Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica
2026, ol. 94, pp. 1–22
Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda
ISSN 2669-218X (online / elek oninis)
Copy igh © 2026 Dina a Abi ay, Saken Nu kabekuly, Assel Kukeno a, Gulna Bekkozhano a, Tu syn Gabi o ,
Gaziza Shoybeko a, Angelika Molna . Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open
Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s
un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e
c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e
Commons“ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje
laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį.
Recei ed: / Gau a: 2026-05-07. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2026-06-12. 1
CONCEPTS OF “TIME” AND “SPACE” AS A REPRESENTATION OF
HUMAN EXISTENCE IN KAZAKH PHILOSOPHY AND LANGUAGE
„Laiko“ i „e d ės“ są okos kaip žmogaus egzis encijos ep ezen acija kazachų
iloso ijoje i kalboje
DINARA ABITAY
Depa men o Fo eign Philology and T ansla ion S udies, Al-Fa abi Kazakh Na ional
Uni e si y
E-mail: abi ay_dina a@li e.kaznu.kz
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1387-9793
Fields o esea ch: o eign philology, ansla ion.
SAKEN NURKABEKULY
Chai o Philosophy, Al-Fa abi Kazakh Na ional Uni e si y
E-mail: sakennu [email protected], kukeno _saken@li e.kaznu.kz
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0008-6731-5468
Field o esea ch: philosophy.
ASSEL KUKENOVA
Depa men o Kazakh Li e a u e and Theo y o Li e a u e, Al-Fa abi Kazakh Na ional Uni e si y
E-mail: kukeno a[email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0003-7346-4279
Fields o esea ch: Kazakh li e a u e, li e a u e.
GULNAR BEKKOZHANOVA
Depa men o Fo eign Philology and T ansla ion S udies, Al-Fa abi Kazakh Na ional Uni e si y
E-mail: Bekkozhan[email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6532-7405
Fields o esea ch: o eign philology, ansla ion.
TURSYN GABITOV
Chai o Philosophy, Al-Fa abi Kazakh Na ional Uni e si y
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1330-1799
Field o esea ch: philosophy.
GAZIZA SHOYBEKOVA
Depa men o Theo y and Me hods o Teaching he Kazakh Language, Kazakh Na ional Womens
Teache T aining Uni e si y
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
2
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-9484-1318
Fields o esea ch: Kazakh language, educa ion.
ANGELIKA MOLNAR
Facul y o Humani ies, Ins i u e o Sla ic S udies, Uni e si y o Deb ecen
E-mail: molna .angelika@a s.unideb.hu
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7896-1480
Fields o esea ch: humani ies, Sla ic s udies.
h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all94-01
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The p esen a icle aims o examine he concep s o “ ime” and “space” as ep esen a ions o human
exis ence in Kazakh hough and language. The s udy employs an associa i e expe imen as he p ima y empi ical
me hod, complemen ed by s a is ical and linguis ic analyses based on concep ual analysis echniques. A su ey
was conduc ed wi h 200 Kazakh-speaking pa icipan s aged 20 o 70. Key concep ual ca ego ies, such as “ ime
as emo ion”, “ ime as a alue”, “space as homeland”, and “space as eedom”, we e iden i ied h ough coding
and in e p e ed in ligh o Kazakh philosophical adi ions. Signi ican di e ences we e obse ed be ween age
g oups: younge pa icipan s a ou ed emo ional and abs ac associa ions, whe eas olde esponden s elied on
me apho ical and conc e e ep esen a ions. These dispa i ies sugges a gene a ional shi in he cogni i e and
emo ional aming o philosophical ca ego ies, likely shaped by sociohis o ical expe ience, linguis ic socialisa ion,
and he in luence o echnological and cul u al changes. The s udy demons a es ha “ ime” and “space” in
Kazakh cul u e a e no neu al cons uc s bu deeply symbolic, e hically cha ged, and emo ionally esonan
ca ego ies. These indings con ibu e o a b oade unde s anding o how cul u e-speci ic wo ld iews a e encoded
in language, o e ing p ac ical implica ions o educa ion, in e cul u al communica ion, and cul u al policy.
KEYWORDS: associa i e expe imen , cul u e and language, Kazakh cogni ion, linguis ic wo ld iew,
philosophical ca ego ies.
ANOTACIJA
Šio s aipsnio ikslas – iš i i „laiko“ i „e d ės“ są okas kaip žmogaus egzis encijos ep ezen acijas
kazachų mąs yme i kalboje. Pag indinis empi inis me odas, aiky as y ime – asociacinis ekspe imen as, ku į
papildo s a is inė i ling is inė analizė, g indžiama są okų analizės me odu. Bu o a lik a 200 kazachų kalba
kalbančių indi idų, ku ių amžius s y a o nuo 20 iki 70 me ų, apklausa. S a biausios koncep ualios ka ego ijos,
okios kaip „laikas kaip emocija“, „laikas kaip e ybė“, „e d ė kaip ė ynė“ i „e d ė kaip lais ė“, bu o
iden i ikuo os koda imo būdu i in e p e uo os a siž elgian į kazachų iloso ines adicijas. Pas ebė a eikšmingų
ski umų a p amžiaus g upių: jaunesni apklausos daly iai pi menybę eikė emocinėms i abs akčioms
asociacijoms, o y esni esponden ai a sakydami ėmėsi me a o inėmis i konk ečiomis ep ezen acijomis. Šie
ski umai odo ka ų kai ą iloso inių ka ego ijų kogni y iniame i emociniame kon eks e, ku ią g eičiausiai
su o ma o socialinė-is o inė pa i is, kalbinė socializacija i echnologinių bei kul ū inių pokyčių į aka. Ty imas
odo, kad „laikas“ i „e d ė“ kazachų kul ū oje nė a neu alūs kons uk ai, ai giliai simbolinės, e iškai įk au os
i emociškai ezonuojančios ka ego ijos. Šie ezul a ai p isideda p ie pla esnės samp a os, kaip kul ū ai būdingos
pasaulėžiū os y a užkoduo os kalboje, da ančios į aką š ie imui, a pkul ū inei komunikacijai i kul ū os poli ikai.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: asociacijų ekspe imen as, kul ū a i kalba, kazachų kognicija, kalbinis pasaulė aizdis,
iloso inės ka ego ijos.
1. INTRODUCTION
The spa io empo al ela ionship be ween humans and na u e unde pins all human
in e ac ions wi h he en i onmen and plays a c i ical ole in shaping hei wo ld iew. The
on ological in eg a ion o humans in o he objec i e wo ld se es as a p e equisi e o he
o ma ion o “space” and “ ime” as concep ual ca ego ies. Such ideas ha e been a icula ed
by e hnog aphe s, an h opologis s, philosophe s, psychologis s, and o he schola s (Röck
2019). The philosophy o “ ime” and “space” ep esen s one o he key domains o
philosophical hough , add essing undamen al aspec s o exis ence and cogni ion.
“Time” cons i u es a undamen al on ological ca ego y, compa able in signi icance o
“space”, ma e , and mo ion. Resea ch cha ac e ises empo al pe cep ion as a cul u ally
disc imina i e ai (Tejada-Galla do e al. 2021). Cul u al di e ences mani es in he
measu emen , segmen a ion, and concep ualisa ion o “ ime”. As an inhe en componen o
3
linguis ic con en , “ ime” is e lec ed ac oss a ious le els o language s uc u e: as
a mo phological ca ego y ( ense), as lexemes wi h empo al meaning (lexical le el), and as
empo ally ma ked syn ac ic cons uc ions (syn ac ic le el).
The s udy o spa ial concep s e eals ha ancien unde s andings laid he ounda ion
o subsequen in e p e a ions o “space” as a ca ego y h oughou his o y (Massey 2020).
Ea ly concep ions o “space” we e p edominan ly geome ic o physical in na u e, lacking
conside a ions o socie al, communica i e, in ellec ual, and pa icula ly cul u al dimensions.
Howe e , dis ega ding hese aspec s makes i impossible o es ablish c i e ia o cul u al “space”
as a dis inc o m cha ac e ised by con inui y, homogenei y (o he e ogenei y), s uc u al
o ganisa ion, boundedness, ini ude o in ini ude, and o he de ining ea u es.
Digi al echnologies ha e econ igu ed socie al pe cep ions o “ ime” and “space”,
he eby gene a ing new condi ions o he cons uc ion o iden i y (Giddens 2023). Vi ual
en i onmen s ha e enabled he simula ion o mo emen ac oss spa io empo al domains
(Chen, Wang 2022); acco dingly, he ques ion a ises as o whe he adi ional
concep ualisa ions a e capable o being sus ained wi hin a digi al milieu.
The cu en s udy endea ou s o explo e adi ional Kazakh iden i y h ough he
concep ual amewo ks o “ ime” and “space”. Focusing on Kazakh socie y p o es pa icula ly
ele an as i unde goes p o ound ans o ma ions d i en by globalisa ion, echnological
ad ancemen , and in ensi ied mig a ion p ocesses. These de elopmen s challenge adi ional
wo ld iews and necessi a e a econcep ualisa ion o he undamen al ca ego ies h ough which
indi iduals pe cei e, expe ience, and a icula e eali y (Reese e al. 2019). “Time” and “space”
unc ion no me ely as cogni i e uni e sals bu as cul u ally and philosophically media ed
models o unde s anding human exis ence. F om his pe spec i e, Kazakh philosophical
hough – oo ed in nomadic adi ions ha concep ualise “ ime” and “space” as sac ed
exis en ial dimensions – engages in a dynamic dialogue wi h con empo a y global pa adigms
(Al aye , Imanbaye a 2021).
Gi en hese ans o ma ions, i is c ucial o examine how concep s o “ ime” and
“space” unc ion as cogni i e and linguis ic ep esen a ions o human exis ence, pa icula ly
wi hin Kazakh cul u e and in i s in e ac ions wi h global ends. The p esen a icle aims o
ace he e olu ion o hese ca ego ies in philosophical and linguis ic hough , analyse hei
mani es a ion in language, and explo e how hey espond o and e lec he challenges o he
mode n wo ld. The p esen s udy is ele an in se e al espec s. The associa i e expe imen
in ol ed 200 in o man s, compa ed wi h 50 in he only p eceding s udy (Beknaza o a 2022);
his expansion o he sample made i possible o cap u e a iabili y ha had p e iously
emained un eco ded. Age s a i ica ion, which was no included in Ainu Zhangalie a,
Ga i olla Yessim, Zugu a Rakhma ullina (2024), is in oduced he e o he i s ime.
Concep ual me apho heo y has been es ed p ima ily on Indo-Eu opean ma e ial; i s
applicabili y o Tu kic-language da a has no ye been su icien ly examined. P e ious s udies
ha e no su icien ly add essed his subjec , lea ing a gap in he li e a u e ha he a icle seeks
o ill.
1.1. Li e a u e Re iew
The concep ualisa ion o “ ime” and “space” has been examined ac oss se e al
schola ly domains, all o which a e pe inen o he p esen s udy. Collec i e iden i y eme ges
a he in e sec ion o con inui y and up u e; empo al sel -awa eness and spa ial a achmen
join ly shape i s o ma ion. I is p ecisely his in e sec ion ha p o ides a p oduc i e analy ical
poin o depa u e (Cla k 2019). Rega ding he ela ionship be ween “space” and “iden i y”,
con inui y is pa icula ly c ucial among he componen s o con empo a y iden i y. Building
upon he pe cep ion ha sel -awa eness possesses empo al signi icance, he con inui y o
iden i y ep esen s a dynamic connec ion be ween empo al and spa ial ela ions. Indi idual
iden i y main ains con inui y because human memo y encompasses bo h empo al and spa ial
4
dimensions (Ob ado ić, Bowe 2021). Consequen ly, wi hin he collec i e iden i y o med by
indi idual iden i ies, con inui y add esses how he cohe ence o collec i e iden i y can be
main ained ac oss “ ime” and “space”.
In academic esea ch, spa ial and empo al concep s a e o en ea ed as independen
axioms (Lako , Johnson 2020). Howe e , hei immeasu able na u e makes di ec s udy
impossible. The inc easing p e alence and p ecision o measu emen ins umen s ha e
subs an ially al e ed he human pe cep ions o “space” and “ ime” (Buzsáki, Tingley 2018).
The g owing in luence o echnological inno a ions – om a i icial in elligence o online
communica ion – has u he ans o med he ela ionship be ween language and eali y. The
echnological e olu ion aises c i ical ques ions abou how adi ional ca ego ies such as “ ime”
and “space” a e concep ualised, p ese ed, o es uc u ed wi hin linguis ic and cul u al
consciousness. Resea ch in a ious ields unde sco es he s ong connec ion be ween hese
abs ac concep s and hei linguis ic ep esen a ion, sugges ing ha pa e ns o empo al and
spa ial discou se e lec deepe cogni i e s uc u es o hough and pe cep ion (Hanink,
Koon z-Ga boden 2025).
Tu kological esea ch on concep ual me apho s emains agmen a y. Wi hin Kazakh
linguocul u al s udies, he concep o zhe (land/ea h) occupies a cen al posi ion in na ional
sel -consciousness. In Kazakh-language p ima y sou ces, his cen ali y is clea ly e iden : he
concep o * ugan zhe * (“na i e land”) o ms he co e o he na ional concep ual sphe e and
is e balised in he oic epics and in gen es o oponymic olklo e (Olzhabaye e al. 2022;
Olzhabaye , Soylemez 2024). An analysis o my hological cogni ion embedded in Tu kic
oponyms e eals an unde lying mechanism in which hyd onyms p ese e a chaic spa ial
o ien a ions associa ed wi h sac ali y and aqua ic symbolism (Sadi o a e al. 2024).
Ch ono opic analyses o Kazakh li e a y p ose demons a e ha empo al and spa ial
ep esen a ions ca y an e alua i e dimension (Zhiyenalina e al. 2024). Canonical Kazakh
hinke s concep ualised “ ime” and “space” in e hical ca ego ies; in hei in e p e a ions,
conscience unc ioned as a empo al egula o o memo y and mo al judgmen (Iskako a
2023; Ryskaliye e al. 2023). A genealogical app oach o philosophical p ose in e p e s
exis en ial ca ego ies – a e, i e e sibili y, and mo al ansi ion – as elemen s o a cul u al
symbolic s uc u e (Kossyn 2024). E hnog aphic e idence documen s a cyclical pe cep ion o
“ ime” shaped by seasonal mig a ions and i ual calenda s (Dosmu zino 2023; Zeinullin e al.
2026). A he same ime, empi ical e i ica ion h ough con olled elici a ion has been limi ed
o a single associa i e s udy in ol ing 50 Kazakh speake s (Beknaza o a 2022).
Thus, language cons i u es a c ucial in e nal ac o shaping a cul u e’s empo al
o ien a ion. Beyond adi ional measu emen -based app oaches, he s udy o cul u al
me apho s o e s an e ec i e me hodological al e na i e o unde s anding how di e en
cul u es concep ualise abs ac no ions (Jang e al. 2023). Cul u al me apho s e e o
phenomena o ac i i ies ha mos membe s o a na ional cul u e cogni i ely o emo ionally
iden i y wi h (Kö ecses 2021). Me apho ical cons uc s e eal how cul u es pe cei e di e en
socie al aspec s and concep ualise abs ac domains, including “ ime” and “space”. Building
on his esea ch di ec ion, schola s ha e examined “space” as a me apho o empo al
pe cep ion (Gu e al. 2019), iewing “ ime” as a oid h ough which indi iduals mo e
be ween e en s. S udies also poin o cul u al a ia ions in hese spa ial- empo al mappings.
Speci ically, Ame ican cogni ion ypically ep esen s “ ime” ho izon ally (pas o u u e) wi h
le - o- igh mo emen (Wo ell, And e a 2019). Con e sely, Chinese cul u al models
equen ly employ e ical o ien a ions wi h upwa d empo al p og ession (Fiddle 2024).
Bo h models, howe e , de i e om he w i en adi ions o seden a y cul u es; he cyclical-
linea hyb idi y o he nomadic ch ono ope emains unaccoun ed o in hem. The p esen
s udy is in ended o add ess his gap. Ma ked di e ences in empo al concep ualisa ion ha e
p omp ed in es iga ions in o hei unde lying de e minan s (Pi , Casasan o 2020). Resea ch
has iden i ied mul iple cul u al ac o s in luencing empo al pe cep ion, including alue
sys ems, eligious adi ions, social s uc u es, and linguis ic pa e ns (Kapi ańska 2024).
5
En i onmen al de e minan s, such as clima ic condi ions and socioeconomic ci cums ances,
simila ly con ibu e o cogni i e a ia ion. In ela ion o Tu kic-speaking nomadic socie ies,
hese de e minan s ha e no been s udied sys ema ically; consequen ly, he gene alizabili y o
he models examined o da e emains limi ed.
Cul u e-speci ic me apho s explain why a ious cul u al g oups pe cei e “ ime”
di e en ly. Fo ins ance, mos cul u es concep ualise he pas as behind and he u u e as
ahead, aligning wi h he body’s o wa d mo emen (Michaels 2025). Wi h ega d o
me apho ical ep esen a ions, cul u al di e ences in he pe cep ion o “ ime” a e closely
linked o how “ ime” is desc ibed. English speake s commonly measu e du a ion h ough
me apho s o linea dis ance (“a long ime”), whe eby “ ime” is concep ualised as a spa ial
pa h; in Spanish, by con as , du a ion ends o be quan i ied (“much ime”), wi h “ ime”
cons ued as a subs ance (Alca az Ca ión, Valenzuela 2021). In Kazakh, bo h s a egies
con e ge. Du a ion is encoded bo h in e ms o dis ance (“ұзақ уақыт”, li . “long ime”) and
quan i a i ely (*köp uaqy *, “much ime”); hus, he con as desc ibed abo e in e sec s
di ec ly wi h he ma e ial examined in he p esen s udy. The obse ed di e gence s ems om
dis inc concep ual me apho s shaped by linguis ic and cul u al in luences. Empi ical s udies
demons a e ha indi iduals mo e accu a ely es ima e “ ime” when using measu emen
amewo ks consis en wi h hei na i e language’s cons uc ions (Gö zelmann 2021).
Addi ional linguis ic ea u es con ibu e o cul u al a ia ions in empo al pe cep ion. W i ing
sys em di e ences ha e been ex ensi ely examined as po en ial explana ions o c oss-cul u al
a ia ion in empo al o ien a ion. The Kazakh case, ha ing unde gone a succession o sc ip
changes – om A abic sc ip o La in, Cy illic, and again La in – o e s a non- i ial es o
his hypo hesis on Tu kic ma e ial.
“Time” cons i u es an essen ial aspec o human expe ience, while cul u e plays
a pi o al ole in shaping cogni ion, mo i a ion, emo ions, and indi idual beha iou . P e ious
esea ch has sys ema ically in es iga ed he ela ionship be ween cul u al alues and a ia ions
in empo al o ien a ion ac oss cul u es (Alca az Ca ión, Valenzuela 2022). Among di e en
cul u al dimensions, schola s ha e in es iga ed how collec i ism/indi idualism, egula o y
ocus, and a belie in con ol o e one’s li e co ela e wi h empo al pe cep ion. Some s udies
claim ha indi idualism and collec i ism signi ican ly in luence cul u al di e ences in u u e,
p esen , and pas empo al o ien a ions (Chen e al. 2022). Indi idualis ic cul u es ypically
exhibi a s onge u u e o ien a ion, whe eas collec i is cul u es emphasise p esen - ocused
pe spec i es. Tha is, collec i is amewo ks p io i ise conc e e, con ex -speci ic e en s in he
immedia e momen , while indi idualis pa adigms a ou abs ac e en s and uni e sal ules
applicable ac oss si ua ions. Beyond cul u al alues, my hologies, and eligious sys ems
cons i u e ano he c i ical ac o explaining c oss-cul u al a ia ions in empo al pe cep ion
(Callizo Rome o 2023).
G owing e idence demons a es ha undamen al psychological p ocesses o en
exhibi cul u al speci ici y, sugges ing ha he concep ualisa ion and pe cep ion o “ ime”
should simila ly a y ac oss cul u es (Kha in-Zadeh e al. 2023). Howe e , cul u al s udies
ha e la gely neglec ed empo al di e si y and i s di e en ial impac s in cul u al con ex s.
Despi e p og ess in cul u al esea ch, he examina ion o empo al and spa ial dimensions
emains limi ed, wi h a lack o sys ema ic in eg a ion o heo e ical and empi ical knowledge.
The accumula ed body o schola ship is ma ked by h ee s uc u al limi a ions. Fi s ,
concep ual me apho heo y has been empi ically alida ed p edominan ly on Indo-Eu opean
languages: a bibliome ic analysis o 1,257 publica ions (2002–2022) iden i ied esea ch
clus e s concen a ed in Spain, he Uni ed S a es, China, and Russia (Zhao e al. 2023). This
imbalance calls in o ques ion he heo y’s applicabili y o Tu kic-speaking popula ions.
Socie ies o Cen al Asia wi h nomadic he i age a e a ely included in c oss-cul u al
compa a i e esea ch. Mo eo e , he e y ca ego y o he “nomad” has been c i icised o i s
educ ionism, as i collapses di e se models o mobili y in o a single ypology (Con e 2025).
Second, he impac o bilingualism on he concep ualisa ion o basic ca ego ies in pos -So ie

6
con ex s emains insu icien ly explo ed. Kazakhs an’s ilingual policy shapes empo al and
spa ial imagina ies, gene a ing compe ing associa ions wi h mode ni y and he i age (Ahn,
Smagulo a 2022); ne e heless, no s udy o da e has examined whe he policy-induced shi s
ans o m ounda ional concep ual me apho s.
A e iew o he exis ing li e a u e e eals a s iking pauci y o esea ch on he opic.
While in e na ional s udies ha e explo ed how me apho s shape cul u al concep ions o “ ime”
and “space”, he me apho ical amewo ks o he Kazakh language ha e been sys ema ically
unexamined. Signi ican gaps pe sis in unde s anding how hese ca ego ies mani es in
Kazakh hough and language, wi h compa a i e cul u al analyses being pa icula ly sca ce.
Cu en esea ch ends o ea “ ime” and “space” as disc e e cogni i e ca ego ies,
o e looking hei in e dependence in shaping na ional consciousness.
1.2. P oblem S a emen
The s udy aimed o analyse he concep s o “ ime” and “space” as ep esen a ions o
human exis ence wi hin Kazakh hough and language. To achie e he s a ed objec i e, he
ollowing esea ch asks we e o mula ed:
1) o iden i y dominan concep ual ca ego ies associa ed wi h “ ime” and “space”
among Kazakh esponden s;
2) o examine how hese ca ego ies e lec cul u ally embedded meanings h ough an
analysis o emo ional, me apho ical, abs ac , and conc e e dimensions in linguis ic
associa ions;
3) o explo e gene a ional di e ences in he pe cep ion and concep ualisa ion o “ ime”
and “space”;
4) o in e p e he mos equen and cul u ally signi ican associa ions wi hin he
amewo k o Kazakh philosophical and cul u al adi ions.
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1. Theo e ical F amewo k
The cu en s udy is g ounded in an in e disciplina y heo e ical amewo k in eg a ing
cogni i e linguis ics, philosophical an h opology, and cul u al semio ics. Cen al o his
ounda ion is he p emise ha language no only e lec s bu also shapes human cogni ion and
wo ld iew (Lako , Johnson 2020). The concep ualisa ion o “ ime” and “space” is examined
h ough he lens o concep ual me apho heo y (Bundgaa d 2019), which posi s ha abs ac
concep s a e s uc u ed h ough cul u ally oo ed me apho s. Concep ual Me apho Theo y
cons i u es he cen al analy ical amewo k o he p esen s udy. Two complemen a y
heo e ical pe spec i es ex end i s explana o y scope: Social Iden i y Theo y elucida es
in e gene a ional di e ences in concep ualisa ion h ough mechanisms o g oup a ilia ion
and his o ical memo y, while cul u al semio ics subs an ia es he use o he associa i e
expe imen as a me hodological ins umen o accessing cul u ally encoded meanings
embedded in language. The h ee app oaches con e ge a a sha ed analy ical nexus:
concep ual me apho s eme ge h ough p ocesses o cul u al semiosis and a e ansmi ed
ac oss gene a ions ia channels o social iden i ica ion.
The esea ch u he d aws upon social iden i y heo y (Demi den 2021), pa icula ly
i s p oposi ion ha pe cep ions o empo al and spa ial con inui y con ibu e o he o ma ion
o collec i e iden i y ac oss gene a ions. Social iden i y heo y encompasses se e al sub-
heo ies, including collec i e iden i y heo y, which examines iden i y o ma ion in ela ion
o social mo emen s. Key wo ks in bo h sociology and psychology highligh collec i e
iden i y as a po en ial b idge be ween iden i y heo y and social iden i y heo y (Apoi is 2024).
Iden i y heo y classi ies iden i ies along h ee in e sec ing dimensions: pe sonal, ole-based,
and g oup/social belonging. The amewo k addi ionally inco po a es p inciples om
7
linguis ic-cul u al s udies, which ecognise ha cul u al cogni ion is encoded in language
h ough associa i e pa e ns (Lupyan, Lewis 2019). These pa e ns can be sys ema ically
in es iga ed h ough associa i e expe imen s.
The associa i e expe imen in linguis ics se es o documen esponses mo i a ed by
cul u ally embedded in o ma ion ci cula ing among pa icipan s (S e nin 2020). The
associa i e me hod acili a es access o esponden s’ consciousness by elici ing eac ions o
p esen ed s imuli. The expe imen al p ocedu e in ol es eco ding e bal esponses o
s imulus wo ds ollowed by analysis o he esul s. Associa ed wo ds acqui e new
indi idualised meanings ha connec he cogni i e essence o he s udied subjec wi h images,
emo ions, and ideas p esen in pa icipan s’ minds. The philosophical ounda ion o he
associa i e expe imen es s on he p emise ha indi iduals ecall men al images by ela ing
hem o each o he (Halbwachs 2020). Acco dingly, he expe imen may es ablish
a connec ion be ween he s imulus in oduced by he expe imen e and he pa icipan ’s
esponse. F om a psychological pe spec i e, e bal eac ions o s imuli ela e o he hypo hesis
o p edic i e ela ionships among associa ions (Mille 2006). The cogni i e capaci y o use
one concep as a s a ing poin o es ablish men al connec ions wi h ano he exempli ies he
p ocess o accessing concep s h ough associa ions (B occias 2021). Consequen ly, he
expe imen e gains access o he concep ual con en unde in es iga ion, enabling
a econs uc ion o i s cogni i e s uc u e.
2.2. Resea ch Design
The s udy employed a mixed-me hods app oach in eg a ing quali a i e and
quan i a i e echniques o in es iga e and in e p e he concep s o “ ime” and “space” wi hin
Kazakh linguis ic consciousness. The esea ch me hodology inco po a es philosophical,
cul u al, and linguis ic ools o enable a comp ehensi e analysis o how na i e speake s
cogni i ely and cul u ally pe cei e hese ca ego ies. The esea ch cen es on an associa i e
expe imen as i s p ima y empi ical componen , supplemen ed by s a is ical analysis and
linguis ic examina ion using concep ual analysis me hods. This app oach combines linguis ic
and cul u al seman ics o wo ds, acili a ing a ho ough and objec i e logical analysis o
na u al-language concep s. Following s a is ical p ocessing, he mos equen and cul u ally
signi ican ca ego ies eme ging om he su ey we e analysed h ough he lens o Kazakh
philosophical and cul u al adi ions. The concep s iden i ied du ing coding we e in e p e ed
no me ely as linguis ic da a bu as mani es a ions o unde lying wo ld iews wi hin he
amewo k o quali a i e-philosophical syn hesis.
2.3. Sample
The s udy employed a s a i ied pu posi e sampling me hod o ensu e he
ep esen a ion o di e se Kazakh-speaking indi iduals ac oss key demog aphic a iables
ele an o he esea ch. The a ge sample comp ised 200 na i e Kazakh speake s aged 20 o
70 yea s, ep esen ing a ying educa ional backg ounds (seconda y, oca ional, and highe
educa ion). The selec ed age ange e ec i ely cap u ed age- ela ed di e ences in he
pe cep ion and concep ualisa ion o “ ime” and “space”, which s em om di e se his o ical,
echnological, and cul u al changes expe ienced by di e en gene a ions in Kazakhs an.
S a i ica ion was based on wo p ima y c i e ia – age and educa ion le el – o include
pe spec i es om a ious sociocul u al backg ounds while minimising he isk o
demog aphic bias. Pa icipan ec ui men was conduc ed h ough mul iple channels,
including di ec con ac a educa ional ins i u ions and public o ganisa ions. In i a ions we e
dis ibu ed ia email and h ough in e media ies a pa icipa ing ins i u ions. P io o
pa icipa ion, all po en ial esponden s ecei ed de ailed in o ma ion abou he s udy’s
8
objec i es, o ma , and con iden iali y measu es. Only hose who p o ided in o med consen
we e included in he inal sample.
2.4. Su ey
The p ima y da a collec ion ool was a s uc u ed associa i e ques ionnai e designed
o iden i y bo h spon aneous and e lec i e linguis ic associa ions wi h he concep s o “ ime”
and “space”. Resea che s manually de eloped he su ey ins umen based on me hodological
app oaches om p e ious associa i e expe imen s used in concep ual s udies o he Russian
and Kazakh languages (Kuzembaye a 2021). Ques ion selec ion was mo i a ed by he need
o documen no only linguis ic associa ions bu also exis en ial, emo ional, and alue-laden
aspec s ha in luence he pe cep ion o hese undamen al ca ego ies. The inal ques ionnai e
con ained six open-ended ques ions o each concep in he Kazakh language (Appendix).
The selec ed ques ion s uc u e enabled mul i-le el analysis, encompassing di ec linguis ic
associa ions, me apho ical and cul u al con en , and emo ional pe cep ion. Pa icipan s
comple ed he ques ionnai e ei he in pe son o ia Google Fo ms, depending on a ailabili y
and p e e ence.
2.5. S a is ical P ocessing
The da a collec ed h ough he associa i e ques ionnai e unde wen a mul i-s age
analy ical p ocess. The analysis combined coding and quan i a i e s a is ical ea men o
ensu e a comp ehensi e in e p e a ion o linguis ic and concep ual pa e ns ela ed o
empo al and spa ial ca ego ies. Following da a collec ion, w i en esponses we e ansc ibed,
digi ised, and coded using SAS so wa e, while esponses om Google Fo ms equi ed no
ansc ip ion. Each pa icipan ecei ed a unique digi al code o main ain anonymi y, while
he esponses we e linked wi h demog aphic a iables. The coding was conduc ed by wo
independen esea che s ained in cogni i e linguis ics. Du ing he pilo phase (n = 40
esponses), in e -code ag eemen eached 84% (Cohen’s κ = 0.79). Disc epancies we e
esol ed h ough consensus discussion; in con es ed cases (12% o esponses), a hi d expe
was consul ed. The inal codebook comp ised eigh ca ego ies, each accompanied by an
ope a ional de ini ion and illus a i e examples.
Th ough open coding p ocedu es, b oade seman ic and me apho ical ca ego ies we e
de eloped, including “ ime as emo ion”, “ ime as a alue”, “space as homeland”, and “space
as eedom”. SAS so wa e con e ed all coded elemen s in o nume ical a iables ha indica e
esponse equencies, enabling he cons uc ion o equency ables showing he mos
p e alen empo al and spa ial associa ions. Desc ip i e s a is ics, including means and
s anda d de ia ions, summa ised esponse ype dis ibu ions and he p e alence o concep ual
ca ego ies. Po en ial age-g oup p e e ences we e iden i ied o emo ional e sus me apho ical
associa ions and o abs ac e sus conc e e associa ions.
To assess he s a is ical signi icance o di e ences be ween pa icipan g oups, he
s udy employed in e en ial me hods. A S uden ’s - es was used o compa e mean esponse
equencies be ween bina y age g oups (younge e sus olde pa icipan s). Educa ion le el
was excluded om he in e en ial analysis o wo easons. Fi s , he une en dis ibu ion ac oss
ca ego ies (highe educa ion – 68%; seconda y – 18%; oca ional – 14%) ende ed s a is ically
obus compa isons un easible. Second, epo ing esul s disagg ega ed by educa ional
a ainmen posed a isk o s igma ising pa icula subg oups. The a iable was he e o e
e ained solely wi hin he desc ip i e s a is ics o cha ac e ise he sample. C onbach’s alpha
coe icien was calcula ed o e alua e he in e nal consis ency o iden i ied concep ual
ca ego ies. This eliabili y measu e e i ied whe he elemen s g ouped unde he same
hema ic ca ego y exhibi ed su icien co ela ion and seman ic cohe ence.
9
2.6. Resea ch Limi a ions
Se e al me hodological limi a ions should be acknowledged. Fi s , while he sampling
s a egy aimed o ep esen a ious demog aphic segmen s, comple e ep esen a i eness o all
egional and dialec al a ia ions may no ha e been achie ed. Second, he associa i e me hod
cap u es e bal esponses bu migh no ully e eal unconscious o embodied concep ual
s uc u es. Thi d, echnological ac o s such as pa icipan s’ amilia i y wi h digi al su eys
could in luence da a comple eness, pa icula ly among olde esponden s. The ou h
limi a ion conce ns he ac ha p o iciency in he Russian language and he in luence o
bilingualism on p ocesses o concep ualisa ion we e no accoun ed o in he s udy. The i h
ela es o in e -code eliabili y: despi e an accep able ag eemen h eshold (κ = 0.79),
in e p e i e a iabili y a ec ed 21% o coded cases.
2.7. E hical Conside a ions
The s udy adhe es o e hical s anda ds o sociolinguis ic and psychological esea ch.
Pa icipan s signed in o med consen o ms ensu ing olun a y pa icipa ion, con iden iali y,
and he igh o wi hd aw a any ime. All da a emains s o ed in secu e, enc yp ed da abases
accessible only o esea ch eam membe s.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Associa ions Rela ed o “Time” and “Space”
1. Spon aneous Associa ions
When pa icipan s we e asked o p o ide spon aneous associa ions wi h he wo ds
“ ime” and “space”, hei esponses e ealed dis inc cul u al cogni i e pa e ns oo ed in he
Kazakh wo ld iew. “Time” is p edominan ly associa ed wi h li e, des iny, and exis en ial
cycles. The mos equen esponses o “ ime” included “clock” (43%), “speed” (35%),
“change” (32%), “li e” (28%), and “old age” (24%), indica ing a pe cep ion o “ ime” as
a measu able, lee ing, and li e-de e mining powe . These associa ions e lec he g owing
awa eness o “ ime” as a s uc u ed and limi ed esou ce, likely in luenced by mode n habi s
and echnologies. A he same ime, he concep e ains exis en ial conno a ions ela ed o
ageing and li e cycles. Associa ions such as “li e” and “old age” simul aneously e lec he
adi ional Kazakh unde s anding o “ ime” as a alue-laden mo al con inuum, whe e
empo al p og ession signi ies wisdom, gene a ional memo y, and social he i age.
Responden s’ associa ions wi h he wo d “space” showed b oade and cul u ally g ounded
pe cep ions, wi h “s eppe” (51%) eme ging as he dominan image, ollowed by “ eedom”
(40%), “dis ance” (33%), “sky” (27%), and “home/land” (25%). Such esponses illus a e he
spa ial consciousness shaped by Kazakhs an’s expansi e geog aphy, nomadic he i age, and
p o ound emo ional connec ion o land and openness. Acco dingly, “space” anscends
physical dimensions o symbolise iden i y, au onomy, and belonging.
2. Fi s -Wo d Associa ions
Pa icipan s we e asked o say he i s wo d ha came o mind in esponse o “ ime”
and “space”. Thei associa ions con i med he cul u al g ounding and me apho ical ichness
o hese concep s in Kazakh consciousness. In e ms o “ ime”, dominan esponses included
“clock”, “momen ”, “ u u e”, “dea h”, and “mo ning”, e ealing ha “ ime” is ypically
concep ualised h ough he ideas o mo emen , p og ession, and ans o ma ion. Space-
ela ed p omp s elici ed “s eppe”, “sky”, “ eedom”, “ oad”, and “dis ance” as he mos
equen esponses, highligh ing expe ien ial and geog aphical o ien a ions owa d
boundlessness, openness, and mobili y. Such pa e ns indica e he p e alence o embodied
me apho s in Kazakh cogni ion. “Space” main ains conc e e a he han abs ac quali ies,
deeply connec ed o na u al en i onmen s and nomadic he i age. Consequen ly, empo al and
16
ansi ion om a nomadic mode o li e o seden a isa ion, as well as he ambi alence o he
p esen momen , in which global mobili y coexis s wi h local iden i ica ion. The emo ional
da a e eal a pa allel s ain: “ eedom” (38%) and “loneliness” (21%) poin o an ambi alen
pe cep ion o openness – expe ienced by some as libe a ion and by o he s as isola ion.
Social Iden i y Theo y p o ides a p oduc i e in e p e i e lens o explaining
in e gene a ional di e ences by cons uing hem as ans o ma ions in he mechanisms o
g oup iden i ica ion (Demi den 2021). The me apho ical s uc u es o olde esponden s,
socialised du ing he So ie and ea ly pos -So ie pe iods, d aw upon collec i is discou se
and adi ional cul u al e e en s. By con as , globalisa ion and digi al communica ion –
condi ions unde which younge esponden s we e o med – ha e os e ed he in e nalisa ion
o empo al and spa ial ca ego ies g ounded in indi idual emo ional expe ience.
The e hnolinguis ic iden i y o Kazakhs an’s s uden you h is con ingen upon he
language o ins uc ion, whose selec ion es uc u es iden i ica ion models ac oss age coho s
(Zha kynbeko a e al. 2025). You h language a i udes also a y egionally: he mul ilaye ed
his o y o language policy exe s une en e ec s on linguis ic consciousness ac oss e i o ial
con ex s (Khami e al. 2025). The obse ed shi aligns wi h he b oade ansi ion om
collec i ism o indi idualism (Chen e al. 2022); ne e heless, he pe sis ence o associa ions
wi h homeland and ances o s a es s o he du abili y o collec i e iden i y s uc u es.
The collec ed da a subs an ia e he hesis o concep ual me apho hyb idisa ion unde
he in luence o globalisa ion. The p edominance o he associa ion “clock” (43%) in empo al
esponses – a ypical o a adi ional nomadic o ien a ion – indica es he pene a ion o an
ins umen al pe cep ion o “ ime”. Wi hin his model, empo al expe ience is quan i a i ely
measu ed and segmen ed h ough mechanical and digi al de ices.
A he same ime, exis en ial associa ions (“li e”, “ a e”, “old age”) pe sis , signalling
esis ance o he cul u al subs a e o comple e displacemen . The mechanism o hyb idisa ion
wa an s dedica ed in es iga ion: i emains unclea whe he new me apho s accumula e upon
adi ional s uc u es, o ming a composi e empo ali y, o whe he hey g adually supplan
inhe i ed concep ual mappings. The esolu ion o his ques ion is c i ical o o ecas ing he
ajec o y o cogni i e change in Kazakh-speaking popula ions expe iencing in ensi ying
exposu e o digi al echnologies.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis o associa i e esponses e ealed dominan concep ual ca ego ies ela ed
o “ ime” and “space” wi hin he Kazakh wo ld iew. Fo “ ime”, key ca ego ies included
emo ions (e.g., anxie y, nos algia), alues (e.g., “ ime as a esou ce”), mo emen , and cyclical
s uc u e. “Space” was mos equen ly associa ed wi h homeland, eedom, silence, and
iden i y. The linguis ic coding o pa icipan esponses indica ed ha “ ime” is pe cei ed as
an emo ionally cha ged and mo ally signi ican phenomenon, while “space” unc ions as a
ounda ion o exis en ial and cul u al sel -de ini ion. Clea dis inc ions eme ged be ween he
wo age g oups in hei concep ualisa ion o hese ca ego ies. Younge pa icipan s (aged 20–
39) exhibi ed a p onounced p e e ence o emo ional and abs ac associa ions, demons a ing
a mo e in ospec i e and psychological pe cep ion o “ ime” and “space”. In con as , olde
pa icipan s (aged 40–70) a o ed me apho ical and conc e e associa ions e lec ing adi ional
wo ld iews. These di e ences we e s a is ically signi ican , highligh ing shi s in cul u al
cogni ion unde he in luence o mode ni y.
The heo e ical con ibu ion o he s udy can be a icula ed as ollows: in cul u es wi h
a nomadic he i age, spa ial me apho s play a s uc u ally o ma i e ole in he cons uc ion o
iden i y, su passing empo al ca ego ies in e ms o emo ional salience. This inding ex ends
Concep ual Me apho Theo y, which has hus a been alida ed p edominan ly on da a d awn
om seden a y cul u es.

17
The p oposed ou -componen models – o “ ime” (emo ion, alue, mo emen ,
cycle) and o “space” (homeland, eedom, silence, iden i y) – may se e as a compa a i e
amewo k o c oss-cul u al in es iga ions in ol ing Tu kic, Cen al Asian, and pos -So ie
linguis ic communi ies.
The examina ion o philosophical in e p e a ions o “ ime” and “space” in Kazakh
hough p o ides deepe insigh s in o he unique aspec s o he na ion’s cul u e and his o y.
T adi ional concep ions o “ ime” and “space”, en iched by symbolic meanings and eligious
i uals, cons i u e a undamen al elemen o Kazakhs an’s cul u al he i age. In o de o
p ese e adi ional alues while c i ically engaging wi h eme ging concep ualisa ions o “ ime”
and “space”, con inuous dialogue wi h he globalisa ion-d i en shi s ou lined in he
in oduc ion is necessa y.
P omising a enues o subsequen esea ch include: a compa a i e analysis o he
concep ualiza ion o “ ime” and “space” ac oss Tu kic languages (Kazakh, Ky gyz, Uzbek,
Tu kish) wi h he aim o dis inguishing a pan-Tu kic co e om cul u ally speci ic pa e ns;
longi udinal acking o he dynamics o concep ual me apho s wi hin he same coho o
esponden s; and examina ion o he impac o Kazakh–Russian bilingualism on he s uc u e
o concep ualiza ion, aking in o accoun p ocesses o me apho ical ans e and laye ing. In
addi ion, expe imen al in es iga ion o embodied me apho s using me hods om cogni i e
psychology – such as p iming and eye- acking – would enable e i ica ion o he ope a ion
o he iden i ied associa ions a he le el o implici in o ma ion p ocessing.
P ac ical Value
The indings o his s udy hold p ac ical alue o de eloping cul u ally sensi i e
educa ional ma e ials in language ins uc ion, philosophy, and ci ic iden i y o ma ion,
pa icula ly wi hin seconda y and highe educa ion in Kazakhs an. Recognising gene a ional
di e ences in he concep ualisa ion o “ ime” and “space” enables educa o s o adap bo h
cu iculum con en and eaching me hodologies o align wi h s uden s’ wo ld iews.
Addi ionally, insigh s in o he me apho ical and symbolic s uc u es inhe en in he Kazakh
language p o e aluable o ansla o s, linguis s, and specialis s in in e cul u al
communica ion. Such unde s anding becomes pa icula ly c ucial in con ex s equi ing he
p ese a ion o cul u ally signi ican associa ions.
The s udy iden i ied a se ies o ensions ha wa an a ge ed in es iga ion. Cyclical
and linea pe cep ions o “ ime” coexis wi hin he same esponden g oup: associa ions wi h
seasons and epe i ion appea alongside associa ions o i e e sibili y and a e. The ension
be ween “space-as- eedom” and “space-as- oo edness” e lec s opposing o ien a ions and
may indica e a his o ical ansi ion om a nomadic o a seden a y mode o li e.
A u he incong ui y eme ges in he empo al da a o younge esponden s:
ins umen al associa ions (“clock”) and exis en ial ones (“li e”, “ a e”) co-occu wi hin he
esponses o he same coho . This di e gence poin s o a disjunc ion be ween unc ional
ime-managemen amewo ks and philosophically in lec ed empo al consciousness.
REFERENCES
Ahn Elise S., Smagulo a Juldyz 2022: English Language Choices in Kazakhs an and
Ky gyzs an. – Wo ld Englishes 41(1), 9–23. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/weng.12552.
Alca az Ca ión Daniel, Valenzuela Ja ie 2021: Du a ion as Leng h s Amoun in English
and Spanish: A Co pus S udy. – Me apho and Symbol 36(2), 74–84. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/10926488.2021.1887706.
18
Alca az Ca ión Daniel, Valenzuela Ja ie 2022: Time as Space s. Time as Quan i y in
Spanish: A Co-Speech Ges u e S udy. – Language and Cogni ion 14(1), 1–18. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1017/langcog.2021.17.
Al aye Zhakypbek, Imanbaye a Zhuldyz 2021: Values o T adi ional Kazakh Cul u e. –
Cen al Asian Jou nal o A S udies 6(2), 10–24. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.47940/cajas. 6i2.373.
Apoi is Nicholas 2024: Social Mo emen Theo y and Collec i e Iden i y. – Ana chy in
A hens, Manches e : Manches e Uni e si y P ess, 18–44. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.7765/9781526184368.00007.
Beknaza o a Ulzhan 2022: Linguis ic Me apho o Time Concep in Kazakh Cogni ion. –
Bulle in o he Ka aganda Uni e si y 105(1), 102–109. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.31489/2022ph1/102-109.
B occias C is iano 2021: Cogni i e G amma . – The Rou ledge Handbook o Cogni i e
Linguis ics, eds. W. Xu, J. R. Taylo , London: Rou ledge, 30–42. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781351034708-4.
Bundgaa d Pee F. 2019: The S uc u e o Ou Concep s: A C i ical Assessmen o
Concep ual Me apho Theo y as a Theo y o Concep s. – Cogni i e Semio ics 12(1),
[1–11]. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/cogsem-2019-2010.
Buzsáki Gyö gy, Tingley Da id 2018: Space and Time: The Hippocampus as a Sequence
Gene a o . – T ends in Cogni i e Sciences 22(10), 853–869. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ics.2018.07.006.
Callizo Rome o Ca men 2023: Time Concep ualiza ion Ac oss Cul u es and Religions:
Doc o al Disse a ion, G anada: Uni e sidad de G anada.
Chen Lei, Chengbing Wang 2022: The In luence o Vi ual Space on Con empo a y
Iden i y: The Pe spec i e o Philosophy. – Filoso ija. Sociologija 33(1), 32–39.
In e ne Access: h ps://www.ceeol.com/sea ch/a icle-de ail?id=1035947 [accessed
20.04.2026].
Chen Yidi, Gao Lingling, Sheng Zhengyu, Ma Jinjin, Guo (Hannah) Xiaohan, Lippke
Sonia, Gan Yiqun 2022: In e dependen Sel ‐Cons ual Mode a es he Rela ionship
Be ween P o‐Gene a ion In es men and Fu u e O ien a ion: A C oss‐Cul u al
Compa ison. – Jou nal o Adolescence 94(7), 1008–1021. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/jad.12082.
Cla k Andy 2019: Consciousness as Gene a i e En anglemen . – The Jou nal o
Philosophy 116(12), 645–662. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5840/jphil20191161241.
Con e Cecilia 2025: Decons uc ing he Concep o he “Nomad” in Cen al Eu asia. –
Nomadic Peoples 29(2), 232–255. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.3828/whpnp.63837646691076.
Demi den Ahme 2021: The C i ical Examina ion o Social Iden i y Theo y. – Poli ik
Psikoloji De gisi 1(2), 39–56. In e ne Access:
h ps://www.poli ikpsikolojide gisi.com/index.php/pub/a icle/ iew/7 [accessed
20.04.2026].
Dosmu zino Rus em 2023: P e-Islamic Wo ld Views o he Kazakh People: F om he End
o he 19 h o he Beginning o he 21s Cen u y. – TRAMES 27(77/72), 415–438.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.3176/ .2023.4.06.
19
Fiddle Michael 2024: Concep ual Me apho in A eal Pe spec i e: Time, Space, and Con ac
in he Sinosphe e. – Language and Cogni ion 16(2), 452–480. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1017/langcog.2023.41.
Filipo ić Luna, Iba e xe-An uñano I aide 2019: Mo ion. – Cogni i e Linguis ics-Key Topics,
eds. E. Dąb owska, D. Di jak, Be lin: Mou on de G uy e , 87–108.
Giddens An hony 2023: Mode ni y and Sel -Iden i y. – Social Theo y Re-Wi ed: New
Connec ions o Classical and Con empo a y Pe spec i es, eds. W. Longho e ,
D. Winches e , London: Rou ledge, 477–484. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781003320609-62.
Gö zelmann Michael 2021: S i ching Time and Space: The Func ions o Tempo al
Compa isons in U opias and Beyond. – Time & Socie y 30(4), 581–597. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0961463X211046149.
Gu Yan, Zheng Yeqiu, Swe s Ma c 2019: Which Is in F on o Chinese People, Pas o
Fu u e? The E ec o Language and Cul u e on Tempo al Ges u es and Spa ial
Concep ions o Time. – Cogni i e Science 43(12), [1–32]. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/cogs.12804.
Halbwachs Mau ice 2020: On Collec i e Memo y, ansl. by L. A. Cose , Chicago: Uni e si y
o Chicago P ess.
Hanink Emily A., Koon z-Ga boden And ew 2025: Possession in Ca ego iza ion ac oss
Language and Ca ego y. – Linguis ic Inqui y, [1–15]. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1162/ling_a_00547.
Iskako a Zul ija E. 2023: Religious and Philosophical Con ex in he C ea i e He i age o
he G ea Rep esen a i es o Kazakh and Indian Cul u e (Shaka im, Iqbal). – Jou nal
o O ien al S udies 104(1), 83–94. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.26577/JOS.2023. 104.i1.010.
Jang Gyewon, Tinke Sachs Ge ude, Hye Pa k Jee 2023: Con lic ing Unde s andings o
Mul icul u al Socie y, Global Wo ld, and English: Mul imodal Con en Analysis o 5
Ko ean Elemen a y EFL Tex books. – C i ical Inqui y in Language S udies 21(2),
153–176. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/15427587.2023.2198130.
Kapi ańska Ma yna 2024: T ea ing Time as Space in Polish: Me apho s and Me apho ical
Exp essions. – Beyond Philology an In e na ional Jou nal o Linguis ics, Li e a y S udies
and English Language Teaching 21(4), 49–72. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.26881/bp.2024.4.02.
Khabizhano a Gulna a, Mensi o a Gulzina 2025: The Fo ma ion o Na i e Land Image y
in T adi ional Kazakh Socie y: On he Example o His o ical Toponyms o Wes e n
Kazakhs an. – Tu kic S udies Jou nal 7(3), 106–126. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.32523/2664-5157-2025-3-106-126.
Khami Aida , Smagambe Bayan, Tabyldie a O yngul, A asho a Naba , Tolepbe geno a
Aige im 2025: Language A i udes o Kazakh You h: An Analysis o he Regional
Aspec . – Eu opean Jou nal o Language Policy 17, 307–331. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.3828/ejlp.2025.16.
Kha in-Zadeh Omid, Bana uee Hassan, Reali Flo encia, Ti ado Ca los, Ruiz-Fe nández
Susana, Yamada Yuki, Wang Ruiming, Nicolas Robin, Khwaileh Ta iq, Szychowska
Malina, Ves lund Johanna, Co ea Juan Ca los, Fa sani Danyal, Bu che Na alie, Som
Bidisha, Volkonskii I an, Ple oe s Koen, Ma molejo-Ramos Fe nand 2023:
20
Me apho s o Time Ac oss Cul u es. – Jou nal o Cul u al Cogni i e Science 7(3),
219–231. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s41809-023-00125-3.
Kogay Elmi a R. 2018: The Concep o “ ime” in Signa u e Wo ld iew o Ana oliy Kim. –
Eu asian Jou nal o Philology: Science and Educa ion 169(1), 108–114. In e ne
Access: h ps://phila .kaznu.kz/index.php/1-FIL/a icle/ iew/2157 [accessed
20.04.2026].
Kossyn Me ey 2024: Genealogy o Being in Pos colonial Kazakh Cul u e: Re-Reading he
Wo ds o Edi ica ion. – Compa a i e Li e a u e: Eas & Wes 8(2), 196–206. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/25723618.2024.2433842.
Kö ecses Zol án 2021: S anda d and Ex ended Concep ual Me apho Theo y. – The
Rou ledge Handbook o Cogni i e Linguis ics, eds. W. Xu, J. R. Taylo , London:
Rou ledge, 191–203. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781351034708-14.
Kuzembaye a Gulzhana 2021: Compa a i e Analysis o he Image o Kazakh in he Russian
and Indian Linguis ic Consciousness. – Eu asian Jou nal o Philology: Science &
Educa ion 184(4), 71–78. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.26577/EJPh.2021. 184.i4.ph7.
Kuzembaye a Gulzhana 2023: Axiological Dimension o Ci izenship and Pa io ism in a
Wo ld iew o Kazakhs: A Psycholinguis ic S udy. – Eas Eu opean Jou nal o
Psycholinguis ics 10(1), 116–135. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.29038/eejpl.2023.10.1.kuz.
Lako Geo ge, Johnson Ma k 2020: Concep ual Me apho in E e yday Language. –
Shaping En ep eneu ship Resea ch, eds. S. Sa as a hy, N. Dew, S. Venka a aman,
London: Rou ledge, 475–504. In e ne Access:
h ps://www. aylo ancis.com/chap e s/edi /10.4324/9781315161921-
21/concep ual-me apho -e e yday-language-lako -johnson [accessed 16.06.2026].
Lupyan Ga y, Lewis Molly 2019: F om Wo ds-as-Mappings o Wo ds-as-Cues: The Role o
Language in Seman ic Knowledge. – Language, Cogni ion and Neu oscience 34(10),
1319–1337. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23273798.2017.1404114.
Massey Do een 2020: Poli ics and Space/Time. – Rou ledge Handbook o Gende and
Feminis Geog aphies, ed. A. Da a, London: Rou ledge, 102–117. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781315164748-11.
Michaels Debbie 2025: When Pas Mee s P esen : T ans e ence, A , and A ec i i y in
Re lexi e Resea ch. – Re lec i e P ac ice 26(6), 795–807. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/14623943.2025.2504093.
Mille Ca ol A. 2006: De elopmen al Rela ionships Be ween Language and Theo y o
Mind. – Ame ican Jou nal o Speech-Language Pa hology 15(2), 142–154. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1044/1058-0360(2006/014).
Ob ado ić Sand a, Bowe Mhai i 2021: The Na ion in Con ex : How In e g oup Rela ions
Shape he Discu si e Cons uc ion o Iden i y Con inui y and Discon inui y. –
B i ish Jou nal o Social Psychology 60(2), 490–508. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/bjso.12413.
Olzhabaye Beka ys Koblanuly, Pange ee Aba Sh., Soylemez O han 2022: The Concep
“Туған жер” in he Folklo e o he Kazakh People. – Ke uen 77(4), 62–74. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.53871/2078-8134.2022.4-05.
Olzhabaye Beka ys Koblanuly, Soylemez O han 2024: The Concep and Concep ual Field
“na i e land” in Kazakh Folklo e. – Ke uen 83(2), 249–259. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.53871/2078-8134.2024.2-19.
21
Pi Benjamin, Casasan o Daniel 2020: The Co ela ions in Expe ience P inciple: How
Cul u e Shapes Concep s o Time and Numbe . – Jou nal o Expe imen al
Psychology: Gene al 149(6), 1048–1070. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1037/xge0000696.
Reese Ge ha d, Rosenmann Ami , Came on James E. 2019: The Psychology o Globaliza ion:
Iden i y, Ideology, and Ac ion, London: Academic P ess.
Röck Tina 2019: Time o On ology? The Role o On ological Time in An icipa ion. –
Axioma hes 29(1), 33–47. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10516-017-9362-2.
Ryskaliye Tlekžan. K., Esengaliye a Vene a A., Sa kulo a Galiya S., Sa kulo a Mani as-
a B. 2023: On he O iginali y o Kazakh Philosophy. Bulle in o he Ka aganda
Uni e si y. – His o y 111(3), 226–235. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.31489/2023hph3/226-235.
Sadi o a Kulza K., Zhazyko a Raushan B., Yesseno a Kalbike U., Sapina Sabi a M., Mi o
O ynbasa uly Mukh a , Abdi o a Sholpan G. 2024: The Mani es a ion o My hical
Cogni ion in Toponyms: On he Ma e ial o he Tu kic Languages. – Eu asian
Jou nal o Applied Linguis ics 10(1), 92–103. In e ne Access:
h ps://ejal.in o/menusc ip /index.php/ejal/a icle/ iew/686/256.
Sadi o a Kulza K., Abdi o a Sholpan, Kul anbaye a Nu gul, Ye mekbaye a Gulmi a,
Saduakas Nu bol, Zhazyko a Raushan B. 2023: Del ing in o he Concep s o
“Au ho i y” and “Poli ics”: An Associa i e Wo d Analysis in Kazakh, Russian, and
English. – In e na ional Jou nal o Socie y, Cul u e & Language 11(3), 130–145. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.22034/ijscl.2022.1971917.2819.
Small Ma io L., Adle Lau a 2019: The Role o Space in he Fo ma ion o Social Ties. –
Annual Re iew o Sociology 45(1), 111–132. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1146/annu e -
soc-073018-022707.
S e nin Joseph A. 2020: In e p e a ion P oblems o Associa i e Expe imen s. – Ques ions o
Psycholinguis ics 3(45), 110–125. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30982/2077-5911-2020-
45-3-110-125.
Tejada-Galla do Claudia, Blasco‐Belled Ana, Alsine Ca les 2021: Feeling Posi i e Towa ds
Time: How Time A i ude P o iles a e Rela ed o Men al Heal h in Adolescen s. –
Jou nal o Adolescence 89, 84–94. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.04.002.
Wo ell F ank C., And e a James R. 2019: Time A i ude P o iles in Ame ican Adolescen s:
Educa ional and Psychological Co ela es. – Resea ch in Human De elopmen 16(2),
102–118. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/15427609.2019.1635860.
Zeinullin Raimbek, Kudaibe geno a Nazgul, Aida beko Zeinabil, Ku anbek Asse , Gabi o
Tu sun 2026: Unde s anding Nau yz among Kazakhs and Nogais: The Cyclical
Concep o Time and Cul u al Renaissance. – F on ie s in Communica ion 10, [1–9].
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.3389/ comm.2025.1693748.
Zhangalie a Ainu , Yessim Ga i olla, Rakhma ullina Zugu a 2024: Philosophical
In e p e a ion o Time and Space in he Kazakh Falsa e. – Adam Alemi 99(1), 26–32.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.48010/aa. 99i1.510.
Zhao Xia, Zheng Yi, Zhao Xincheng 2023: Global Bibliome ic Analysis o Concep ual
Me apho Resea ch o e he Recen Two Decades. – F on ie s in Psychology 14, [1–
16]. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.3389/ psyg.2023.1042121.
Zha kynbeko a Sholpan, Ayupo a Gulbagi a, Galiye a Bakhy , Shakhpu o a Zukh a,
Zab odskaja Anas assia 2025: E hno-Linguis ic Iden i y o Kazakhs ani S uden

22
You h in Mode n Mul ina ional Con ex o Kazakhs an (Sociolinguis ic Analysis o
Empi ical Resea ch). – Languages 10(2), [1–25]. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/languages10020033.
Zhiyenalina Aizhan, Anishchenko Olga, Zha kynbeko a Sholpan 2024: Value Pe cep ion o
he Ch ono ope in he Au ho ’s Discou se (Based on he Wo ks o Kazakh
Au ho s). – Open Cul u al S udies 8(1), [1–12]. DOI:
h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/cul u e-2024-0025.
Appendix
Ques ions o he Associa i e Expe imen
1. Wha associa ions eme ge when you encoun e he e ms “ ime” o “space”?
2. Wha is he i s wo d ha comes o mind?
3. Wha addi ional wo ds a ise upon u he e lec ion?
4. Which emo ions o a ec i e s a es do you connec wi h “ ime” and “space”?
5. Wha p o e b, saying, o poe ic e e ence ela ed o “ ime” and “space” occu s o you?
6. How would you cha ac e ize he signi icance o “ ime” and “space” in you li e?