Pirmojo lietuviško aukštosios mokyklos fizikos vadovėlio terminija

Terminology of the First Lithuanian Higher School Physics ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Textbook 1. INTRODUCTION After the First World War, a considerable number of intelligentsia who had graduated from higher education abroad became involved in the scientific activities of Independent Lithuania: astronomer Bernardas Kodatis, physicists Kęstutis Šliūpas, Ignas Končius, physicist and chemist Vincas Čepinskis and many others who, in the words of Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas, started both teaching and research from nothing (Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 260). The outstanding personality of Professor V. Čepinskis has left an indelible mark in the history of Lithuanian science and culture in general. In 2006, the 135th anniversary of his birth was commemorated, his biography and activities are discussed in detail (Šenavičienė 1982: 7—12, 14—17, 22, 24, 29, 32, 36, 40, 49, 50-61, 63, 74, 81-85, 89, 92-93; Fizikos istorija 1988: 32, 56-57, 59-61, 69, 71, 73-77, 80, 83-85, 99, 184, 189, 198-201, 203; Martišius 1991: 10-12: Mačionis 1992; Makariuniené 1994: 6, 12, 23, 118, 123; Martišius 1996: 15-16; Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 84, 242-253, 260-261. 263, 279, 290, 296, 300, 312-313; Makariuniené 2001: 6, 10, 25, 172, [40-43, 177]). According to Zigmas Mačionis, V. Čepinskis, the first person in the history of Lithuanian higher education institutions to start giving physics lectures in Lithuanian, felt a great lack of a Lithuanian physics textbook. At the time, Konstantinas Šakenis’ Physics (1920), published in Tilžė, was intended only for secondary schools. V. Čepinskis, convinced that “the preparation of appropriate textbooks prepares the ground no less, and often better, for the invention of new subjects than stencil investigations” (Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 247), in 1923-1926 wrote a comprehensive textbook of experimental physics “Fizikas paskaitos”, which is like the first Lithuanian encyclopedia of physics (Fizikas istorija 1988: 76). V. Čepinskis was of the opinion that “without a perfect language one cannot even think about creation in the field of spirit” (Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: 249), so his “Lectures on Physics”, without doubt, had a considerable influence on the development of Lithuanian physics terminology76 Angelė Kaulakienė | The first Lithuanian... even more so, since the professor had to constantly consult about the suitability of the terms with Jon Jablonski and the Terminology Commission of the Ministry of Education. The Physics Lectures were published by the Ministry of Education’s Book Publishing Commission. The textbook has seven chapters, each chapter constitutes a separate book. The volume of the book varies: chapters I-V approximately 100 pp. each, chapter VI — 298 pp., and VII — even 466 pp. V. Čepinskis, explaining in Chapter VII “In the Talk” why this chapter was wider than the other chapters of “Physics Lectures”, states, “that the course was written for the students of the University of Lithuania, who not only listen to lectures, but also perform practical work from each physics department in the laboratory, without having Lithuanian textbooks for laboratory work. Thus, writing the course “Magnetics and Electricity” was necessary not only to provide basic knowledge of magnetism and electricity and to briefly touch on the most important applications for life matters, but also to describe the most important devices and methods of magnetic and electrical measurements. Finally, it was impossible not to include in the course a whole series of new inventions, new laws and theories invented and devised since the beginning of the twentieth century- ." At the end of each chapter (except IV and V) there are tasks for the material covered in that chapter. I. Mechanics (1923) — the basic phenomena and laws of classical mechanics (kinematics, dynamics, statics) are examined; II. 1998-1999 Liquids and gases (1923) —discussion of the laws of hydrostatics, hydrokinetics, the basis of kinetic gas theory; III. Heating (1924) — analyzes the phenomena of thermometry, calorimetry, the peculiarities of the physical state, the mechanical theory of heat; IV. The Science of Waves (1924) — explains the propagation of waves in liquids and gases, their interference; V. Garsas (1924) — discusses the characteristics of sound, various methods of finding the tone, resonance, interference of sound waves; VI. Light (1925)—examines the laws of geometric optics, phenomena of photometry, splitting of light rays, the foundations of light wave and particle theory; VII. Magnetism and Electricity (1926) — discusses the phenomena of magnetostatics, electrostatics, electrodynamics, introduces special and general relativity. | Text and terms quoted here and elsewhere are authentic, spelling and punctuation unchanged. Roman numerals indicate the chapter of this textbook. and in other physics textbooks, the Arabic one page. Terminology | 2006 | 13 77 As can be seen from a brief overview of the content and scope of the “Lectures on Physics”, this textbook is very extensive and partly replaces the textbook and the exercises for practical work in physics, which were not available in Lithuanian at the time (Fizikas istorija 1988: 76). Z. Mačionis has discussed in detail the peculiarities of the sections of “Physics lectures” and the significance of this textbook, indicating that this only Lithuanian textbook was used by a whole generation of students of various specialties, since the other original textbook for higher education, i.e. P. Brazdžiūnas's General Physics appeared only in 1960-1965 (Mačionis 1992: 121). This view can only be partially shared. During the period under consideration, more physics publications for higher education were published, for example: in 1923, K. Šliūpas’s hectographed thermodynamics course was published, in 1928—1935, the Student Mathematicians and Physicists Society published abstracts of I. Končius’s physics lectures for the III and IV semesters, and in 1936, K. Šliūpas’s student P. Brazdžiūnas’s notes of thermodynamics lectures were printed with a rotating press (Fizikas istorija 1988: 77-78). However, anyway, in that period, the main textbook of physics for higher education was undoubtedly V. Čepinski- ’s “Lectures in Physics”, which had a great impact on the development of physics terminology. Its terms and are discussed in this article. 2. CONCLUSION AND ORIGIN OF THE TERMS OF THE LECTURES IN PHYSICS 2.1. The terminology of V. Čepinskis’ textbook “Lectures in Physics” consists of general, physics, some technical and other scientific fields related to physics terms, e.g.: horizon FP VI 21, nucleus FP 111 80, feature FP 1 7-8, state FP VII 257, object FP I 5, part FP 1 34, law FP I 25, space FP I 3, link FP VI 75, conclusion FP VII 432, path FP 1 13, quantity FP VII 34, direction FP 1 9, furnace FP VII 187, cog FP 1 83, time FP I 51, clock FP I 20, equality FP I 71, equation FP VI 55, node FP I 54, year FP I 7, moon FP 1 3, science FP VI 228, position FP VII 319, base FP 1 81, world FP VII 411, inclination FP I 23, plane FP 1 80, area FP 1 78, area FP I 10, cause FP VII 361, rest FP 1 16, meaning FP 1 35, phenomenon FP I 3, relation FP 1 55, type FP VII 127, ratio FP VI 58, number FP VII 421, diameter FP I 52, circle FP IV 28, circle FP 1 91, slough FP VII 59, machine FP VII 249, stem FP 1 4, station FP VII 383, root FP I 51, source FP VI 47, bullet FP I 30, lead FP VII 242, rule FP VII 148, identity FP VII 432, point FP IV 37, grease FP 1 29, continuation FP VII 114, bridge FP 78 Angelė Kaulakienė | The first Lithuanian higher school of... VII 167, grid FP VII 192, grid FP VII 417, volume FP I 4, problem FP VI 139, crown FP VII 387, image FP VI 73, tube FP VII 385, resistor FP VII 167, shaft FP 1 75, spindle FP VII 353, spring FP VI 7, unit FP I 12, ground FP I 39, candle FP VI 9 and others. Most of the terms of the Physics lectures can also be found in the first popularizing articles on physics, printed in Keleivyje (1849-1880) (Kaulakienė 1991: 80-91), Aušroje (1883—1886) (Kaulakienė 1994: 131-140), in the textbook “Populiariškas rankvedis fyzikos” by Petros Vileišis, signed under the pseudonym P. Neris, published in Senandore in 1889 (Kaulakienė 1995: 69-74), in the manuscript 1919 of I. Končiaus physics textbook for gymnasiums (Kaulakienė 1995: 18—27), in the dictionary of physics terms “Terminai fizikos reikalams” prepared by I. Končiaus, printed in the newspaper “Lietuva” (1923-1924) (Kaulakienė 1993: 32-43), in the textbook “Fizikas” for gymnasiums by K. Šakenis, published in Tilžė in 1920 (Kaulakienė 2002: 66-77), e.g.: ašigalis FP VII 3, cf. SF II 10; axle FP 193, cf. K 1851 25 98*, PF 11, SF II 60, 726 T*, aszis A 1884 5-6 209; atspindis FP V 91, plg. KF 228; FP I 33, cf. Augsztis A 1884 5-6 167, SF 1 88; wave FP VI 113, cf. 74, pp. 16, pp. 17, pp. 18, pp. 19, pp. 20, pp. 21, pp. 22. K 1862 13 52, SF II 29; item FP 14, cf. K 1865 17 67. KF 3, PF 63; particle FP IV 34, plg. PF 41, SF I 113; work FP VII plg. 332, KF 160, SF III 91, 789 T: celesis FP VII 122, plg. PF 71; gases FP VII 385, pg. SF I 77, gas KF 161; power FP 1 61-62, cf. 91; sound FP I 5, pg. KF 228, SF III 71; thunder FP VII 128, cf. A 1886 6 174, ŠF II 76; indas FP I 40, plg. KF 75, PF 22; particular FP VII 263, cf. PF 82; force FP II 48, pg. KF 39, SF III 85, 386 T; angle FP I 87, cf. SF III 72, 1321 T; Quarterly FP I 37, pg. 6-7; spark FP VII 114, cf. K 1851 11 42-43, SF II 76, kibirksztis A 1885 10—11 319; kūnas FP I 62, plg. KF 157, ŠF III 35, 1377 T; FP VII 187, pg. 51; field FP VII 313, cf. ŠF 11 56; lentelė FP VII 409, plg. 1968. pp. 68. pp. 69. A 1885 12 321, SF I 51; matas FP 1 5, plg. SF I 9; substance FP VII plg. 13, SF III 10-11, 108 T, KF 2, medega A 1883 2 48, PF 3, mežgina KF 2; surface FP VI 56, cf. SF II 17, 915 T; shoulder FP I 64, cf. shoulder SF I 15; plate FP IV 39, cf. SF II 31; width FP 1 10, cf. A 1884 1-3 9; equator FP VII 25, cf. equator SF 11 10; balance FP I 63, cf. 1028 T, balanced SF I * The first digits indicate the year of “Keleivis” and “Aušra”, the second — the number, the third — the page. * The number indicates the number of the term in the glossary “Terms for Physics” (hereinafter — T). Terminology | 2006 | 13 79 40; wheel FP VII 277, cf. wheel SF III 75: ball FP 1 66. cf. SF III 90; saulė FP 1 3, plg. K 1869 16 63, A 1886 6 177, PF 46; property FP I 3, cf. 52; difference FP 1 61, cf. 88, pp. 175, pp. 176, pp. 177, pp. 178, pp. 179, pp. 180. PF 11, SF 1 49; layer FP 11 3, cf. layer SF III 69, layer PF 65; radius FP VI 6, cf. K 1852 24 96, ŠF III 14, KF 159, 1417 T; current FP VI 7, cf. K 1851 11 43, A 1886 6 177,544 T, ŠF II 71, sriovė A 1885 10—11 319; stipinas FP VII 12, plg. PF 13, SF III 14; stovis FP II 3, plg. KF 145, 1174 T; column FP VII 133, cf. 1851 15 50, ŠF I 61; composition FP I 13, plg. 32: Screwdriver FP I 75, cf. SF II 59; svambalas FP I 9, plg. 1976; pp. 78; pp. 79; pp. 80. PF 8, KF 67; lever FP I 69, cf. 49, 52; weight FP 123, cf. 17, pp. 33, pp. 34, pp. 35, pp. 36. K 1851 11 42, KF 147, ŠF I 11, 1275 T, szilima A 1884 5—6 171, sziluma A 1883 6 173; šviesa FP VI 6, plg. PF 82, ŠF III 50, light A 1884 5—6 195; pendulum FP VII 35, cf. SF I 56; trauka FP 1 62, plg. SF II 3; triangle FP 1 42, cf. 24, pp. 45, pp. 46, pp. 47, pp. 48. 1853 28 112; lightning FP VII 122, plg. K 1856 27 107, PF 96, ŠF II 76; ring FP VII 283, cf. SF 71; star FP I 3, plg. A 1884 1-3 28. As can be seen from these examples, some terms, such as axis, spark, angle, substance, latitude, sun, radius, current, pole, heat, light, lightning, star, etc., had a half-century tradition by the first decades of the 20th century. 2.2. According to the structure, the terms of the “Physics lectures” are continuous, cf. also needle FP VII 19, eye FP VI 147, buožė FP I 78, floor FP I 39, bump FP I 54, mill FP VII 76, shoe FP 1 38, wash FP VII 385, plate FP I 67, pair FP VII 16, valley FP I 54, |elektriska] heart FP VII 233, rule FP 16, thief FP I 83, žiogrelis FP VII 379 and so on, and compound terms, as can be seen from the examples given, most of the continuous terms are terminated ordinary words and derivatives of the Lithuanian language. Most of the time, they are made of wood or plastic, with a few exceptions. Adverb derivatives could be divided into the following classes of constructs: 1) abstracts of verbs, or names of actions, made with prefixes -imas/-imas, e.g.: apkytimas FP 1 4, apsireiškimas FP II 3, apsisukimas FP 1 8, atsilenkimas FP IV 3, atstatymas FP VII ir 242, atstatymas FP I 31, atvėrimas FP I 29, bandymas FP VII 114, ripple FP 1 52, deginimas FP I 4. augimas FP III 82, evaporacija FP III 82, traudymas FP VII 361, greitėjimas FP 123, įrodymas FP VII 48, išlydymas FP VII 82, išmatavimas 80 Angelė Kaulakienė | First Lithuanian Higher School of... FP VII 371, scattering FP VII 257, tensioning FP II 11, bending FP VI 4, movement FP VI 177, heating FP VII 187, shifting FP II 3, measuring II 11, observation FP VII 133, transfer FP VII 361, transition FP I 60, increase FP 1 17, adaptatiFP VII 122, mušimas FP 1 20, nutolimas FP I 7, nuvargimas FP 11 12, padalijimas FP 1 8, pakitėjimas FP 11 9, parimimas FP I 49, pasipriešinimas FP on FP 11 21, adaptation FP VII 361, attack FP II 32, rolling FP 1 27, declining FP VII 114, counting FP I 5, decreasing FP III 13, spreading FP VII 342, damping FP VII 283, pressing FP II 17, guessing FP VII 342, decision FP VI 157, rotation FP II 11, rotation FP I 84, equalization FP VII 16, bending FP I 6, pairing FP VII 382, crushing FP II 17, flowing FP VII 11 87, oscillation FP VII 409, melting FP VII 111 64, rubbing, rubbing FP I 29, throwing FP VI 176, loading FP VII 242, operation FP VII 114, boiling FP III 96, vibrating FP VII 361; e.g. course FP VI 38 etc. ; 2) abstracts of nouns, or names of properties, made with suffixes -umas, e.g.: distance FP II 17, resistance FP 1 6, frequency FP IV 49, magnitude FP 1 10, possibility FP I 8, depth FP II 22, speed FP V 95. length FP I 52, specificity FP VII 313, impressiveness FP VII 257, sensitivity FP VII 165, mobility FP II 15, hardness FP I 3, viscosity FP II 36, conductivity FP VII 201, parallelism FP 1 17, mixing FP II 108, performance FP I 4, non-slip FP II 108, stability FP I 67, permeability FP VII 283, strength FP II 5, transparency FP VI 70, weight FP 1 5, heat FP 1 5, roughness FP VII 283, wetness FP 1 41, capacity FP VII 71, elasticity FP I 60, density FP II 17, certainty FP VII 165, accuracy FP 1 79, thickness FP II 22, distance FP 1 144, etc. As can be seen from the examples, the -umas derivatives are made up of adjectives that have a simple or adjectively simple root; 3) names of the result of the action, made with the suffix -inys, e.g.: davinys FP I 49, junginys FP 1 83, lipinys FP V 135, metinys FP 1 33, skridinys FP I 75, sviedinys FP 1 33, šovinys FP 1 33, tirpinys FP I 4, etc. ; * These derivatives have a transpositional operative meaning. They are characterized by the fact that they have an almost grammatical subjunctive: the derivative is essentially of the same content as the base word, but belongs to a different part of the language and therefore differs in its syntactic function (Urbutis 1978: 163). Such -ing/-ing derivatives can be made from any verb. Therefore, it is quite difficult to determine whether these and other structures discussed in the article are terminated or specifically created by V. Cepinski. Terminology | 2006 | 13 81 4) tools names made with suffixes -iklis, e.g.: unloader FP VII 117. switch-breaker FP VII 244, mixer FP III 114, fuse FP VII 193, counter FP 1 77, pusher FP 1 78, straightener FP I 9, controller FP I 38. motor FP VII 337; -tuvas, e.g.: pushers FP 11 18, crusher FP VII 202, drill FP V 135, screwdriver FP 1 75, clamp FP V 143, etc. ; 5) Names of subjects and possessors of verb properties made with suffixes -ėjas, e.g. nešėjas FP VII 383, pertraukéjas FP VII 273, sekéjas FP V 101; -tojas, e.g. baltintojas FP VII 246, [gary] dalinytojas FP VII 382, vésintojas FP I 61; -eklis, e.g., stumeklis FP VII 382; -oklis, e.g., vynioklis FP III 175; -ovas, e.g., palydovas FP I 3; -uoklis, e.g.: spyruoklis FP 151, svyruoklis FP 1 91, pendulė FP V 121, etc.; 6) names of the owners of the noun characteristics, made with the suffix -ininkas, e.g.: vaidininkas FP VII 34, nevadininkas FP VII 34, etc. The 5th and 6th classes of derivatives refer to various devices, appliances and other things that do not denote persons. It was particularly typical in the terminology of physics (and perhaps other fields of science) at that time to name various devices, devices and so on with the derivatives of the suffixes -ėjas, -tojas, cf. also atvedėjas „superkūnsargis“ PF 97, perleidėjas „vadininkas“: gerasis perleidéjas, blogasis perleidéjas PF 94, pilėjas, drėkintojas, purkštėjas KF 106 and so on. Historically, these classes of formations were apparently not distinguished for a long time. Their distinctive boundaries were drawn much later by language normists. The derivatives of the endings could be divided into the following classes of constructs: 1) abstracts of verbs, or names of actions, made with the endings -a, e.g.: atranka FP VII 129, perstuma FP VII 343; -is, e.g.: bėgis FP I 16, įlydis FP VII 43, išlydis FP VII 362. nuokrypis FP VI 176, sąjūdis FP VI 253, skrodis FP I 83, stovis FP III 64; 2) names of the result of the action, made with the endings -a, e.g.: išvada FP VI 168, nuoslanka FP VII 343, daugyba FP 1 56; -is, e.g., atspindis FP V 100; 3) abstracts of nouns, or names of properties, made with the ending -is, e.g.: augtis FP I 10, dydis FP I 14, ilgis FP 1 88, plotis FP 1 10, svoris FP I 28 et al. Among the most commonly found punches in the textbook are: polygon FP I 42, cogwheel FP 1 83, thunderbolt FP VII 122, half-wave FP VI 193, half-sided FP 1 66, balance FP I 13, half-wheel FP 1 52, half-sphere FP I 66, cross-section FP II 11, cross-section FP VI 157, flywheel FP I 91, triangle FP 1 42. 82 Angelė Kaulakienė | The first Lithuanian university... 2.3. In addition to Lithuanian uniform terms, a significant part of them are both borrowed and hybrid uniform terms. The borrowed uniform terms can be divided into two groups: 1) international terms; 2) adultery. Most international uniform terms are of Latin and Greek origin. Some of the international terms of Latin and Greek origin used by V. Čepinski, which have survived to this day, can be found in earlier physics publications, e.g.: aparatas FP VII 1, plg. 60, lat. apparatus "device", centre FP I 87, cf. ŠF I 40, lot. centrum „vidurys- “, dina FP 1 56, plg. 111 84, gr. dynamis "force", elektra FP VII 385, cf. PF 94, SF II 29, gr. elektron „amber“, electrolyte FP VII 204, cf. SF II 44, gr. electron "amber" + gr. meltos "melted- ", element FP VII 220, cf. SF II 31, Latin for "primary matter", energy FP 1 56, cf. 1997. pp. 39. "F.P.A.S.- E.S.E.S.E- .S.E.S.E.- S.E.S.E.S- .E.S.E.S.- E.S.E.S.E- .S.E.S.". SF I 3, kvizika A 1884 1-3 35, gr. physiké < physis "gamma- ", gramas FP 111, plg. SF 13, gr. gramma "small measure of mass", hypothesis FP VII 267, cf. gipothesis KF 25, gr. hypothesis "conjecture", calorie FP I 60, cf. 49, FP VI 3, pg. PF 5. lot. linea, magnetas FP VII 3, plg. K 1851 11 42, ŠF II 11, magnas A 1885 10-11 319, gr. magneite „stone from Magnesia“, mass FP 1 24, cf. SF III 84, lat. massa "ingot, piece", machine FP I 61, cf. machine A 1884 5—6 168, machine A 1885 9 288, lot. machine. matter FP VII 385, plg. A 1886 5 140, lat. materia "matter", mechanica FP 1 69, cf. mechanika A 1883 7 207. mechanica SF 111 84, gr. mechanike "the art of invention of machines", motor FP VII 313, cf. ŠF II 75, Latin motor "driver", pole FP VII 249, see pole A 1885 10-11 320, SF II 6, Latin polus < Greek pole "axis of earth and sky", solenoid FP VII 249, see. 63, gr. solen "tube" + gr. eidos "form", spectrum FP VII 3, cf. PF 89, SF II 6. lat. spectrum "image, picture", phone FP VII 309, cf. SF II 68, telefon(a)s K 1878 22 100-101, telefonas A 1884 7-8 263, gr. tele „far away“ + gr. phone „sound“, telegrafas FP VII 361, plg. SF II 58, telegraf(a)s K 1859 15 59, gr. téle "far away" + gr. grapho "write", etc. Only one other international homogeneous term used by W. Czepinski did not enter the subsequent physics terminology circulation, e.g.: amplification, cf. lat. amplificatio "extension": "This is a scheme of amplification or amplification oscillations" FP VII 379; dynamo, cf. gr. dynamis "force": "Therefore Siemens named this principle the dynamic principle or the 'dynamo principle', and since then machines operating on the basis of this principle are called dynamo machines, or generally dynamo" FP VII 322; medium, cf. lat. medium "medium" or "medium machine". 24, pp. 24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. punktieren "to mark with dots", unformer FP VII 331, cf. "Inverter" converters; in English: standard FP VII 232, cf. standard ‘standard, example’, shunt FP VII 182, cf. shunt; Italian: compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3, compasso FP VII 3. Some of the „medium- “: „<...> the beam slipping out into the air slides along the boundary surface between two media <...>“ FP VI 36; observation, cf. lat. observatio „observation“: „angle of observation“ FP VII 419; oscillation, cf. lat. oscillatio „oscillation“: „<...> the discharge can be at once and only in one direction or can proceed in oscillations“ FP VII 361, cf. also electric oscillation FP VII 114, electric oscillation FP VII 366, sympathetic oscillation FP VII 368, suppressed oscillation FP VII 362; radioamplification, cf. lat. radio „radiant“ + lat. amplificatio „expansion“: „<...> the amplification described here is called radioamplification“ FP VII 380; tension, cf. lat. tensus „compressed““: „Nernst claims that metals have a greater or lesser inclination to give ions, and this inclination Nernst calls the metal’s melting tension (perhaps it would be more accurate to call the metal’s ionization tension) FP VII 224. Some international homogeneous terms in V. Čepinski- 's "Lectures in Physics" are also derived from other languages, such as French: aretyras FP I 78, cf. French arretēr "to stop", kabestanas FP I 75, cf. French cabestan "screwdriver", constanta FP VII 82, cf. French constante "constant size", precizija FP VII 165, cf. French precision, ralažas FP VII 241, cf. French. stelage; in German: lampa FP VII 187, cf. Lampe, lens FP I 90, plg. international homogeneous terms in V. Čepinskis’ textbook have a slightly different, today unusual phonetic or morphological form, e.g.: abscisa FP I 34, aluminijus FP 11 10, amplitude FP VI 193, amplitude FP V 135, anion FP VII 225, balonas FP III 111, barijus FP 111 45, baterija FP VII 225, bataréja FP VII 90, cilindras FP 1 86-87 and cilindras FP 111 154, diementas FP VI 205, ellipse FP I 41, formula FP I 51, grammolekula FP VII 418, helijus FP III 53, hipotesis FP VI 176, hysteresis FP VII 257, ionas FP VII 225, hyperbola FP 1 43, kalis FP 111 45, kanifolė FP V 143, capillary FP III 11, cation FP VII 224, kilogrametris FP I 57 and kilogramometras FP 1 56, component FP VII 9, coordinate FP VI 176, crisis FP VII 432, lithium FP III 45, maximum and minimum: „Return to drawing 45, we see that the wave line has its maximums and minimums“ FP I 54, see also maximo [remote], minimo [remote] FP I 54, maximum FP I 55, minimum FP I 56. FP I 37, certainty (precision) FP VII 165, investigation (experiment) FP I 24, trajectory (flight) FP 1 34, fruit (result) FP 1 13, engine (motor) FP VII 313, lamp (lamp) FP 1 49, focus (focus) FP 1 41; c) two Lithuanian terms, one borrowed term, e.g.: contours (circumference, boundaries) FP 1 10, phenomenon or process (event) FP I 4, thickness or diameter (diameter) FP 1 7, thief (hill, or wedge) FP I 83. In addition to the aforementioned synonymous expressions of solid terms, the textbook contains concepts named by a composite and solid term or two or more composite terms having the same meaning. Such synonymous terms are usually also connected by a switch or one of the synonyms is written in parentheses, e.g.: wave bending, or diffraction FP 1V 85, dynamo machine (alternator) FP VII 313, electrode washer, or audion FP VII 383, energy change (transformation) FP 1 60, steam condenser, or cooler FP I 61, sound reflection (echo) FP V 91, motion quantity or moment FP 1 26, falling bodies, or attack FP I 20, lens strength (diopter) FP VI 53, magnetic compass, or compass FP VII 3, magnetic susceptibility (suseptibilitas), magnetic permeability (permeabilitas) FP VII 13, medium (intermediate) FP VII 342, micrometer, or micrometric screw FP 1 8, precession, or acceleration of equinox FP 1 45, point or body FP 1 56, uniform motion (rotation or translation) FP 1 69, short connection, or "kurcešlus" FP VII 241, stems, or short cylinders FP VI 157; principle of possible displacements, or possible velocities, or possible works (Lagrange's principle) FP 171, moving mass of a circle, or so-called moment of inertia thereof FP I 23, normal element or element standard FP VII 232, reference mass point, or oscillating centre FP 1 50, current energy, or current work FP VII 332, oscillation frequency, or number of oscillations FP I 56, oscillating period, or total oscillating time and oscillating period, or total oscillating time FP 1 51, action at a distance, actio in distans FP VII 5. To this group, apparently, could be assigned uniform international and descriptive Lithuanian names of scientific fields, presented in FP I 4, e.g.: astronomy, or science of the movement of celestial bodies; biology, or the science of living natural phenomena; Chemistry, or the science of those natural phenomena which are related to changes in the composition of bodies, or matter; mechanics, or the science of the movement of bodies. Terminology | 2006 | 13 91 3.2. Obvious ir vadovėlio synonymic expression of the sub-elements of compound terms, e.g. wave: longitudinal (longitudinal) b., transverse, or transversal, b., transverse (transversal) b. FP I 56; law: secondly d., either the velocity of energy degeneration, or energy dispersion, d. FP I 21, d. FP 1 61, center of force, or independence: mass, or gravity, d. FP I 25; c. FP 1 66, weight, or mass, c. FP 1 49, weight or mass c. FP I 66; energy: motion, or kinetic, potential, or position, of a body e. FP 157, e. FP I 58; movement: composite or substitutive j. FP I 14; coefficient: efficiency or utility k. FP VII body: rigid, 243; or elastic, c. FP 1 30; line: neutral, or equilibrium, I. FP I 54; world: physical, or objective, p.; external, or physical, p.; external, or subjective, p. FP 1 3; surface: equipotential p. or surface p. FP VII 67; device: dried, or desiccated, p. FP I 4]; balance: indifferent, or indifferent, system: metric, or decimal, measures p. FP 1 69; s. FP 1 5; plane: second kind, or movable, see, first kind, or immovable, see FP I 73; current; multiphase or polyphase s. FP VII 334, Foucault's, or swirls, s. FP VII true 283, or full s. s. FP VII scales: 356; decimal, or decimal, unit: cubic, or s. FP 1 80; Sextantium, v. FP 1 10, magnetic quantity or magnetic mass v. FP VII main 8, length v. FP I 6 ir reference length v. FP 15. 3.3. Be In addition to the above examples of synonymic expression of sub-elements of compound terms, there are many cases of variant expression of sub-elements of compound terms in Physics Lectures, which could be divided into these categories. First, the secondary focus of the compound biword term is named by the noun participle of the noun origin; noun participle, ir ordinary participle, noun pronoun, e.g.: odbočný uhol odbočný uhol ir FP I 50, FP I 51 ir inclination angle FP I 79; variation time FP I 51, fluctuating time FP 1 52 ir fluctuation time FP 155, fluctuation (fluctuating) time FP 1 49, but fluctuating (fluctuation) 92 Angel Kaulakienė | The first Lithuanian higher education... amplitude FP 149; pull force FP 1 22, pull force FP 1 20 and pull force FP I 58. Secondly, the secondary accent of the compound biword term is expressed by the adjectives of the suffix -iškas, -a and the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: absolūtas judėjimas FP VII 432 and absolūtas judėjimas FP 1 16, elektrinis termometras FP VII 167 and elektrinis termometras FP VII 198. Thirdly, the secondary focus of the compound biword term is expressed by a simple and noun adjective, e.g.: electrical tension FP VII 342 and electrical tension FP VII 48, horizontal line FP 1 53 and horizontal line FP I 16, but horizontal axis FP 1 93 and horizontal (horizontal) plane FP 1 9, solid body FP 1 4 and solid body FP I 56, true velocity and true velocity FP I 17. Fourthly, the secondary focus of the compound biword term is expressed by the simple and noun participant, but sometimes in a different time or kind, for example: acquired speed and acquired speed FP I 19, acquired speed FP I 21, moving mass FP 1 57 and moving mass FP I 24, tangent line FP I 54, but tangent line FP 1 19, stationary plane FP 1 73 and stationary plane, stationary plane FP 1 74, rotating moment and rotating moment FP II 10, rotating moment FP 1 65, oscillating pendulum and oscillating pendulum FP I 87, acting force FP I 24 and acting force FP 1 27. Fifth, the secondary accent of the compound biword term is expressed by the adjectives of the suffix -inis, -ė and the suffix -iškas, -a and by the noun pronoun, e.g.: fizinis dydis ir fizikos dydis FP I 5, elektrinė pertumas FP VII 342 ir elektrinės pertumas FP VII 202; by the adverbs of the suffix -ingas, -a and -(al)inis, -ė, e.g.: norminga padėtis FP 1 69 ir normalinė padėtis FP 1 59, cf. also normal electrode FP VII 230, normal resting position FP 1 51, but normal element FP VII 232. Sixth, one of the secondary elements of a compound term is represented by a simple or noun transitive numerals, for example: second-type lever FP 1 72 and second-type lever FP 1 70, first-type lever FP 1 78 and first-type lever FP I 70, first-type lever FP 1 71, cf. also second-type nonius FP I 8, third-type lever FP 172. In the “Physics lectures” more cases of variant expression can be distinguished, for example, morphological variants: rejecting FP 1 15, rejecting, rejecting FP 1 49; mortonological variants: stretchers (or carriers) FP 1 78; syntactic variants: gases in diluted position FP VII 386 and diluted gases FP VII 385, movement in a straight line FP 1 13 and linear movement FP 1 13. 14, curved line FP I 36 and curved FP VII 257, cogwheel (pinwheel) FP I 76. Perhaps here can be assigned and thermal plate (-tuma) FP 1 50, speed (speed) FP 1 14, feeling (pojūtis- )* FP 1 13, quarter (quartered) [meter] FP I 10. 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. V. Čepinskis’ Physics Lectures, apart from the narrow abstracts of the lectured courses, i.e. the hectographed thermodynamics course of K. Šliūpas, the abstracts of I. Končius’ physics lectures and the thermodynamics lecture notes of P. Brazdžiūnas printed with a rotator, was the only and main higher school physics textbook used by a whole generation of students of various specialties. The terminology of the “Physics lectures” consists of general terms, physics, some mechanics and other scientific fields related to physics: these are conjugated ordinary Lithuanian words and derivatives. Of the derivatives, the most common are the -imas/-ymas, -umas, -inys, -iklis, -tuvas, -ėjas, -tojas and the endings -a, -is vedic and percussive. 3. Most of the borrowings are international terms of Latin or Greek origin. Some of them have a slightly different, today unusual phonetic or morphological form. Only a dozen foreign terms have come from neighbouring languages through various contacts (economic, cultural, political). 4.The textbook “Physics lectures” contains perhaps most of the compound twoand three-word terms, which can be divided into certain nests according to the main theme. Especially large slots of compound terms, the main elements of which are the terms energy, speed, force, coefficient, body, moment, current, unit. 5.A considerable number of both solid and composite terms are still used in physics terminology. Thus, it can be said that already in the first decades of the 20th century a certain part of the terminology of physics was established. On the other hand, the abundant use of synonyms and variants of both single and composite terms indicates another thing: some concepts were named by several terms. *—Separately taken, the textbook terms plane and planeness, speed and speed, sensation and sensation would not be considered as adjective variants, because they are derivatives of different adjective classes. However, in V. Cepinskis’ textbook, the presentation of one of them in parentheses would indicate that they are used for confusion. 94 Angelė Kaulakienė | The first Lithuanian university... History of Physics 1988: History of Physics in Lithuania. 1 (1579-1940). Group of authors: P. Brazdžiūnas, H. Horodničius, H. Jonaitis, A. Puodžiukynas, I. Šenavičienė, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 1991: Scientific language in Kelcvyje. —Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 29. Kaulakienė A. 1993: Principles of Lithuanian Physics Terrinography. —Lituanistica 1 (13). Kaulakienė A. 1994: Terminology of the articles on popularization of physics in „Aušra“. 31 Kaulakienė A. 1995: The 90th anniversary of the first Lithuanian textbook of Physics. —Terminology 2. Kaulakienė A. 1994: The language of Ignas Končius' manuscript physics textbook. —Lituanistica 3 (19). Kaulakienė A. 2002: Terminology of the Physics textbook by Konstantinas Sakenis. —Terminology 9. Mačionis Z. 1992: Professor Vincas Čepinskis, Vilnius. Makariūnienė E., Klimka L. 1994: Lithuanian Physicists and Astronomers, Vilnius. Makariūnienė E., Klimka I.. 2001: Lithuanian Physicists and Astronomers, Vilnius. Martišius J. A. 1991: Buildings of a Famous Master: For the 120th Anniversary of the Birth of Professor Vincas Čepinskis. —Knowledge of Physicists 1. Martišius J. A. 1996: Vincas Čepinskis 125th anniversary. —Knowledge of Physics 10. Šenavičienė I. 1982: Development of Physics in Lithuania (1920-1940- ), Vilnius. 1997: Modern Physics in Lithuania. Authors: E. Makariūnienė, E. Rupšlaukis, D. Usorytė, Vilnius. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius. SOURCES A —Auszra, a newspaper published by Dr. Bassanawicziu (1883–1886- ). FP —Čepinskis V. 1923-1926: Physics lectures. 1-VII sk., Kaunas. K - Traveler who brought knowledge from Karaliaučius to Lithuanian brothers (1849-1879- ). KF —~ Končius I. 1919: Physics: A handbook for gymnasiums [Manuscript]. VUBR. F1. F1039. PF -Neris P. 1889: Populiariszkas rankvedis fizikos, Šenadoras. 1920. pp. 20. "Physics- ". T—Terms for matters of physics. 1923--1924. —Lithuania. THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN PHYSICS TEXTBOOKS FOR HIGHER SCHOOLS “Fizikos paskaitos” (Lectures of Physics) by V. Cepinskis was the only and the main physics textbook for higher schools, which was used by the whole generation of students of various specialities, apart of brief synopses of various courses. In 1930, the library published the hectographed course of thermodynamics by K. Šliūpas, the synopsis of I. Končius' lectures of physics and P. Brazdžiūnas notes of thermodynamics printed using rotary press. The terminology of "Fizikos paskaitos" consists of general terms, terms of physics, some terms of mechanics and other spheres of science related to physics: these are terminologized ordinary Lithuanian words and derivations. The most frequent derivations and compound words are with the suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, -inys, -iklis, -tuvas, ~éjas, -tojas and with the endings -a, -is. The majority of borrowings are international Latin or Greek terms. Some of them have a different, unusual phonetic or morphological form. A few barbarisms, which came in different ways (economic, cultural, and political) from neighbouring languages are found. Binomial and three-component composite terms, which can be subdivided into certain families of words according to the main component, make up the majority of terms in the textbook “Fizikos paskaitos". The families of composite terms, where the Terminologija | 2006 | 13 95 main words are terms like energija, greitis, jėga, koeficientas, kūnas, momentas, srovė, vienetas are the largest. A fair amount of one-word and composite terms is still in use in terminology of physics. Thus, it can be stated that in the first decades of the 20th century a certain part of the terminology of physics was rather well established. On the other hand, numerous synonymy and variability of one-word and composite terms show that some concepts did not have established terms. The terminology of such concepts was still developing. Received 2006-11-10 P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E-mail [email protected] 96 Angelė Kaulakienė | The first Lithuanian higher education... Angelė Kaulakienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas