Apie du tarpukario laikų terminų žodynėlius

Kazimieras GAIVENIS ABOUT DU INTERVAL TIME GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1.S. Salkauskio pedagogikos terminy Zodynélis Philosophers S. Salkauskis created only ne an original theory of terminology, standardized philosophical terms, but was interested in pedagogical terminology. ir Jo incomplete quadrilingual glossary of pedagogy terms, named “General Pedagogy Terminology” (in Lithuanian-French-German-Russian languages), printed “The scriptures? heading (V., in the 1991). explanations of the booklet it says: “Collected iš all 1600 pedagogical terms. Iš jų 600 take iš “General terminology of philosophy”. They are marked +. 400 terms are of foreign origin. They are marked -. It would be important for them to find Lithuanian equivalents. The 600 remaining terms are of Lithuanian ir origin and have a specifically pedagogical nature. They are not marked with any sign. All terms have been spelled" (277). This vocabulary has been discussed The terminology section of the Lithuanian Language ir Society slightly supplemented, but remained unfinished. In terms of terminology, it differs little from “General terminology of philosophy”. The latter dictionary is known to have been pronounced by a linguist P. Coffins. Thus, it can be assumed that the plus marked terms are P. Can't spell it. In this article we will not try to evaluate S. the terminology of Šalkauskas’s pedagogy in terms of systematization of the concepts of this field, we o will be interested only in two linguistic aspects, namely: 1) S. ir 2) S. Pedagogical Terms of Šalkauskas. 1.S. Šalkauskis, describing the sources of terminology, wrote: “If we take any science which has produced scientific terminology, we will readily find that this terminology is drawn from the sources of the triune. jo iš It is precisely some of its terms that are borrowed from the iš living language of human ir beings, but are adapted for a special scientific purpose; other terms are newly formed according to the laws of language by analogy with its typical manifestations; finally, ir the third group of terms are simply su borrowed from other languages, only more or less modified according to the phonetic and morphologiciš al characterisir tics of the language to ar which the words are borrowed" 89 (Šalkauskis 1991 24). S. Šalkauskis used all three of the aforementioned sources of terminology, but created relatively few new ones. We would think that S. Šalkauskas- ’s pedagogical terminology novelties are the words atkak/a (obstination, entėtement; Eigensinn, Trotz), stubbornness, stubbornness (intelligence; Intelligenz), space objects (art of space; Space Art), im/a (reception; reception, reception), kvotinj's (object on which examines; Prifungsgegenstand), on mokslaamzis (schooling, Schulalter), pergyvena (survival), rasfimas (writing reading), sie/ingiimas (character et la de ce which is animated, Seelenhaftigkeit), sauna (drink; Bravour) kt. ir Unfortunately, almost all of them were pale works or named artificial concepts and thus did not survive in later ir pedagogical terminology. What else Šalkauskas S. terminated composed ar words that “Lithuanian language dictionary” (hereinafter referred to as LKŽ) are given only supposedly Soviet iš writings, e.g.: patronymic (pupil; "Adolescence" (in French). adolescence.- ir fr. They are used in our ir current terminology. Šalkauskis marked non-Lithuanian additions S. to the dictionary with a minus, but į jų between probably by mistake some ir Lithuanian terms, e.g.: įdėmūs, įdėjų (attentif; aufmerksam), baby (petit enfant; Wickelkind), sleep (sommeil; Schlaf), experimental (experimental; experimentell), etc. In the Zodiac, we find terms that are now considered non-standard or spelled incorrectly, such as: foresight (prévoyance; Voraussehen), foresee (prévoir; voraussehen), equilibrium, -a (équipondérant; das Gleichgewicht haltend), balance (qualité de ce qui est équipondérant), self-defense, -os (défense de soi-méme; Sebstverteidigung, Selbstschutz). The first term is now replaced by Zodzi prediction, the second —predict, the third —semidusviras, -a, the fourth —semiausvirimas, the fifth —self-defense. Many of the pedagogical terms established by S. Šalkauskas are still used today. For example, in L. Jovaišas’s dictionary “Terms of Pedagogy” (K., 1993) we will find such names of abstract concepts, already used at that time, as: re-imagining, perseverance, recognition, responsibility, relaxation, upbringing, education, communication, maturation, productivity, diligence, attention, teaching, morality, discipline, spirituality, giftedness, kindness, care, distraction, skill, meaningfulness, habit, conviction, warning, sensitivity, creation, education, expectation, imitation, duty, vocation, experience, inheritance, progress, hobby, attraction, exercises, nature, diligence, etc. 90 ir The additions to this glossary made at the meetings of the Terminology Section mainly concern the presentation su of international terminology. Only somewhere else, in addition to international terms, Lithuanian synonyms are added, e.g.: ir activity activity, arithmetic calculation, choleric rush, — degeneration degeneration, — diffusion diffusion, egoism — self-love, ethics — morality, etc. — — — ir S. The starting point of Šalkauskas’s terminology theory was the word, o ne concept, so in the jo terminology sets only nouns are given as headings, but adjectives, verbs, even ne participants. However, in general, the ir selection of words and the principles of terminology were of a sufficiently jo high scientific level. ir 2. Pronunciation of terms is a — tricky job for non-Tunisianists. As we have already mentioned, some of the S. terms of Šalkauskas- ’s pedagogical dictionary have been spelled P. Coffins. The other terms were spelled by him himself. Very few words were left unpronounced, only a few, e.g.: encyclopedic, sensual senti“, obedience, *, direction*, physiology, moist, partisan, positive (p. positive), species*, Human * (terms marked with asterisks were pronounced in philosophy terminology). Interesting those iš "General Philosophy Terminology?" borrowed terms, the pronunciation of which does not su correspond to current accentology norms. There are dozens of such terms, e.g.: jtaka, -6s, taka (=effect DLKŽ, LKTŽ), persuasion, -Os, persuasion (={taiga MRLs, LCRs) (=insert MRL), quantitative (=kitty 1 MRLs, LMRs), obstacles, -iés (=obstacle DLKZ, LKTZ), body (=body mass) DLKŽ), artist (=menis DLKŽ, LKTZ), scientific (=artificial) MRL, LC50), negative, - a (=negative, -ė MRL), meaning, -es, meaning (=value 3 DLKŽ, LKTŽ), fair (=honest LD50, LC50), positive, (=positive, -a LD50), total -ė (=public DLKZ, LKTZ), 2-monthly (=¥-monthly DLKZ, LKTZ), etc. Some of these crossing variants (e.g., jtaka, negative, etc.) are not any errors, were provided 91 LKŽ iš M. Niedermann, A. Senn, F. Brender. ir A. Salio “Lithuanian written language dictionary” (Heidelberg, 1932-1968) ir other sources. Be of this, there are ir mistakes. In addition to the marked words become conscious (devénir conscient; bewusst werden), arrangement, -os, arrangement (construction, structure; Gefiige, Bau, Struktur), interaction, -Os, interaction (interaction; Wechselwirkung) “General terminology of philosophy” does not exist at all, and the terms difference, -ai (différence; Unterschied), dreamed (réve; Traum), restraint (dompter; zugeln) are pronounced differently in the source mentioned (difference, dreamé ir suppress). In S. Šalkauskas's dictionary of pedagogical terms there are also simple spelling errors (or proofreading errors), e.g.: nacija, -os (nation; Nation), approfondissement; Vertiefung, parti, -os (parti; Partei), indépendance; Selbstandigkeit, sielvartas, -ai (affliction; Seelenkummer), vienetas, -ai (unitė; Einheit), Zymimas (valeur, eminence; Hervorrangendsein), etc. What else is the pronunciation of terms, e.g.: antitezé (=antitézé DLKZ, LKTZ), enérgija (=énergija DLKZ, LKTŽ), idėja, -ėjos (=idéja DLKZ, LKTZ), įžanga, -Gs, įvadą (={*anga DLKZ, LKTZ), jaunysté (=jaunysté DLKZ, LKTZ), konkursas (=konkirsas DLKZ, LKTZ), ligiistas (=lighistas DLKZ, LKTZ), mėginys, mėginio (=mégins 3a DLKZ, LKTZ), neiginys, néiginio (=neiginjs 3b DLKZ, LKTZ), 6rganas (=drganas DLKZ, LKTŽ), pitosas (=patdsas DLKZ, LKTŽ), pradedamas (=pradedamas), pramoga, -os (=pramoga DLKZ, LKTŽ), préza, -os (=proza DLKZ, LKTZ), prozininkas (=prozininkas DLKZ), savaniudiskas (=savaniudiškas DLKZ, LKTŽ,), sieldtis (=sielotis DLKZ, LKTZ), sintézé (=siiitezé DLKZ, LKTŽ), skaičius, -ai (=skautas DLKZ), vykdyti (=v§kdyti DLKZ, LKTŽ), žaidimas, -ai (=%aismas DLKZ, LKTZ) and others. Most of the spelling errors in these terms are typical mistakes made by intellectuals. They are typical of ir current texts of scientific language. In the pronunciation of the -inis adjectives, which are most often used as the signs of compound terms, S. Šalkauskis was also not entirely consistent. At one point he only slightly deviated from the spelling norms (a), elsewhere o even created — hypernormalisms (b), e.g. hygienic, a) hygienic MRLs, quantitative (=kitty MRLs, 92 LKTŽ), corporal (=body mass) MRL), /market (=liturgical MRL), normative (=dterminal DLKŽ, LKTŽ), professional (=professional MRL, LMR), species (=species MRL, LC50), intermed- -ė iate, (=intermediate DLKZ, LKTŽ); collective b) (=collection wine DLKŽ, LKTŽ), cultural (=cultural DLKŽ, LKTŽ), literary (=literary DLKŽ), mathematical (=mathematical DLKŽ), methodological (= methodological DLKŽ) DLKŽ, LKTŽ), pedagogical (=pedagdginis DLKŽ, LKTŽ), but pre-school (=preschool DLKŽ) kt. ir Summarizing the above, it is possible to draw the following short conclusions: Šalkauskas’s dictionary of pedagogical 1. S. terms is alphabetical, species terms are not presented in it. The terminology section of the Lithuanian Language Society has discussed it to the letter m (Last reading was held on 1940 06 12). The glossary is organized similarly to ir "General terminology of philosophy". 2. Protected by pedagogical terms, adolescence cannot be considered words that appeared in the Soviet era (as it may look iš "Dictionary of the English Language". These words are already found in S. Šalkauskas- 's dictionary. S. Most of Šalkauskas- 's proposed novelties (atkakla, imla, kvotinys, rašlūmas ir etc.) did not survive in pedagogy terminology. 3. Some of the S. terms in Šalkauskas- 's pedagogical dictionary have been spelled P. Coffins. Other terms were spelled by the author of the dictionary himself. There are relatively few spelling errors. They are mainly related to su the inaccurate location of the cut. 2. L. Dargio ir A. Salio “The vocabulary of commercial correspondence? 1938 m. Economist in the magazine “Tautos ūkis” L. Dargis with su speaker A. Saliu had published a "Dictionary of Commercial Correspondence". Later this dictionary, supplemented with English equivalents, was printed A. Salio "In the Scriptures" All 1979). Lithuanian terms are spelled, some are briefly explained o with examples. ir Co-authoring a glossary A. Salio “In the scriptures? shall be interpreted as follows: “L. Dargis concentrated at that time jo ir other In Lithuania most often 93 used most necessary agricultural terms, translated them into į German, part ir į English, o A. Salys helped to Lithuanianize these terms, to identify Lithuanian jų genders. Part of the tų terms (examples, stamp, company, transfer) were already previously made by others, the other part o (such as wages, selections, interest) has long iš been used. However, most of the terms, mostly non-Lithuanian, had to be reprocessed, creating new genders derived from already used words. ir A. Salys, after L. Dargis explained the concept of a term, often suggested several Lithuanian po equivalents of terms, finally together su L. Dargiu chose the word and tą form that both liked jo best. Pats L. Dargis has later (1975) stated that here “the main author of the new terms in the Lithuanian part was prof. A. Salys" (Salys, I, 455). In the glossary we will find interesting Lithuanian terms, which are not yet used or rarely used by anyone, but could be suitable for modern market economy terminologir y. For example: : payment (Voice. Settlement amount, engl. payment). The English term payment order could be translated as the Lithuanian equivalent apmokėjimo dokumentas (kvitas). joint debtor (German: Gemeinschulder, English: fellow debtor). This term is now often used incorrectly as a synonym for the term immigrant. darbimas (German: Leistungsfähigkeit, English: productivity). This word is suitable to describe someone who does a lot. In the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (V., 1993; hereinafter —DLKŽ) the word darbus is explained as a synonym of darbštus. But in terminology it would be better to distinguish between the following concepts: the industrious—those who love to work; worker (or worker) 10. who made a lot of purchasing power (German: Kaufkraft, engl.). The buyer is the one who can, has something to buy. In times of economic turmoil, society’s mercantilist attitude decreases. Now this concept is usually referred to as the term purchasing power. A one-word term would be more convenient. Frachtbriefduplikat (bill of lading duplicate). The word subordinate in the meaning of duplicate substitute is provided ir DLKŽ. važūs (German: transportabel, English: easily transportable). 94 The MRL only gives the meaning of the word "which carries well". However, traders need another meaning of the adjective važus — “transportable”. That is what it can mean. Therefore, we can also talk about the movement of goods. This glossary contains ir unaccepted terms that have now been replaced by other words or combinations. jų In other cases, foreign jų words are still used locally. For example: typical trade (Voice. Hėkerhandel, engl. hawking trade), adjective (German: Hoker, English: hawker, peddler). In modern terminology, the words kiosk and kioskman are used for this purpose. There is no hope that they can be replaced by the words būda and adjective. live, live money (Voice. Cash, angl. cash). In Lithuania, the term cash has been used for a long time. There is no need to change this term now. mokmenys (German: Zahlungsmittel, English: means of payment- ). The term refers to a not very relevant concept. nūodarbis (German performance of the employee, angl. piece of work, performance). The term is now in use. It is also usable. padalas, pelninys (German: Dividend, Gevinnanteil, English: dividend). The term is now used internationally to refer to this concept. The first of the proposed Lithuanian novelties will certainly not spread, and the second — hardly bau. pagava (vok. eyecatching (in advertising or packaging) wares). In the terminology, the adjective catch is no longer used in the dictionary. ir It is usually replaced by the adjective patrauk/ūs. Thus, ir instead of the word catch, the word attraction would be better for terminology. pradovis (Voice. Advance payment, angl. advance money). Advance corresponding to the current term. In the Nyderman dictionary this term is synonymous with the word deposit. Pteristocene (Voice. Overlying, angl. lying-over time, days of demurrage). The current name of this term is Prastova. It is better combined with the verb prastovéti. saugove (Voice. Steel chamber, angl. safe). Since the word safe in the current terminology 95 refers only to non-combustible metal cabinets for storing valuables, the bank room with such cabinets is 0 referred to as a storage su room, so the new safehouse becomes unnecessary. In the glossary only single-word compound terms are presented in the title words, but there are prepositions, ne adverbs, participles, conjugations, word forms. ir ir For example: apié (Voice. subject, engl. concerning, about); kdiningi (Voice. cheap, angl. priceworthy); by mail (Voice. briefly, angl. by means of a letter); in favour of (Voice. zu Favorite, angl. to someone’s favor); padieniul, padaciui (Voice. after days, after Date, chronological, engl. daily, day after day); panamiui (Voice. of Hause, zum Hause, ang). from house, to house); completed (Voice. erledigt, angl. accomplished); - paliépti (Voice. anorden, angl. to command, to decree); pérkelti (Voice. tibertragen, engl. to carry over). L. Dargis and A. Salis’ “Trade correspondence dictionary” does not differ from other multilingual dictionaries of the time in terms of terminology. In practice, it would certainly have been useful. However, this dictionary was not destined to have a strong influence on Lithuanian economic terminology. This was because it was published on the eve of the war, and after the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania, the terminology was no longer associated with the free market, but with a centrally planned economy. Nevertheless, this vocabulary has not lost its relevance even now. Abbreviations DLKŽ - Dictionary of Modern English. V., LKTŽ 1993. — Lithuanian pronunciation dictionary/ compiled by V. Vitkauskas. V., 1985. 96