Recenzijos / Re iews 303
PĒTERIS VANAGS
Uni e si y o La ia, S ockholm Uni e si y ORCID id:
o cid.o g/0000-0003-0718-364X Di ec ions o academic
esea ch: he his o y o he Bal ic languages, he
his o y o he La ian common language, he poli ics o language.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is Dalia Kiseliūnai ė
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed:
This is DALIS I. FONETICS and
The phonology
Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2022, 219 p.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
(Pa one)
The Ku šininkai language is a pa icula Bela usian language ha was spoken in
he Ku šiai egion and i s su ounding e i o ies, possibly om he 15 h-16 h
cen u ies o he second hal o he 20 h cen u y. I was a language ha had
mig a ed om he La ian Ku sk and i s descendan s, expe ienced he in luence
o neighbo ing languages (Ge man and Li huanian) and disappea ed due o changing
his o ical and poli ical easons. I has been eco ded since he 19 h cen u y, bu
ecen esea che s ha e been able o eco d he las wo ds o i s na i e
p o eso ė Dalia Kiseliūnai ė, iek su inkdama gausią medžiagą, iek publikuo-
language. The mos a en ion o his a ie y o Bal ic languages in ecen
decades has been gi en by a lady om Klaipėda Uni e si y in many a icles on his
subjec . The e iewed monog aph is a summa y o he esea ch and u he
explo a ion o his issue. The monog aph consis s o he In oduc ion, wo main
sec ions and he Conclusions. I is supplemen ed by appendices […] agmen s o
language eco ds ha a e quo ed and discussed in he book. The i s pa o he
book […]O igins, his o y, s a us, sociolinguis ic pain ing, documen a ion and
esea ch o he Ku šininkai language[…] (p. 15[…]74) […] a b oad in oduc ion o he
gene al heme. The au ho , d awing on ex ensi e scien i ic and heo e ical
li e a u e on all he issues unde conside a ion, discusses he o igins o he language, he his o y o he Ku sk Ri e , he damage o he popula ion, he se lemen o Ku sk-speaking (La ian) ishe men in he egion, he his o ical e en s ha led o new wa es o immig a ion and o he
PĒTERIS VANAGS
304 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVIII on social p ocesses. D. Kiseliūnai ė
ex ensi ely examines he ques ion o he s a us o he Ku is language […] how o
be e desc ibe he idiom. In he au ho s opinion, he e ms geolec , sociolec and
e hnolec a e he mos app op ia e. All assump ions a e based on se ious
conside a ions, bu his does no p eclude he possibili y o de ining he idiom as a
sepa a e, albei newe , Bela usian language.
The nex chap e discusses he cen u ies-old p oblem o bilingualism and he p es ige
o he Ku sk language in Russia. A e y aluable pos is also abou he documen a ion
and esea ch o he Ku is language. A weal h o ma e ial wi h e e ences o sou ces
has been compiled he e. The wo ks o Adalbe o Bezzenbe ge , Ju io Plaki (Ju io
Plāķio), Richa d Pie scho, Wol gang P. Schmido, F iedhelmo Hinzės and o he
esea che s a e men ioned. I is wo h men ioning ha esea che s and language
en husias s (Janis Kuškis (Jānis Kušķis), Laimduo as Ceply is (Laimdo s Ceplī is),
Aus is G asis, Ilma as Be no skis, Richa d Pie schas, he au ho o he monog aph
he sel ), who in he second hal o he 20 h cen u y and he beginning o he 21s
cen u y ga he ed qui e a la ge collec ion o li e eco dings o he Ku si language. The
i s pa o he book ends wi h e lec ions on he i ali y o he Ku ys' language and
he possibili ies o i s es o a ion. The second pa o he monog aph The phone ics
and phonology o he Ku šininkai language (p. 75185) is de o ed o he desc ip ion o
he phone ics o he idiom. I begins wi h a b ie o e iew o he his o y o esea ch
on he phone ics and phonology o he Ku sk language (p. 75-78). This in oduc ion is
ollowed by a sys ema ic discussion o skiemuo (p. 78-81), ci cumcision […] he place o
he ci cumcision and he app oach (p. 81-91), ocalism (p. 91-135) and consonance (p.
135-178). Each sec ion is made up o se e al o e en se e al sec ions. The indings
we e made using a weal h o ma e ial, bo h eco ded by he au ho he sel and
collec ed om olde eco ds o no es. Each ea u e o he Ku sk language is
compa ed wi h he ea u es o he La ian language, especially he Ku sk ad ice, he
possible in luence o o he languages is de e mined, as well as he inno a ions o he Ku sk idiom i sel . Bo h synch onous and diach onic aspec s o language phenomena a e ied o be looked a .
Se e al obse a ions and hough s a ose while eading a e y aluable monog aph.
In e e ence o ci cumcision (p. 81, 82) i is men ioned ha some imes in
p eposi ional e bs he e is an unci cumcised p eposi ion ne- (no -), e.g. p aes. 1. I
don' emembe wha happened. 3. Nepali […]i[…] […]did no help, please. 3. did no pay.
Simila ac s a e gi en by ea lie esea che s, e.g., Adalbe as Bezzenbe ge is
(1888:42) men ions a ew examples wi h c ossed oo s and a e o he p e ixes, e.g.,
a náku, salaulá . The ques ion a ises whe he hese a e no olde and ee
sys ems o La ian language spelling, which a e e lec ed in he 17 h and 18 h
cen u y La ian poe y (Ancī is 1936), elics. An in e es ing case o analogical
equaliza ion, which is no ound in he gene al La ian language, is men ioned on page
96. As Plakis desc ibed ea lie (Plāķis 1927: 48, 64), in he pa adigm o he
p onuncia ion o he e b, he a icula ion o he oo s o he consonan s is
equa ed, […] odėl p aes […]. 2. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: The oo is he same as he i s syllable. I'm unning, you' e unning and so on.
Dalia Kiseliūnai ė. Ku šių ne ijos ku šininkų kalba:
I dalis. Fone ika i onologija
Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews
As in some sou he n Ku š dialec s, he wo d used by Ku šininkai is be nas,
samdinys (p. 100) wi h he seconda y š om gen. sg. and a lo o un. I is no
en i ely possible o ag ee wi h he au ho 's claim ha he […]oldes ances al
s uc u e is main ained in he p eposi ions: in La ian p o e bs i has a
wo-syllable o m: u . 2. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I'm going o ake a
showe . […]saugok[…] (MS) and pa ic. I 's all igh . M P esiden , ladies and
gen lemen, I should like o begin by cong a ula ing he appo eu on his excellen
epo . (EC_03) The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his Regula ion: 3. uõzlik ́
[…] was bu ned […] (EK_31) […] (p. 101) In his pa icula case, he ex ension is mos
likely seconda y (Endzelīns 1951: 688[…]689). The au ho 's asse ion is also
ambiguous: […]P ielinksnis aiz he e is mono ong p o ec ed o az, and in he
o eg ound, as in he sou he n Ku zemes egions, i s o m is wi h he long owel
āz: p ae . 3. […]zmaksa[…] […] has been paid […] (EK_28), and […] gâl[…]da […] has been paid
[…] (p. 101). This is mos likely no a monoph hongiza ion, bu an a chaic p e e ence
o m has been main ained (Endzelīns 1951: 636; Rudzī e 1964: 144). Pe haps i was a
lack o obse a ion ha led o he ollowing sen ence: "In he language o
con empo a y speake s, he co espondences be ween he di ec ion o ac ion
h ough a hing, a cu e, a ce ain ime, e c. and he di ec ion o he e u n
mo emen a e also no always clea ly dis inguished" (p. 105). The e is no p e ix pa -
in he La ian language, only pā - which has bo h o hese meanings. On page 110, he
au ho s a es: "All cases wi h anaphylaxis indica e ha he sho ening o he
i s componen o he mixed doubles and he displacemen o he spleen in o he
ibs p obably played a decisi e ole. This p ocess may ha e begun in he win e
swamps and in he so-called "win e swamp" o Ku š, om whe e, as Endzelyn
p edic ed, a la ge pa o he popula ion came o he no he n pa o he i e .
Especially he i s componen was sho ened in he double , and hen in he
o he s. F om his poin o iew, he membe s o he opposi ion o he wo
councillo s came close oge he ( he non-pe manen opposi ion los i s
dis inc i e ea u es o a empo a y opposi ion, while he con inua ion had since
e ained he sho i s componen ). Howe e , Janis Endzelyn explains he
p ocess in he opposi e way (Endzelins 1951: 152), he umpe agains he syllable
[…] is he p ese a ion o he old b e i y cha ac e is ic o he old win e
languages, no he seconda y exp ession. Rega ding he i s and second plosi es
o he e bs galūnių -am -ām, -a ā -is o iju (p. 126127), i is s a ed ha
[…]Endzelynas ies o connec he sho ening wi h he nouns dgs. D.I. In he
Ku zem a ea, howe e , such a connec ion is no likely o be cha ac e is ic o a plo
ha is de ined geog aphically mo e clea ly. In addi ion, i should be explained why
he o ms o he wo ds wi h -ām in he La ian dialec s, say Endzelyno, pa eikė and
eiksmažodžių 2 a. o m, which a e no phone ically simila ? […] I seems ha
Endzelyno's mind in his case is e y di e en […] he is p ima ily looking o
pa allels be ween phonemes. D.I. In he i s place, he use o he wo d "galle y" in he i s place, and only hen does i claim ha due o he phone ic sho ening o he wo d "galle y" in he i s place, he analogous wo d "galle y" in he second place also appea ed wi h a sho ened sound. Pe haps i was sugges ed ha […][L]a ian e minology […] he end o he s one o ms in o he pa adigm o he s one passes less equen ly (gadās > gadas […] occu s, occu s) han ice e sa […] (p. 128). This exp ession is in e p e ed in he opposi e di ec ion […] a s one end
PĒTERIS VANAGS
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXVIII) a ely e e s o he pa adigm o he
s one. The au ho u he specula es on his p ocess: […]Whe he his endency o
he Ku ske s comes om Ku sk o mani es s i sel as a kind o compa ison o he
sys em [...], i emains o be expe ienced [...].[…] In his ega d, one should also ake
in o accoun Endzelyn's ema k (Endzelyn 1951: 905) ha in Nyco, G amzd, and
Vainiuodė he dis inc ion be ween -as and -as was main ained. In w i ing abou i and
u dis ibu ion (p. 134), he au ho uses he example o he mini o m iemacna e (= o
each). Plakis (Plāķis 1927: 6566) also indica ed such a p ecep , e.g., mãcnu, kũ nu. I
should be no ed ha he su ix -en ie oj -inplačiai is used in 16 h- and 17 h-cen u y
ex s, including hose o Geo ge Mancelli, e.g. ai zenah , dahwena, pasudena i1. So i
could be an old exp ession and no necessa ily phone ic. Simila i ies and ma iages
wi h -nieks: zmnieks ‘landlo d, esiden o he o he sho e o he sea and so on. (p.
134) ully co esponds o he Wes e n Ku sh (Endzelīns 1951: 362) and 16 h- and
17 h-cen u y o ms o w i ing wi h -enieks, e.g. Mancelio Da beneeki, Gh äzeneeku,
Mui eneekus2.
As o he a e o he compounds k and g, he ac ion o ms men ioned in he s one a e lûûs
‘meldžiuosi, as well as Bezzenbe ge 's eco ded wo ds. 1. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I
would like o ask you, M P esiden , whe he you a e awa e o he ac ha he Eu opean
Pa liamen has adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he p oposal o a di ec i e on he
p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k. O he
o ms o his ype a e mini and Plakis (Plāķis 1927: 64). Endzelyn (Endzelīns 1905: 181182) has
al eady w i en abou hei seconda y o igin, men ioning wo examples om he 1671 hymn and
adding ha G. Mancelio in Pos ilē (1653) he did no ind such. In ac , in he w i ings o G. Manceli,
he o ms luhdscho, luhdschu, luhdschohs can be ound used mo e han 20 imes. Mancelis also
used b au scho, peeśau scho, pa ei schu, aißleedschu, kleedschu, and e en śuhdschu. These
a e also ound in he g amma o Hein ich Adol (Adolphi 1685): Beidschu (139), B au schu (141),
Kleedschu (155), Leedschu (162), Schņah schu (20), Schņaudschu (185 (184), Śmel schu (194), and
en śchu (203). This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by
loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many,
g ouped by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by
loca ion.
LP3 and so =asc&limi =50 and cols=4.
2 See mo e. The ollowing able lis s he coun ies o he Eu opean Union by he numbe o
pe sons employed in he a ia ion sec o as o he end o he pe iod co e ed by he epo :
50 and cols is equal o 4.
3 See also: h p: www.senie.ko puss.l index.jsp?wo d o m=luhd%25&so =A-Z&limi =50&page=
2 and cols=4 and sou ce=SENIE.
Dalia Kiseliūnai ė. Ku šių ne ijos ku šininkų kalba:
I dalis. Fone ika i onologija
Re iews by 307
I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". Al hough he
au hen ici y o some o hese o ms can be doub ed (e.g. "Rodas man šaubas a ī pa
o, ai iešām i kau ku bijušas pazīs amas" in he cu en o ms as beidžu,
kliedžu u. c. (pa eizo beidzu, kliedzu u. c. ie ā [...], […] as claimed by J. Endzelynas
(Endzelīns 1914: 909)), he e is also a eco ded case o use in he language o he
gypsy speake s. The ances o s o he las Ku ys may ha e b ough his endency
wi h hem when hey mo ed om he old Ku sk. On page 175 i says ha […]
disappea ed a e he oo o appendage o he p eposi ion, o -s N. sg. in he o m -š
(ci y […]kelias[…], illage […] illage[…] and e c.). This is no ue, because in hese wo ds
a e he disappea ance o he gallbladde om he ln and i[…], he pala ine
consonan appea ed in he ln and i was p ecisely a e i ha i was con e ed in o
he s. In he 276 h insc ip ion (p. 177) he au ho w i es ha […]kiek eko gi dė i,
š en ojiškiai egula ly used m. N. sg. ma ches, G. sg. magic and . . […] I he su name
is indeed said o be so, i would be a seconda y mo phological s a emen , because he
esul o he phone ic p ocess is seen on he same page quo ed in he ex o he Ku is in ac […] mač. In he las chap e o he book (p. 179-185) he au ho desc ibes and desc ibes he phone ic ea u es o he Ku sk language, di iding hem in o se e al g oups:
Cha ac e is ics o he Ku sk dialec , ea u es o he middle dialec , ea u es
common o bo h dialec g oups, inno a ions o he Ku sk language, in luence o he
Ge man and Li huanian languages. Language analysis suppo s he hypo hesis o
wo his o ically di e en Ku sk-speaking g oups om he no h and sou h o he
Ku sk, whose linguis ic cha ac e is ics, due o in e nal mig a ion, la e began o
mix. The e o e, he e minological ea u es o bo h he sou he n and he
sou he n Ku sk win e ing co ne s a e isible in he eco ded speech. He also
spoke abou local language inno a ions. Bu hey may no be conside ed p ac ices.
1. I'm going o shu you up, I'm going o lock you up, and so on. (p. 184), because, as
al eady men ioned, such o ms a e known om he old 17 h-18 h cen u y w i ings,
and i is no a phone ic bu a mo phological p ocess. Pe haps he "p ibalsio j"
d opped be o e he "s", causing p og essi e assimila ion (s > š), which in he
speech o he men ouched on he nomina i e o m o he masculine genus: jâuna
[…]išjaunasis[…], p[…]maišpi […]masis[…] and k […]. The e is no speci ic inno a ion o
he Ku ske s, because such o ms a e also widely known om he sou he n Ku sk
dialec s, e.g., Ruca a, Nyca, Ba a, e c. (Endzelin 1951: 200). The mo e ex ensi e
gene al conclusions (p. 186-189) supplemen he lis s o au ho s and he li e a u e
used (p. 190-200). No e: The desc ip ions o J. Endzely's a icles may ha e had o be
gi en in he same way. Now wo a e quo ed om he collec ion Da bu izlase, and he o he wo […] om he jou nal Filologu bied ības aks i, al hough all ou a e ound in bo h he p ima y and seconda y sou ces.
The ex o he monog aph is supplemen ed by e y aluable appendices, all o which
a e quo ed and discussed in he monog aph as agmen s o he eco dings ha
allow he sound o he language o be hea d while i is s ill ali e. Dalia Kiseliūnai ė's
monog aph is dedica ed o he al eady eme ging a ie y o he Bal ic languages […] he language o he Ku ys, i is an impo an con ibu ion o he Bal ic language, needed by many

PĒTERIS VANAGS
308 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
I 's no jus o linguis s, i 's o his o ians, e hnologis s and o he specialis s.
Now he p omised second pa o he monog aph […] desc ip ion o g amma is
eage ly awai ed.
LITERATŪRA
Adolphi Hein ich 1685: E s e Ve such Eine ku z- e asse en Anlei ung Zu
Le ischen Sp ache, Mi au: Geo ge Rade zky.
Ancī is K išjānis 1936: Pā s a ī ais akcen s ne ācu dzejā. – Ceļi 7, Rīga: Rama e,
116–125.
Bezzenbe ge Adalbe 1888: Uebe die Sp ache de p eußischen Le en, Gö ingen:
Vandenhoeck und Rup ech .
Endzelīns Jānis 1905: Zu E weichung de Gu u ale im Le ischen. – Bei äge zu
Kunde de indoge manischen Sp achen 29, 178–195 (= Endzelīns Jānis 1974: Da bu iz-
lase 1, Rīga: Zinā ne, 290–306).
Endzelīns Jānis 1914: Vecā S ende a La iešu g ama ika un ā dnīca. – D u a 9,
907–911 (= Endzelīns Jānis 1974: Da bu izlase 2, Rīga: Zinā ne, 548–553).
Endzelīns Jānis 1951: La iešu aloas g ama ika, Rīga: La ijas Vals s izde niecība.
Plāķis Ju is 1927: Ku senieku aloda. – La ijas Uni e si ā es aks i 16, 33–124.
Rudzī e Ma a 1964: La iešu dialek oloģija, Rīga: Liesma.
S ende Go ha d F ied ich 1783: Le ische G amma ik, Mi au: Johann F ied.
This is S e enhagen.
Deli e ed on 2 Ma ch 2023.
PĒTERIS VANAGS
La is ics and Bal ic sec ion
Facul y o Humani ies
Uni e si y o La ia
Vis alža S ee 4a, Riga, LV-1050
pe e is. ana[email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Vis alža S ee .
Ins i u ions o Sla ic and Bal ic languages,
Finnish, Du ch and Ge man
The Uni e si y o S ockholm
This is a lis o he municipali ies o he
Czech Republic by popula ion densi y.