Pirmojo lietuviško aukštosios mokyklos fizikos vadovėlio terminija

Angelė Kaulakienė

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Terminology of the first Lithuanian physics textbook for higher education

ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

After the First World War, a considerable number of intellectuals who had completed higher education abroad became involved in the scholarly life of Independent Lithuania: astronomer Bernardas Kodatis, physicists Kęstutis Šliūpas and Ignas Končius, physicist and chemist Vincas Čepinskis, and many others who, in the words of Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas, began both teaching and scholarship from nothing (Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 260).

The distinguished personality of Professor V. Čepinskis has left an indelible mark on the history of science in Lithuania and on its cultural history more generally. In 2006, the 135th anniversary of his birth was commemorated; his biography and work have been discussed in detail (Šenavičienė 1982: 7–12, 14–17, 22, 24, 29, 32, 36, 40, 49, 50–61, 63, 74, 81–85, 89, 92–93; Fizikos istorija 1988: 32, 56–57, 59–61, 69, 71, 73–77, 80, 83–85, 99, 184, 189, 198–201, 203; Martišius 1991: 10–12; Mačionis 1992; Makariūnienė 1994: 6, 12, 23, 118, 123; Martišius 1996: 15–16; Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 84, 242–253, 260–261, 263, 279, 290, 296, 300, 312–313; Makariūnienė 2001: 6, 10, 25, 172, [40–43, 177]).

As Zigmas Mačionis observes, V. Čepinskis, the first in the history of Lithuania’s higher education institutions to begin lecturing on physics in Lithuanian, felt the acute lack of a Lithuanian physics textbook. At the time, Konstantinas Šakenis’s *Fizika* (1920), published in Tilsit, was intended only for gymnasiums. Convinced that “the preparation of suitable textbooks prepares the ground for the discovery of new things no less—and often better—than stereotyped research” (Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 247), V. Čepinskis wrote a comprehensive experimental physics textbook, *Fizikos paskaitos*, in 1923–1926; it is, in a way, the first Lithuanian encyclopedia of physics (Fizikos istorija 1988: 76).

V. Čepinskis held the view that “without a perfect language one cannot even conceive of creativity in the spiritual realm” (Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 249); therefore, his *Fizikos paskaitos* undoubtedly had a considerable influence on the expression of Lithuanian physics terminology—

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especially since the professor constantly had to consult Jonas Jablonskis and the Terminology Commission operating under the Ministry of Education about the suitability of terms. “Physics Lectures” was published by the Book Publishing Commission of the Ministry of Education. The textbook consists of seven sections, each forming a separate book. The books vary in length: Sections I–V are about 100 pp. each, Section VI is 298 pp., and Section VII no fewer than 466 pp. In the “Preface” to Section VII, V. Čepinskis explains why it was longer than the other sections of “Physics Lectures”: “the course was written for students of the University of Lithuania, who not only attend lectures but also do practical work in the laboratory for every branch of physics, without having Lithuanian textbooks for laboratory work. Thus, in writing the course on ‘Magnetism and Electricity,’ it was necessary not only to provide basic knowledge of magnetism and electricity and briefly touch on the principal applications to everyday needs, but also to describe the principal instruments and methods of magnetic and electrical measurement. Finally, it was impossible not to include in the course a whole range of new inventions, laws, and theories discovered and conceived since the beginning of the twentieth century”¹ FP VII 1²

At the end of each section (except IV and V), exercises on the material covered in that section are provided. “Physics Lectures” consists of the following sections: I. Mechanics (1923) – the principal phenomena and laws of classical mechanics (kinematics, dynamics, statics) are examined; II. Liquids and Gases (1923) – the laws of hydrostatics and hydrokinetics and the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases are discussed; III. Heat (i.e., Heat – A. K.) (1924) – phenomena in thermometry and calorimetry, features of changes in physical state (i.e., physical condition – A. K.), and the mechanical theory of heat (= heat) are analyzed; IV. The Science of Waves (1924) – the propagation of waves in liquids and gases and their interference are explained; V. Sound (1924) – the characteristics of sound, various methods for finding a tone, resonance, and interference of sound waves are discussed; VI. Light (1925) – the laws of geometrical optics, photometric phenomena, the scattering of light rays, and the foundations of the wave and particle theories of light are examined; VII. Magnetism and Electricity (1926) – phenomena in magnetostatics, electrostatics, and electrodynamics are discussed, and special and general theories of relativity are introduced.

¹ Here and elsewhere, the quoted text and terms are given in their authentic form; spelling and punctuation have not been corrected.

² Roman numerals indicate the section of this textbook and the part of other physics textbooks; Arabic numerals indicate the page.

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As can be seen from this brief overview of the contents and length of “Physics Lectures,” this textbook is very comprehensive and partly serves as a manual for practical physics work and an exercise book—resources that were not then available in Lithuanian (History of Physics 1988: 76). Ž. Mačionis has discussed in detail the distinctive features of the sections of “Physics Lectures” and the significance of this textbook, noting that an entire generation of students in various fields used this sole Lithuanian textbook, since the next original textbook intended for higher education, P. Brazdžiūnas’s “General Physics,” appeared only in 1960–1965 (Mačionis 1992: 121).

This view can be accepted only in part. During the period under discussion, other physics publications for higher education were also issued. For example, in 1923 a hectographed thermodynamics course by K. Šliūpas appeared; from 1928 to 1935, the Students’ Society of Mathematicians and Physicists published I. Končius’s lecture notes on physics for the third and fourth semesters; and in 1936, thermodynamics lecture notes by P. Brazdžiūnas, a student of K. Šliūpas, were printed on a mimeograph (History of Physics 1988: 77–78). Nevertheless, during that period V. Čepinskis’s “Physics Lectures” was undoubtedly the principal physics textbook for higher education and played an enormous role in the development of physics terminology. Its terms are discussed in this article.

2. STRUCTURE AND ORIGIN OF THE TERMS IN THE TEXTBOOK “PHYSICS LECTURES”

2.1. The terminology of V. Čepinskis’s textbook “Physics Lectures” comprises general terms, physics terms, and some terms from technology and other fields of science related to physics, for example: akiratis FP VI 21, branduolys FP III 80, bruožas FP I 7–8, būklė FP VII 257, dalykas FP I 5, dalis FP I 34, dėsnis FP I 25, erdvė FP I 3, grandis FP VI 75, išvada FP VII 432, kelias FP I 13, kiekis FP VII 34, kryptis FP I 9, krosnis FP VII 187, krumplýs FP I 83, laikas FP I 51, laikrodis FP I 20, lygybė FP I 71, lygtis FP VI 55, mazgas FP I 54, metai FP I 7, mėnulis FP I 3, mokslas FP VI 228, padėtis FP VII 319, pagrindas FP I 81, pasaulis FP VII 411, pasvaras FP I 24, perkūnlaidis FP VII 122, plaktukas FP VII 275, platuma FP I 23, plokštuma FP I 80, plotmė FP I 78, plotas FP I 10, priežastis FP VII 361, ramybė FP I 16, reikšmė FP I 35, reiškinys FP I 3, ryšys FP I 55, rūšis FP VII 127, santykis FP VI 58, skaičius FP VII 421, skersmuo FP I 52, skritulys FP IV 28, skritūlis FP I 91, sriautas FP VII 59, staklės FP VII 249, stiebas FP I 4, stotis FP VII 383, šaknis FP I 51, šaltinis FP VI 47, šovinys FP I 30, švinas FP VII 242, taisyklė FP VII 148, tapatybė FP VII 432, taškas FP IV 37, tepalas FP I 29, tęsinys FP VII 114, tiltas FP

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VII 167, network FP VII 192, grid FP VII 417, volume FP I 4, song refrain FP VI 139, crown FP VII 387, image FP VI 73, pipe FP VII 385, resistance FP VII 167, turf FP I 75, whirlpool FP VII 353, source FP VI 7, unit FP I 12, earth FP I 39, candle FP VI 9, etc.

Most of the terms in “Fizikos paskaitos” can also be found in the first popular physics articles printed in “Keleivis” (1849–1880) (Kaulakienė 1991: 80–91), “Aušra” (1883–1886) (Kaulakienė 1994: 131–140), in Petro Vileišis’s textbook “Populariszkas rankvedis fyzikos,” published in 1889 in Shenandoah and signed under the pseudonym P. Neris (Kaulakienė 1995: 69–74), in I. Končius’s 1919 manuscript physics textbook for gymnasiums (Kaulakienė 1995: 18–27), in the glossary of physics terms “Terminai fizikos reikalams,” compiled by I. Končius and printed in the newspaper “Lietuva” (1923–1924) (Kaulakienė 1993: 32–43), and in K. Šakenis’s physics textbook for gymnasiums, published in 1920 in Tilsit (Kaulakienė 2002: 66–77), e.g.: pole FP VII 3, cf. ŠF II 10; axis FP I 93, cf. K 1851 25 98³, PF 11, ŠF II 60, 726 T⁴, aszis A 1884 5–6 209; reflection FP V 91, cf. KF 228; height FP I 33, cf. augztis A 1884 5–6 167, height ŠF I 88; wave FP VI 113, cf. ŠF III 74; rail FP I 16, cf. K 1862 13 52, ŠF II 29; thing FP I 4, cf. K 1865 17 67, KF 3, PF 63; particle FP IV 34, cf. PF 41, ŠF I 113; work FP VII 332, cf. KF 160, ŠF III 91, 789 T; cloud FP VII 122, cf. PF 71; gases FP VII 385, cf. ŠF I 77, gas KF 161; power FP I 61–62, cf. ŠF III 91; sound FP I 5, cf. KF 228, ŠF III 71; thunder FP VII 128, cf. A 1886 6 174, ŠF II 76; vessel FP I 40, cf. KF 75, PF 22; property FP VII 263, cf. PF 82; force FP II 48, cf. KF 39, ŠF III 85, 386 T; angle FP I 87, cf. ŠF III 72, 1321 T; quarter FP I 37, cf. ŠF III 6–7; spark FP VII 114, cf. K 1851 11 42–43, ŠF II 76, kibirksztis A 1885 10–11 319; body FP I 62, cf. KF 157, ŠF III 35, 1377 T; bow FP VII 187, cf. ŠF II 51; field FP VII 313, cf. ŠF II 56; table FP VII 409, cf. ŠF II 8; direction FP I 68, cf. A 1885 12 321, ŠF I 51; measure FP I 5, cf. ŠF I 9; material FP VII 13, cf. ŠF III 10–11, 108 T, KF 2, medega A 1883 2 48, PF 3, medžgina KF 2; surface FP VI 56, cf. ŠF II 17, 915 T; shoulder FP I 64, cf. petys ŠF I 15; plate FP IV 39, cf. ŠF II 31; width FP I 10, cf. A 1884 1–3 9; equator FP VII 25, cf. pusiaujas ŠF II 10; balance FP I 63, cf. 1028 T, pusiausvira ŠF I

³ The first digits indicate the years of “Keleivis” and “Aušra,” the second the issue number, and the third the page.

⁴ The number T indicates the entry number in the glossary “Terminai fizikos reikalams” (hereafter T).

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40; little wheel FP VII 277, cf. wheel ŠF III 75; sphere FP I 66, cf. ŠF III 90; sun FP I 3, cf. K 1869 16 63, A 1886 6 177, PF 46; property FP I 3, cf. ŠF II 52; difference FP I 61, cf. ŠF I 88; pulley FP I 75, cf. PF 11, ŠF I 49; layer FP II 3, cf. layer ŠF III 69, layer PF 65; ray FP VI 6, cf. K 1852 24 96, ŠF III 14, KF 159, 1417 T; current FP VI 7, cf. K 1851 11 43, A 1886 6 177, 544 T, ŠF II 71, sriovė A 1885 10–11 319; spoke FP VII 12, cf. PF 13, ŠF III 14; support FP II 3, cf. KF 145, 1174 T; pillar FP VII 133, cf. K 1851 15 50, ŠF I 61; composition FP I 13, cf. ŠF I 32; screwdriver FP I 75, cf. ŠF II 59; plumb line FP I 9, cf. ŠF I 6; scales FP I 78, cf. PF 8, KF 67; lever FP I 69, cf. ŠF I 49, KF 52; weight FP I 23, cf. ŠF I 17; heat FP III 3, cf. K 1851 11 42, KF 147, ŠF I 11, 1275 T, szilima A 1884 5–6 171, sziluma A 1883 6 173; light FP VI 6, cf. PF 82, ŠF III 50, szviesa A 1884 5–6 195; pendulum FP VII 35, cf. ŠF I 56; friction FP I 62, cf. ŠF II 3; triangle FP I 42, cf. ŠF III 24; track FP VI 45, cf. K 1853 28 112; lightning FP VII 122, cf. K 1856 27 107, PF 96, ŠF II 76; ring FP VII 283, cf. ŠF 71; star FP I 3, cf. A 1884 1–3 28.

As these examples show, some terms, e.g.: axis, spark, direction, material, width, sun, ray, current, pillar, heat, light, lightning, star, etc., already had a tradition of half a century by the first decades of the 20th century.

2.2. By structure, the terms in “Fizikos paskaitos” are simplex, cf. also needle FP VII 19, eye FP VI 147, knob FP I 78, floor FP I 39, hump FP I 54, mill FP VII 76, heel FP I 38, basin FP VII 385, slab FP I 67, pair FP VII 16, valley FP I 54, [electrical] heart FP VII 233, ruler FP I 6, thief FP I 83, beetle FP VII 379, and compounds. As the examples given show, most simplex terms are ordinary Lithuanian words and derivatives that have been terminologized.

Among derived forms, suffixal and inflectional derivatives are most common, and there are also a few compounds.

Suffixal derivatives could be divided into the following classes of formations:

1) verbal abstracts, or action nouns, formed with the suffixes -imas/-ymas, e.g.: trimming FP I 4, manifestation FP II 3, rotation FP I 8, bending back FP IV 3, recovery FP VII 242, straightening FP I 31, action FP I 29, experiment FP VII 114, oscillation FP I 52, burning FP I 4, magnification FP III 82, evaporation FP III 82, catching FP VII 361, acceleration FP I 23, proof FP VII 48, melting FP VII 82, measurement

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FP VII 371, dispersion FP VII 257, tension FP II 11, deflection FP VI 4, movement FP VI 177, heating FP VII 187, change FP II 3, measurement FP VII 122, striking FP I 20, recession FP I 7, fatigue FP II 12, division FP I 8, hardening FP II 9, setting FP I 49, resistance FP II 11, observation FP VII 133, transmission FP VII 361, transition FP I 60, growth FP I 17, adaptation FP II 21, application FP VII 361, attack FP II 32, rolling FP I 27, rusting FP VII 114, calculation FP I 5, expansion FP III 13, propagation FP VII 342, damping FP VII 283, pressure FP II 17, guess FP VII 342, solution FP VI 157, rotation FP II 11, turning FP I 84, levelling FP VII 16, bending FP I 6, pairing FP VII 382, collision FP I 32, saving FP VII 34, contraction FP VII 437, oscillation FP II 10, heating FP VII 187, creeping FP I 27, vibration FP IV 3, flow FP II 87, investigation FP VII 409, melting FP III 64, rubbing, rubbing oneself FP I 29, throwing FP VI 176, loading FP VII 242, action FP VII 114, boiling FP III 96, quivering⁵ FP VII 361; -smas, e.g., thunder FP VII 128; -ga; e.g., course FP VI 38, etc.;

2) nominal abstracts, or names of properties, formed with the suffix -umas, e.g.: distance FP II 17, resistance FP I 6, frequency FP IV 49, size FP I 10, possibility FP I 8, depth FP II 22, speed FP V 95, length FP I 52, particularity FP VII 313, impressiveness FP VII 257, sensitivity FP VII 165, mobility FP II 15, hardness FP I 3, viscosity FP II 36, conductivity FP VII 201, parallelism FP I 17, miscibility FP II 108, productivity FP I 4, immiscibility FP II 108, stability FP I 67, permeability FP VII 283, strength FP II 5, transparency FP VI 70, weight FP II 55, coldness FP I 5, warmth FP I 5, roughness FP I 3, wetness FP I 41, capacity FP VII 71, elasticity FP I 60, density FP II 17, certainty FP VII 165, accuracy FP I 79, thickness FP II 22, distance FP I 144; -ybė, e.g.: peace FP I 16, identity FP VII 432, reality FP II 95, etc. As the examples show, derivatives with the suffix -umas are formed from adjectives that have a simple or morphologically uncomplicated stem;

3) names of the result of an action, formed with the suffix -inys, e.g.: output FP I 49, combination FP I 83, adhesive FP V 135, casting FP I 33, pulley FP I 75, alloy FP I 33, projectile FP I 33, solution FP I 4, etc.;

⁵ These derivatives have a transpositional derivational meaning. They are characterized by being almost grammatical in nature: essentially, the derivative has the same content as the base word, but belongs to a different part of speech and therefore differs in its syntactic function (Urbutis 1978: 165). Such derivatives with the suffix -imas/-ymas can be formed from every verb. It is therefore quite difficult to determine whether they, and other derivatives discussed in the article, have become established as terms or were specially coined by V. Čepinskis.

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4) names of instruments, formed with the suffixes -iklis, e.g.: discharger FP VII 117, switch–disconnect switch FP VII 244, mixer FP III 114, fuse FP VII 193, counter FP I 77, pusher FP I 78, straightener FP I 9, regulator FP I 38, engine FP VII 337; -tuvas, e.g.: puffers FP II 18, crusher FP VII 202, strainer FP V 135, screwdriver FP I 75, press FP V 143, etc.;

5) names of agents and bearers of verbal properties, formed with the suffixes -ėjas, e.g.: carrier FP VII 383, interrupter FP VII 273, follower FP V 101; -tojas, e.g.: polisher FP VII 246, [steam] superheater FP VII 382, cooler FP I 61; -eklis, e.g., plunger FP VII 382; -oklis, e.g., sewer FP III 175; -ovas, e.g., satellite FP I 3; -uoklis, e.g.: spring FP I 51, soyruoklis FP I 91, pendulum FP V 121, etc.;

6) vardažodinės ypatybės turėtojų pavadinimai, padaryti su priesaga -ininkas, pvz.: laidininkas FP VII 34, nel aidininkas FP VII 34 ir kt. Minėtais 5 ir 6 darinių klasės vediniais vadinami įvairūs įtaisai, prietaisai ir šiaip ne asmenis žymintys dalykai. Ypač būdinga buvo tuometinėje fizikos (galbūt ir kitų mokslo sričių) terminijoje priesagų -ėjas, -tojas vediniais įvardyti įvairius įtaisus, įrenginius ir pan., plg. dar atvedėjas „perkūnsargis“ PF 97, perleidėjas „laidininkas“: gerasis perleidėjas, blogasis perleidėjas PF 94, pilėjas, lašintojas, purkštėjas KF 106 ir pan. Istoriškai šių darinių klasės, matyt, ilgą laiką buvo neskiriamos. Jų skiriamosios ribos kalbos normintojų buvo nubrėžtos daug vėliau.

Derivatives formed with endings could be divided into the following classes:

1) verbal abstracts, or names of actions, formed with the endings -a, e.g.: rejection FP VII 129, displacement FP VII 343; -is, e.g.: run FP I 16, inflow FP VII 43, outflow FP VII 362, deviation FP VI 176, movement FP VI 253, bore FP I 83, state FP III 64;

2) names of the result of an action, formed with the endings -a, e.g.: conclusion FP VI 168, inclination FP VII 343, accumulation FP I 56; -is, e.g., reflection FP V 100;

3) nominal abstracts, or names of properties, formed with the ending -is, e.g.: height FP I 10, size FP I 14, length FP I 88, width FP I 10, weight FP I 28, etc.

Among the more frequently occurring derivatives in the textbook, the following are noteworthy: polygon FP I 42, gear wheel FP I 83, lightning conductor FP VII 122, half-wave FP VI 193, half-edge FP I 66, half-slope FP I 13, semicircle FP I 52, hemisphere FP I 66, cross-section FP II 11, cross-section FP VI 157, flywheel FP I 91, triangle FP I 42.

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2.3. In addition to Lithuanian simplex terms, a considerable number are also borrowed and hybrid simplex terms. Borrowed simplex terms can be divided into two groups: 1) international terms; 2) foreignisms. Most international simplex terms are of Latin and Greek origin. Some international terms of Latin and Greek origin used by V. Čepinskis and surviving to the present day can also be found in earlier physics publications, e.g.: apparatas FP VII 1, cf. ŠF II 60, Lat. apparatus ‘device’, centras FP I 87, cf. ŠF I 40, Lat. centrum ‘middle’, dina FP I 56, cf. ŠF III 84, Gr. dynamis ‘force’, elektra FP VII 385, cf. PF 94, ŠF II 29, Gr. ēlektron ‘amber’, elektrolitas FP VII 204, cf. ŠF II 44, Gr. ēlektron ‘amber’ + Gr. lytos ‘dissolved’, elementas FP VII 220, cf. ŠF II 31, Lat. elementum ‘primary matter’, energija FP I 56, cf. ŠF III 91, Gr. energeia ‘activity’, fizika FP I Prakalba, cf. ŠF I 3, kvizika A 1884 1–3 35, Gr. physikē < physis ‘nature’, gramas FP I 11, cf. ŠF I 3, Gr. gramma ‘small unit of mass’, hipotezė FP VII 267, cf. gipoteza KF 25, Gr. hypothesis ‘conjecture’, kalorija FP I 60, cf. ŠF II 49, Lat. calor ‘heat’, linija FP VI 3, cf. PF 5, Lat. linea, magnetas FP VII 3, cf. K 1851 11 42, ŠF II 11, magnasas A 1885 10–11 319, Gr. magnētis ‘stone from Magnesia’, masė FP I 24, cf. ŠF III 84, Lat. massa ‘lump, piece’, mašina FP I 61, cf. maszina A 1884 5–6 168, maszyna A 1885 9 288, Lat. machina, materija FP VII 385, cf. A 1886 5 140, Lat. materia ‘matter’, mechanika FP I 69, cf. mėkanika A 1883 7 207, mekanika ŠF III 84, Gr. mechanikē ‘art of inventing machines’, motoras FP VII 313, cf. ŠF II 75, Lat. motor ‘mover’, polis FP VII 249, cf. pol ius A 1885 10–11 320, ŠF II 6, Lat. polus < Gr. polos ‘axis of the Earth and heavens’, solenoidas FP VII 249, cf. ŠF II 63, Gr. sōlen ‘tube’ + Gr. eidos ‘form’, spektras FP VII 3, cf. PF 89, ŠF II 6, Lat. spectrum ‘image, appearance’, telefonas FP VII 309, cf. ŠF II 68, telefon(a)s K 1878 22 100–101, teleponas A 1884 7–8 263, Gr. tēle ‘far’ + Gr. phōnē ‘sound’, telegrafas FP VII 361, cf. ŠF II 58, telegraf(a)s K 1859 15 59, Gr. tēle ‘far’ + Gr. graphō ‘I write’, etc.

Only a few other international simplex terms used by V. Čepinskis did not enter later usage in physics terminology, e.g.: amplifikacija, cf. Lat. amplificatio ‘expansion’: “This is a circuit for amplifying or amplifikacijos oscillations” FP VII 379; dinamo, cf. Gr. dynamis ‘force’: “Therefore Siemens called this principle the dynamic principle or the ‘dinamo principle’, and since then machines operating on this principle have been called dynamo machines, or simply dinamo” FP VII 322; mediumas, cf. Lat. medium

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‘middle’: “<...> as the ray exits into the air, it slides along the boundary surface between two mediumų <...>” FP VI 36; observacija, cf. Lat. observatio ‘observation’: “observacijos kampas” FP VII 419; oscilacija, cf. Lat. oscillatio ‘oscillation’: “<...> this discharge may occur at once and in only one direction, or it may take place in oscillations” FP VII 361, cf. also elektros oscilacijos FP VII 114, elektrinės oscilacijos FP VII 366, simpatetiškos oscilacijos FP VII 368, slopinamos oscilacijos FP VII 362; radioamplifikacija, cf. Lat. radio ‘I radiate’ + Lat. amplificatio ‘expansion’: “<...> the amplification described here is called radioamplifikacija” FP VII 380; tensija, cf. Lat. tensus ‘compressed’: “Nernst asserts that metals have a greater or lesser tendency to release ions, and Nernst calls this tendency the tensija of metal dissolution (perhaps it would be more accurate to call it the tensija of metal ionization)” FP VII 224.

A few international simplex terms in V. Čepinskis’s “Fizikos paskaitos” are also derived from other languages, for example, French: aretyras FP I 78, cf. French arrêter ‘to stop’; kabestanas FP I 75, cf. French cabestan ‘capstan’, konstanta FP VII 82, cf. French constante ‘constant quantity’, precizija FP VII 165, cf. French précision, stelāžas FP VII 241, cf. French stelage; German: lempa FP VII 187, cf. German Lampe, linzė FP I 90, cf. German Linse, punktyras FP VII 24, cf. German punktieren ‘to mark with dots’, unformēris FP VII 331, cf. German Umformer ‘rectifier’; English: standartas FP VII 232, cf. English standard ‘norm, model’, šuntas FP VII 182, cf. English shunt; Italian: busolė FP VII 3, cf. Italian bussola, kompasas FP VII 3, cf. Italian compasso<compassare ‘to measure with compasses’.

Some of the international simplex terms in V. Čepinskis’s textbook have a somewhat different phonetic or morphological form, unusual today, for example: abscissa FP I 34, aluminum FP II 10, amplitude FP VI 193, amplitude FP V 135, anion FP VII 225, balloon FP III 111, barium FP III 45, battery FP VII 225, battery FP VII 90, cylinder FP I 86–87 and cylinder FP III 154, diamond FP VI 205, ellipse FP I 41, formula FP I 51, gram-molecule FP VII 418, helium FP III 53, hypothesis FP VI 176, hysteresis FP VII 257, ion FP VII 225, hyperbola FP I 43, potassium FP III 45, funnel FP V 143, capillary FP III 11, cation FP VII 224, kilogram-meter FP I 57 and kilogram-meter FP I 56, component FP VII 9, coordinate FP VI 176, crisis FP VII 432, lithium FP III 45, maxima and minima: “Returning to figure 45, we see that the wave curve has its own maxima and minima” FP I 54; compare also maximum [distance], minimum [distance] FP I 54, maximum [thermometer], minimum.

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[thermometer]⁶ FP III 11, molecule FP III 81, sodium FP VI 97, vernier FP VII 23, ordinate FP VI 257, osmosis: exosmosis, endosmosis FP II 53, parabola FP I 36, pyramid FP VI 149, prism FP VI 40, radius [element] FP VII 405, refrigerator FP III 175, rotor FP I 91, sapphire FP V 135, second FP I 84, silicon FP III 45, scale FP I 78, scalar FP VII 353, strontium FP VI 97.

A very small proportion consists of foreignisms that entered Lithuanian dialects from neighboring languages through various contacts (economic, cultural, political, etc.), and from the dialects into various publications of the time, including Fizikos paskaitos, for example: balkis FP I 73, cf. German Balken, bezmenas FP I 78, cf. Belarusian безмен, bonka FP II 77, cf. Polish bańka, Belarusian банка, buksva FP I 29, cf. Polish buks, buksa, leikelė FP I 54, cf. Polish lejka, lejek, Belarusian лейка, mūterka FP I 82, cf. Polish muterka < German muterke, misingis FP I 22, cf. German Messing, šeštūnė FP I 76, cf. Russian шестери́ня, šniūras FP V 136, cf. Belarusian шнур, Polish sznur, špižas FP III 70, cf. Polish spiż, špūlė FP VII 178, cf. German Spule.

Fizikos paskaitos also contains hybrid simplex terms formed from components and affixes of different origins:

1) an international base word and a Lithuanian affix, more precisely, a suffix: -imas, for example: bombardavimas FP VII 425 (: bombardavo), demagnetinimas FP VII 263 (: demagnetino), elektrinimas FP VII 34 (: elektrino), magnetinimas FP VII 263 (: magnetino), reguliavimas FP VII 319 (: reguliavo), šuntavimas FP VII 173 (: šuntavo); -umas, for example: efektingumas FP VII 243 (: efektingas), ekonomingumas FP VII 326 (: ekonomingas), ekvivalentingumas FP I 60 (: ekvivalentingas), elastingumas FP II 3 (: elastingas), intensingumas FP VII 13 (: intensingas), kapilaringumas FP II 49 (: kapilaringas), masingumas FP VII 349 (: masingas), muzikalumas FP V 175 (: muzikalus), periodiškumas FP VII 114 (: periodiškas), plastingumas FP II 3 (: plastingas), polaringumas FP VII 118 (: polaringas), proporcingumas FP I 11 (: proporcingas), radioaktingumas FP VII 425 (: radioaktingas), retentyviškumas FP VII 262 (: retentyviškas); -ybė, for example, relatyvybė FP VII 432 (: relatyvus);

2) a Lithuanian prefixoid and an international base word, for example: puscilinderis FP VII 319, pusperoidis FP IV 83, pusrombis FP I 79, saviindukcija FP VII 291, savoikombinacija FP V 163;

3) an international prefixoid and a Lithuanian base word, for example: amper-

⁶ Many similar terms can also be found in Fizikos paskaitos, for example: cos wave line FP I 54, cosinus oscillation FP I 53, sin wave line FP I 55, sinus oscillation FP I 53.

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hour FP VII 243, ampere-turn⁷ FP VII 257, kilowatt-hour FP I 77, thermal current FP VII 135.

2.4. Most terminologized, derived, borrowed, and hybrid simplex terms serve as the principal components of compound terms. The textbook contains perhaps mostly two-word and three-word terms, which can be grouped into particular clusters according to their principal component, for example:

amplitude: amplitude of harmonic oscillation FP I 52, decreasing amplitude FP I 59, amplitude of oscillations FP VII 362, oscillatory amplitude FP I 50;

wave: electromagnetic wave FP VII 361, longitudinal wave FP I 56, transverse wave FP I 56, light wave FP I 7, continuous electromagnetic wave FP VII 382;

state: cyclic state FP VII 257, gaseous state FP VII 206, magnetic state FP VII 263, ground state FP VII 14, liquid state FP VII 206;

center: geometric center FP I 49, center of parallel forces FP I 66, center of mass FP VII 23, center of rotation FP I 38, center of gravity FP I 49, center of oscillation FP I 87;

quantity: constant quantity FP I 47, variable quantity FP I 55, fundamental physical quantity FP I 5, constant quantity FP I 17, vector quantity FP I 14;

element: secondary element FP VII 238, galvanic element FP VII 133, concentration cell FP VII 223, constant galvanic element FP VII 133, dry cell FP VII 146, earth-magnetism element FP VII 21;

phenomenon: electromagnetic phenomenon FP VII 1, physical phenomenon FP VII 345, piezoelectric phenomenon, pyroelectric phenomenon FP VII 118;

induction: electromagnetic i. FP VII 283, electrostatic i. FP VII 34, magnetic i. FP VII 3, normal magnetic i. FP VII 358, mutual i. FP VII 283;

motion: absolute m. FP I 16, harmonic periodic m. FP I 52, motion of a body FP I 13, variable m. FP I 17, periodic m. FP I 52, real m. FP I 55, relative m. FP I 16, uniformly accelerated m. FP I 18, uniformly decelerated m. FP I 17, uniform m. FP I 22;

distance: resultant d. FP I 13, distance traversed FP I 35, distance covered FP I 35, distance traversed FP I 17, straight-line distance FP I 14;

field: electrostatic force f. FP VII 48, magnetic f. FP VII 147, magnetic force f. FP VII 3, magnetic field of the current FP VII 147, rotating magnetic f. FP VII 313;

⁷The textbook contains many international simplex terms written with a hyphen and international secondary components of compound terms, e.g.: reflex-goniometer FP VI 48, sinus compass FP VII 161, shunt-machine FP VII 32, tangent compass FP VII 147, tangent galvanometer FP VII 157, thermo-battery, thermo-element FP VII 198, electro-magnetic phenomena FP I 94, magneto-electric machine FP VII 455, magnetomotive force FP VII 259, ultraviolet [series] FP VII 420.

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mass: effective m., electromagnetic m. FP VII 398, body m. FP I 26, magnetic m. FP VII 8, earth's m. FP I 44;

material: diamagnetic m., paramagnetic m. FP VII 13, plastic m. FP I 30, intermediate m. FP VII 342;

equilibrium: equilibrium of forces FP I 62, equilibrium of bodies FP I 63, unstable equilibrium of a body FP I 65, unstable equilibrium FP I 69, stable equilibrium of a body FP I 65, stable equilibrium FP I 87, equilibrium of a point FP I 62;

pendulum: reversible p. FP I 90, ballistic p. FP I 90, electrostatic p. FP VII 35, physical p. FP I 87, mathematical p. FP I 89, seconds pendulum, seconds mathematical pendulum FP I 90, oscillating p. FP I 50;

capacitance: battery c. FP VII 243, electric c. FP VII 59, energy c. FP I 60, capacitor c. FP VII 82, earth's electric c. FP VII 71;

resistance: relative r. FP VII 167, magnetic r. FP VII 259, extraneous additional r. FP VII 293.

Especially numerous are compound terms whose main components are the terms energy, speed, force, coefficient, body, moment, current, unit, e.g.:

energy: atomic e. FP VII 404, chemical e. FP I 60, gas e. FP I 61, electric e. FP I 60, electric current e. FP VII 187, energy of physical bodies FP I 57, discharge e. FP VII 82, discharge e. FP VII 114, kinetic e. FP I 87, magnetic e. FP VII 264, mechanical energy of water FP I 60, potential e. FP I 59, current e. FP VII 332, heat e. FP I 60;

speed: speed of wave propagation FP I 55, absolute ion velocity FP VII 215, resultant velocity, resultant speed FP I 15, particle velocity FP VII 398, horizontal velocity FP I 15, speed of motion FP I 62, angular velocity FP I 85, angular velocity of a body, linear velocity FP I 84, maximum velocity FP I 50, velocity of a mass point FP I 52, velocity of attack FP I 20, relative ion velocity FP VII 215, relative velocity FP I 32, static velocity FP I 15, component velocity FP I 34, speed of light FP VII 342, true velocity FP I 16, uniform velocity FP I 52, average velocity, average velocity of a point FP I 17;

force: reaction force FP VII 34, resultant force FP I 49, deforming force FP I 31, elastic force FP I 54, force of elasticity FP I 31, electromotive force FP VII 167, living force FP I 57, centripetal force FP I 37, force of inertia FP I 33, centrifugal force FP I 37, external force FP I 25, moving force FP I 56, coercive force FP VII 257, parallel force FP I 66, magnetic force FP VII 3, magnetomotive force FP VII 259, constant force FP I 36, lifting force, retentive force FP VII 257, compressive force FP I 28, static force FP I 56, static weight force FP I 66, weight force FP I 43, force of gravity FP I 93, tangential

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force. FP I 82, force of attraction. FP VII 34, friction force, force of friction. FP I 27, driving force. FP I 24, average force. FP I 30, gravitational force. FP I 22;

coefficient: coefficient of restitution FP I 32, electrical efficiency coefficient FP VII 327, commercial efficiency coefficient FP VII 327, coefficient of refraction FP VII 82, minimum coefficient FP I 6, efficiency coefficient FP VII 326, coefficient of proportionality FP I 25, coefficient of self-induction FP VII 283, coefficient of sliding friction FP I 27, coefficient of mutual induction FP VII 283, coefficient of friction FP I 28;

body: absolutely rigid body, wave body FP I 56, diamagnetic body FP VII 3, gaseous body FP I 94, elastic body FP I 59, physical body FP I 3, homogeneous body FP I 86, electrifiable body FP VII 34, rigid body FP I 29, falling body FP I 21, freely falling body FP I 21, soft body FP I 94, non-electrifiable body FP VII 34, paramagnetic body FP VII 3, resting body FP I 21, plastic body FP I 31, liquid body FP I 94;

moment: magnetic moment of an atom FP VII 269, electric moment of a dielectric FP VII 82, electric moment FP VII 102, moment of inertia FP I 23, moment of force FP I 64, rotational moment of force, torque FP I 70, momentum FP I 26, moment of inertia of a body FP I 85, magnetic moment FP VII 247, additional moment of inertia FP I 86, specific electric moment FP VII 102, friction moment FP I 29, moment of friction FP I 59, friction moment FP I 46;

current: polyphase current, two-phase current FP VII 334, effective current FP VII 331, extra current FP VII 283, galvanic current FP VII 133, induction current FP VII 313, alternating current FP VII 332, alternating conduction current FP VII 356, convection current, conduction current FP VII 356, displacement current FP VII 344, eddy current FP VII 386, rotating current FP VII 313, true current FP VII 356, three-phase current FP VII 334, single-phase current FP VII 333;

unit: unit of the absolute system FP I 55, derived unit FP I 12, unit of work FP I 56, electromagnetic unit of electricity FP VII 349, unit of electric quantity, unit of electric potential FP VII 59, electrostatic unit of electricity FP VII 349, unit of electrical capacitance FP VII 59, unit of electrical resistance FP VII 167, unit of energy FP I 57, unit of acceleration FP I 18, unit of speed FP I 14, unit of length FP I 6, square unit FP I 10, unit of magnetic mass FP VII 3, unit of mass FP I 11, basic unit of length FP I 6, basic unit of area FP I 10, fixed unit of length FP I 6, unit of weight FP I 11, cubic unit FP I 10, unit of resistance FP VII 169.

Some such compound two- and three-word physics terms have survived to this day, for example:

wave: electromagnetic wave, longitudinal wave, light wave;

centre: geometric centre, centre of mass;

element: secondary element, galvanic element;

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energy: atomic energy, electrical energy, kinetic energy, magnetic energy, potential energy;

induction: electromagnetic induction, electrostatic induction, magnetic induction;

force: resultant force, centripetal force, force of inertia, centrifugal force, external force, magnetic force, static force, weight, tangential force, force of attraction, mean force;

coefficient: efficiency coefficient, coefficient of proportionality, coefficient of self-induction;

body: diamagnetic body, physical body, paramagnetic body;

moment: moment of inertia, moment of force, magnetic moment;

current: galvanic current, alternating current, conduction current;

unit: unit of work, unit of energy, unit of length, unit of mass, unit of weight, unit of resistance and so on.

There are also a few compound four-word terms in the textbook, e.g.: coefficient of perfectly elastic bodies FP I 32, automatically regulated arc lamp FP VII 273, electromagnetic unit of quantity of electricity FP VII 153, velocity of propagation of an electric discharge FP VII 114, electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity FP VII 48, coefficient of efficiency of energy transformation FP I 61, law of the decrease in the value of energy FP I 61, law of conservation of angular momentum FP I 30, high-frequency alternating current FP VII 298, period of oscillation of a material particle FP I 55, direct-current electric motor FP VII 313, osmotic theory of the galvanic cell FP VII 223, reduced length of a physical pendulum FP I 87.

The textbook also contains compound coordinate terms, e.g.: force-weight FP I 28, switch-disconnector FP VII 244, clock-chronometer FP I 12, potential-vector FP VII 342 and vector-potential FP VII 354, siphon-recorder FP VII 281, standard-thermometer FP III 11 and thermometer-standard FP III 11. Some of these could be regarded as adjunctive compounds, e.g.: carrier wave FP VII 383, kilogram standard FP I 11, meter standard FP I 6, radius vector FP I 44, reflecting telescope FP VI 135, control regulator FP I 38.

3. THE EXPRESSION OF TERMS IN THE TEXTBOOK “LECTURES ON PHYSICS”

The textbook abounds in instances of synonymous and variant forms of both individual terms and subordinate components of compound terms.

3.1. Synonymous individual terms are presented in two ways.

First, two synonymous individual terms are linked by the conjunction or. The following instances of synonymous individual terms linked by a conjunction can be distinguished:

a) both terms are Lithuanian, e.g.: distance or remoteness FP I 7, reflection,

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or rebound FP I 32, wave motion, or waves FP I 55, abundance or quantity FP I 11, property, or quality FP I 5, position, or state FP I 3, equilibrium, or rest FP I 51, spinning top (or whirligig) FP I 91, rotation, or twisting FP II 14;

b) one term is Lithuanian, and the other is a borrowed or hybrid term, e.g.: law, or axiom FP I 25, cone or flask FP VI 157, massiveness, or density FP I 55, material, or matter FP I 25, thin plate, or membrane FP V 148, press, or presses FP I 83, principle or rule FP I 15, beam (or girder) FP I 73, thread, or cord FP I 73, translation, or translational motion FP I 12, amplification or amplification FP VII 379;

c) both terms are borrowed, e.g.: fact or phenomenon FP I 13, impulse, or moment FP I 54, multiplicator or galvanometer FP VII 147, vernier. or vernier caliper FP I 7, vibration, or oscillation FP I 55.

Second, one of the two synonymous single-word terms is written in parentheses. The following are presented this way:

a) two or even three Lithuanian terms, e.g.: movement (motion) FP I 12, shore (bank) FP I 8, direction (course) FP I 9, support (foundation) FP I 27, form (shape) FP I 60, lightning conductor (vibrating rod) FP VII 131, displacement (deflection) FP VII 343, opposition (counteraction) FP I 25, ridges (bulges) FP I 82, roller (pulley) FP I 22, pulley (roller) FP I 27, plumb bob (verticality gauge or straightener) FP I 9, small weight (counterweight) FP I 9, weight (counterweight) FP I 28, projectile (missile, throw) FP I 33, elasticity (strain) FP I 60, wedge (splitter) FP I 80;

b) one Lithuanian term and one borrowed term, e.g.: eyepiece (ocular) FP I 8, reflection (reflexion) FP VI 12, gas (gases) FP I 6, diagonal (diagonal) FP I 15, hypotenuse (hypotenuse) FP I 81, quadrilateral (square) FP I 41, combination (compound) FP I 83, contact (collision) FP I 76, cone (conus) FP I 43, parallelogram (parallelogram) FP I 32, lens (lens) FP VI 53, form (shape) FP I 3, refraction (refraction) FP VI 30, meridian (meridian) FP I 5, nut (sleeve) FP I 82, insulator (insulator) FP VII 34, segment (segment) FP I 68, instrument (instrument) FP I 8, foundation (base) FP I 9, planimeter (area measurer) FP I 10, platform (platform) FP I 22, pole (axis) FP VII 3, process (occurrence) FP I 4, semi-kraštinė (median) FP I 66, muscle (muscle) FP I 3, reaction (recoil) FP I 26, reduction (restoration) FP VII 242, roller (disk) FP I 21, diameter (diameter) FP II 10, pulleys (polyspasts) FP I 73, radius (radius) FP I 7, chord (chorda)

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FP I 37, certainty (precision) FP VII 165, investigation (experiment) FP I 24, trajectory (flight) FP I 34, fruit (result) FP I 13, engine (motor) FP VII 313, lamp (light) FP I 49, focus FP I 41;

c) two Lithuanian terms and one borrowed term, e.g.: contours (circuit, walls) FP I 10, phenomenon or process (course) FP I 4, thickness or cross-section (diameter) FP I 7, thief (keel, or wedge) FP I 83.

Besides the aforementioned cases of expressing synonymous simplex terms, the textbook also contains concepts named by a compound term and a simplex term, or by two or more compound terms with the same meaning. Such synonymous terms are generally also linked by the conjunction “or,” or one synonym is written in parentheses, e.g.:

wave bending, or diffraction FP IV 85, dynamo machine (alternator) FP VII 313, electrode washer, or audion FP VII 383, energy change (transformation) FP I 60, steam condenser, or cooler FP I 61, sound reflection (echo) FP V 91, quantity of motion or momentum FP I 26, fall of bodies, or descent FP I 20, lens power (diopter) FP VI 53, magnetic compass, or compass FP VII 3, magnetic susceptibility, magnetic permeability FP VII 13, medium (intermediate substance) FP VII 342, micrometer, or micrometer screw FP I 8, precession, or precession of the equinoxes FP I 45, added point or body FP I 56, uniform motion (rotation or translation) FP I 69, short circuit, or “short circuit” FP VII 241, rods, or short cylinders FP VI 157;

possible displacements, or possible velocities, or principle of possible work (Lagrange’s principle) FP I 71, mass of a moving disk, or its so-called moment of inertia FP I 23, normal element or standard element FP VII 232, support point, or center of oscillation FP I 50, current energy, or current work FP VII 332, frequency of oscillation, or number of oscillations FP I 56, oscillation period, or total duration of oscillation and oscillation period, or total time of oscillation FP I 51, action at a distance, actio in distans FP VII 5.

This group might also include simplex international and descriptive Lithuanian names of scientific disciplines, given in FP I 4, e.g.: astronomy, or the science of the motion of celestial bodies; biology, or the science of the phenomena of living nature; chemistry, or the science of those natural phenomena associated with changes in the composition of bodies, or of matter; mechanics, or the science of the motion and displacement of bodies.

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3.2. Synonymic expression of secondary components in the textbook’s compound terms is also evident, e.g.:

wave: longitudinal wave, transverse, or transversal, wave; transverse (transversal) wave FP I 56;

law: second law, or law of velocity FP I 21, law of energy degeneration, or dissipation, FP I 61, law of force, or independence FP I 25;

center: center of mass, or of gravity FP I 66, center of gravity, or of mass FP I 49, center of weight or mass FP I 66;

energy: energy of motion, or kinetic energy FP I 57, potential, or positional, energy of a body FP I 58;

motion: compound or resultant motion FP I 14;

coefficient: efficiency or utility coefficient FP VII 243;

body: rigid, or elastic, body FP I 30;

line: neutral, or equilibrium, line FP I 54;

world: physical, or objective, world; external, or physical, world; internal, or subjective, world FP I 3;

surface: equipotential s. or level s. FP VII 67;

apparatus: drying, or desiccating, a. FP I 41;

equilibrium: neutral, or indifferent, e. FP I 69;

system: metric, or decimal, system of measures FP I 5;

pulley: second-class, or movable, p., first-class, or fixed, p. FP I 73;

current: multiphase or polyphase c. FP VII 334, Foucault’s, or eddy, c. FP VII 283, true c. or total c. FP VII 356;

scales: decimal, or decimal-based, s. FP I 80;

unit: cubic, or hexadecimal, u. FP I 10, unit of magnetic quantity or magnetic mass FP VII 8, basic unit of length FP I 6 and fundamental unit of length FP I 5.

3.3. Besides examples of synonymous forms of secondary components in the compound terms listed above, “Physics Lectures” contains numerous cases of variant forms of secondary components in compound terms, which may be classified as follows.

First, the secondary component of a two-word compound term is expressed by a definite participle and a noun in the genitive; by a definite participle, an indefinite participle, and a noun in the genitive, e.g.: deflecting angle FP I 50, deflected angle FP I 51 and angle of deflection FP I 79; oscillating time FP I 51, oscillated time FP I 52 and time of oscillation FP I 55, time of oscillation (oscillating time) FP I 49, but oscillating (oscillation)

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amplitude FP I 49; tractive force FP I 22, attractive force FP I 20, and force of attraction FP I 58.

Second, the dependent component of a compound two-word term is expressed by adjectives with the suffixes -iškas, -a and -inis, -ė, for example: absolute motion FP VII 432 and absolute motion FP I 16, electric thermometer FP VII 167 and electric thermometer FP VII 198.

Third, the dependent component of a compound two-word term is expressed by a simple or definite adjective, for example: electric stress FP VII 342 and the electric stress FP VII 48, horizontal line FP I 53 and the horizontal line FP I 16, but horizontal axis FP I 93 and horizontal (level) plane FP I 9, rigid body FP I 4 and the rigid body FP I 56, true speed and the true speed FP I 17.

Fourth, the dependent component of a compound two-word term is expressed by a simple or definite participle, sometimes differing in tense or voice, for example: acquired speed and the acquired speed FP I 19, acquired speed FP I 21, moving mass FP I 57 and the moving mass FP I 24, tangent line FP I 54, but the tangent line FP I 19, non-rolling bearing FP I 73 and non-rolling bearing, non-rolling bearing FP I 74, rotating moment and the rotating moment FP II 10, rotating moment FP I 65, oscillating pendulum and the oscillating pendulum FP I 87, acting force FP I 24 and the acting force FP I 27.

Fifth, the dependent component of a compound two-word term is expressed by an adjective with the suffixes -inis, -ė or -iškas, -a, or by a noun in the genitive case, for example: physical quantity and quantity of physics FP I 5, electric displacement FP VII 342 and displacement of electricity FP VII 202; by adjectives with the suffixes -ingas, -a and -(al)inis, -ė, for example: normal position FP I 69 and normal position FP I 59; compare also normal electrode FP VII 230, normal state of rest FP I 51, but normal element FP VII 232.

Sixth, one of the dependent components of a compound three-word term is expressed by a simple or definite ordinal numeral, for example: second-class lever FP I 72 and second-class lever FP I 70, first-class lever FP I 78 and lever of the first class FP I 70, first-class lever FP I 71; compare also second-class vernier FP I 8, third-class lever FP I 72.

In “Physics Lectures” one can distinguish further cases of variant expression, for example, morphological variants: resultant FP I 15, resultant, acting resultant FP I 49; morphological variants: carriers (or bearers) FP I 78; syntactic variants: gas in a rarefied state FP VII 386 and rarefied gas FP VII 385, motion in a straight line FP I 13 and rectilinear motion FP I

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14, curved line FP I 36 and the curved line FP VII 257, toothed wheel (gear) FP I 76.

Perhaps the terms flatness (flatness) FP I 50, speed (velocity) FP I 14, sensation (perception)⁸ FP I 13, quadratic (quartered) [metre] FP I 10 can also be included here.

4. CONCLUSIONS

1. V. Čepinskis’s “Physics Lectures,” apart from narrowly focused lecture-course notes—that is, K. Šliūpas’s hectographed thermodynamics course, I. Končius’s physics lecture notes, and P. Brazdžiūnas’s thermodynamics lecture notes printed on a mimeograph—was the sole and principal higher-education physics textbook used by an entire generation of students in various fields of specialization.

2. The terminology of “Physics Lectures” consists of general terms, terms from physics, and some from mechanics and other scientific fields related to physics: these are Lithuanian words and formations adapted as terms. Among the derived forms, the most frequent are derivatives with the suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, -inys, -iklis, -tuvas, -ėjas, -tojas and the endings -a, -is, as well as compounds.

3. Most loanwords are international terms of Latin or Greek origin. Some have a somewhat different phonetic or morphological form, now unfamiliar. Only a dozen or so foreign terms have come from neighboring languages through various kinds of contact (economic, cultural, political).

4. The textbook “Physics Lectures” contains perhaps the largest number of compound two- and three-word terms, which can be grouped into particular families according to their head constituent. Especially large families consist of compound terms whose head constituents are the terms energy, speed, force, coefficient, body, moment, current, unit.

5. A considerable number of both simplex and compound terms are still used in physics terminology. It can therefore be said that by the first decades of the 20th century, a certain part of physics terminology had already become established. On the other hand, the extensive use of synonymous and variant forms of both simplex and compound terms points to another fact: some concepts were designated by several terms.

⁸ Considered separately, the textbook terms plokštis and plokštuma, greitumas and greitis, jautimas and pojūtis would not be regarded as derivational variants, since they are derivatives belonging to different derivational classes. However, in V. Čepinskis’s textbook, the placement of one of them in parentheses would indicate that they were used interchangeably.

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LITERATŪRA

Fizikos istorija 1988: Fizikos istorija Lietuvoje. I (1579–1940). Autorių kolektyvas: P. Brazdžiūnas, H. Horodničius, H. Jonaitis, A. Pundzevičynas, I. Šenavičienė, Vilnius.

Kaulakienė A. 1991: Mokslo kalbos užuomazgos „Kelcivye.“ – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29.

Kaulakienė A. 1993: Lietuvių fizikos terminografijos pradmenys. – Lituanistica 1 (13).

Kaulakienė A. 1994: „Aušros“ fizikos populiarinimo straipsnių terminija. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 31.

Kaulakienė A. 1995: Pirmojo lietuviško Fizikos vadovėlio 90-metis. – Terminologija 2.

Kaulakienė A. 1994: Rankraštinio Igno Končiaus fizikos vadovėlio kalba. – Lituanistica 3 (19).

Kaulakienė A. 2002: Konstantino Šakenio Fizikos vadovėlio terminija. – Terminologija 9.

Mačionis Z. 1992: Profesorius Vincas Čepinskis. Vilnius.

Makariūnienė E., Klimka L. 1994: Lietuvos fizikų ir astronomų sąvadas. Vilnius.

Makariūnienė E., Klimka L. 2001: Lietuvos fizikų ir astronomų sąvadas. Vilnius.

Martišius J. A. 1991: Žymiaus meistro statiniai; Profesoriaus Vinco Čepinskio 120-osioms gimimo sukaktuvėms. – Fizikų žinios 1.

Martišius J. A. 1996: Vinco Čepinskio 125-osioms metinėms. – Fizikų žinios 10.

Šenavičienė I. 1982: Fizikos raida Lietuvoje (1920–1940). Vilnius.

Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: Šiuolaikinė fizika Lietuvoje. Sudarytojai: E. Makariūnienė, E. Rupšlaukis, D. Usorytė, Vilnius.

Urbutis V. 1978: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius.

ŠALTINIAI

A – Aušra, Laikraštis, išleidžiamas per Dra. Bassanawicziu (1883–1886).

FP – Čepinskis V. 1923–1926: Fizikos paskaitos. I–VII sk. Kaunas.

K – Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešas (1849–1879).

KΦ – Končius I. 1919: Fizika: Fizikos vadovėlis gimnazijoms [Rankraštis]. VUBR. F1. F1039.

PF – Neris P. 1889: Populariškas rankovdis fizikos. Šeandoras.

ŠF – Šakenis K. 1920: Fizika, Tilžė.

T – Terminai fizikos reikalams. 1923–1924. – Lietuva.

THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN PHYSICS TEXTBOOKS FOR HIGHER SCHOOLS

“Fizikos paskaitos” (Lectures of Physics) by V. Čepinskis was the only and the main physics textbook for higher schools, which was used by the whole generation of students of various specialities, apart of brief synopses of various courses, i.e. the hectographed course of thermodynamics by K. Šliūpas, the synopsis of I. Končius’ lectures of physics and P. Brazdžiūnas notes of thermodynamics printed using rotary press.

The terminology of “Fizikos paskaitos” consists of general terms, terms of physics, some terms of mechanics and other spheres of science related to physics: these are terminologized ordinary Lithuanian words and derivations. The most frequent derivations and compound words are with the suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, -inys, -iklis, -tuvas, -ėjas, -tojas and with the endings -a, -is.

The majority of borrowings are international Latin or Greek terms. Some of them have a different, unusual phonetic or morphological form. A few barbarisms, which came in different ways (economic, cultural, and political) from neighbouring languages are found.

Binomial and three-component composite terms, which can be subdivided into certain families of words according to the main component, make up the majority of terms in the textbook “Fizikos paskaitos”. The families of composite terms, where the

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main words are terms like energija, greitumas, jėga, koeficientas, kūnas, momentas, srovė, vienetas are the largest.

A fair amount of one-word and composite terms is still in use in terminology of physics. Thus, it can be stated that in the first decades of the 20th century a certain part of the terminology of physics was rather well established. On the other hand, numerous synonymy and variability of one-word and composite terms show that some concepts did not have established terms. The terminology of such concepts was still developing.

Gauta 2006-11-10

Angėlė Kaulakienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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Terminology of the first Lithuanian physics textbook for higher education

1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

2. STRUCTURE AND ORIGIN OF THE TERMS IN THE TEXTBOOK “PHYSICS LECTURES”

3. THE EXPRESSION OF TERMS IN THE TEXTBOOK “LECTURES ON PHYSICS”

4. CONCLUSIONS

LITERATŪRA

ŠALTINIAI

THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN PHYSICS TEXTBOOKS FOR HIGHER SCHOOLS

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