Dalia Kiseliūnaitė. Kuršių nerijos kuršininkų kalba: I dalis. Fonetika ir fonologija

Recenzijos / Re iews 303 PĒTERIS VANAGS Uni e si y o La ia, S ockholm Uni e si y ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-0718-364X Di ec ions o academic esea ch: he his o y o he Bal ic languages, he his o y o he La ian common language, he poli ics o language. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This is Dalia Kiseliūnai ė This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: This is DALIS I. FONETICS and The phonology Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2022, 219 p. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. (Pa one) The Ku šininkai language is a pa icula Bela usian language ha was spoken in he Ku šiai egion and i s su ounding e i o ies, possibly om he 15 h-16 h cen u ies o he second hal o he 20 h cen u y. I was a language ha had mig a ed om he La ian Ku sk and i s descendan s, expe ienced he in luence o neighbo ing languages (Ge man and Li huanian) and disappea ed due o changing his o ical and poli ical easons. I has been eco ded since he 19 h cen u y, bu ecen esea che s ha e been able o eco d he las wo ds o i s na i e p o eso ė Dalia Kiseliūnai ė, iek su inkdama gausią medžiagą, iek publikuo- language. The mos a en ion o his a ie y o Bal ic languages in ecen decades has been gi en by a lady om Klaipėda Uni e si y in many a icles on his subjec . The e iewed monog aph is a summa y o he esea ch and u he explo a ion o his issue. The monog aph consis s o he In oduc ion, wo main sec ions and he Conclusions. I is supplemen ed by appendices […] agmen s o language eco ds ha a e quo ed and discussed in he book. The i s pa o he book […]O igins, his o y, s a us, sociolinguis ic pain ing, documen a ion and esea ch o he Ku šininkai language[…] (p. 15[…]74) […] a b oad in oduc ion o he gene al heme. The au ho , d awing on ex ensi e scien i ic and heo e ical li e a u e on all he issues unde conside a ion, discusses he o igins o he language, he his o y o he Ku sk Ri e , he damage o he popula ion, he se lemen o Ku sk-speaking (La ian) ishe men in he egion, he his o ical e en s ha led o new wa es o immig a ion and o he PĒTERIS VANAGS 304 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVIII on social p ocesses. D. Kiseliūnai ė ex ensi ely examines he ques ion o he s a us o he Ku is language […] how o be e desc ibe he idiom. In he au ho s opinion, he e ms geolec , sociolec and e hnolec a e he mos app op ia e. All assump ions a e based on se ious conside a ions, bu his does no p eclude he possibili y o de ining he idiom as a sepa a e, albei newe , Bela usian language. The nex chap e discusses he cen u ies-old p oblem o bilingualism and he p es ige o he Ku sk language in Russia. A e y aluable pos is also abou he documen a ion and esea ch o he Ku is language. A weal h o ma e ial wi h e e ences o sou ces has been compiled he e. The wo ks o Adalbe o Bezzenbe ge , Ju io Plaki (Ju io Plāķio), Richa d Pie scho, Wol gang P. Schmido, F iedhelmo Hinzės and o he esea che s a e men ioned. I is wo h men ioning ha esea che s and language en husias s (Janis Kuškis (Jānis Kušķis), Laimduo as Ceply is (Laimdo s Ceplī is), Aus is G asis, Ilma as Be no skis, Richa d Pie schas, he au ho o he monog aph he sel ), who in he second hal o he 20 h cen u y and he beginning o he 21s cen u y ga he ed qui e a la ge collec ion o li e eco dings o he Ku si language. The i s pa o he book ends wi h e lec ions on he i ali y o he Ku ys' language and he possibili ies o i s es o a ion. The second pa o he monog aph The phone ics and phonology o he Ku šininkai language (p. 75185) is de o ed o he desc ip ion o he phone ics o he idiom. I begins wi h a b ie o e iew o he his o y o esea ch on he phone ics and phonology o he Ku sk language (p. 75-78). This in oduc ion is ollowed by a sys ema ic discussion o skiemuo (p. 78-81), ci cumcision […] he place o he ci cumcision and he app oach (p. 81-91), ocalism (p. 91-135) and consonance (p. 135-178). Each sec ion is made up o se e al o e en se e al sec ions. The indings we e made using a weal h o ma e ial, bo h eco ded by he au ho he sel and collec ed om olde eco ds o no es. Each ea u e o he Ku sk language is compa ed wi h he ea u es o he La ian language, especially he Ku sk ad ice, he possible in luence o o he languages is de e mined, as well as he inno a ions o he Ku sk idiom i sel . Bo h synch onous and diach onic aspec s o language phenomena a e ied o be looked a . Se e al obse a ions and hough s a ose while eading a e y aluable monog aph. In e e ence o ci cumcision (p. 81, 82) i is men ioned ha some imes in p eposi ional e bs he e is an unci cumcised p eposi ion ne- (no -), e.g. p aes. 1. I don' emembe wha happened. 3. Nepali […]i[…] […]did no help, please. 3. did no pay. Simila ac s a e gi en by ea lie esea che s, e.g., Adalbe as Bezzenbe ge is (1888:42) men ions a ew examples wi h c ossed oo s and a e o he p e ixes, e.g., a náku, salaulá . The ques ion a ises whe he hese a e no olde and ee sys ems o La ian language spelling, which a e e lec ed in he 17 h and 18 h cen u y La ian poe y (Ancī is 1936), elics. An in e es ing case o analogical equaliza ion, which is no ound in he gene al La ian language, is men ioned on page 96. As Plakis desc ibed ea lie (Plāķis 1927: 48, 64), in he pa adigm o he p onuncia ion o he e b, he a icula ion o he oo s o he consonan s is equa ed, […] odėl p aes […]. 2. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: The oo is he same as he i s syllable. I'm unning, you' e unning and so on. Dalia Kiseliūnai ė. Ku šių ne ijos ku šininkų kalba: I dalis. Fone ika i onologija Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews o he Re iews As in some sou he n Ku š dialec s, he wo d used by Ku šininkai is be nas, samdinys (p. 100) wi h he seconda y š om gen. sg. and a lo o un. I is no en i ely possible o ag ee wi h he au ho 's claim ha he […]oldes ances al s uc u e is main ained in he p eposi ions: in La ian p o e bs i has a wo-syllable o m: u . 2. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I'm going o ake a showe . […]saugok[…] (MS) and pa ic. I 's all igh . M P esiden , ladies and gen lemen, I should like o begin by cong a ula ing he appo eu on his excellen epo . (EC_03) The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his Regula ion: 3. uõzlik ́ […] was bu ned […] (EK_31) […] (p. 101) In his pa icula case, he ex ension is mos likely seconda y (Endzelīns 1951: 688[…]689). The au ho 's asse ion is also ambiguous: […]P ielinksnis aiz he e is mono ong p o ec ed o az, and in he o eg ound, as in he sou he n Ku zemes egions, i s o m is wi h he long owel āz: p ae . 3. […]zmaksa[…] […] has been paid […] (EK_28), and […] gâl[…]da […] has been paid […] (p. 101). This is mos likely no a monoph hongiza ion, bu an a chaic p e e ence o m has been main ained (Endzelīns 1951: 636; Rudzī e 1964: 144). Pe haps i was a lack o obse a ion ha led o he ollowing sen ence: "In he language o con empo a y speake s, he co espondences be ween he di ec ion o ac ion h ough a hing, a cu e, a ce ain ime, e c. and he di ec ion o he e u n mo emen a e also no always clea ly dis inguished" (p. 105). The e is no p e ix pa - in he La ian language, only pā - which has bo h o hese meanings. On page 110, he au ho s a es: "All cases wi h anaphylaxis indica e ha he sho ening o he i s componen o he mixed doubles and he displacemen o he spleen in o he ibs p obably played a decisi e ole. This p ocess may ha e begun in he win e swamps and in he so-called "win e swamp" o Ku š, om whe e, as Endzelyn p edic ed, a la ge pa o he popula ion came o he no he n pa o he i e . Especially he i s componen was sho ened in he double , and hen in he o he s. F om his poin o iew, he membe s o he opposi ion o he wo councillo s came close oge he ( he non-pe manen opposi ion los i s dis inc i e ea u es o a empo a y opposi ion, while he con inua ion had since e ained he sho i s componen ). Howe e , Janis Endzelyn explains he p ocess in he opposi e way (Endzelins 1951: 152), he umpe agains he syllable […] is he p ese a ion o he old b e i y cha ac e is ic o he old win e languages, no he seconda y exp ession. Rega ding he i s and second plosi es o he e bs galūnių -am -ām, -a ā -is o iju (p. 126127), i is s a ed ha […]Endzelynas ies o connec he sho ening wi h he nouns dgs. D.I. In he Ku zem a ea, howe e , such a connec ion is no likely o be cha ac e is ic o a plo ha is de ined geog aphically mo e clea ly. In addi ion, i should be explained why he o ms o he wo ds wi h -ām in he La ian dialec s, say Endzelyno, pa eikė and eiksmažodžių 2 a. o m, which a e no phone ically simila ? […] I seems ha Endzelyno's mind in his case is e y di e en […] he is p ima ily looking o pa allels be ween phonemes. D.I. In he i s place, he use o he wo d "galle y" in he i s place, and only hen does i claim ha due o he phone ic sho ening o he wo d "galle y" in he i s place, he analogous wo d "galle y" in he second place also appea ed wi h a sho ened sound. Pe haps i was sugges ed ha […][L]a ian e minology […] he end o he s one o ms in o he pa adigm o he s one passes less equen ly (gadās > gadas […] occu s, occu s) han ice e sa […] (p. 128). This exp ession is in e p e ed in he opposi e di ec ion […] a s one end PĒTERIS VANAGS The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXVIII) a ely e e s o he pa adigm o he s one. The au ho u he specula es on his p ocess: […]Whe he his endency o he Ku ske s comes om Ku sk o mani es s i sel as a kind o compa ison o he sys em [...], i emains o be expe ienced [...].[…] In his ega d, one should also ake in o accoun Endzelyn's ema k (Endzelyn 1951: 905) ha in Nyco, G amzd, and Vainiuodė he dis inc ion be ween -as and -as was main ained. In w i ing abou i and u dis ibu ion (p. 134), he au ho uses he example o he mini o m iemacna e (= o each). Plakis (Plāķis 1927: 6566) also indica ed such a p ecep , e.g., mãcnu, kũ nu. I should be no ed ha he su ix -en ie oj -inplačiai is used in 16 h- and 17 h-cen u y ex s, including hose o Geo ge Mancelli, e.g. ai zenah , dahwena, pasudena i1. So i could be an old exp ession and no necessa ily phone ic. Simila i ies and ma iages wi h -nieks: zmnieks ‘landlo d, esiden o he o he sho e o he sea and so on. (p. 134) ully co esponds o he Wes e n Ku sh (Endzelīns 1951: 362) and 16 h- and 17 h-cen u y o ms o w i ing wi h -enieks, e.g. Mancelio Da beneeki, Gh äzeneeku, Mui eneekus2. As o he a e o he compounds k and g, he ac ion o ms men ioned in he s one a e lûûs ‘meldžiuosi, as well as Bezzenbe ge 's eco ded wo ds. 1. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I would like o ask you, M P esiden , whe he you a e awa e o he ac ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k. O he o ms o his ype a e mini and Plakis (Plāķis 1927: 64). Endzelyn (Endzelīns 1905: 181182) has al eady w i en abou hei seconda y o igin, men ioning wo examples om he 1671 hymn and adding ha G. Mancelio in Pos ilē (1653) he did no ind such. In ac , in he w i ings o G. Manceli, he o ms luhdscho, luhdschu, luhdschohs can be ound used mo e han 20 imes. Mancelis also used b au scho, peeśau scho, pa ei schu, aißleedschu, kleedschu, and e en śuhdschu. These a e also ound in he g amma o Hein ich Adol (Adolphi 1685): Beidschu (139), B au schu (141), Kleedschu (155), Leedschu (162), Schņah schu (20), Schņaudschu (185 (184), Śmel schu (194), and en śchu (203). This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by loca ion.Ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by loca ion. LP3 and so =asc&limi =50 and cols=4. 2 See mo e. The ollowing able lis s he coun ies o he Eu opean Union by he numbe o pe sons employed in he a ia ion sec o as o he end o he pe iod co e ed by he epo : 50 and cols is equal o 4. 3 See also: h p: www.senie.ko puss.l index.jsp?wo d o m=luhd%25&so =A-Z&limi =50&page= 2 and cols=4 and sou ce=SENIE. Dalia Kiseliūnai ė. Ku šių ne ijos ku šininkų kalba: I dalis. Fone ika i onologija Re iews by 307 I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". Al hough he au hen ici y o some o hese o ms can be doub ed (e.g. "Rodas man šaubas a ī pa o, ai iešām i kau ku bijušas pazīs amas" in he cu en o ms as beidžu, kliedžu u. c. (pa eizo beidzu, kliedzu u. c. ie ā [...], […] as claimed by J. Endzelynas (Endzelīns 1914: 909)), he e is also a eco ded case o use in he language o he gypsy speake s. The ances o s o he las Ku ys may ha e b ough his endency wi h hem when hey mo ed om he old Ku sk. On page 175 i says ha […] disappea ed a e he oo o appendage o he p eposi ion, o -s N. sg. in he o m -š (ci y […]kelias[…], illage […] illage[…] and e c.). This is no ue, because in hese wo ds a e he disappea ance o he gallbladde om he ln and i[…], he pala ine consonan appea ed in he ln and i was p ecisely a e i ha i was con e ed in o he s. In he 276 h insc ip ion (p. 177) he au ho w i es ha […]kiek eko gi dė i, š en ojiškiai egula ly used m. N. sg. ma ches, G. sg. magic and . . […] I he su name is indeed said o be so, i would be a seconda y mo phological s a emen , because he esul o he phone ic p ocess is seen on he same page quo ed in he ex o he Ku is in ac […] mač. In he las chap e o he book (p. 179-185) he au ho desc ibes and desc ibes he phone ic ea u es o he Ku sk language, di iding hem in o se e al g oups: Cha ac e is ics o he Ku sk dialec , ea u es o he middle dialec , ea u es common o bo h dialec g oups, inno a ions o he Ku sk language, in luence o he Ge man and Li huanian languages. Language analysis suppo s he hypo hesis o wo his o ically di e en Ku sk-speaking g oups om he no h and sou h o he Ku sk, whose linguis ic cha ac e is ics, due o in e nal mig a ion, la e began o mix. The e o e, he e minological ea u es o bo h he sou he n and he sou he n Ku sk win e ing co ne s a e isible in he eco ded speech. He also spoke abou local language inno a ions. Bu hey may no be conside ed p ac ices. 1. I'm going o shu you up, I'm going o lock you up, and so on. (p. 184), because, as al eady men ioned, such o ms a e known om he old 17 h-18 h cen u y w i ings, and i is no a phone ic bu a mo phological p ocess. Pe haps he "p ibalsio j" d opped be o e he "s", causing p og essi e assimila ion (s > š), which in he speech o he men ouched on he nomina i e o m o he masculine genus: jâuna […]išjaunasis[…], p[…]maišpi […]masis[…] and k […]. The e is no speci ic inno a ion o he Ku ske s, because such o ms a e also widely known om he sou he n Ku sk dialec s, e.g., Ruca a, Nyca, Ba a, e c. (Endzelin 1951: 200). The mo e ex ensi e gene al conclusions (p. 186-189) supplemen he lis s o au ho s and he li e a u e used (p. 190-200). No e: The desc ip ions o J. Endzely's a icles may ha e had o be gi en in he same way. Now wo a e quo ed om he collec ion Da bu izlase, and he o he wo […] om he jou nal Filologu bied ības aks i, al hough all ou a e ound in bo h he p ima y and seconda y sou ces. The ex o he monog aph is supplemen ed by e y aluable appendices, all o which a e quo ed and discussed in he monog aph as agmen s o he eco dings ha allow he sound o he language o be hea d while i is s ill ali e. Dalia Kiseliūnai ė's monog aph is dedica ed o he al eady eme ging a ie y o he Bal ic languages […] he language o he Ku ys, i is an impo an con ibu ion o he Bal ic language, needed by many PĒTERIS VANAGS 308 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII I 's no jus o linguis s, i 's o his o ians, e hnologis s and o he specialis s. Now he p omised second pa o he monog aph […] desc ip ion o g amma is eage ly awai ed. LITERATŪRA Adolphi Hein ich 1685: E s e Ve such Eine ku z- e asse en Anlei ung Zu Le ischen Sp ache, Mi au: Geo ge Rade zky. Ancī is K išjānis 1936: Pā s a ī ais akcen s ne ācu dzejā. – Ceļi 7, Rīga: Rama e, 116–125. Bezzenbe ge Adalbe 1888: Uebe die Sp ache de p eußischen Le en, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck und Rup ech . Endzelīns Jānis 1905: Zu E weichung de Gu u ale im Le ischen. – Bei äge zu Kunde de indoge manischen Sp achen 29, 178–195 (= Endzelīns Jānis 1974: Da bu iz- lase 1, Rīga: Zinā ne, 290–306). Endzelīns Jānis 1914: Vecā S ende a La iešu g ama ika un ā dnīca. – D u a 9, 907–911 (= Endzelīns Jānis 1974: Da bu izlase 2, Rīga: Zinā ne, 548–553). Endzelīns Jānis 1951: La iešu aloas g ama ika, Rīga: La ijas Vals s izde niecība. Plāķis Ju is 1927: Ku senieku aloda. – La ijas Uni e si ā es aks i 16, 33–124. Rudzī e Ma a 1964: La iešu dialek oloģija, Rīga: Liesma. S ende Go ha d F ied ich 1783: Le ische G amma ik, Mi au: Johann F ied. This is S e enhagen. Deli e ed on 2 Ma ch 2023. PĒTERIS VANAGS La is ics and Bal ic sec ion Facul y o Humani ies Uni e si y o La ia Vis alža S ee 4a, Riga, LV-1050 pe e is. ana[email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Vis alža S ee . Ins i u ions o Sla ic and Bal ic languages, Finnish, Du ch and Ge man The Uni e si y o S ockholm This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y.