Li huanian Linguis ic Ac
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Con en s linked o Tu in e e ence
ISSN 2669-218X (online o elec onically)
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed
unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which allows un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and
ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. Published by he Li huanian
Language Ins i u e. This a icle is open access, dis ibu ed unde he e ms o a C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion-Sha eAlike License ha allows unlimi ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion o he con en on any medium, including au ho s and sou ce.
Recei ed by Gau a: 2025-04-18. Accep ed: Accep ed: 2025-05-13. This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
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MOTINISM in he wo ld o Li huanian language (REMIANTIS
WORDS MOTHER ASSOCIATIONIS and WORDS MOTHER, -A,
MOTHER JUNGINIAIS) This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he esolu ion.
Mo he hood in he Wo ld iew o he Li huanian Language (Based on he
Associa ions o he Wo d mama (En. Mom) and he Compounds o he Wo ds
mo iniškas, -a (En. Mo he ly), mo iniškai (En. in a Mo he ly Way)
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion.
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2538-9502 Resea ch a eas include e hnolinguis ics, ela ed
linguis ics, cogni i e linguis ics, and cul u al linguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle desc ibes pa o he con en o he concep MOTINA, which belongs o he wo ld image o he
Li huanian language. Using he wo d "mama" in he ield o associa ions, all adjec i es a e ma e nal, -a o ms, he
esul s o he analysis o ma e nal conjuga ions a e aimed a summa izing how he wo ld iew o he Li huanian
language pe cei es wha a mo he is, wha beha io al models a e cha ac e is ic o he . The s a emen s o he
a icle a e based on he esul s and examples o he expe imen o ee associa ions om he analysis o he
ex o he con empo a y Li huanian language compiled by he Compu e Linguis ics Cen e o Vy au as Magnus
Uni e si y in Kaunas. The s udy p esen ed in he a icle p o ides in o ma ion on he con en o he concep
MOTINA and complemen s wha is al eady known abou he peculia i ies o he wo ld ca ego iza ion o he Li huanian language in he wo ld iew. ESMINIAI WORDS: he wo ld iew o he language, he concep , he mo he , he ma e nal, he ma e nal.
This is a e y impo an poin .
The a icle desc ibes pa o he con en o he concep MOTHER, which belongs o he Li huanian wo ld iew. Using
he esul s o he analysis o he associa ion ield o he wo d "mo he ," all o ms o he adjec i es "mo he ly"
and "mo he ly" and he compounds o he ad e b "mo he ly" in a mo he ly way, he pape aims o summa ize he
pe cep ion o wha a mo he is in he Li huanian language wo ld iew and he beha io al pa e ns ha a e ypical o
he . The pape is based on he analysis o he esul s o he ee associa ion expe imen and he analysis o he
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examples om he Cu en Li huanian Language ex book compiled a he Cen e o Compu a ional Linguis ics o
Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y in Kaunas. The esea ch p esen ed in he pape p o ides in o ma ion abou he
con en o he MOTHER concep and adds o wha is al eady known abou he peculia i ies o wo ld ca ego isa ion
in he wo ld iew o women.
Li huanians.
KEYWORDS: language wo ld iew, concep , mo he (mom), mo he ly, in a mo he ly way.
ĮVADINĖS PASTABOS
Kalbos pasaulė aizdžio y imai nuola išlieka ak ualūs, nes kalba, ku ios a ojimo
They' e based on examples, hey' e changing, hey' e changing, and hey' e changing he way
language use s pe cei e he wo ld. These p ocesses in e ac wi h each o he , so he inal
desc ip ion o he wo ld iew o a pa icula language canno and will ne e be he goal o he
wo k o linguis s […] he e a e cons an ly new ex s ha e lec changes in he pe cep ion o
he wo ld and can hemsel es in luence hem. In o de o desc ibe a ideo agmen o he wo ld
cap u ed in he language, i is app op ia e o de ine he scope o he language ma e ial being
analyzed, he pe iod wi h which i s o igin is associa ed, and on he basis o his o speci y he bounda ies o he desc ibed objec .
S udies based on he ex ma e ial o he cu en Li huanian language p o ide examples close
o e e yday language, aken om he elec onic discou se, which is o en as close as possible
o he spoken language, which ac ualizes he agmen o he wo ld image o he language […]
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in o ma ion abou he hing and he exp ession, he p ocess, he consume 's consciousness, i.e.
in o ma ion abou he concep and i s con en in he wo ld image.
The aim o he s udy p esen ed in he a icle is o desc ibe pa o he MOTINA concep ,
which is ela ed o he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language, using di e en ma e ials.
The objec i es o be achie ed a e as ollows:
1) o collec linguis ic ma e ial o di e en na u e e lec ing he di e si y o he con en o
he concep […] he ield o associa ions o he wo d "mama" and examples o he ma e nal
use o all adjec i es in he ex o he cu en Li huanian language, -a o ms and ad e bs; (2)
o p esen pa ial conclusions using analy ical me hods app op ia e o he subjec ma e ; 3)
o summa ise he pa ial conclusions and hus o desc ibe pa o he con en o he MOTINA
concep . Desc ip i e, in e p e a i e, concep ual analysis, ee associa ion and expe imen al
me hods a e used in he s udy.
In es iga ion o he hea ing
Mo he , mama is one o he Li huanian wo ds o kinship. In Li huanian dialec ,
su names a e analyzed in a ious aspec s.
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Acco ding o As o Ryklienė, he elec onic discou se o he spoken language is app oached by he ac ha he
ex is mos o en published unadul e a ed, wi h spon anei y, ellip ici y, and con ex cha ac e is ic o he
language. In he elec onic discou se, wo ds and ph ases a e abb e ia ed, he e a e many uno icial ocabula ies,
i s and second pe son p onouns p e ail. The au ho bases his conclusion on he ac ha he language used o
communica e on he In e ne di e s signi ican ly om w i en language and has cha ac e is ics ha b ing i close o he a ia ion o spoken language (see Ryklienė 2000: 99 […] 107).
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Rū os Bui ydienė's disse a ion p o ides a de ailed pic u e o Li huanian-language su names,
discusses he de elopmen o he sys em o su names, he o igin o he su names, he main
ends o he su name sys em (Bui ydienė 1992).
The e a e wo ks ha discuss he names o kinship ela ionships ela ed o one o he
gende s (Bui ydienė 2000; Kačiuškienė e al. 2008: 2840; Kačiuškienė, Vik auskai ė 2010: 4654). I
is w i en in he Li huanian language lexicon o An anas Sabaliauskas ha he wo d
mo he belongs o he old Indo-Eu opean lexicon. All Indo-Eu opean languages ha e a
common wo d, combined wi h he child en's wo d *ma (Sabaliauskas 1990: 2021).
Dainius Razauskas (2002) examines he e ymology o he wo d moja (which is a dis espec ul
mo he 's name). Abou he e ms o kinship dad, mom w i es and connec s hem wi h child en's language
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
In e es ing insigh s a e p esen in in e disciplina y wo ks. Gabija Bankauskai ė-Se eikienė
analyzes he a icles and ad e isemen s o women published in pe iodicals om 1920 o 1940 in
Naujoji Romu a, Mo e is, Naujas žodis. The au ho concludes ha a ha ime he adi ional
pa o socie y wan ed a woman o be humble, i uous, pious, heal hy, o na u al beau y, o
che ish adi ions and, o cou se, o be a mo he . This image was published in he newspape o
he Li huanian Ca holic Women's Associa ion, Women
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Gin a ė Ka aliūnai ė-Amelyushkina conduc ed a s udy almos wo decades ago aimed a examining
he image o mo he hood in he Li huanian media. Based on he jou nals You Child, Mom's Jou nal,
and Small Ma e ials, he scien is no es ha he adi ional pa ia chal image ha domina ed
he media a he ime was ha women we e encou aged o sac i ice hei ca ee s, hei
p o essional ambi ions, and hei amily conce ns o he sake o he amily. Because o he
ma e nal ins inc , women a e be e able o ca e o child en han men, so mo he s should wan
o be single. The au ho o he s udy no es ha in he i ual discou se o he ime, i.e. on he
In e ne , he image o he mo he was no longe so one-sided, di e en pe spec i es began o
eme ge […] i was spoken abou doub ing he decisions, he disc epancy be ween he adi ional
ole and he eali y el by he woman (Ka alii ė-Amelyushkina 2006: 42 […]52). Simila ques ions a e
discussed in he wo ks ha ocus on he hemes o mo he hood in Li huanian li e a u e. Ka olyn
Slo inska's analysis is based on he wo k o Vanda Juknai is. The esea che concludes ha he
w i e does no p o ide an idealized image, because in Juknai e's wo k he mo he is desc ibed by
means o con as s. She is s ong and weak, b a e and ea less a he same ime. A mo he 's
bond wi h he child is excep ionally s ong (Slo inska 2021: 308[…]317). Žyd onė Kole inskienė no es
ha he mos common image in Li huanian p ose o a mo he who sac i ices he sel o he
child en and husband is a gen le and good one. The eade is asked whe he mo he hood is a alue,
o whe he a woman mus by na u e ha e a sense o mo he hood (Kole inskienė)
2008: 96–104).
The a icle by Ka olina Slo inska and K is ina Ru ko ska on he image o he Li huanian mo he ,
based on da a om s uden su eys, sough o e eal s e eo ypical ea u es o he mo he : o
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de ine wha he wo d mo he means, wi h whom she is associa ed, wha cha ac e is ics she
has, wha ole he mo he plays in he child's li e (Slo inska, Ru ko ska, 2020). A de ailed analysis
o he concep MOTINA is gi en in he monog aph o I ena Sme onienė, Ma iaus Sme onas and
K is ina Ru ko ska on he Ea h. The mo he . Sme ana (Sme ana and K.T. 2021) is a me hodology
de eloped by he Ljubljana E hnological School, c ea ed by Jež Ba minski and his s uden s. The
au ho o he pa dedica ed o he image o he mo he is K is ina Ru ko ska. Based on
Li huanian ocabula y, dic iona y dic iona ies, dic iona ies o he cu en language, sou ces o
olklo e, examples o eligious, li e a y, publicis discou se, he ma e ial o he su ey
desc ibes he basic pe cep ion o he mo he . I is ypical ha in he Li huanian-language
wo ld iew i is usually eco ded ha a mo he is good, since e, ca ing, she lo es and akes ca e o he child en
(Sme onienė and k . 2021: 290) This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
Simona S epona ičienė's dic iona y o Li huanian-language wo d associa ions (S epona ičienė
1986) does no con ain he wo ds "mo he " and "mo he " in he ield o associa ions, so he
s udy p esen ed in his a icle uses he wo d "mo he " in he ield o associa ions.
Theo e ical basis o he s udy
I he wo d associa ion expe imen is pe o med co ec ly, i.e., all esponden s ecei e a lis o
s imuli and ins uc ions wi hou hinking o a long ime o w i e nex o each wo d a wo d o
sen ence ha comes o hei mind, hen he esul s o he expe imen e eal he in o ma ion
ha is associa ed wi h he non- e bal eali y objec in he wo ld o speech, in o he wo ds,
e eals pa o he con en o he concep ha exis s in he minds o people. In addi ion, e bal
associa ions can help o de ine a model o desc ibing a concep . The e a e se e al ypes o
concep s men ioned in he dic iona y. Each ype o image is based on a di e en ype o
in o ma ion ep esen a ion, which depends on he speci ics o he objec o non e bal eali y:
(1) men al images ( hose conc e e objec s pe cei ed by he eye, such as clouds); 2) schemes
(p iming a pain ing, less de ails, emphasising he spa ial na u e, e.g. a pa h);
3) hype onyms (no pic o ial, can be desc ibed by indica ing logical
connec ions, e.g. mammals);
4) ypical schemes (sepa a e de ails linked oge he in o a whole, like a ilm ame, in o which
e e y hing ha is ypical and impo an in ce ain ci cums ances, such as a ba be shop, alls);
5) he sc ip (a plo de ice ha esembles he i le o a se ies o s e eo ypical ac ions, such as
jealousy) (Babuškin 1996: 1995).
When he concep has no clea connec ion o one o he ypes, i is conside ed kaleidoscopic. To
speci y which o which o he men ioned ypes a concep can be associa ed wi h, i is possible o
analyze as many examples o di e en ypes as possible. In o de o analyze he concep o he
mo he ongue, i is necessa y o choose a cogni i ely close linguis ic app oach o he
ca ego iza ion o he wo ld, o e lec i in speech and o e eal how he ypical mo he and he
cha ac e is ic beha io a e pe cei ed in he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language, in o he
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wo ds, wha in o ma ion can be linked o he con en o he concep o he mo he ongue.
Acco ding o he g amma o he cu en Li huanian language, he adjec i e "seek" shows
simila i y o he basic wo d " old" (DLKG 1994: 207). The g amma s a es ha simila i y can be
bo h in e nal and ex e nal. Adjec i es o en ha e a me apho ical meaning, i.e. hey do no signi y
"how" bu "who", e.g. English oice, high-pi ched speech, b o he ly consen , ma e nal ca e. While
con inuing his idea, i can be added ha in cases whe e he base wo ds o he p eposi ions o
he nouns a e he nouns o he pe sons, he di e ence be ween "how" and "who" is small. I
should be no ed ha he g amma o he Li huanian language i sel s a es ha he meaning o
"pe kel ine simila i y" is close o he o he meaning o hese adjec i es: "essen ial, usual,
a ibu ed o he basic wo d o he hing said, ela ed o ha hing". The g amma ical example
o he mo he 's ca e can be unde s ood in wo ways: i is he ca e ha is ypical o mo he s;
ca e ha mani es s i sel in he same way as ma e nal ca e. The same opinion is ollowed in he
P ac ical Common Li huanian G amma (PBLKG 2024: 431432).
The combina ion o wo ds wi h he ma e nal, -a and ma e nally a e linked o one ca ego y, he
cen e o which is he wo d mo he , his link is a sign ha connec s all he di e en membe s o
he ca ego y. The e m "mo he " can be used o e e o any o a numbe o hings in he wo ld
o language, such as he wo d "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o
"mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o
"mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o
"mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he " o "mo he . Any ca ego y is no he same as a
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concep , bu can be used as a sou ce o in o ma ion o desc ibe a concep . F om his
pe spec i e, i can be concluded ha he a ious objec s and phenomena o non e bal eali y
associa ed wi h he ca ego y o mo he hood, changing he di ec ion o he examina ion in o
examples o language consump ion, e eal wha he mo he is (o is expec ed o be) and how she
beha es. In o de o achie e mo e p ecise esul s o he analysis, di e en esea ch ma e ials
we e selec ed, i.e. ields o he wo d "mama" associa ions, examples o all adjec i es "mo he ly",
"a o m", "mo he ly in luence". In o he wo ds, he analysis o he esul s o he expe imen o
ee associa ions is complemen ed by concep ual analysis. I is belie ed ha he combina ion o
di e en me hods and di e en linguis ic ma e ials desc ibing he same objec o non- e bal
eali y makes i possible o e eal he con en o he concep in mo e de ail. The wo ds mo he ,
mama, ma e nal, -a and ma e nal
2
The sign o equali y be ween he ca ego y and he concep canno be w i en, bu he e is a co ela ion: he conc e e
ca ego y and he concep a e linked o he same agmen o eali y. A concep is in o ma ion abou an objec o eali y
in he consciousness o he use s o he language, and a ca ego y is he esul o he o de ing o he wo ld in he
consciousness o he use s o he language. The e m "mo he hood" is used o desc ibe he ela ionship be ween a
mo he and he child, and he e m "mo he hood" is used o desc ibe he ela ionship be ween a mo he and he child, and
he e m "mo he hood" is used o desc ibe he ela ionship be ween a mo he and he child.

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I e balizes he same concep , bu he con ex s in which all wo ds a e used and he meaning
load imposed by hose con ex s a e ce ainly no he same.
The wo d mo he , in w i ing abou he emo ional, aes he ic, e hical and o he e alua ion o
language exp ession, Kazimie Zupe ka desc ibes as dis inc i ely la ge. Such and simila wo ds
(Župe ka, based on he collec ed ma e ial, men ions he wo ds mo he , Li huania, a he , Velykos)
a e also called high, noble, ex ao dina ily beau i ul and meaning ul (Župe ka 2012: 196). Thus, simila
con en , he sphe e o consump ion is also associa ed wi h he wo d mo he ly. I is wo h no ing
ha , acco ding o he esul s o Ru ko ska's s udy, language use s gi e he wo d mo he a
comple ely di e en emo ional cha ge han he one desc ibed by Župe ka: […][P]e mos I
dis inguished […]mamą[…] om […]ma inos[…]. Fo me, mo he is associa ed wi h he s ic , cold
ela ionship be ween a mo he and he child en. Some imes I imagine he as old, wi h sca s,
w inkles, as she is some imes depic ed in Li huanian olk ales. Mom, on he con a y, is young,
wa m, ea less, has a close ela ionship wi h he child en. […]Mo he is simply associa ed wi h he
pe son who once ga e bi h o he child. The concep o "mo he " is much b oade han he
„mo ina“ ne adinu. Šil esnis i mielesnis žodis y a „mama“. „Mo ina“ man a odo šiu kš us
i nemielas žodis“ (Sme onienė i k . 2021:146).
San ykį a p žodžių mo ina i mama galima apibūdin i kaip san ykį a p siau esnės i
concep o "mo he " in he abs ac , as i e e s o he ela ionship be ween pa en and child,
bu i is mo e speci ically ocused on he eal pe son nex o he use o he language, so i can be
said ha i is mo e app op ia e o pe sonal ela ionships. Bo h wo ds e e o he same
non e bal eali y objec a woman in ela ion o he own child, so hey a e associa ed wi h he same
concep . Because o he connec ion o he wo d mo he wi h a highe s yle, i was chosen o name
he concep .
The esea ch p esen ed in his a icle has used a a ie y o linguis ic ma e ials in o de o
compa e and desc ibe he co ela ions be ween he conclusions, o mula ed and analyzed in
a non-uni o m way, pa ly linked o di e en discou ses, possibly cha ac e ized by
di e en emo ional loads, bu e ealing he con en o he same concep . The selec ion o
esea ch ma e ials and me hodology o he s udy in he expe imen o he Wo d
Associa ions, he esul s o which we e used in he p esen a ion o he s udy in he a icle,
in ol ed almos 600 s uden s o a ious s udy p og ams (humani a ian sciences, enginee ing,
social, educa ional sciences s udy g oups) om Šiauliai and Vilnius, whose na i e language is
Li huanian. Since an associa ion expe imen is conside ed eliable i i in ol es a leas 30
esponden s, i can be a gued ha i s esul s a e eliable, gi en he ee associa ion
expe imen on which he pa o he s udy p esen ed is based.
The age o he pa icipan s in he expe imen is 17-35 yea s. The s uden s we e gi en a lis o
100 s imuli, including, among o he s, he wo d "mama," and we e asked o w i e he i s
wo d, wo d combina ion, o sen ence ha came o hei mind a he ime, wi hou hinking
o a long ime. I is emphasized ha all he answe s a e good, hey will be used only o he
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scien i ic wo k o linguis ics. So he people who pa icipa ed in he expe imen a e now he
wo king-age gene a ion, c ea ing he li e o he coun y, making decisions and, hope ully,
aising hei own child en.
The e a e many cases whe e he e a e only a ew ens o iden ical answe s be ween he
esul s o he expe imen . The abundance o uni o m eac ions o s imuli e lec s he
pe cep ion o he wo ld ha is cha ac e is ic o ou cul u e.
Analizuojan be ku io žodžio asociacijų lauko u inį pi miausiai da y ina p ielaida, kad
dalis asociacijų y a nulem os i kalbos sis emos, i ik o ės daik ų a eiškinių yšių, dalis –
labiau g indžiama yšiais nekalbinėje ik o ėje. Da ienas asociacijų ipas, ku is labai
The e a e p eceden ex s ha a e aluable o desc ibing he speci ic isual wo ld o a
pa icula language.
I is nei he app op ia e no logical o sepa a e he ac ha one associa ion is me ely he
esul o he sys emici y o language and he o he is me ely he ac ualiza ion o eal hings
and phenomena, because language is ne e heless a e lec ion o eali y, so he sys emici y o
language is no a esul in i sel , bu is pa ly co ela ed wi h he ac uali y i sel . I is a
mis ake o say ha a pa o any wo d's associa ions can ha e an explana ion in he language
sys em, a pa does no ha e such an explana ion.
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The i s g oup o associa ions can be pa adigma ic, de e mined by he s imulus o he
wo d in he local language sys em, and syn agma ic, i.e. hose mo i a ed by he
s imulus' abili y o o m wo ds and sen ences o co esponding con en .
4
The o he pa o he ma e ial unde s udy is he examples o upda ing he ca ego y o
mo he hood […] all adjec i es mo he ly, -a o ms and p onouns mo he ly compounds,
collec ed om he ex o he cu en Li huanian language. In o al, he e a e 550
examples, 87 examples o illus a e he a icle's claims.
The classi ica ion o he wo ld in o conc e e and abs ac objec s, i.e. in o hose pe cei ed by
he senso y o gans (e.g. ea s, nose, mou h) and hose whose pe cep ion akes place only in he
human consciousness, i.e. hei p esence is simply belie ed. Acco ding o his scien is , his
classi ica ion is uni e sal, co e ing absolu ely all objec s o non-li ing and li ing na u e ( o mo e
on his see Če neiko 1997). Du ing he classi ica ion, i became clea ha he di e si y o objec s
named a e mo he s and associa ed wi h he ca ego y o mo he hood is limi ed, so L. O.
Če neyk's classi ica ion was simpli ied, adap ed o he ca ego y o speech. L. O. Če neiko
dis inguishes ma e ial objec s ( he e a e no such examples o sen ences collec ed o his
s udy); as well as in angible objec s. In his case, in angible objec s a e he esul s o he duali y
and ac i i y o he s udy, o which a en ion is ocused.
3
Synch onous speech is a mo e in ima e app oach o language.
4
And in his case, i 's impossible o ansla e wi hou a connec ion o he non- e bal eali y, because
syn agma ic connec ions be ween wo ds a e possible because he e's a connec ion in he non- e bal eali y be ween he hings o objec s ha hose wo ds name.
8
TYRIMAS Field analysis o he wo d
mo he associa ions
The pa adigm o he wo d "mama associa ion" e eals i s place among o he ela ed
names. Wi h a he (67; 28; 39) ( his is he mos common associa ion) o a he 12
5
(a) The a he (s) o he child (s) is (a e) he a he (s) o he child (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)
6
(s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)
(s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) (s) The e we e esponden s who eac ed o he s imulus wi h he same
(mo he 10 (8; 2), e bally mo he 6 (1; 5) o in small and pleasan a ian s mommy 2 (0; 2), mommy
1 (0; 1), passing on a wa me ela ionship wi h mom. In he case o a child bo n o a mo he and a
a he , he de ini ion o "mo he " is usually a woman who has a child and is aising him. Since
he s udy p esen ed in his a icle is ocused on he desc ip ion o he con en o he
concep , all o he associa ions will be discussed om he poin o iew o he cha ac e is ics
o wo ds as uni s o language, bu ocusing on he in o ma ion encoded in hem.
In he ield o associa ions wi h he wo d mo he , less a en ion is paid o he appea ance,
mo e o he beha io , he ela ionship wi h people and he wo ld. Only a ew ex e nal
cha ac e is ics a e men ioned. Mo he small 1 (0; 1) and ligh -skinned 1 (1; 0), wi h case 1 (1; 0),
wea s glasses 1 (0; 1). Appa en ly, in ou consciousness, ligh -skinned people a e mo e associa ed
wi h a posi i e e alua ion […] such, acco ding o an associa ion expe imen , is also a daugh e
( o mo e on he wo d daugh e associa ions see Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2024: 9[…]32). These
eac ions ix objec i ely pe cei ed signs. The subjec i e esponse o appea ance is he wo d
"beau i ul." Simila ly subjec i e a e he desc ip ions o he human condi ion: gen le 4 (3; 1),
nai e 1 (1; 0), nai e 1 (0; 1), wicked 1 (0; 1). Wha is beau i ul o since e o one pe son may seem
con a y o ano he , so i canno be gene alized ha all mo he s a e gen le, since e, nai e, o
ang y. I should be no ed ha almos all associa ions eco d a posi i e e alua ion, so he pe son
desc ibed does no pose a dange o a leas discom o o hose who in e ac wi h him. The
excep ion may be he wo d ange . The desc ip ions o he ypical mo he 's way o li e a e no
sepa a ed om he desc ip ion o he ela ionship wi h he , hey a e ex ended and
supplemen ed.
All he eac ions e ealing he subjec 's ela ionship wi h he mo he indica e he a o emen ioned posi i e
e alua ion and posi i e emo ions owa ds he . The ollowing a e he di e en wo ds used by he
esponden s o indica e he na u e o he emo ions and he closeness o he ela ionship: espec 4 (0; 4) […]
au ho i y 2 (2; 0) […] wa m eelings 1 (1) […] mos impo an 1 (0; 1) […] lo e 60 (31; 29), lo e 20; 13), lo e 1 (0); (7), lo e
1 (0; 1), lo e 1 (1; 0), lo e 2 (1; 1) and so on. Some esponden s esponded wi h he highes and highes g ade
adjec i es: mos expensi e 5 (2; 3), bes 4 (2; 2); The mos belo ed 3 (2; 1), he closes 2 (2; 0), he dea es man 1
(1; 0), he bes man 1 (1; He e and u he he numbe be o e he slash e eals how many o he o al people
5
submi ed such a eac ion, he i s numbe in he slash shows how many o hem a e women, he second […]
how many men.
6
The lowe numbe o eac ions is p obably due o he same emo ional ela ionship (e.g. a he and a he ) ha was
men ioned in he discussion o he wo ds "mo he " and "mo he " in he seman ic g oup.
9
0), he mos belo ed man 1 (1; 0), he bes 1 (0; 1). These eac ions also ma k he limi o he
7
in ensi y o eelings and can be ea ed as a p e equisi e o a mu ual posi i e ela ionship. The
emo ional ela ionship is desc ibed using he possibili ies o ans e ing he name. The basis
o he ans e o he name is close o synes he ic me apho s: hea 29 (16; 13), sun 1 (1; 0), gold 1
(0); gold 1 (1; 0), wa m h 2 (1; 1), weal h 1 (1; 0). The e a e wo main di ec ions: ligh and hea (which in
ou clima e zone a e conside ed o be desi able, c ea ing condi ions o sa e y and com o ), and
he ma e ial alues men ioned - alue, weal h and gold. Such ways o exp essing epea he
posi i e e alua ion o he mo he ixed by o he desc ip ions and de ine he na u e o he
ela ionship.
The names o ac i i ies cha ac e is ic o mo he s eco ded in he ield o mo he s' associa ions
may be condi ionally assigned o ac i e and inac i e ac i i ies. Ac i e ac i i ies a e hose ha
ha e no only a clea objec , bu also a angible esul - some imes ma e ial. These include he
mo he 's household cho es, du ies, o obliga ions. A mo he is a woman who gi es bi h o child en.
This is e ealed by he answe s gi en by bo h women and men o he midwi e. In he
English-speaking wo ld, i is he esponsibili y o he mo he o keep he house idy ( a ka 2 (0; 2)
and o cook (mais 2 (1; 1), o ea (2 (0; 2), dinne (0; 1). Language use s see mom as wo king, bu only
wo speci ic occupa ional names a e men ioned: wo king 1 (0; 1), ca egi e 1 (1; 0); eache 1 (0; 1).
Na u ally, he esponden s men ioned p o essions adi ionally associa ed wi h women. The
mo he is pe cei ed as he one who is closes o he child en om hei bi h on a daily basis and
especially when he child en (and p obably no only hem) need help: ca e 1 (0; 1), d ying 1 (0; 1),
medicine 1 (0; 1). The obliga ion and (o ) simply he choice o be close o child en co ela es wi h
he so-called ange o inac i e ac i i ies. The designa ion o inac i e ac i i ies is pa ly
con o e sial, and i should be cla i ied ha mos o hese ac ions a e di icul o imagine as
aking place he e and now, wi h conc e e and angible esul s. Such ac ions a e con inuous, ha e
no de ini e beginning o end, a e mo e emo ionally accep ed as an exp ession o a ela ionship, and
hei ou come is el o no . A mo he is i s and o emos a pe son who ca es o he child, and
he esponden s desc ibed his ela ionship in a ious ways: ca ing 14 (9; 5), ca ing 9 (4; 5), ca ing 3
(0); The mo i es o building a e unce ain y, conce n, a achmen , and help ulness: com o 2 (1;
1), shel e 1 (0); lo e 1 (0); shel e 1 (0); p o ec ion 1 (1; 0). I is wo h no ing ha he esul s o he
expe imen wi h ee associa ions coincide wi h he aspec s o he image o he mode n woman
desc ibed in he a icle by Slo inskaya and Ru ko skaya. In a ecen su ey o s uden s, he
au ho s o he ques ionnai e we e asked abou he concep o "mo he hood," which is de ined as
" he abili y o aise, ca e o , lo e, ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e
o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e
o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o , ca e o ."
7
K. Ru ko ska (Sme onienė and k .
2021: 146).
16
The e a e also no endings, bu hey a e ypical o he non- e bal eali y objec wi h which he
spoken concep is associa ed. Thus, he concep o MOTINA is, in i s na u e, closes o ypical
schemes, sepa a e de ails ha connec in o a whole and ix wha is ypical.
LITERATŪRA
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17
Kole inskienė Žyd onė 2008: Mo inys ės disku sas lie u ių p ozoje: Lau os Sin ijos
Če niauskai ės „K ėpa imas į ma mu ą“ [Discou se o Mo he hood in Li huanian
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anke inių apklausų duomenimis [Li huanian Image o MOTHER Based on Su ey
Da a]. – Ve ybės lie u ių i lenkų kalbų pasaulė aizdyje 1: Teo inės p ielaidos i
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18
S epona ičienė Simona 1986: Lie u ių kalbos žodinių asociacijų žodynas [Dic iona y o
Li huanian Ve bal Associa ions], Vilnius: Mokslas.
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[Fundamen al Human Cha ac e is ics and Nai e “Ana omy”]. – Vop osy jazykoznanija
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Linguis ics o Non-Linguis s], Šiauliai: VšĮ Šiaulių uni e si e o leidykla.
Mo he hood in he Wo ld iew o he Li huanian Language (Based on he
Associa ions o he Wo d mama (En. Mom) and he Compounds o he Wo ds
mo iniškas, -a (En. Mo he ly), mo iniškai (En. in a Mo he ly Way)
Summa y
The p esen s udy aims o desc ibe pa o he con en o he concep o "mo he " ela ed o
he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language by means o he esul s o an associa ion ield analysis
o he wo d "mo he ," he analysis o all o ms o he adjec i es "mo he " and "mo he ly" and
he esul s o he analysis o he compounds o he ad e b "mo he ly."
Summing up he indings o he associa ion ield analysis, i was concluded ha , acco ding o he
Li huanian wo ld iew ma e ial, a mo he is a pe son who gi es bi h o a child, akes ca e o i ,
ca es o i , lo es i and p o ec s i . The same conclusions can be d awn om he analysis o he
con ex s o he wo ds ma e nal, -a and ma e nal. The ypical beha io o a mo he is de e mined
by he p imacy o he emo ional elemen and mani es s i sel in he o m o lo e, ca e, conce n,
and compassion. The in o ma ion ha , acco ding o he analysis o he linguis ic ma e ial, is
associa ed wi h he concep o mo he in he Li huanian language wo ld iew is an implici o
explici exp ession o he ela ionship wi h he mo he : he language use s ei he di ec ly
desc ibe hei a i ude owa ds one o he pa en s o hey encode i in o he wo ds. Concep
MOTHER is he closes o he ypical schemes, which link he indi idual de ails in o a whole and
cap u e wha is ypical.