex alinguis ic ac o s on he ho izon al and e ical
a ia ion o he language o he subdialec o Raseiniai; Meanwhile, due o he phenomenon o
con e gence, h ee geolec s, which a e de eloping in he a ea o he subdialec […] Kelmė, Raseiniai
and Tau agė […] we e iden i ied. In o de o e alua e he linguis ic si ua ion a he p esen momen
and o an icipa e he scena io o he u he de elopmen o he Sou he n Samogi ian subdialec
o Raseiniai and i s causali y, he i s s udy add essing he geolinguis ic compe ence o he
linguis ic communi ies om all he poin s included in he A las o he Li huanian language, which a e
loca ed in he a ea o he subdialec , was ca ied ou . The esea ch is based on he compa ison o
he commen s o he esponden s om he a eas o Kelmė, Raseiniai and Tau agė abou dialec s
and he abili y o associa e hem wi h social and geog aphical a eas. Geolinguis ic compe ence was
u he e ised by analyzing he e os e eo ypical e alua ions (o o he language a ian s) and he
esponden s' unde s anding o dialec al speech (dialec al p ope ies) wi h ega d o
sociodemog aphic and sociocul u al a iables.
I was ound ha he Samogi ian dialec , which is gene ally equa ed wi h dialec al speech, is
bes known o ( ecognizable by) he esponden s, i.e., he Samogi ian dialec is linked wi h he
language a ian mani es ing p ominen dialec al ea u es (excep o he Dzūkic dialec known
by many people) o dis inc ocabula y. The esponden s o he younges age and mo e ad anced
educa ional backg ound, demons a ing he knowledge and ideological a i udes o med by
educa ional ins i u ions, o en conside phone ic, accen ual, and lexical ad anced in educa ion
di e ences he dis inguishing ea u es o dialec s, whe eas olde esponden s who a e less
end o highligh o iginali y o peculia i y. When nomina ing and commen ing on he dialec s o
Augus ian and Samogi ian, he esponden s demons a e hei geolinguis ic knowledge and can
o en associa e hem wi h owns o se lemen s. Howe e , i should be no ed ha he
esponden s usually […]look o […] he Samogi ian dialec in p o o ypical owns exhibi ing
p ominen dialec al ea u es (Telšiai, Plungė, Skuodas); Meanwhile, Aukš ai ija, which is mo e
commonly associa ed wi h he non-dialec al linguis ic a ian , is […] ound[…] in he owns om
he e hnog aphic egion o Aukš ai ija, which a e closes o he speake s o he subdialec o
A icles and a icles 247
Pie ų žemaičių aseiniškių a mių nominacijos i į e čiai
Raseiniai (A iogala, Ju ba kas, Šiauliai). The local dialec s (Li h. šnek os), which a e u he om
he linguis ic homeland and he s anda d language, a e associa ed wi h he names o owns and
a e e e ed o as dialec s (Li h. dialec s). Such e alua ions ob iously show he belie o he
speake s o he sub-dialec o Rassey ha hei language a ian is close o he image o he
s anda d language, which is pa allel o he Augus ian dialec . The speake s o he sub-dialec o
Rassey associa e he language a ian which di e s om he s anda d language o any deg ee
wi h a dialec and iew i as a sepa a e dialec al uni . The associa ion o dialec s wi h speci ic
locali ies shows ha o dina y language use s dis inguish well be ween dialec s, whe eas
language di isibili y depends on he aspec s o hei speci ic linguis ic expe ience.
When nomina ing dialec al uni s, he speake s o he subdialec o Raseiniai ollow hei
heo e ical knowledge and speci ic linguis ic expe ience. Ch es oma ic knowledge is
demons a ed by speci ying hype onymic dialec al desc ip o s, whe eas he names o smalle
language a ie ies a e usually a ibu ed on he basis o hei linguis ic unde s anding o he
esul ing om pe sonal expe ience and he s e eo yping o he language a ian s hea d on
media.
The esea ch da a make i clea ha he dialec al o ien a ion o he speake s o he Sou he n
Samogi ian dialec and hei heo e ical knowledge o Li huanian dialec s a e qui e good, bu in
summa y o he nomina ions and e alua ions o dialec s exp essed by he esponden s, we canno
say wi h ce ain y ha he ep esen a i es o his subdialec in e iewed in he s udy can be
cha ac e ized by good dialec al compe ence and he abili y o dis inguish be ween dialec s.
Deli e ed on 16 Oc obe 2020
DIANA DAMBRAUSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius,
Li huania damb [email p o ec ed]om This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Vilnius.