100 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-5514-2263 Resea ch a eas
include expe imen al phone ics, speech acous ics,
phonology, lexicog aphy, geolinguis ics and sociolinguis ics.
This is JANA TAPERTE.
Ins i u e o La ian Language o he Uni e si y o
La ia ORCID id: o cid.o g/0009-0009-1723-0666
Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: expe imen al
phone ics, acous ics o language, phonology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Li huanian and La ian language
The sound o hunde
Fo he pu poses o his Regula ion, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion.
The s a is ical su ey
Li huanian and La ian T ills: An Acous ic
and S a is ical S udy o Fo man S uc u e
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s he sonne s lie o con empo a y Bal ic languages. [ ], [ j] and la. [ ] […]
o ma i e s udy aimed a compa ing he p e- ocal (< R> VR), in e ocal (V< R> V) and pos - ocal
(RV< R>) posi ions o he F1, F2, F3 and F4 o ma i e sona as, examining hei a ia ion in he
con ex o hese di e en sounds, highligh ing he di e ences be ween he [ ] and [ j]
o ma i es in Li huanian and La ian and es ablishing he s a is ical signi icance o he
di e ences. The s udy shows ha acco ding o he summa ized meanings o he i s wo
lizuo o lie. [ ] i pala alizuo o lie. [ j]. Pozicija skiemenyje s a is iškai eikšmingą į aką da o
o ma ions, la. [ ] occupies an in e media e posi ion be ween he i s o m o Nepali sona as
and all ou o ma s in La ian. I has been es ablished ha he con ex o adjacen sounds is
A icles by A icles 101
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
sonan ų o man ėms da o panašią į aką: pi moji o man ė susijusi su g e a esančio balsio
in luenced by he luc ua ions o p esen -day Bal ic languages, and he second and u he
o m depends on he sequence o adjacen sounds. The ollowing wo ds a e included in he
ESMINIAI ocabula y: whi e language, sona a, o man , s a is ical signi icance, posi ion in he sen ence, e baliza ion, pala aliza ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The pape deals wi h he o man s uc u e o ills in he con empo a y Bal ic languages
Li h. [ ], [ j] and La . [ ]. The aim o he pape is o compa e he o man s uc u e o ends
ills (F1, F2, F3 and F4) in p e ocalic (<R>VR), in e ocalic (V<R>V) and pos ocalic
(RV<R>) posi ions and i s a ia ion in he con ex o di e en owels, o highligh he
o o man dynamics in Li huanian and La ian and o de e mine he s a is ical signi icance o
he di e ences. The s udy shows ha acco ding o he a e age alues o he i s wo
o man s, La . [ ] occupies an in e media e posi ion be ween non-pala alized Li h. [ ] and
pala alized Li h. [no u he wo ked han ho - olled] Syllable posi ion has a s a is ically
signi ican in luence on he i s o man o ills in Li huanian and on all ou o man s in
La ian. Acco ding o he esul s, he con ex o adjacen owels has a simila in luence on
in bo h languages: he i s o man is ela ed o he heigh o he adjacen owel, and he
he o man s o ills, second and subsequen o man s depend on he backness o he
adjacen owel. KEYWORDS: Bal ic languages, ills, o man s, s a is ical signi icance, syllable
posi ion, ela iza ion, pala aliza ion.
1.Wo king in he Bal ic language indus y
SONANT'S TYRIM is he co e
Compa ed o o he sona a g oups, he iolin sona as a e he leas s udied in he wo ks o Li huanian and
La ian expe imen al phone ics. The gene al knowledge o he a icula o y and spec al p ope ies o he
owel sonne s [ ], [ j]1 can be ound in he mos impo an wo ks o phone ics: he g amma o he
Li huanian language (Ul ydas e al. 1965), as well as he wo ks o Elza Mikalauskai ė (1975), Vale ija
Vai ke ičiū ė (2001), An anas Pakas (2003), As ana Kazlauskienė (2018). The numbe o owels and spec al
ea u es o he common Li huanian language 1 The In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (TFA) is used in he
a icle. The d a ing o he spelling is based on he p o ocol decision o he S a e Commission o he
Li huanian Language o July 8, 2021 PN No. 14 (k-25), which p o ides ecommenda ions on he adap a ion o
he TFA o he common Li huanian language phone ic uni s. See also: h ps: www. lkk.l
ne ams-zyme i.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
102 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ins umen ally s udied in he disse a ion o
Sigi as De eške ičiū ė in he ield o ene gy ampli ica ion in he bands o Li huanian
balsių akus inės ypa ybės (2013). Ji nus a ė, kad i pamųjų sonan ų [ ], [ j]
spek as y a di uziškas, . y. ene gijos susi elkimo s i ys išsidėsčiusios plačioje
language p e ixes (20004000 Hz) (De eške ičiū ė 2013: 136137). I has also been ound
ha he pala alizing ib a ing sona a [ j] is cha ac e ized by highe equencies
han he non-pala alizing [ ], e.g. [ ] = 13001700 Hz, [ j] = 17002000 Hz. The esul s o he
du a ion analysis ca ied ou by S. De eške ičiū ė showed ha o all Li huanian
p o e b sona as, he las ones a e he sho es 2 (De eške ičiū ė 2013: 138). Ry is
Amb aze ičius and As a Leskauskai ė in hei scien i ic monog aph P ebalsių
akus inės ypa ybės: pala alizacija i balsingumas (Amb aze ičius, Leskauskai ė 2014)
oge he wi h o he p ebalsių s udied he acous ic peculia i ies o he sona as o
he iolin and ound ha one o he mos impo an indica o s o pala alizacija is
he F2 locus, and he p ebalsių balsingumą should be in e p e ed in a complex way […]
he e is no single case o a eliable dis inc i e su oca ing and sc a ching p ebalsi.
In he se ies published in 2019 by he Li huanian Language Ins i u e and he La ian
Language Ins i u e o he Uni e si y o La ia, he ins umen al s udy o he
p adžioje kolek y inėse monog a ijose pi mą ka ą bandy a palygin i lie u ių
i la ių kalbų i pamuosius sonan us: monog a ijoje Balsių i ga sų są eikos
sounds o he Bal ic languages in he 21s cen u y can be ound in examples o
dynamic spec og ams o ib a ing sona as (ž . Ja osla ienė, G igo je s,
53, 6.41–6.48 pa .), o monog a ijoje P iebalsių ins umen inis y imas pa eik os
U bana ičienė, Ind ičāne 2019: 52 […] he meanings o he di e en p eposi ions in
he con ex o he p eposi ions in he CVC posi ion (U bana ičienė, Ind ičāne, Ja osla ienė, G igo je s 2019:
206–220).
The i s ins umen al s udies o La ian s ing sona as a e a ibu ed o Elma Liepa, who
calcula ed he leng h o sona as (Liepa 1970) and also analyzed he phone ic p ope ies o he s ing
sona a [ ] in he con ex o su oca ing sounds (Liepa 1957). In hei book Phone ic Resea ch and
Visualiza ion Me hods I (Ma kus, G igo je s 2002), Ma kus Dac and Ju is G igo je ha e s udied he
s uc u e o he sona a o ms o he La ian language, he du a ion o he open and closed phases,
he ansi ion be ween he o ms. J. G igo je , based on he da a o i e in o man s, analyzed he
acous ic cha ac e is ics o he La ian sonan o [ ], p onounced in symme ical CVC compounds
(G igo je s 2012). In 2012, he La ian Language Ins i u e ca ied ou a p ojec "Acous ic
cha ac e is ics o he sound sys em o S anda d 2 LU". Du ing he s udy, S. De eške ičiū ė ound
ha sona as a e he sho es […] hei du a ion a ios dec ease as ollows: a ika os: explosi e:
pučia imo phases, he du a ion o ic ion is impo an o he a icula ion o pučiamųjų p iebalsi,
and he posi ion o he sona us changes apidly and in a ious ways (De eške ičiū ė 2013: 138139).
mieji : sonan ai = 2 : 1,6 : 1,5 : 1. Ano au o ės, sp ogs amieji p iebalsiai i a ika os u i kelias a-
S aipsniai / A icles 103
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
La ian by age g oups […] (leade J. G igo je as), which compa ed he
p onuncia ion o in o man s o di e en age g oups (5[…]15 yea s old, 16[…]39
sonan ai [l, ʎ, m, n, ɲ, ], jų spek inės cha ak e is ikos RVR (sonan as – balsis –
sonan as) i VRV (balsis – sonan as – balsis) junginiuose, p e okalinėje i pos -
yea s old, 40[…]59 yea s old, 60[…]80 yea s old) in ocal posi ions (see Tape e 2013;
2014; 2014a; 2015; Čei ane, Ind ičāne, Tape e 2014).
In addi ion, he s udy o he sona a i giniana o he Bal ic languages is ca ied ou
in pa allel wi h he s udy o he sona a i giniana o he Li huanian and La ian
languages, ega dless o hei di e en a icula o y and acous ic
cha ac e is ics, wi hou applying di e en compa a i e me hods o he
di e en classes o sona as, and he s udy o he sona a i giniana o he Bal ic
and Li huanian languages is almos non-exis en . The aim o he a icle is o analyze
da nė a analizuo os ski ingose pozicijose iš a ų i pamųjų sonan ų akus inės
ypa ybės3.
he meanings o he F1, F2, F3 and F4 consonan s, o compa e hei di e ences in
he con ex o di e en sounds, o de e mine he s a is ical signi icance o he
di e ences and o highligh he dynamic endencies o he consonan s in
Li huanian and La ian. The s udy will add ess he ollowing issues: 1) he
a icula o y and acous ic cha ac e is ics o he sona as o he Bal ic languages
discussed, hei phonological s a us; 2) he sonne s […] o he cu en Bal ic
languages. [ ], [ j] and la. [ ] […] o ming F1, F2, F3 and F4 meanings in he p e- ocal,
in e - ocal and pos - ocal posi ions; 3) compa ison o he meanings o he o ms o
he ib a ing sona as in he con ex o di e en oices; (4) he s a is ical
signi icance o he o ming di e ences has been in es iga ed by single- ac o
dispe sion analysis and he Bon e oni es ; 5) iden i y he ac o s de e mining
he changes in he o m. The in es iga ion is ca ied ou on he basis o he
in o ma ion p o ided by he in o man s.
2. The game o empi e
Du ing he s udy, Li huanian and La ian sonne s we e analyzed, p onounced in isola ed
RVR- ype syllables: he e R […] lie. [ , j], he la. In o de o compensa e o he lack o
sys ema ic compa a i e sona a esea ch in he Bal ic languages, in 2021-2022 he Li huanian
Language Ins i u e ca ied ou a scien i ic esea ch p ojec "The sound o he Bal ic
languages a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: compa a i e acous ic and pe cep ual s udy o
sona as" (Bal Son, eg. No. S-LIP-21-7). The p ojec was suppo ed by he Li huanian Science Council. P ojec leade […] D Joli a
I 's called U bana ichenė.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
104 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII o he long oice: lie. [ɪ, iː, eː, ɛ, æː, , ɑː, ɔ, ɔ, oː, oː, , , uː uː] and
la. [i] e (ː); e (ː); æ (ː); ɑ (ː); ɔ (ː); u (ː)]4. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. 30
Li huanian-language associa ions and 24 La ian-language associa ions we e analyzed: lie. I 's called
i . I 's called i i. [speaking in ongues] [Ra ely, a ely] [Ro o ], he ai [o o]; [ ] and [ ] y [ jiː ], y y
[iː jiː]; also known as ė [ jeː ], ė ė [eː jeː]; also known as ė [ jæː ], e e [æː jæː]; also known as
e [ ɑː ], a a [ɑː ɑː]; a ely used [ oː ], ai [oː oː]; and [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e]
[Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e]
[Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] I 's called io . I 's called io io. he i e [ joː ], he io io [oː joː]; I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e saying. Riū [ juː ], also known as iū iū
[whispe ing] The la. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in
a ou o he Commission's p oposal. [ epea edly] [ æ ], e a [æ e ɑ] This is he i s
ime I' e hea d o his. [Ra ely] [ a ely] [Ro o ], he ai [o o]; [whispe ing] O he , o
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e]
[Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e]
[Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e]
[Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [Foo no e] [ ], ē ā [æː ɑː]; also known as ā [ ɑː ],
ou e [ɑː ɑː]; also known as ou e [Ro ], he ai [o ] I 's called ū [ uː ], ū ū [uː uː].
Th ee posi ions ha e been selec ed: p e- ocal (VR), in e - ocal (VR) and pos - ocal (RVR).
The in es iga i e compounds we e p onounced by 12 in o man men: 6 na i e Li huanians
and 6 na i e La ians (21-42 AD). The in o man s come om di e en egions o Li huania
and La ia and speak a common language. I he na i e language has an in luence on he
language o he in o man s, he linguis ic cha ac e is ics o all he in o man s a e
main ained when he da a o all he in o man s a e combined. Each compound is
p onounced h ee imes by he in o man in a neu al in ona ion and a a no mal pace o
speech (speed and in ona ion a e some o he ac o s ha de e mine he occu ence o
[ ] allophones, see Lade oged 2003: 149). In o al, ~1458 RVR compounds we e s udied: 810 Li huanian and 648 La ian. The esul s o he s udy we e published in he jou nal Science and Technology, and we e analyzed in he Mic oso Excel p og am (Volume 13, Mic oso Co po a ion) and he s a is ical calcula ions we e ca ied ou in he SPSS p og am (Volume 22, IBM Co po a ion).
3. The me hod o p epa a ion o he mea
In he P aa p og am, a e selec ing he RVR segmen o be s udied, he View&Edi command is
selec ed, which is clicked o display he oscillog am o he selec ed segmen a he op and he
spec og am a he bo om. Based on hese d awings 4 I should be no ed ha acco ding o he
p inciples o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe , di e en cha ac e s a e used o w i e he owels
o he Li huanian and La ian languages, see mo e. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
5 The esea ch desc ibed in he a icle used he sound eco dings o he p ojec "The sound o
con empo a y Bela usian languages a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: a compa a i e acous ic
and pe cep ual s udy o sona as" (Bal Son, eg. No. S-LIP-21-7) The eco dings o bo h languages
we e made using a po able high- esolu ion digi al ape eco de Tascam DR-100MK II and a
head-moun ed mic ophone AKG C 520. The digi iza ion le el o he audio signal is […] 44,1 kHz, he quan iza ion le el is […] 16 bi s.

S aipsniai / A icles 105
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
he s eady sec ion o he ib a ing sona a is ma ked (see Figu e 1) and he
Fo man […] Fo man lis ing command is selec ed, which p o ides he digi al
exp essions o he F1[…]F4 o ming he ma ked sound in e al.
1 PAV. O he The segmen is la. [ ] Oscillog am (bo om) and spec og am ( op) o he p og amme
The long ail
The meaning o he middle o man is chosen om he gene a ed lis : he middle
o man is aken, no he middle o man o he s a iona y sound sec ions. All he
mean o man alues ound, ounded o a p ecision o 10 Hz, a e ans e ed o he
Excel p og am. This p og amme calcula es: (1) he a e age o all he achie emen s
o he same in o man ; (2) he a e age o all he in o man s' sona as spoken in he
same posi ion; 3) he a e age o all he in o man s o he sona a spoken in he same
ocal en i onmen . Based on he da a ecei ed, s a is ical s udies we e ca ied ou
on he g aphs and in he SPSS p og am: single- ac o dispe si e analysis ANOVA,
Bon e oni es and pos hoc calcula ions.
One- ac o dispe sion analysis ANOVA is used when he mean o household samples di e s
idu kių bei bend ojo idu kio ski umą i nus a y i, a a p jų esama s a is iš-
kai eikšmingo ski umo (Čekana ičius, Mu auskas 2004). Nus ačius, kad lygi-
s a is ically signi ican ly and addi ional es s a e equi ed o de e mine speci ic di e en ial
samples. Fo his a icle, he Bon e oni es was used, selec ed om he pos hoc c i e ia in he
SPSS p og am. In he Bon e oni es , wo independen samples (e.g., p e- and in e - ocal, p e- and
pos - ocal, in e - ocal and pos - ocal) 6 Bon e oni c i e ia a e no applicable when he e a e many
samples, because hen he s a is ically signi ican di e ence in a e ages is no eco ded, al hough
he ac ual samples a e di e en (Čekana ičius, Mu auskas 2002).
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
106 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII posi ions) a e compa ed by applying he
S uden c i e ia. The pai s unde compa ison di e signi ican ly i he le el o
signi icance p < 0,05, he pai s a e no s a is ically signi ican .
siski ia, jei p ≥ 0,05 (išsamiau apie s a is inių y imų ezul a us ž . „Rezul a ų“
skil yje).
4. VIRPAMŲJŲ SONANTŲ AKUSTINĖS
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Phone ics emphasizes ha ib a o y sona as (o he wise known as ib ancies)
a e cha ac e ized by he ib a ion o one ac i e o gan o speech agains ano he
passi e o gan, de e mined by ae odynamic condi ions (Lade oged, Maddieson 1996:
217). The di icul y o a icula ing he sonne s o he iolin a ies: he ocal co ds
o he iolin s ike he al eoli he e [...], and hen bounce back om hem he e [...]"
72). Liežu io galiukui p isilie us p ie al eolių, susida o užda umos azė, o jam
a si aukus – a i umos azė (Lade oged, Maddieson 1996: 218). Tokių i pesių,
(Pake ys 2003: o example, in Li huanian common speech he e can be one o wo
(Gi denis 2003: 25), in La ian common speech he e a e wo o h ee (Laua 1997: 48),
and in Li huanian dialec s up o i e (7: Mikalaus 1975: 53). Acco ding o he numbe
o owels (o consonan s) in he in e na ional phone ic alphabe , he e a e
one-syllable (Tap o Flap) and many-syllable (T ill) owels (IPA 2015) 8. Li huanian and
La ian sona as a e conside ed plu al, bu he numbe o syllables in he language is no la ge, no exceeding
2–3 i pesių (Š age is 2022: 59)9.
The i s ib a ion is sligh ly longe han he la e ib a ions (Lade oged, Maddieson
1996: 218). The numbe o owels depends on se e al ac o s: in ona ion ( he s essed
one inc eases he numbe o owels), adjacen owels (a owel nex o he owel
has mo e owels), p eposi ions (a owel is said o ha e mo e owels), p onuncia ion
(eas e n owels p onounced [ ] will ha e mo e owels han, o example, wes e n
owels [ ] (Mikhail 1975: 53). I has been obse ed ha a he end o he wo d he e a e
mo e wo ds in he Galician language han in he 7 h wo d, bu compa ed o o he
languages (Li huanian, Russian) he Li huanian language [ ], [ j] is weake
(Mikalauskai ė 1975: 53) This is a e y impo an poin .
8 In o he languages he e is also a e o lex [] (e.g., in English), an u ula [] (e.g., in F ench) (IPA
2015).
9 Acco ding o E. Schwage , he numbe o […]menku dujs is la gely de e mined by phonological easons.
Acco ding o his pa ame e , no o he sound is omi ed o he Li huanian language's ib a ing sona a,
so [...] he in e p e a ion o he sound does no change whe he i is a icula ed as 12, o 4-5 due s
(Š age is 2022: 59). 10 In he c ossed double-syllable sona as, he sona as a e ex ended o hal a syllable,
e.g. piš as [2ˈpjɪ s], is i [2ˈʋjɪ jsj jɪ] (DLKG 2005: 29).
A icles o he 107 h
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
In he beginning (Vai ke ičiū ė 2001: 114). The ip o he ongue also ib a es mo e s ongly
when p onouncing he unpala alized [ ] han when p onouncing [ j]. I is ue ha mos
da ūks a objek y ių bal ų kalbų duomenų – nė a a lik a ins umen inių y i-
mų a ba jie bu o a lik i daba jau pasenusiomis echnologijomis11.
o hese s a emen s a e con i med by he 2nd PAV. Spec og ams o he ib a ional
sona a: he spec um o ou ib a ions (le ) and he spec um o one ib a ion ( igh )
The a icula ion o he pala alized [ j] equi es addi ional ae odynamic condi ions: he ip
o he ongue is no only b ough close o he al eoli ( o o m a ib a ion), bu i s middle
pa is aised, and he sides o he middle pa o he ongue ouch mo e he ha d pala e
han when saying [ j] (Mikalauskai ė 1975: 54; Lade oged, Maddieson 1996: 221; Vai ke ičiū ė
2001: 114). A mo e complica ed a icula ion o pala alized [ j] esul s in a smalle numbe o
ib a ions han ha o non-pala alized [ ]. V. Vai ke ičiū ė has also no iced a lowe
deg ee o p iapism [ j], which can be explained by [ j] a icula o y ea u es: he liežu is,
ouching he high, o ms an obs acle, which is o e come by ai exhaled om he lungs
causing mo e mucus han [ j] (Vai ke ičiū ė 2001: 114). In he Wes e n Ku zemė and o eign
La ian languages as a op ional on , he X- ays and pala og ams o Elizabe h
Mikalauskai ė (1975: 157158, 176), Alisės Laua (1997: 4849) a e used. Un o una ely, hey we e
mos / / a ian as y a išlikęs pala alizuo as la. [ j] (ž . LVG 2013: 68; Ma kus,
11 Tam ik ų ekspe imen inių duomenų apie bal ų kalbų i pamuosius sonan us eikia, p z.,
made a ound he middle o he 20 h cen u y.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
108 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVIII
Auziņa 2013: 19), which di e s om he common language [ ] in he o ma i e
meanings […] pala alized [ j] he i s o man is lowe and he o he o man […]
highe han unpala alized [ ], plg. F1 [ ] […] ~500 Hz, [ j] […] ~350[…]400 Hz; and F2 [ ] […]
~1350 Hz, [ j] […] ~1750[…]1800 Hz; and F3 [ ] […] ~2000[…]2500 Hz, [ j] […] ~2500[…]3000 Hz This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(LVG 2013: 68) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens and mu agens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
Acco ding o he ac i e accen o he language (see able 1), he owel sounds o
he Li huanian and La ian languages a e conside ed he p ecu so s o he
ongue, acco ding o he passi e accen […] al eoliniais (Mikalauskai ė 1975:
53[…]54; Pake ys 2003: 73; Bace ičiū ė 2008: 59; Kazlauskienė 57; Laua 1998: 48; LVG
2013: 68). In he con ex o wo ld languages, he sona ae o he Bal s can be
classi ied as al eola apical (in which he ip o he ongue pa icipa es in
a icula ion). La ian has only one owel sona a, while Li huanian has di e en
owel sona as in e ms o pala aliza ion wi h he s a us o au onomous
phonemes […] ž and […] j[…] (b oade […] i pal sona as phonological in e p e a ion[…]).
1 LENTELĖ. Daba inių bal ų kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų klasi ikacija
Me hod o a icula ion
Place o a icula ion
ak y usis kalbos pada gas pasy usis kalbos pada gas
liežu io p iešakiniai
(apikaliniai) al eoliniai
he sonne s o he i gins,
la. o lie. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
Abu lie u ių kalbos i pamieji sonan ai [ ] i [ j] pagal a imo ie ą p iski ia-
mi al eoliniams. Pag indinis jų a ikuliacijos ski umas – a ian pala alizuo ą
[ j] The middle pa o he ongue ises sligh ly upwa ds owa ds he ha d pala e, hus al e ing
he shape o he o al ca i y (see Fig. 3[…]4, see Pake ys 2003: 74). 12 R. Amb aze ičius and A.
Leskauskai ė (2014: 165) classi y he Li huanian non-pala alized [ ] as apical al eoli o pos al eoli
ib an s, and he pala alized [ j] as apical o laminal al eoli o pos al eoli ib an s. A. Laua
(1997:48) classi ies he ib an o La ian as apical, and […]La ian g amma […] […] laminal, i.e. he
ac i e pa o he p e ix o he ongue (LVG 2013: 62).
A icles by A icle 115
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
pala alized [ j], plg. lies in he p e- ocal posi ion. [ ] F2 = 1240 Hz, A. [ ] F2 = 1450 Hz,
lies [F2 is equal o 1750 Hz] I can be said ha in e ms o pala aliza ion, la. [ ] is said
o be […]minkščiau[…] han lie. [ ], bu […]kiečiau[…] is no a lie. [no u he wo ked
han ho - olled] In o de o de e mine whe he he F1[…]F4 o man s o he
whis ling sona as o he Bal ic languages di e in di e en posi ions (p e- ocal,
in e - ocal and pos - ocal) and whe he hese di e ences a e s a is ically
signi ican , a single- ac o dispe si e analysis ANOVA (see able 4) was ca ied ou
in he SPSS medium. The esul s o he Li huanian non-pala alized ib a ional
sonan o [ ] s udies showed ha he di e ences be ween he F1 and F4 meanings
[…] which a e highly dependen on he posi ion […] a e s a is ically signi ican ( he
le els o signi icance o he di e ences a e p = 0.006 and p < 0.001, espec i ely). In
addi ion, he e is a s a is ically signi ican dec ease in he numbe o F1 and F3
o man s o he pala al sona a o Li huanian language (p < 0,001 and p < 0,41
espec i ely). In he case o he La ian language, he meaning o all o man s is
s a is ically signi ican ly dependen on he posi ion […] he leas signi ican di e ence is in he meaning o he o man F2
(See also Table 4).
4 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? The esul s o he single- ac o dispe sion analysis o he
cu en F1[…]F4 sonan s o he Whi e languages ( o man s wi h s a is ically
signi ican di e ences a e ma ked in g ay)
Fo man ė
Li huanian language La ian
[ ] [ j] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
language p meaning p meaning p meaning
F1 0,006 < 0,001 < 0,001
F2 0.095 0.358 0.022 This is he case o :
F3 0,189 0,041 < 0,001 and
F4 < 0,001 0,345 < 0,001 The ollowing de ini ions apply:
Using he Bon e oni es (see Čekana ičius, Mu auskas 2004) was pe o med on
he. [ ] and la. [ ] Fo ming F1[…]F4 pos hoc compa ison wi hin speci ic compa able
g oups, i.e. in he p e ocal, in e ocal and pos ocal posi ions. The esul s o he
es showed ha he F1 meaning o he unpala alized [ ] o man in Li huanian
di e s s a is ically signi ican ly in he p e- ocal and pos - ocal posi ions (p =
0,012), as well as in he in e - ocal and pos - ocal posi ions (p = 0,020), and he e is
no di e ence in he F1 meaning in he p e- ocal and in e - ocal posi ions. Be ween
lies. [ ] The e is no signi ican di e ence be ween F2 and F3 o man s, and F4
o man di e s signi ican ly in all posi ions ( eading le el p < 0,001), excep o he
in e ocal and pos ocal posi ions.

JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
116 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
La ių kalbos i pamojo sonan o [ ] pos hoc y imo ezul a ai odo s a-
signi ican F1 di e ences in all posi ions (meaning p < 0,001) excep o he
in e ocal and pos ocal posi ions (p = 0,812). Signi ican di e ences in he F2
o m a e eco ded only when compa ing he p e- ocal and pos - ocal posi ions
(p = 0,021), in o he cases he p alue exceeds he 0,05 limi and does no indica e
a signi ican di e ence. The F3 and F4 o man da a also di e signi ican ly
a all posi ions (p < 0,001), wi h he excep ion o he p e ocal and in e ocal […]
o man di e ences a hese posi ions, p = 0,112 ( o F3 o man ) and p = 0,350
( o F4 o man ).
Thus, by summa izing he esul s o he single- ac o dispe si e analysis o he
Li huanian and La ian ocal sona as o ming F1[…]F4, i can be said ha he
i s o man o he ocal sona as [ ] o he wo languages di e s
signi ican ly in all posi ions […] La ian F1 is highe and is associa ed wi h a highe
deg ee o ela iza ion han Li huanian F1. I is also wo h analyzing mo e closely
he di e ences be ween he F3 and F4 o ms, which a e ela ed o he con ex
o he oices nex o hem.
6.2. Bal ų kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingų balsių kon eks e
The meaning o he Li huanian non-pala alized owel sona a [ ] o ming F1F4 is
de e mined by he con ex o he pos e io owels [, ɑː, ɔ, oː, , uː], and he
pala alized sona a [ j] is used no only agains he on owels bu also agains he
supp essed pos e io owels [sɪ, iː, eː, ɛ, æː, ɔː, oː, oː, uː]. The La ian owel sona a
[ ] is analyzed bo h be o e he pos e io owels [ɑ(ː); ɔ(ː); u(ː)], and be o e he
an e io owels [i(ː); e(ː); æ(ː)], because i is indi e en o pala aliza ion. The esul s
o he s udy, shown in Figu e 13 o 15, show ha i does. [ ] The i s o ess o he
man ės F1 eikšmė es i žemesnė p ieš aukš u inius balsius [ʊ, uː], o aukš esnė –
middle and lowe ising balsius [ɔ, oː, , ɑː]. The same is ue o la. [ ] he i s o man
o F1 meanings is cu ed: nex o he high-pi ched owels [i, u] F1 is he lowes , he
medium-pi ched owels [e, ɔ] in he con ex o […] a e age, and nex o he
inių balsių [æ, ɑ] i pamojo [ ] F1 o man ė y a aukščiausia (plg. analogiškus
J. G igo je o (2012: 286–287) ezul a us). Lie. pala alizuo o [ j] F1 eikšmės
y a mažesnės už nepala alizuo ų ek i alen ų – nesiekia 500 Hz. Mažesnės i -
low-pi ched sona a [ j] F1 meanings a e also p e ixed be o e he high-pi ched (and
also he supp essed) owels, and he high-pi ched owels […] be o e he low-pi ched
[ɛ, æ]. I should be no ed ha in he in e ocal posi ion [ j] he i s o man is lowe
han in he p e ocal posi ion […] he p e- ocal su ounding u he deg ades F1
(See also Figu e 14.)
A icles by A icles 117
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
13 PAV. This is he Li huanian p onuncia ion o he unpala alized sona o [ ] o man ės in
he con ex o di e en sounds: male da a
14 PAV. This is he Li huanian owel pala alized sona a [ j] o man ės in he con ex o
di e en sounds: male da a
15 PAV. O he La ian owel sona a [ ] o man ės in he con ex o di e en sounds:
male da a
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
118 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVIII
The second o m o Li huanian owel sounds [ ] and [ j] di e s signi ican ly:
unpala alized [ ] i occu s in he 1240[…]1310 Hz ange, and pala alized [ j] […]1750[…]1860
Hz ange (see able 3, igu e 13[…]14). The unpala alized [ ] F2 is lowe be o e he lipid
balsius [, uː, ɔ, oː] and highe be o e he non-lipid balsius [, ɑː] his indica es ha he
lipida ion deg ades he meaning o F2. E en be o e he o e lapping pos e io owels
[, uː, ɔ, oː] he meaning o he F2 o he sona a i pamojo [ j] is lowe han ha o
he an e io owels [ɪ, iː, eː, ɛ, æː] ( ig. 14). In La ian, like Li huanian, he lowes
meaning o he second o man is eco ded nex o he back ow o owels [ɔ, u], and
he highes meaning is eco ded nex o he on ow o owels [i, e] (see Fig. 15). I
should be no ed ha he La ian owel sona a [ ] acco ding o he F2 meaning
occupies an in e media e posi ion be ween he unpala alized ly. [ ] and pala alized lie.
[ j] […] i s second o man a ies be ween 1400 and 1450 Hz.
The dynamics o he hi d o man in bo h Li huanian and La ian eplica e he
ajec o y o he second o man : he F3 alues a e highe be o e he on ow
and […] lowe be o e he back ow (see Fig. 13 […] 15). in he p e- ocal posi ion, 3610 Hz
Ke i ajai o man ei būdingas didesnis a ian iškumas a p jos eikšmių ski -
ingose pozicijose. Ypač a ijuoja lie. [ ] F4 eikšmė (ž . 13 pa .), plg.: 3270 Hz
in he in e ocal posi ion and 3720 Hz in he pos - ocal posi ion (see able 3). I can
be a gued ha be ween F4 o man ės (in he case o La ian language) and
dažnio i g e imų balsių kokybės nė a aki aizdžios ko eliacijos. Tačiau la. [ ] i
lie. pala alizuo o [ j] F4 o man ė kin a nuosekliau – ji egulia iai žemėja lūpinių
sup iešakėjusių lūpų (in he case o Li huanian language) in he con ex o he
ballads.
A s udy o he sona a o ma ions o he whis ling sounds o he Bal ic
languages in he con ex o di e en sounds has shown ha he dynamics o
he i s o m a e in luenced by he ise o he nex whis le (be o e he uppe
sounds F1 all, be o e he lowe sounds […] ise), and he ajec o y o he
second and subsequen o ma ions depends on he nex whis le (be o e he
lowe sounds F2 all, be o e he uppe sounds […] ise). I is no ewo hy ha
he supp essed pos e io oices a e lowe in pi ch F2 han he on al oices.
The esul s o he s udy, which show ha Li huanian and La ian owel sounds
[ ], [ j] o m di e en ly in di e en posi ions and in di e en ocal con ex s,
a e summa ized in Table 5:
A icles o he 119 h
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
5 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? F1[…]F4 o man s in di e en posi ions o he p esen -day whis ling sona as o he Bal ic languages
I 's called he Fo man 's Lie. The lie. This is La. [ ]
Apibend in os o mančių eikšmės (Hz)
F1 450 360 510 o he
F2 1280 1810 1430 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
F3 2370 2690 2250 Wha is he name o he coun y?
F4 3530 3750 3120 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The di ec ion o change o o man s a di e en [R]VR […] V[R]V […] RV[R] posi ions ( o man s wi h
s a is ically signi ican di e ences in compa ison a e ma ked in g ey)
F1 […] […] […] F1 […] in
high-pi ched oices, F2 […] […]
F3 […] […] […]
F4 […] […] […]
Fo ma i e change in he con ex o di e en oices
he con ex o
in he con ex o lowe o es
in he con ex o he uppe
o es, in he con ex o he lowe o es
[…] in he con ex o high-pi ched oices,
↗ žemu inių balsių kon eks e
F2[…]F4 […] In he con ex o , […] In he con ex o […] In he con ex o , […] In he con ex o […] In he con ex o , […] In he con ex o […]
In he con ex o
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
120 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
IŠVADOS
Compa ing he summa ized o man meanings (see able 5) i was ound ha he highes F1 o man
meaning is cha ac e is ic o ly. [ ] and sie ine wi h elia izaci ine an ine pala aliza ion, and he
ja, o žemiausia F1 o man ės eikšmė nus a y a lie. [ j], ku iam elia izacija
nebūdinga. Aukščiausia F2 o man ės eikšmė apskaičiuo a lie. [ j] i aiškin-
lowes F2 o man is cha ac e is ic o unpala alized lie. [no u he wo ked han ho - olled] The
s udy con i med ha he s uc u e o he i s wo o ms o La ian [ ] is close o neu al [], plg.
F1 = 510 Hz, F2 = 1430 Hz (see LVG 2013: 68), and he sona a o man s o he Li huanian language a e
pola ized by he pala aliza ion ha exis s in he Li huanian language. 2. The posi ion in he compound
([R]VR […] V[R]V […] RV[R]) in luences he s uc u e o he sona a o ma ions o he whi ling sounds o
he Bal ic languages. In Li huanian, he i s o man is e y dependen on he posi ion, he second
o man is he mos indi e en . The esul s o he s udy sugges ha i does. [ ] and [ j]
o man s, when compa ing [R]VR […] V[R]V […] RV[R] posi ions, change simila ly: F1 low, F2[…]F4 […] high;
ė. La ių kalboje p e okalinė, in e okalinė i pos okalinė sonan o [ ]
pozicija da o s a is iškai eikšmingą į aką isoms ke u ioms o man-
in La ian language, he o ma i e [ ] in he p e- ocal posi ion is he highes , and in he pos - ocal
posi ion […] he lowes . 3. The con ex o he adjacen owels has a simila in luence on he a ia ion
o he sona a o ms o bo h Li huanian and La ian languages: he i s o m is ela ed o he ise
o he adjacen owel (F1 be o e he high owels go down, F1 be o e he low owels go up), and he
second and u he o m is ela ed o he adjacen owel lines (F2 be o e he high owels go down).
These co ela ions ha e only been con i med in Lie. [ ] F4 o man da a. The in es iga ion showed
ha he supp essed pos e io oices we e lowe in pi ch. F2 is a o ma i e oice, no a close second.
The esul s o he s udy show ha la. [ ] acco ding o he gene alized o ma i e meanings occupies
an in e media e posi ion be ween he unpala alized lie. [ ] and pala alized lie. [ j], and his inding is
co ela ed wi h he esul s o o he s udies o he Bal ic dialec s17. Du ing he s udy, i was ound
ha a di e en posi ion (p e okalinė, 17 Plg. he conclusions o he s udies o he simila i ies o he
locus o he accen s o he Bela usian languages, which claim ha he pala alized unca ed accen s
o he La ian languages acco ding o he meanings o he F2 locuses a e loca ed abo e he
coo dina e plane, no in he pala alized pa , and he unca ed accen s o he La ian languages […]
h ough he cen e i sel . Such meanings o he F2 locus can be based on he a icula ion poin o
iew: he a icula ion o La ian consonan s occupies cen al posi ions, while he a icula ion o
Li huanian consonan s is cha ac e ized by a ce ain pola iza ion acco ding o he addi ional
a icula ion ea u e (ne) holding […] (Ja osla ienė, G igo je s, U bana ičienė, Ind ičāne 2019:
190).

S aipsniai / A icles 121
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
The in e ocal, pos ocal o m o Li huanian and La ian owel sona as has a
di e en e ec : by compa ing he posi ions o he La ian owel sona a […]
V[R]V […] RV[R] he Li huanian owel sona a […] […] and he La ian owel sona a
[…]F[…]. Howe e , he con ex o he adjacen sounds has a simila in luence on
he o ma i e s uc u e o he whis ling sona as o he Bal ic languages.
LITERATŪRA
Amb aze ičius Ry is, Leskauskai ė As a 2014: P iebalsių akus inės ypa ybės:
pala alizacija i balsingumas, Kaunas: Technologija.
Bace ičiū ė Rima 2008: Fone ikos e minai: žodynėlis i mokomosios užduo ys,
Vilnius: Vilniaus pedagoginio uni e si e o leidykla.
Boe sma Paul, Weenink Da id 2018: P aa : Doing phone ics by compu e ( e sion
6.0.43). P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.p aa .o g/.
Bo den Glo ia J., Ha is Ka he ine S., Raphael Law ence J. 1994: Speech
Science P ime . Physiology, Acous ics, and Pe cep ion o Speech, 3 d edi ion, Bal imo e:
Williams & Wilkins.
Čei ane Sol eiga, Ind ičāne Inese, Tape e Jana 2014: Locus equa ions o
La ian Consonan s. – Linguis ica Le ica 22, 29–47. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.lu-
la i.l /zu nals-linguis ica-le ica.
Čekana ičius Vydas, Mu auskas Gediminas 2004: S a is ika i jos aikymai 2,
Vilnius: TEV.
De eške ičiū ė Sigi a 2013: Lie u ių kalbos p iebalsių akus inės ypa ybės: huma-
ni a inių mokslų dak a o dise acija, Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as, Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as.
DLKG – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, ed. V. Amb azas, 4-as pa ais. leidimas,
Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as, 2005.
Gi denis Aleksas 2003: Teo iniai lie u ių onologijos pag indai, Vilnius: Mokslo i
enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
G igo je s Ju is (2012), Acous ic cha ac e is ics o he La ian sono an s. –
Bal is ica 47(2), 267–292. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.bal is ica.l /index.php/
bal is ica/issue/ iew/106.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanian Republic)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne
a : h ps: www.in e na ionalphone icassocia ion.o g/con en :// ull-ipa-cha .
J.R.R.S.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.E.R.R.E.R.R.E.R.-
R.E.R.R.R.E.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.
ins i u as. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://lki.l /e-publikacijos/.
Johnson Kei h 2003: Acous ic & audi o y phone ics, 2nd edi ion, Ox o d: Blackwell
Publishe s
Kazlauskienė As a 2018: Founda ions o he phone ics and phonology o he Li huanian
language, Kaunas: Vy au as he G ea Uni e si y.
Kodzaso Sand o V., K i no a Olga F. 2001: Kodzaso , Sand o V., K i no a, Olga F.
Gene al phone ics [Obš aja one ika], Moscow: Russian S a e Uni e si y o
Humani ies [Moscow: Rossijskij gosuda s ennyj] This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way.
gumani a nyj uni e si e ].
Lade oged Pe e 2003: Phone ic da a analysis: An in oduc ion o ieldwo k and
ins umen al echniques, Malden, MA & Ox o d: Blackwell. This is a lis o all he
ins umen s used in he ield o phone ic da a analysis. Lade oged Pe e ,
Maddieson Ian 1996: The sounds o he wo ld's languages, Ox o d: Blackwell Publishe s.
Laua Alise 1997: La ian li e a y language phone ics, Riga: Z aigzne ABC. She is a membe
o he La ian Academy o Sciences. Lepa Elmā s 1957: Ques ions ela ed o some mode n
La ian li e a y language phonemes: disse a ion o he deg ee o candida e o
philological science, Riga: Riga Pedagogical Ins i u e.
Lepa Elmā s 1970: The quan i y o he Skanea eles. Ques ions on he s uc u e o he La ian language, Riga:
LVU, 39 o 88.
LVG […] G amma o he La ian language, au . I. Auziņa, I. B eņķe, J. G igo je s, I.
Ind ičāne, B. I ulāne, A. Kalnača, L. Lauze, I. Lokmane, D. Ma kus, D. Nī iņa, G.
Smil niece, B. Valko ska, A. Vulāne, Rīga: LU La ian Language Ins i u e, 2013. This is
he i s ime ha he La ian language ins i u e has been awa ded he p ize.
Maddison, Ian (1984) Pa e ns o Sounds, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, was published
by he Uni e si y o Camb idge in he Uni ed Kingdom. Ma kus Dace, Auziņa Ilze 2013: Fonē ika. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. […] La ian language, ed. A. Veisbe g, Riga: LU Academic Dis ic
Ma kus Dace, G igo je s Ju is 2002: Me hods o phone ic esea ch and isualiza ion,
1 g ām., Rīga: Rasa ABC.
Mikalauskai ė Elzbie a 1975: Lie u ių kalbos one ikos da bai, Vilnius: Mokslas.
In 2003 he published a book on he phone ics o he Li huanian common language, Vilnius Encyclopedia.
A icles and a icles 123
Lie u ių i la ių kalbų i pamųjų sonan ų o man ės
ski ingose pozicijose: akus inis i s a is inis y imas
Sco ie James M. 2006: (R) as a a iable. […] Encyclopedia o Language and
Linguis ics, second edi ion, ed. This is he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do so,
and I am e y pleased ha I ha e been able o do so. Solé Ma ia-Josep 2002:
Ae odynamic cha ac e is ics o ills and phonological pa e n. This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. S. E aldas, Expe imen al Phone ics, Vilnius Uni e si y Publishing House, which is loca ed in Vilnius, Li huania.
In he yea 2013 Tape e Jana: La ian language, he acous ic p ope ies o he nasal
slide. […] Speech […] 2013: speech in he con ex o di e en cul u es 23, Dauga pils: DU
281–289.
academic dis ic […]Saule[…], Tape e Jana 2014: Locus equa ions and he place o
a icula ion o he La ian sono an s. […] Bal is ica 49 (1), 71 […]99. Wha is he name o he company? I is a ailable on he In e ne a h p: www.bal is ica.l /index.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Tape e Jana 2014a: La ian language la e al p onuncia ion acous ic cha ac e iza ion in
o man u ecuma g upā no 16 līdz 39 gadiem. – Linguis ica Le ica 22, 158–172.
Tape e Jana 2015: Spec al ea u es o nasals in S anda d La ian. – Bal is ica 50(1),
115[…]128. I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on
he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
Tape e Jana 2016: Acous ic p ope ies o ill in S anda d La ian (da a om
speake s o di e en age g oups). In e na ional Scien i ic Con e ence dedica ed o he
80 h anni e sa y o he bi h o P o esso Aleksas Gi denis (1936-2011) T ans o ma ions o
con empo a y Bal ic languages and dialec s, Vilnius, Li huania, 19 Oc obe 2016. TARTIS […] The
TARTIS aining and ci cumcision p og amme. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
a is. du.l / one ika-i - a is.igudziu- obulinimas/ga su-ypa ybes. Ul ydas e al. […]
G amma o he Li huanian language 1: phone ics and mo phology (wo d, adjec i e, nume al,
p onoun), ed. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion
in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In his a icle:Beelzebub, elec onic oice
phenomena, EVP, emale demoness, sex, Sex wi h a succubus, spi i ual phenomena, Wes
Vi ginia, Sex wi h a succubus, spi i ual phenomena, Wes Vi ginia I is a ailable on he
In e ne a : h ps: doi.o g/10.35321/e-pub.2.bal u-ga synas. Vale ija Vai ke ičiū ė 2001: The
ounda ions and ocabula y o he Li huanian language, Vilnius:
I 's called P adai.
Vasquez Ca anza, Luz Ma ina 2006: On he phone ic ealiza ion and dis ibu ion
o Cos a Rican ho ics. […] Philology and Linguis ics 32 (2), 291 o 309.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, JANA TAPERTE
124 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld.
VLKK […] S a e Commission o Li huanian Language. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
a imai/p o okoliniai-nu a imai/ ekomendacija-del- a p au ines- one ines-abe-
celes-p i aikymo-bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-ga siniams- iene ams-zyme i [žiū ė a
2022-10-15].
Zinde Le R. 1979: Zinde , Le R. Gene al phone ics [Obš aja one ika], Moscow: This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he Russian language.
High school [Moscow: Vyshaya school].
Li huanian and La ian T ills: An Acous ic
and S a is ical S udy o Fo man S uc u e
Summa y
The objec o his s udy is he ills o con empo a y Bal ic languages p oduced in p e ocalic (< R>
VR), in e ocalic (V< R> V) and pos ocalic (RV< R>) posi ions. The aim o he pape is o analyze he
s uc u e o he i s ou owels, o compa e hei a ia ion in he con ex o di e en owels,
o de e mine he s a is ical signi icance o he di e ences and o highligh he s uc u e o
owels in Li huanian and La ian. The da a o 12 male speake s (6 na i e Li huanian speake s and 6
na i e La ian speake s aged 21-42) we e analyzed; in o al, 1458 ealiza ions (810 Li huanian and 648
La ian) we e s udied. Fo man The ollowing ends in he s uc u e o F1F4 ha e been
alues we e measu ed using P aa , he ob ained da a we e p ocessed using Mic oso Excel,
s a is ical analysis was pe o med using SPSS.
de e mined: 1. Acco ding o he o man da a, La . [ ] occupies an in e media e posi ion be ween
non-pala alized Li h. [ ] and pala alized Li h. This conclusion co ela es wi h he esul s o o he
s udies o consonan s in he Bal ic languages. 2. The Li h. I has he highes F1 alue, which is
associa ed wi h ela iza ion, and he lowes F1 alue is ound in Li h. [no u he wo ked han
ho - olled] The Li h. [RJ] has he highes F2 alue, which can be explained by seconda y
pala aliza ion, while he lowes F2 is cha ac e is ic o non-pala alized Li h. [no u he wo ked
han ho - olled] La . [ ] occupies an in e media e posi ion be ween non-pala alized Li h. [ ] and
pala alized
The Li h. [no u he wo ked han ho - olled]
In Li huanian, F1 alues mainly depend on syllable posi ion, and F2 alues a e he leas a iable.
In La ian, he syllable posi ion o [ ] has a s a is ically signi ican e ec on all ou
o man s.