Kazimieras GAIVENIS

ON TWO GLOSSARIES OF TERMINOLOGY FROM THE INTERWAR PERIOD

1. S. Šalkauskis’s Glossary of Pedagogical Terms

Philosopher S. Šalkauskis not only created an original theory of terminology and standardized philosophical terms, but was also interested in pedagogical terminology. His unfinished four-language glossary of pedagogical terms, entitled “General Pedagogical Terminology” (in Lithuanian, French, German, and Russian), was published in the second volume of “Raštai” (V., 1991). The glossary’s notes state: “A total of 1,600 pedagogical terms have been collected. Of these, 600 are taken from “General Philosophical Terminology.” They are marked with a + sign. 400 terms are of foreign origin. They are marked with a − sign. It would be important to find Lithuanian equivalents for them. The remaining 600 terms are of Lithuanian origin and have a specifically pedagogical character. They are not marked with any sign. An attempt was made to indicate the stress of all the terms” (277). This glossary was discussed in the Terminology Section of the Lithuanian Language Society and supplemented somewhat, but remained unfinished. In terms of terminographic principles, it differs little from “General Philosophical Terminology.” As is known, the latter glossary was marked for stress by the linguist P. Skardžius. Thus, one may assume that the terms marked with a plus were stressed by P. Skardžius. In this short article, we will not attempt to evaluate S. Šalkauskis’s pedagogical terminology in terms of the systematization of concepts in this field; rather, we will focus on just two linguistic aspects, namely: 1) the character of the lexis S. Šalkauskis turned into terms, and 2) the stress marking of S. Šalkauskis’s pedagogical terms.

1. Describing the sources of terminology, S. Šalkauskis wrote: “If we take any science that has had to develop a scholarly terminology, we will easily find that its terminology has been drawn from three sources. Specifically, some of its terms are taken from the living language of the people and merely adapted to the special needs of science; other terms are newly formed according to the laws of the language and, more generally, by analogy with its typical manifestations; finally, a third group of terms is borrowed directly from other languages and modified to a greater or lesser extent according to the phonetic and

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morphological properties of the language into which the words are borrowed” (Šalkauskis 1991 24). S. Šalkauskis used all three of the aforementioned sources of terminology, but created relatively few neologisms. We believe that the neologisms in S. Šalkauskis’s pedagogical terminology are the words atkaklà (obstination, entêtement; Eigensinn, Trotz), auménybė (intelligen-ce; Intelligenz), erdvėmenis (art d’espace; Raumkunst), imlà (récep-tion; Rezeption, Aufnahme), kvotinis (objet sur lequel on examine; Prüfungsgegenstand), mokslāžmis (scolarité, Schulter), pergyvenà (survivance), rašlūmas (l’écriture et la lecture), sielingumas (carac-tère de ce qui est animé, Seelenhaftigkeit), šaunà (bravoure; Bra-vour), and others. Unfortunately, nearly all of them were poorly formed or named artificial concepts and therefore did not take root in later pedagogical terminology. Different are the words S. Šalkauskis made into terms or coined, which in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (hereafter LKŽ) are presented as if they came only from Soviet writings, for example: globōtinis (pupille; Pflegling), paauglystė (adolescence; Adoleszenz), and others. They are also used in our present-day terminology.

S. Šalkauskis marked non-Lithuanian additions to the glossary with a minus sign, but by mistake, perhaps, a few Lithuanian terms also ended up among them, for example: idėmus, idėmų (attentif; aufmerksam), kūdikis (petit enfant; Wickelkind), miegas, miegai (sommeil; Schlaf), patirtinis (expérimental; experimentell), and others.

In the glossary we find terms that are now considered nonstandard or misspelled, for example: pramatymas (prévoyance; Voraus-sehen), pramatyti (prévoir; voraussehen), pusiaūsvyras, -a (équi-pondérant; das Gleichgewicht haltend), pusiausvyrumas (qualité de ce qui est équipondérant), savigina, -os (défense de soi-même; Selbstverteidigung, Selbstschutz). The first term is now replaced by the word numàtymas, the second by numatyti, the third by pusiaūsvyras, -a, the fourth by pusiausvyrumas, and the fifth by savigyna.

Many of the pedagogical terms established by S. Šalkauskis are still used today. For example, in L. Jovaiša’s dictionary “Pedagogical Terms” (K., 1993), we find the following names of abstract concepts, already in use at that time, for example: reproduction, persistence, recognition, responsibility, relaxation, cultivation, upbringing, communication, communication, work capacity, industriousness, attention, teaching, morality, discipline, spiritu-

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siveness, talent, goodness, care, absent-mindedness, skill, meaningfulness, habit, conviction, warning, sensitivity, creativity, development, expectation, imitation, duty, vocation, experience, inheritance, progressiveness, interest, inclination, exercises, nature, diligence, etc.

The additions to this glossary made at meetings of the Terminology Section are mostly related to the presentation of international terminology. Only here and there are Lithuanian synonyms also added alongside international terms, e.g.: activity – industriousness, arithmetic – the science of calculation, choleric – hot-tempered, degeneration – deterioration, diffusion – spreading, egoism – self-love, ethics – the science of morality, etc.

In S. Šalkauskis’s theory of terminology, the point of departure was the word, not the concept; consequently, his collections of terminology include not only nouns but also adjectives, verbs, and even participles as headwords. Overall, however, his selection of words and his principles of terminologization and terminography were at a sufficiently high scholarly level.

2. Accentuation of terms is a difficult task for non-lithuanists. As we have already mentioned, some of the terms in S. Šalkauskis’s pedagogical glossary were accented by P. Skardžius. He accented the other terms himself. Very few were left entirely unaccented, just a handful, e.g.: encyclopedic, emotional*, to feel*, audibility, direction*, corporeality, to mull over, partisan, positivistic (cf. positive), of a kind*, human* (the terms marked with asterisks were accented in philosophical terminology).

Of interest are those terms taken from “General Philosophical Terminology” whose accentuation differs from current accentuation norms. There are a dozen or so such terms, e.g.: influence, -õs, influence (=įtaka DLKŽ, LKTŽ), suggestiveness, -õs, suggestiveness (=įtaiga DLKŽ, LKTŽ), to carry out (=įvykdyti DLKŽ), to quantify (=kiekins 1 DLKŽ, LKTŽ), obstacle, -iės (=kliūtis DLKŽ, LKTŽ), smoky (=kūpinis DLKŽ), artistic (=meninis DLKŽ, LKTŽ), scientific (=mokslinis DLKŽ, LKTŽ), negative, -à (=neigiamas, -ą DLKŽ), meaning, -ės, meaning (=reikšmė 3 DLKŽ, LKTŽ), honest (=sąžiningas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), positive, -à (=teigiamas, -ą DLKŽ), social (=visuomeninis DLKŽ, LKTŽ), humane (=žmoniškas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), etc. Some of these accentuation variants (e.g., įtakà, neigiamas, etc.) are not errors at all; they were

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listed in LKŽ from M. Niedermann, A. Senn, F. Brender, and A. Salys’s “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Written Language” (Heidelberg, 1932–1968) and other sources. In addition, there are also mistakes. The words marked with plus signs, to become conscious (devėnir conscient; bewust werden), structure, -os, structure (construction, structure; Gefüge, Bau, Struktur), interaction, -os, interaction (interaction; Wechselwirkung) are entirely absent from “General Philosophical Terminology,” while the terms difference, -ai (différence; Unterschied), dream (rêve; Traum), to restrain (dompter; zügeln) are accented differently in the source mentioned above (skirtumas, svajonė and tramdyti).

S. Šalkauskis’s pedagogical terminology glossary also contains simple accentuation errors (or typographical errors), e.g.: nation, -os (nation; Nation), deepening (approfondissement; Vertiefung), party, -os (parti; Partei), independence (indépendance; Selbständigkeit), affliction, -ai (affliction; Seelenkummer), unit, -ai (unité; Einheit), prominence (valeur, eminence; Hervorrangendsein), etc. Another matter is this kind of accentuation of terms, e.g.: antithesis (=antitezė DLKŽ, LKTŽ), energy (=energija DLKŽ, LKTŽ), idea, -ėjos (=idėja DLKŽ, LKTŽ), introduction, -os, introduction (=ižanga DLKŽ, LKTŽ), youth (=jaunystė DLKŽ, LKTŽ), competition (=konkursas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), sickly (=ligūistas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), sample, sample (=mėginys 3a DLKŽ, LKTŽ), negation, negation (=neiginys 3b DLKŽ, LKTŽ), organ (=organas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), pátosas (=patosas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), prádedamas (=pradedamas, amusement, -os (=pramoga DLKŽ LKTŽ), prose, -os (=proza DLKŽ, LKTŽ), prose writer (=prozininkas DLKŽ), selfish (=savanaudiškas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), to grieve (=sielotis DLKŽ, LKTŽ), synthesis (=sintezė DLKŽ, LKTŽ), scout, -ai (=skáutas DLKŽ), to carry out (=vykdyti DLKŽ, LKTŽ), game, -ai (=žaismas DLKŽ, LKTŽ), etc. Most of these inaccuracies in accentuation are typical errors made by intellectuals. They are also characteristic of contemporary texts in the language of science.

When accentuating adjectives with the suffix -inis, which most often serve as modifiers in compound terms, S. Šalkauskis was also not entirely consistent. In some cases he deviated only slightly from the accentuation norms (a), while in others he even created hypercorrections (b), e.g.: a) hygienic, health-related (=higieninis, higieniškas DLKŽ), quantitative (=kiekinis DLKŽ,

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LKTŽ), physical (=physical DLKŽ), liturgical (=liturgical DLKŽ), normative (=normative DLKŽ, LKTŽ), professional (=professional DLKŽ, LKTŽ), varietal (=varietal DLKŽ, LKTŽ), intermediate, -e (=intermediate DLKŽ, LKTŽ); b) collective (=collective DLKŽ, LKTŽ), cultural (=cultural DLKŽ, LKTŽ), literary (=literary DLKŽ), mathematical (=mathematical DLKŽ), methodological (=methodological DLKŽ, LKTŽ), pedagogical (=pedagogical DLKŽ, LKTŽ), but preschool (=preschool DLKŽ), etc.

To sum up the points made, the following brief conclusions can be drawn:

1. S. Šalkauskis’s glossary of pedagogical terms is alphabetical; varietal terms are not included. It was reviewed in the Terminology Section of the Lithuanian Language Society up to approximately the letter m (the final review meeting took place on 1940 06 12). The glossary is organized terminographically in a manner similar to “General Philosophical Terminology”.

2. The pedagogical terms globótinis, pauglýstė cannot be considered words that emerged during the Soviet era (as might be inferred from the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”). These words are already found in S. Šalkauskis’s glossary. Most of the neologisms proposed by S. Šalkauskis (atkalbà, imlà, kvotinýs, rašlùmas, etc.) did not take hold in pedagogical terminology.

3. Some of the terms in S. Šalkauskis’s pedagogical glossary were coined by P. Skardžius. The glossary’s author himself marked the stress on the other terms. There are quite a few stress-marking errors. They are mainly related to inaccurate identification of the position of the stress.

2. L. Dargis and A. Salys, “Glossary of Commercial Correspondence”

In 1938, the economist L. Dargis and linguist A. Salys published a “Glossary of Commercial Correspondence” in the journal “Tautos ūkis.” Later, this glossary, supplemented with English equivalents, was printed in A. Salys’s “Writings” (Rome, 1979). All the Lithuanian terms are marked for stress, and some are also briefly explained with examples. The collaboration on the glossary is described in A. Salys’s “Writings” as follows: “L. Dargis gathered the most necessary economic terms that he and others in Lithuania most commonly used at that time

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and translated them into German, and some into English, while A. Salys helped Lithuanize the terms and determine their Lithuanian forms. Some of those terms (for example, antspaud-as, įmonė, perlaida) had already been coined by others, while another part (such as atlyginimas, išrankos, palūkanos) had long been in use. However, most of the terms, usually non-Lithuanian ones, had to be reworked, new forms devised, and words already in use reshaped. After L. Dargis explained the concept of a given term, A. Salys would often suggest several Lithuanian equivalents; finally, together with L. Dargis, he would choose the word and form they both preferred. L. Dargis himself later (1975) stated that “the principal author of the new terms in the Lithuanian part was Prof. A. Salys” (Salys,I,455).

The glossary contains interesting Lithuanian terms that are still unused or rarely used today, but could also suit contemporary market-economy terminology. For example:

payment amount (German Begleichungssumme, English payment). The English term payment order could be translated by the Lithuanian equivalent apmokos dokumentas (kvitas).

codebtor (German Gemeinschuldner, English fellow debtor). Today this concept is often called by the incorrect Lithuanian term bendras-kolininkis.

productivity (German Leistungsfähigkeit, English productivity). This word is suitable for describing someone who gets a lot done. In the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian” (V., 1993; hereafter DLKŽ), the word darbus is explained as a synonym of hardworking. In terminology, however, it would be better to distinguish these concepts: darbštūs—those who enjoy working; darbūs (or darblūs)—those who get a lot done.

purchasing power (German Kaufkraft, English purchasing power). A pirklius is someone who can afford to buy and has the means to do so. In times of economic collapse, society’s purchasing power declines. Today this concept is most often referred to by the term purchasing capacity. A single-word term would be more convenient.

bill of lading duplicate (German Frachtbriefduplikat, English bill of lading duplicate). The word antrininkas is also given in DLKŽ as a substitute for the meaning “duplicate.”

portable (German transportabel, English easily transportable). DLKŽ—

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only this word’s meaning, “that which carries well,” is given. However, merchants need another meaning of the adjective važus—“transportable.” It can have this meaning. Thus, one can also speak of the transportability of goods.

This glossary also contains rejected terms, in whose place other words or combinations of words have now become established. In other cases, foreign words are still used in their place. For example:

būdinė prekyba (German Hökerhandel, English hawking trade), būdininkas (German Höker, English hawker, peddler). In current terminology, the words kioskas and kioskininkas are used for this purpose. There is no hope that they could be replaced by the words būda and būdininkas.

gyvi, gyvieji pinigai (German Bargeld, English cash). The term grynieji pinigai has been well established in Lithuania for a long time. There is no need to change this term now.

mokmenys (German Zahlungsmittel, English means of payment). The term denotes a concept of little relevance.

núodarbis (German Leistung des Angestellten, English piece of work, performance). The established term now is išdirbis. That is the term to use.

pádalas, pelninys (German Dividende, Gewinnanteil, English dividend). The international term dividendas is now used to name this concept. The first of the proposed Lithuanian coinages will certainly not catch on, and the second—hardly.

pagavà (German Blickpunkt, Blickfangpunkt, blickfangende Ware, English eyecatching (in advertising or packaging) wares). The adjective pagavùs, which is no longer used in terminology, is included in the glossary. It is most often replaced by the adjective patrauklùs. Thus, the word pagavà would likewise be better replaced in terminology by the word patrauklà.

prádovis (German Vorschuss, English advance money). It corresponds to the current term avansas. In Nyderman’s dictionary, this term is a synonym of the word rankpinigiai.

pérstovis (German Überliegen, English lying-over time, days of demurrage). The current Lithuanian name for this concept is prastova. It accords better with the verb prastovėti.

saugóvė (German Stahlkammer, English safe). Since the word seifas ha-

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In contemporary terminology, the term denotes only a non-combustible metal cabinet for storing valuables, while a bank room containing such cabinets is called a vault; accordingly, the neologism saugovė is unnecessary.

The glossary entries include not only single-word and compound terms, but also prepositions, adverbs, participles, infinitives, and word forms. For example:

apiė (German betreff, English concerning, about);

kāiningai (German preiswert, English priceworthy);

laišku (German brieflich, English by means of a letter);

naūdai (German zu Gunsten, English to someone’s favor);

per day, by date (German nach Tagen, nach Datum, chronologisch, English daily, day after day);

from house to house (German vom Hause, zum Hause, English from house, to house);

completed (German erledigt, English accomplished);

to order (German anordern, English to command, to decree);

to transfer (German übertragen, English to carry over).

In terms of terminographic quality, L. Dargis and A. Salys’s “Glossary of Commercial Correspondence” is no different from other multilingual terminology glossaries of that period. It would undoubtedly have been useful to practitioners. However, this glossary was not destined to have a significant influence on Lithuanian economic terminology. This was because it was published on the eve of the war, and after the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania, terminology became associated not with a free-market economy but with a centrally planned economy. Nevertheless, this glossary has not lost its relevance even today.

Abbreviations

DLKŽ - Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. V., 1993.

LKTŽ - Lietuvių kalbos tarties žodynas/ sudarė V. Vitkauskas. V., 1985.

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