236 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-4816-2629
Fields o esea ch: Toponymy, Cogni i e Onomas ics,
Cogni i e Seman ics.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all89-11
UNRAVELING VILNIUS
COUNTY DRYMONYMY:
THE CASE OF METONYMY
Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimijos analizė:
me onimijos a ejis
ANNOTATION
The p ima y objec i e o his s udy is o p o ide insigh s in o he me onymic pa e ns
exhibi ed by d ymonyms wi hin p esen -day Vilnius Coun y. The esea ch ocuses on a
selec ion o 696 names ex ac ed om a o al o 787 o icially unc ioning d ymonyms
ound in he e i o y o Vilnius Coun y. Da a o he s udy we e collec ed om a ious
sou ces, including p in ed ma e ials, elec onic esou ces, and in e ac i e maps. The
esea ch indings unde sco e he p e alence o me onymic hinking in o ming d ymonyms.
Th ee dis inc me onymic models eme ged om he analysis: pL ac e o h e pL ac e, saL ien
ea u e o he pL ac e , and pe son o he p L ace . h e pL ac e o he p L ac e model
p o ed highly p oduc i e, yielding 570 d ymonyms. The saLi en e a u e o he pL ac e
model was linked o 100 d ymonyms. The pe son o he p L ac e model in luenced he
naming o 26 d ymonyms.
KEYWORDS: Vilnius Coun y, d ymonyms, me onymy, me onymic models,
cogni i e onomas ics.
ANOTACIJA
Šiuo y imu siekiama nus a y i, kokie me oniminiai modeliai dominuoja Vilniaus
apsk i ies d imonimijoje. Iš ašy inių i elek oninių šal inių bei in e ak y ių žemėlapių
y imui bu o su ink i 787 d imonimai, unkcionuojan ys daba inėje Vilniaus apsk i yje.
Ty imo ezul a ai a skleidė 696 Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimų me oniminę p igim į. Minė i
S aipsniai / A icles 237
Un a eling Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy: he Case o Me onymy
a dai siejami su šiais me oniminiais modeliais: ie a ie oj ie os, išski inė ypa ybė
ie oj ie os i žmogus ie oj ie os. I in p oduk y us modelis, pagal ku į suda y a 570
d imonimų, ie a i e oj i e os . Me oniminis modelis išski inė ypa ybė ie oj ie os
siejamas su 100 d imonimų. Pagal modelį žmogus ie oj ie os bu o į a din i 26 Vilniaus
apsk i ies miškai.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Vilniaus apsk i is, d imonimai, me onimija, me oniminiai modeliai,
kogni y inė onomas ika.
INTRODUCTION
P ope names, esp. oponyms, cons i u e an in eg al pa o language
analogous o any o he lexical uni s. Unlike o dina y wo ds, names a e imbued
wi h dis inc conno a ions and seman ic implica ions. Though some p ope
names may ini ially appea o se e pu ely e e en ial unc ions, an examina ion
h ough he lens o cogni i e onomas ics un eils hei in insic na a i e
signi icance. Such designa ions eme ge om he in e play be ween indi iduals
and speci ic loca ions, bes owing upon hem subs an i e impo , pa icula ly
o hei use s (Ainiala, Ös man 2017: 5). Indeed, names wield he capaci y o
elici eminiscences, an asies, linguis ic compe encies, and emo ional esponses
(Nys öm 2016: 40). Fu he mo e, hey possess he acul y o elici speci ic
cogni i e p ocesses by augmen ing he con en o a oponym (Be ezo ič 1991:
75; Langendonck 2013). Consequen ly, names anscend me e labels; ins ead,
hey bea p o ound cul u al signi icance, augmen ing he o e all alue o he
language hey employ.
Following he pos ula es o cogni i e linguis ics, he meaning o he onyms
does no eme ge in isola ion; ins ead, i is cons uc ed. In o he wo ds, i ollows
he p ocess o concep ualiza ion ha encompasses a my iad o ac o s, ex ending
beyond p eexis ing known concep s and unique pe sonal expe iences o an
indi idual (Langacke 2006: 30; Boldy e 2016: 32). The concep exhibi s
mul idimensionali y and can be analogized o an image cha ac e ized by
indis inc bounda ies (Lako , Johnson 1980: 3; Guda ičius 2011: 109, 112–
113). Howe e , a po en ial misin e p e a ion exis s conce ning he equi alence
o a concep o a wo d’s meaning (Ke e ičienė 2009: 5). The lexical meaning
is a s a ing poin o concep decoding. Howe e , i should no be o e looked
ha concep s a e abs ac en i ies. They necessi a e a mode o mani es a ion,
and a his poin , language se es as a p ima y medium o hei exp ession. As
meanings o he wo ds a e s o ed in he dic iona ies, concep s ind hei abode
in he men al lexicon. In his cogni i e eposi o y, all accumula ed knowledge
is s o ed o e an indi idual’s li e ime. Consequen ly, any concei able obs acles
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
238 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
ha hinde comp ehension can be p ecisely dema ca ed and subsequen ly
a icula ed h ough language, whe ein he concep ual con en aligns wi h he
meanings a ilia ed wi h pa icula wo ds (Ka penko, Golubenko 2015: 286;
Nys öm 2016: 43).
The p ocess o concep ualiza ion is achie ed h ough a ious mechanisms
o hough . One such mechanism, ex ensi ely discussed o e he pas decade,
is he heo y o concep ual me apho (Gibbs 1994: 123–124; C o 2000: 197;
Lako , Johnson 1980: 4), which is beyond he scope o his a icle. Ins ead,
his esea ch will concen a e on he mani es a ion o me onymic hinking as
e iden in oponymy esp. d ymonymy. To commence, i is essen ial o cla i y
he concep o me onymy i sel .
Me onymic hinking cons i u es a p ominen ace o human cogni ion,
illumina ing he in icacies o language use, comp ehension, and a ious
cogni i e in e ac ions (Gibbs 1999: 61, 66). Essen ially, me onymy se es as
a cogni i e and linguis ic ool o ep esen ing uni e sal ca ego ies p e alen
in he human mind; i in ol es a pa e n o comp ehending one objec using
i s associa ion wi h ano he , pa icula ly when bo h objec s coexis wi hin he
same domain (Kö ecses, Gün e 1999: 21; Ke e ičienė 2009: 14–15). This
implies ha an objec ’s p oximi y and connec edness a e b oadly conside ed.
The ans e o names occu s be ween objec s ela ed in a ious ways: spa ially,
si ua ionally, s uc u ally, his o ically, and mo e. Acco ding o Ju ij Ka penko
(1980: 49), any oponymic a ea is inhe en ly p edisposed o ex end beyond i s
con ines, p ima ily h ough he mig a ion o p ope names, o ma ions based
on analogy, and o he sub le oponymic p ocesses.
Building upon he no ion ha onyms can be subjec o analysis h ough
he p ism o o he names, schola ly in es iga ions ha e been di ec ed owa d
explica ing p e alen models o me onymic name-gi ing. P esen ly, he
ep esen a i es o cogni i e onomas ics do no doub ha me onymy uly is one
o he key means o name o ma ion (Langendonck 2007: 4; Rapa 2019: 38). In
his ega d, Ka alin Reszegi (2022) has iden i ied se e al models ex ac ed om
coun y-le el oponym collec ions. These models include he PLACE FOR THE
PLACE scheme, g ounded in spa ial ela ionships, alongside o he schemes like
PERSON FOR THE PLACE, VEGETATION FOR THE PLACE, ANIMAL FOR THE
PLACE, e c. No ably, Pie e A naud (2022) has made analogous disco e ies;
howe e , he has chosen o adop a mo e encompassing designa ion, namely,
SALIENT FEATURE FOR THE PLACE, which encapsula es speci ic pa e ns
obse ed in me onymic name-gi ing. Gi en me onymy’s pe cei ed po en ial as
a p oduc i e sou ce wi hin he oponymic domain, he decision has been made
o conduc an in-dep h examina ion o Li huania’s oponymic sys em, ocusing
on he class o d ymonyms in Vilnius Coun y.
S aipsniai / A icles 239
Un a eling Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy: he Case o Me onymy
The p esen s udy ad oca es adop ing a comp ehensi e in e p e a ion o he
d ymonyms, aligning wi h he Eas e n-Eu opean adi ion. This ype o oponym
deno es names associa ed wi h wooded a eas, such as o es s, pine g o es, and
any o he a eas co e ed wi h woods (Nikono 1966: 124; Supe anskaja 1973:
186; Podol’skaja 1988: 57). In egional onomas ic esea ch, he equi alen e m
mško adas, signi ying o es name, is commonly employed (S ide skienė 2006;
Mickienė 2019), and will also be used in e changeably wi h he e m d ymonym.
The ield o Li huanian d ymonymy has ye o be comp ehensi ely discussed.
Wi hou a doub , Ilona Mickienė’s subs an ial schola ly con ibu ions (2001,
2004, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019) hold undeniable signi icance. O e nea ly
wo decades, he esea ch has been dedica ed o explo ing he de i a ional
aspec o d ymonyms in No he n Li huania. While he e ha e been some
limi ed episodic analyses by Rena a Endzely ė (2003, 2005), Ne ija Ba ku ė
(2006, 2008), and Dalia S ide skienė (2006), i is essen ial o no e ha none o
hese s udies ha e app oached he subjec o d ymonyms om he pe spec i e
o cogni i e onomas ics. Howe e , implemen ing he al e na i e app oach
could en ich he pa adigm o Li huanian onomas ic s udies as i may unco e
he na a i e aspec s he onyms hold. In o he wo ds, he cogni i e app oach
could cla i y how complex ideas and expe iences become imp in ed in he local
oponymy. D ymonyms ha e he po en ial o un eil in iguing peculia i ies o
hough inhe en in hei s uc u e. The e o e, heaim o he cu en esea ch
is o iden i y me onymic models e lec ed in he d ymonyms o p esen -day
Vilnius Coun y.
The esea ch ma e ial and sou ces encompass 696 me onymy-based
d ymonyms, cons i u ing he ocus o he cu en s udy. F om a co pus o 787
d ymonyms p esen ly in o icial use wi hin he geog aphical con ines o Vilnius
Coun y, hese speci ic onyms we e ca e ully selec ed. The da a collec ion
in ol ed bo h elec onic and p in ed e e ences and sou ces.1 Omi ed om
he esea ch a e d ymonyms wi h an inhe en ambigui y in hei na u e. These
names migh ha e been in luenced by polysemous appella i es o an appella i e
and/o p ope nouns. Including such cases could in oduce a ia ions in luenced
by me onymic models, he eby impac ing he s udy’s esul s. Consequen ly,
he decision was made o analyze he d ymonyms o clea seman ics. In
deciphe ing he o igins o d ymonyms oo ed in appella i es, dic iona ies o he
Li huanian, Polish, Russian, and Belo ussian languages se ed as key e e ences.
1 The main esea ch ma e ial collec ion sou ces we e: he Po al o Spacial In o ma ion o Li huania
(GP), Onomas icon o Li huania’s Fo es s (LMV), and Dic iona y o Li huanian Place Names
(LVŽ I, II, III, IV), also see D ymonym Sou ces & Re e ences.
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
240 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
A comp ehensi e app oach was adop ed o d ymonyms de i ed om pe sonal
nouns, inco po a ing elec onic and p in ed sou ces o e i ica ion.2
Resea ch me hodology. The cu en esea ch adhe es o he cogni i e
onomas ics adi ion, asse ing he inhe en meaning ulness o all names.
The analy ical amewo k o examining d ymonyms is adap ed om Nicola
Dob ić’s (2010) p oposal, which en ails sc u inizing he concep ualiza ion
o hese onyms h ough sou ce and a ge domains, ep esen ed as sou ce →
concep ual s uc u e → domain. Howe e , since ou ocus lies on in es iga ing
me onymic models exclusi ely, we simpli y he model o concep ual con en
ealiza ion o sou ce → a ge , highligh ing he ans e o he concep om one
en i y o ano he .
Ce ain cases unde in es iga ion necessi a e a mo e comp ehensi e
elucida ion, and hus, we employ esea ch models in oduced by Aleksand as
Vanagas (1981), S ide skienė (2016, 2017, 2019, 2022), Ilona Mickienė, Ri a
Ba anauskienė (2019), Pa el Sko upa (2019, 2021, 2021a, 2023), among o he s.
In his s udy, he analysis o d ymonyms is app oached h ough h ee o e a ching
gene ic me onymic models: I. PLACE FOR THE PLACE, II. SALIENT FEATURE
FOR THE PLACE, and PERSON FOR THE PLACE, a e u he subca ego ized in o
mo e speci ic models.
1. METONYMIC MODEL:
PLACE FOR THE PLACE
The me onymic model PLACE FOR THE PLACE has been well-es ablished
in he onomas ic domain as ansonimiza ion, signi ying he ans e o onyms
om one class o ano he (Podol’skaja 1988: 87). This comp ehensi e de ini ion
encompasses di e se possibili ies o in e ac ions among p ope names, he eby
emphasizing a wide- anging comp ehension o he phenomenon’s essence.
F om a cogni i e s andpoin , his ype o ansi ion can be classi ied as
me onymy. This implies ha objec s’ p oximi y and con igui y a e ex ensi ely
conside ed. Such names also con ibu e o a be e comp ehension o he
ela ionship be ween a ious oponymic objec s, making i easy o ecognize he
mani es a ion o me onymic hinking (Ma ke , Nassim 2006: 2; Reszegi 2012:
5). The cu en a icle p oposes o dis inguish be ween wo dominan a ge
domains: se lemen s and aqua ic ea u es. Howe e , his model is commonly
2 See Re e ences.

S aipsniai / A icles 241
Un a eling Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy: he Case o Me onymy
linked o he salien ea u es o he loca ion.3 The cu en a icle dis inguishes
be ween he d ymonyms mo i a ed by o he onyms, hus linking hem o a
speci ic place, and hose mo i a ed by appella i e o ms associa ing hese wi h
salien loca ion ea u es. The d ymonyms ha all in o he ca ego ies based on
o he onyms a e analyzed below.
1.1. Se lemen o he Fo es
Mos d ymonyms iden i ied in Vilnius Coun y ha e o igins in he nea by
se lemen s. Conside ing he ex ensi e scope o his esea ch, only he mos
p o o ypical and dis inguished examples a e p esen ed he ein. In o al, 546
d ymonyms adhe e o his me onymic pa e n. Acco ding o Reszegi (2022:
209), a new name may eme ge, e e ing o a b oade space; he new name
beholds a close ela ionship wi h he o iginal meaning o he name ha inspi ed
i . Gi en he syn he ic na u e o he Li huanian language, whe ein lexical
i ems change o ms h ough in lec ions, he newly coined names a e usually
ep esen ed h ough Possessi e case (Li h. Kilmininko linksnis), which may
exp ess an immense ap i ude o a ious ela ionships, including possession/
owne ship (Vaičienė 214: 320). These d ymonyms also ha e an addi ional lexical
componen , mškas, which ansla es o he o es . The e o e, such me onynies
could be obse ed: A ižónys (Š D) → A ižoni mškas (Š D), Bago liai
(El D) → Bago lių mškas (El D), Bùikos (Šlčn D) → Bùikų mškas (Šlčn
D), Gelẽdnė (Š nč D) → Gelẽdnės mškas (Š nč D), Gi ulia (V D) →
Gi uli mškas (V D), Kaka eka (Ukm D) → Kaka ekos mškas (Ukm D),
Semelškės (El D) → Semelškių mškas (T ak D), and o he .
A compa able ela ionship is e iden in ce ain d ymonyms, whe e he second
lexical componen assumes a mo e p ecise seman ic signi icance. Fo illus a i e
pu poses, le us conside he ollowing examples: Ba sniškės (El D) →
Ba sniškių eglýnas (El D), whe ein he Li huanian wo d eglýnas designa es a
‘ i o es ’, he eby p o iding speci ic in o ma ion abou he ege a i e species.
In ano he ins ance, Beliónys (Š čn D) → Belioni šilẽlis (Š čn D) he second
componen Li h. šlas deno es ‘a o es o all, s aigh coni e s (especially pines)
g owing in sand dunes’. Mo eo e , he Li h. Su . -el-4 he e possibly con eys he
concep o smallness, he ma ke wo d šilẽlis e eals he p e ailing ege a ion
cha ac e is ic o he loca ion.
3 C . A naud 2022.
4 C . U bu is 2009: 330.
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
242 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
In ano he illus a i e example, he oponym ans o ma ion Šešuõliai (Ukm
D) → Šešuõlių gi ià (Ukm D) employs he Li huanian wo d gi ià o con ey he
no ion o a ‘big o es ’, e ec i ely accen ua ing he ex ensi e dimensions o he
wooded a ea. Simila ly, in he case o Ba nai (Ml D) → Ba nų gi ẽlė (Ukm
D) he Li h. Su . -el- is added o he ma ke wo d, hus signi ying pleasu e. Bo h
second lexical componen s o hese d ymonyms dis inc ly e lec he o es ype.
In Janu kà (V D) → Janù kos ais ẽlis (El D), he Li huanian wo d ais ẽlis,
a diminu i e o as as signi ying ‘a s icky place co e ed wi h bushes o ees, a
swamp’, impa s u he de ails ega ding he landscape. Mo eo e , he Li huanian
su ix -el- con eys he no ion o smallness o pleasu e in his con ex .5
An in iguing example o a second lexical componen can be ound in
Gudẽliai (Šlčn D) → Gudẽlių kẽlias (Šlčn D) whe ein he Li h. kẽlias is linked
o he meaning o oad. Upon examining he map, i becomes appa en ha his
ma ke holds no peculia i y, as i is e iden ha he oad leading o Gudẽliai
passes h ough his wooded a ea.
Ano he cap i a ing illus a ion is ound in Naujenos (T ak D) → Naujien
salà (T ak D), whe e he Li h. salà signi ies ‘an a ea o land su ounded by
wa e ’. This pa icula ma ke choice could be a ibu ed o he obse a ion ha
upon close examina ion o he su oundings, i becomes e iden ha wa e
s ems, including he G ãžupis Ri e and smalle s eams, enci cle he o es . A
pa allel ma ke salà is likewise obse ed in Tl ai (T ak D) → Tl ų salà (T ak
D), whe ein he o es is also encompassed by wa e s ems. No ably, bo h o
hese d ymonyms a e si ua ed wi hin he con ines o he same dis ic , which
may sugges a cul u al peculia i y in he name-gi ing p ocess, conside ing he
absence o such ma ke s in o he dis ic s o Vilnius Coun y.
Ce ain d ymonyms exhibi he employmen o double o e en iple ma ke s,
as exempli ied by An ãkalnis (V D) → An ãkalnio šlo mško pá kas (V D). In
his ins ance, he oponym o e s supplemen a y de ails conce ning he p e alen
ege a ion, wi h Li h. šlas con eys he concep o ‘a o es o all, s aigh coni e s
(especially pines) g owing in sand dunes’, while Li h. pá kas deno es a ‘pa k’,
he eby implying he ec ea ional pu pose a ibu ed o he o es .
Rema kably, a ecu ing naming con en ion, whe ein he second lexical
componen is pá kas eme ges as a p e alen end in u ban a eas. This is e iden
om he nume ous d ymonyms wi hin he con ines o Vilnius municipali y
dis ic , ea u ing his speci ic elemen . Fo ins ance, Bukčia (V D) → Bukči
mško pá kas (V D), Ga inai (V D) → Ga inų mško pá kas (V D),
Fabijõniškės (V D) → Fabijõniškių mško pá kas (V D), and se e al o he s
exempli y his pa e n.
5 Ibid.
S aipsniai / A icles 243
Un a eling Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy: he Case o Me onymy
I is pe inen o unde sco e ha speci ic d ymonyms encompass a
combina ion o mul iple se lemen s alongside a speci ying lexical elemen ,
no ably mškas ( o es ). These composi e onyms imply an in e ed p oxima e
spa ial ela ionship o bo h se lemen s: Ne ã ai (V D), G giškės (V D) →
Ne ã ų-G giškių mškas (V D), Vaiš ai (Šlčn D), T buškės (Šlčn D) →
Vaiš ų-T buškių mškas (Šlčn D). Wi hin his con ex , he p esence o
d ymonyms ea u ing mul iple ma ke s is wo h no ing, akin o he p e iously
discussed models. Examples o such dual ma ke s, like mško pá kas, can be
ound in such o es names as Visõ iai (V D), Bajõ ai (V D) → Visõ ių-
Bajõ ų mško pá kas (V D).
Con as i ely, some d ymonyms encompass he se lemen ’s name wi hou
i s associa ed ma ke . In such cases, hese d ymonyms unc ion as uni ying
elemen s o space, implying a sha ed a ilia ion wi h bo h inhabi ed a eas.
To illus a e his phenomenon, he ollowing examples may be conside ed:
Mãžosios Slos (Šlčn D), Ddžiosios Slos (Šlčn D) → Slų mškas (Šlčn
D), Naũjosios Raklškės (Šlčn D), Sẽnosios Raklškės (Šlčn D) → Raklškių
mškas (Šlčn D).
The me onymic co ela ion linking he se lemen and he o es becomes
appa en in d ymonyms ha employ he Li huanian p e ix pa-. This p e ix
con en ionally impa s a no ion o p oximi y o he objec deno ed by he p ima y
e m (LKG I 424). Consequen ly, hese d ymonyms adop he implica ion o
being loca ed a he pe iphe y o he inhabi ed a ea. The subsequen ins ances
exempli y his phenomenon: Leñ a is (V D) → Paleñ a io mškas (V D),
Daildžiai (Š D) → Padaildžių mškas (Š D).
By applying he me onymic SETTLEMENT FOR THE FOREST model, one
can glean insigh s in o he his o ical ajec o y o he coun y’s de elopmen .
I is an icipa ed ha pa icula se lemen s will ise o p ominence while o he s
g adually ade. Those se lemen s ha ha e anished om he geog aphical maps
o Vilnius Coun y endu e h ough he d ymonyms hey once mo i a ed. These
se lemen s migh ha e unde gone shi s in hei o icial names, as e idenced
by ins ance Gališkė (Š čn D) → Gališkės mškas (Š čn D), I ičizna (T ak
D)6 → I ičiznos miškas (T ak D), o we e abolished as Plačia lė (Ukm D) →
Plačia lės mškas (Ukm D).
An in iguing ins ance o he me onymic model can be obse ed, as
exempli ied by he case like Š eicã ai (V D) → Š eicã ijos mškas (V D). In
his pa icula example, he oponym o he se lemen , Š eicã ai, is de i ed om
he name o he na ion, he Swiss. In con as , he d ymonym, Š eicã ijos mškas,
is p edica ed upon he name o he coun y – Swi ze land. This illus a ion
6 Now Ba bõ iškės (T ak D).
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
244 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
aises in iguing conside a ions, po en ially oo ed in he landscape analogy. I
is impo an o acknowledge ha Swi ze land is enowned o i s moun ainous
opog aphy, a ea u e ha di e ges om Li huania’s absen p ominen moun ain
anges. Ne e heless, he wooded a ea in ques ion is si ua ed on undula ing
e ain, which esona es wi h local u banonyms such as Aukš óji s ., conno ing
High S ee .
Upon ca e ul examina ion, i is clea ha se lemen -based me onymy is a
p oli ic sou ce o mo i a ion o Li huanian d ymonyms. I is possible o deciphe
spa ial co ela ions among opog aphic elemen s and unco e he nuanced
ways pa icula ma ke s o e aluable in o ma ion conce ning o es a ibu es
and unique landscape ai s employing he SETTLEMENT FOR THE FOREST
model. D ymonyms ha ind hei o igins in se lemen s hold a dis inc i e
ole as cus odians o his o ical memo y. They signi y he exis ence o bygone
inhabi ed a eas and encapsula e he essence o hese anished locales. This
phenomenon unde sco es he in ica e in e play be ween linguis ic exp ession
and he cul u al and geog aphical his o y o he egion, shedding ligh on he
in ica e laye s o meaning embedded wi hin oponyms.
1.2. Aqua ic Fea u e o he Fo es
Wa e bodies hold immense impo ance in human ac i i ies and consequen ly
eme ge as p ominen ea u es wi hin a geog aphical egion. Thei pi o al ole in
shaping he landscape and in luencing human se lemen s ende s hem in eg al
componen s o he local oponymic ab ic. His o ically, wa e bodies ha e
se ed as sou ces o sus enance, ade ou es, and places o cul u al signi icance,
making hem ocal poin s o human se lemen s and ac i i ies. These names
p o ide a sense o place and se e as links be ween he wa e body and o he
oponymic en i ies in he icini y (Reszegi 2022; Sko upa 2023: 231). As a
esul , he oponymic nomencla u e c ea es a seman ic in e connec edness ha
impa s a deepe unde s anding o he egion’s spa ial ela ionships and cul u al
landscape.
Al hough one could a gue ha i e s, lakes, and ponds o en unc ion as
salien ea u es wi hin a loca ion, in his con ex , i is wo h ci ing Vanagas
(1981: 35), gi en his insigh ul obse a ion ha i e s, among a ious
geog aphical a ibu es, can unc ion as dis inc ma ke s o a locale when hey
exhibi dis inc i e cha ac e is ics wi hin he b oade geog aphical con ex .
A delibe a e decision has been made o encompass d ymonyms ha d aw
inspi a ion om o he oponyms wi hin he o e a ching me onymic amewo k
o PLACE FOR THE PLACE, i.e., AQUATIC FEATURE FOR THE FOREST ins ead
S aipsniai / A icles 251
Un a eling Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy: he Case o Me onymy
names aise no ques ions, as hey s aigh o wa dly indica e he concen a ion
o people in speci ic a eas. Ne e heless, hese names o e in iguing insigh s
om he pe spec i e o cogni i e onomas ics due o hei less ob ious and mo e
complex concep ualiza ion model. To gain insigh in o he mo i a ions behind
hese d ymonyms, i is essen ial o del e in o he unde lying concep ha hese
names encapsula e. This in ol es me iculous analysis o each unique case, as
he mo i a ions can a y signi ican ly. Howe e , wha emains consis en ac oss
all an h oponymic oponyms is he implica ion ha an indi idual o g oup
o indi iduals held some o m o signi icance. Fo ins ance, as San a Rapa
(2019: 39) no es, he names o o es gua ds may emain encapsula ed in he
d ymonyms. In his a icle, a he han del ing in o po en ial easons o he
coinage o hese names, he ocus will be on p o iding an o e iew o he
d ymonyms oo ed in pe sonal names. A o al o 26 o es names all unde his
ca ego y, o igina ing pu ely om an h oponyms and ollowing he me onymic
model o PERSON FOR THE FOREST.
Commonly, he d ymonyms e lec ing he accumula ion o people in one
place a e cha ac e ized by he u iliza ion o plu al o ms de i ed om mo i a ing
pa onyms. An illus a i e example is Kišknų mškas (Š čn D), which is belie ed
o ha e been inspi ed by he Li h. pa onym Kišknas (PDBe). This co ela ion
gains alidi y om he ac ha he Li h. pa onym Kišknas is documen ed in he
same geog aphical a ea, speci ically wi hin he Ka anėnai Elde ship, whe e he
o es Kišknų mškas (Š čn D) is si ua ed. Thus he ans e o he pa onym
in o he d ymonym is Li h. Kišknas → Kišknų mškas (Š čn D). Simila ly, he
example o Mikáiliškių mškas (T ak D) could be p o ided. He e, he d ymonym
was based on Pol. pa onym Michajło, Michał (SSNO III 448–449), Bel. Михайлo,
Михайла Михаил (Bi yla 1966: 121), Li h. Mikáilas (PDBe). The e o e, i could
be ep esen ed as Pol. Michajło, Michał, Bel. Михайлo, Михайла Михаил, Li h.
Mikáilas → Mikáiliškių mškas (T ak D).
Howe e , i ’s wo h no ing ha ins ances o singula - o m ep esen a ion also
exis . Fo example, Pol. pa onym Lisowski (SSNO III 270), Rus. Лисовский,
Bel. Лiсoўскi, Лысеўскi (Bi yla 1969: 253) is ans e ed in o Lesò skio
mškas (Š D). This ansi ion could be ep esen ed as ollows: Pol. Lisowski,
Rus. Лисовский, Bel. Лiсoўскi, Лысеўскi → Lesò skio mškas (Š D).
This alignmen o d ymonyms wi hin a speci ic locali y sugges s a possible
naming mo i a ion oo ed in he pe son’s connec ion o he landscape. Claiming
ha all hese d ymonyms o any o he oponyms a e solely oo ed in he concep
o owne ship wi hou u he analysis o egis e s and o he documen s could
be a bold asse ion. This esea ch adop s he me onymic model PERSON FOR
THE PLACE o illus a e i s p oduc i i y and signi icance be e o p e en da a
misin e p e a ion.

ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
252 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
CONCLUSIONS
The indings o his esea ch e eal se e al key poin s:
1. Me onymy, a signi ican cogni i e mechanism, plays a cen al ole in
o ming d ymonyms. I is e iden in 696 o icially ecognized d ymonyms
wi hin Vilnius Coun y, a subs an ial po ion o he o al 787 d ymonyms.
2. Th ee p ima y me onymic pa e ns ha e been iden i ied: PLACE FOR THE
PLACE, SALIENT FEATURE FOR THE PLACE, and PERSON FOR THE PLACE.
• The me onymic model PLACE FOR THE PLACE can be u he speci ied
in o wo dis inc models: SETTLEMENT FOR THE FOREST, encompassing
names o su ounding inhabi ed a eas, domina es wi h 546 ins ances,
making i he mos p e alen pa e n in d ymonym concep ualiza ion. The
second model, AQUATIC FEATURE FOR THE FOREST, ep esen s names o
wa e bodies in p oximi y and has con ibu ed o 24 d ymonyms.
• The me onymic model SALIENT FEATURE FOR THE PLACE can be
subdi ided in o i e speci ic models: FOREST TYPE FOR THE FOREST,
LANDSCAPE FEATURE FOR THE FOREST, VEGETATION FOR THE FOREST,
FAUNA FOR THE FOREST, and PURPOSE FOR THE FOREST. These
subca ego ies a e ep esen ed by 36, 35, 24, 4, and 1 d ymonyms,
espec i ely.
• The me onymic model PERSON FOR THE PLACE was e ined in o PERSON
FOR THE FOREST. I is impo an o no e ha his does no necessa ily
imply owne ship; a he , i indica es a connec ion be ween he pe son and
he o es . The e a e a o al o 26 d ymonyms alling unde his model.
O e all, he indings shed ligh on he in ica e in e play be ween language,
landscape, and human in e ac ion wi hin Vilnius Coun y, showcasing he ich
apes y o meanings embedded in he names o i s o es s.
ABBREVIATIONS
Bel. – Belo usian; c . – compa e; D – dis ic , El– Elek nai; e al. – and o he s; Li h. –
Li huanian; Ml . – Mol ai; Pol. – Polish; P e – p e ix; Rus. – Russian; Su – su ix;
Šlčn – Šačininkai; Š – Š in os; Š čn – Š enčiónys; T ak – T ãkai; Ukm – Ukme g;
V – Vlnius.
DRYMONYM SOURCES
GP – Lie u os e d inės in o macijos po alas (= Po al o Spacial In o ma ion o Li huania).
A ailable a : h ps://www. geopo al.l /geopo al/.
S aipsniai / A icles 253
Un a eling Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy: he Case o Me onymy
LMV – Lie u os miškų a dynas, d. 1, Kaunas: Lie u os miškininkų sąjunga, 1994.
LVŽ I – Lie u os ie o a džių žodynas 1 (A–B), ed. kolegija L. Balode, V. Blažek,
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me onimijos a ejis
SANTRAUKA
Šio y imo objek as – me onimijos būdu suda y i Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimai. Iš
787 a ink ų daba inėje Vilniaus apsk i yje unkcionuojančių a dų ne 696 bu o inspi-
uo i me oniminio mąs ymo būdo. Į y imo lauką nepa eko d imonimai, ku ių mo y acija
siejama su mo y uojančių apelia y ų polisemija i su mo y uojančios są okos apelia y ine
i (a ba) onimine p igim imi. Minė i d imonimai, į auk i į y imą, po encialiai galėjo kel i
abejonių, a a i inka nus a y us me oniminius modelius, odėl jų bu o a sisaky a i apsi i-
bo a ik isiškai aiškios seman ikos miškų a dų analize.
A likus y imą nus a y i dominuojan ys modeliai: ie a ie oj ie os, išski inė ypa ybė ie-
oj ie os i žmogus ie oj ie os. 570 d imonimų y a siejama su me oniminiu modeliu ie a
ie oj ie os, jį sukonk e inus, paaiškėjo, kad d imonimų susi adymą dažniausiai inspi a o
gy en ie ės (546) i andens elkiniai (24). 100 miškų a dų mo y acija g indžiama me-
oniminio modelio išski inė ypa ybė ie oj ie os. Minė inos šios y imo pa i in os šski -
inės ypa ybės: miško ipas (36), k aš o aizdis (35), augmenija (24), gy ūnija (4) i miško
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
258 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
paski is (1). Apie žmonių san alką miškingose ie o ėse galima sp ęs i iš 26 Vilniaus aps-
k i ies d imonimų, jie siejami su žmogus ie oj ie os, . y. žmogus ie oj miško, me oniminiu
modeliu.
Kadangi šis y imas bu o ykdomas kogni y inės onomas ikos lygmeniu, jame laikoma-
si nuos a os, kad isi a dai u i eikšmę. Analizuo ų d imonimų koncep ualiza imo mode-
lis bu o a skleis as adap a us Nikolos Dob ičiaus (2010) modelį, pagal ku į au o ius siūlo
numa y i koncep o kelią pe šal inio i ikslo s i is, iš ku ių šal inis – apelia y as a ba ik i-
nis žodis, o ikslas – onimas, šio y imo a eju – d imonimas. Taigi s aipsnyje nag inėjamų
a dų koncep ai a aizduojami emian is šia schema: apelia y as / ik inis žodis → d i-
monimas. Panašią schemą ykdomuose y imuose aiko i Veng ijos mokslininkė Ka alina
Reszegi (2022).
Kadangi me onimijos ap aiškų andama apelia y uose, ikimasi, kad me oniminis mąs-
ymas būdingas i ik iniams žodžiams. Juk me onimija y a kogni y inė i ling is inė p ie-
monė uni e salioms ka ego ijoms o muo is žmogaus sąmonėje, ku ios ėliau gali bū i a -
spindė os kalboje. Me onimija apima ieno objek o samp a os modelį susiedama jį su ki u,
ypač ada, kai abu objek ai egzis uoja oje pačioje pa adigmoje (Kö ecses, Gün e 1999: 21;
Ke e ičienė 2009: 14–15). Toponimija i y a bū en a s i is, ku i pa odo, kad objek ai ko-
egzis uoja, kad dėl į ai ių p iežasčių jai būdingas polinkis pe ženg i sa o pačios ibas, įskai-
an a dų mig aciją a p objek ų klasių bei analogija pag įs ų da inių (Ka penko 1980: 49).
Me oniminiai p ocesai y a labai s a būs i įdomūs, kadangi jie a skleidžia glaudų žmonijos
su okimo, ie o ės ypa ybių, kalbos bei a do o ma imosi mechanizmų yšį.
Į eik a 2023 m. ugpjūčio 21 d.
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Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a
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