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Terms in Laurynas Ivinskis’s Four-Language Dictionary
ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ
Institute of the Lithuanian Language
INTRODUCTION
Lauryno Ivinskio (1810–1881), žymaus XIX a. lietuvių kultūros veikėjo, spaudinti darbai ir dauguma jo rankraščių yra tyrinėti. Apie išlikusių L. Ivinskio žodynų rankraščius yra rašę kalbininkai J. Kruopas, V. Vitkauskas, O. Kažukauskaitė ir šio straipsnio autorė (žr. Kruopas 1960, Круопас 1963; Vitkauskas 1996; Vitkauskas 1997; Auksoriūtė 1999; Kažukauskaitė 2003). Gana išsamiai yra aprašyti dvikalbiai žodynai: Lenkų–žemaičių kalbų žodynas (Słownik polsko-żmudzki) (toliau – LŽŽ) ir Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (Словарь российско-литовский) (toliau – RLŽ), o apie Rusų–lietuvių–lotynų–lenkų kalbų žodyno (Словарь российско-литовскій съ латинско-польскимъ) rankraštį rašė tik J. Kruopas straipsnyje „L. Ivinskio leksikografiniai darbai“ (Kruopas 1960: 191–198). J. Kruopas pirmasis gana išsamiai aprašė keturkalbio žodyno rankraštį ir nustatė jo autorių: „rankraščio formatas: ilgis 21,5, plotis 13,5 cm. Rankraštis parašytas labai aiškia ir gražia rašysena. Jo popierius plonas, švelniai melsvos spalvos, su aiškiu kai kuriuose puslapiuose (24, 92) įspaudu: viršuje karūna, dešinėje pusėje – arklio, kairėje – liūto galva, o apačioje įrašas „Whatman“. Nei autorius, nei metai žodyno rankraštyje nepažymėti. Tik iš rašysenos, rašybos, kalbos ypatybių ir palyginimo su minėtuoju dvikalbiu žodynu „Словарь российско-литовскій“ drąsiai galima ir šitą keturkalbio žodyno rankraštį priskirti L. Ivinskiui“ (Kruopas 1960: 194). Straipsnyje nurodoma žodyno apimtis, apžvelgiamas jo pobūdis, sandara, rašybos, leksikos ypatybės, pateikiama nemažai pavyzdžių iš žodyno, išvardijami L. Ivinskio sudaryti naujadaraI ar iš kitų šaltinių dar neužfiksuoti žodžiai.
The manuscripts of L. Ivinskis’s Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary and Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish Dictionary are kept in the archives of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg, where D. Zelenin discovered them in 1947. There is no precise information about how or when these manuscripts came into the possession of the Russian Geographical Society; one can only surmise that
after 1869, when L. Ivinskis established ties with the society and corresponded with its members V. Kulin and J. Kuznetsov. In 1871, V. Kulin proposed that L. Ivinskis be admitted as a member of the Russian Geographical Society (for more on L. Ivinskis’s ties with the society, see Petkevičiūtė 1988: 86–90). From L. Ivinskis’s letter, written to V. Kulin in January 1869, we learn that he had begun preparing a Russian–Samogitian–Lithuanian Dictionary and sent V. Kulin an eight-page manuscript for review (see Ivinskis 1995: 484); thus, it is clear when L. Ivinskis began writing the bilingual dictionary. Nothing is known about the date when the four-language dictionary was compiled; one can only surmise that the author wrote it later.
In 2006, the Institute of the Lithuanian Language received digital photocopies of the aforementioned four-language dictionary manuscript, making it possible to examine the manuscript in greater detail1.
The manuscript was numbered by L. Ivinskis himself; the last page is marked with the number 95, but two pages bear the same number, 21, so the manuscript comprises 96 pages in all. This is only the beginning of the four-language dictionary, from A to Ay. It contains 358 Russian headwords with Lithuanian, Latin, and Polish equivalents, as well as 23 cross-reference headwords, e.g., Авангардия,..и. ж. смотри: Передовой отряд (3). The dictionary begins with three entries whose Russian headword is not a word, but merely the letter A, as the first letter of the alphabet, a conjunction, and an interjection, e.g.: A. Азбуки первая буква. Balšių ẹ̇ilõs pirmõjé ròd̄balsa. Alphabeti prima littera. Pierwsza głoska Abecadła (1); А. союзъ. Ar, ir, ir-gi, tàgi-tat. Ac, atque, et, etiam, idque. I, tež, a, także, to-też, owoż [...] (1); А. межд. Aj, o, ak. Heu, ah, aha. O, ach [...] (1) (see the photocopy).
Grammatical categories are indicated for Russian headwords: for nouns, the genitive-case ending and an abbreviation for gender are provided; for pluralia tantum nouns, a number abbreviation is also given; for adjectives, the feminine and neuter endings and an adjective abbreviation are provided; for verbs, the first- and second-person endings are given; and for other parts of speech, their abbreviations are indicated, e.g.: Актрица, съ. ж. Акторка, комедиёнка, roditojė stėbūklines darbūn. Actrix. Aktorka sceniczna (20); Абба́мский,..ая,..ое. прил. Bróstwiskzas, prigūlans pri brostwiničzes; klosztorinis. Antistitus. Opatski, klasztorny (2); Анаго́мить,..млю,..мишь. г.д. Rajkīti, iszwejzdieti kùna.
1 I thank Ona Kažukauskaitė, a staff member of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s Lexicography Centre, who organized the acquisition of copies of L. Ivinskis’s four-language dictionary; doc. Aleksej Andronov, head of the Centre for Baltic Studies at St. Petersburg State University, who helped obtain digital photocopies of the manuscript of L. Ivinskis’s Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish Dictionary; and Dr. Ritutė Petrokienė, head of the collections at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s Lexicography Centre, who made it possible to use these copies.
To dissect and cut into the body of a living creature by the art of anatomy; to dissect a corpse. To anatomize, to perform anatomical dissection (44).
In some places, explanations of word meanings and a few examples of usage are provided, along with several synonyms or words of similar meaning, e.g.: Августъ,..та. м. Rugpjūtis, aszтуонтāсис mētų mиеṅų. Augustus. Sierpień (4); Анархія,..iu. ж. Nėriedžia, nèwaldžia, be waldzios buwimas. Rieda neturėjimas. Anarchia. Confusae ac perturbatae res. Cic. Anarchia, nierzqd (43); Апа̄никъ,..ка. м. Botāgas, wārē, blāksztas, inagis. Flagellum, flagrum. Suet. Scutica. Hor. Bicz, harapnik (63).
In J. Kruopas’s view, L. Ivinskis used a multilingual Russian dictionary, entered Lithuanian equivalents, and in some places translated explanations and illustrative material; apparently, he intended to prepare a four-language dictionary, an initial portion of which he submitted to the Geographical Society in St Petersburg for review (Kruopas 1960: 195). The claim that L. Ivinskis translated into Lithuanian the explanations in the Russian dictionary he used may be challenged, since some Russian words are unexplained, the explanations of some Lithuanian words are narrower than those in Russian, sometimes resemble the Polish or Latin versions, or are broader and more detailed than those in the other languages, e.g.: Актриса, сбл. ж. Āktorka, kòmedijōnka, ròditojé stebūklines dárbūn. Actrix. Aktorka sceniczna (20); Аллея, леu. ж. Dārza tākas išz abejun szaliun mèdejs swadintas. Wajksčiotinė. Ambulacrum, arboribus utrimque septum. Ambulation. Xystus. Aleja, alea, chodnik (27), Алаба́стръ, тра. м. Есть то порода зернистого гипса. Àlabōstra, gipsas skiltinis. Gypsum granulare. Gips blaszkovy. W piśmie G. znaczy: Alabastrowe naczynie (21).
The dictionary contains mostly nouns, which make up about 71.5% of all headwords; the other parts of speech are much less numerous: adjectives account for over 17%, verbs about 4%, and the remaining parts of speech—adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections—together account for over 7% of all headwords. About 53% of the nouns may be considered terms or nomenclature items. These will be discussed below in the article. Among the nouns not discussed, mention should be made of words relating to church vocabulary, names of months, money, countries and their inhabitants, etc., e.g.: Абась,..собъ. множ. Sidabrinis Persijes piñingas tūres sawieje 50 skatikū. Abasius, Persicus argenteus numus cohibens 50 assium. Pieniądz srebrny Perski wartości 50 groszy (2); Австріецъ, ца. м. Austrijōkas. Austriacus. Austrijak (5); Áwстрія,..iu. ж. Austrije. Austria, ae. Austrija (5); Apostołъ..ла. м. Apāszтоlas. Siunštāsis nuog Krìstaus. Christi Apostolus. Christiane legis Magister. Apostoł, posłaniec Christusa (58), and so on.
For some adjectives, attributive and degree forms (and even degrees of comparison—
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forms) are given, e.g.: Алый,..ая,..ое. пр. Raudònas, růžawas. Ruber. Czerwony, różowy. Оп. Томъ, который алый есть. Raudònasis. Is, qui ruber est. Ten, co czerwony jest. Сравн. см. Raudonḗnis. Rubrior. Czerwieńszy. Срав. см. оп. Raudonḗnīnsis. Is qui rubrior est. Ten co rubrior est. Срав. см. смя. Raudonièlēsnis. Is qui aliquantum rubrior est. Co trochę czerwienészy jest. Превос. стп. Raudoniàusis, почти неупотребляется (34).
This article examines terms from the natural sciences and other fields. L. Ivinskis’s four-language dictionary manuscript contains 145 terms, including specific terms and nomenclature items found within some dictionary entries.
MINERALOGICAL TERMS
The dictionary contains mostly mineral names—over 30—and almost all are loanwords, e.g.: Албинъ, на. м. Albinas ~ albinas. Akmun baltaj skâjštūs kajpo žiamcžiugas. Albinites. Albin W. kamień mający blask perłowy (21)2; Ака́мъ,..ма. м. Agātas ~ agatas, àkmun išz eilos Kwā́rcžiaus kūrsaj tū́r sawieje dâles Chalcedōna, Jaspida, Kwā́rcžiaus, Raginia, Krwāwninka ir nekada Ametista o pawejkstūs išroda: kāspinūs, pīlones, miestūs, krūmūs, kīminūs, dēbeses, žwā́jzdikes, àkeles, piētmas. Achates, ae. scil gemma. Plin. Agat z familij Kvarcu mineral złożony z częstek chalcedonu, jaspisu, kvarcu, rogowca, krwawnika i czasem ametystu, ukazujący w sobie malowidła wstążek, fortyfikacyi, widoków miast, krzaczków, mchów, obłoczków, gwiazdeczek, oczek, plamek (6); Алуминитъ,..а. м. Порода бѣлой глины. Aluminitas ~ aliūminitas, ātmàjna bàltoja mōlia. Aluminites. Glinka czysta. (31); Аметистъ и Амефістъ,..ста. м. Драгоцѣльный камень Кварцовой породы. Ametìstas ~ ametistas, brangùs àkmun Kwā́rcžiaus àtmainas wiśźniawaj mielina wārsa arba pīhkaj bāltas. Amethystus. Kwarc Ametyst, kamień drogi fioletowo błękitny lub szaro biały (39); Андалузитъ...та. м. Камень изъ фельдспата породы. Andalūžitas ~ andalūžitas, akmun raumens raudonūma arba Žiamcžiūgiskaj pīlkas. Andaluzites. Andaluzyt kamień z familij Feldspata mięsno-czerwonego koloru niekiedy zakrawającego na perłowo-szary (47–48); Антраколитъ,..та. м. Камень известковой породы. Antrakolitas ~ antrakolitas, àkmun kalkia àtmainas. Antracollites. Antrakolit, kamień z familij Wapiennych (55); Аррагонитъ,..та. м. Камень известковой породы. Aragōnitas ~ aragoni
2The examples are presented as they appear in the dictionary: first the Russian headword, followed by the Lithuanian word with explanations and Latin and Polish equivalents. The Lithuanian term is printed in spaced type; after the tilde sign, a form adapted to standard language is provided.
ite, varieties of limestone. Arragonites. Arragonite, a stone of the limestone family (75); Авантуринъ,..на. м. Камень кварцовой породы. Aventurine ~ aventurine. A quartz stone with shiny flakes scattered throughout. Quarzum Avanturinim. Common quartz containing what appear to be scattered mica flakes; in this case it is called natural aventurine or sunstone (Min. Jakow) (3–4); Автомолитъ,..та. м.(Фатеръ). Automōlitas ~ automolite. A precious dark-blue stone, most often giving off a light-green hue. Automolithus. Wal. Automolit. A precious stone from the ruby family, bluish-green in color, tending toward dark green, containing alumina, zinc, iron, silica, and sometimes sulfur (5); Аквамаринъ,..на. м. Bérìlũs bràngèsis ~ precious beryl, a light-green stone composed of silica, clay, glucina, lime, and iron. Smaragdus striatus. Kar. Beryllus. Wal. Precious beryl; a jewel of light-green color, composed of silica, clay, glucina, lime, and iron (18); Адама́нтъ,..та. м. Dējm antas ~ diamond. Adamas. Diamond (9); Алма́зъ,..за. м. Dējm antas, dēm antas ~ diamond. Adamas. Vall. Plin. Ovid. Diamond (28); Анфра́ксъ,..са. м. Rùbinas ~ ruby, a precious stone. Rubinus. Lips. Carbunculus. Plin. Carbuncle, ruby (56), etc.
L. Ivinskis also gave mineral names in another of his manuscript works, the scholarly work Prigimtūmenė (see Auksoriūtė 1998, Auksoriūtė 2001 for more detail), in its first part. It is therefore possible to compare some terms in the four-language dictionary with those in Prigimtūmenė. Two versions of the first part of Prigimtūmenė have survived: Žemėtros, held in the manuscript collection of the Library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, and Žemėmina, held in the manuscript collection of the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. The main parts of both manuscripts, which describe inanimate nature, are nearly identical, so the mineral names compared here are taken from the manuscript of the first part of Prigimtūmenė held in Vilnius (hereafter Pr). A couple of minerals are named in the dictionary with borrowed terms, while Prigimtūmenė gives Lithuanian coinages created by L. Ivinskis himself, e.g.: Антофиллитъ,..та. м. Камень Епидотна породы. Anthophyllite ~ anthophyllite, a stone, a variety of pistacite. Anthophyllites. Anthophyllite, a stone from the pistacite family (54–55), cf. łapējnis ~ lapeinis, Latin Actinotus virgulatus, Anthophyllites, Polish Antophyllit, German Anthophyllit (Pr 24); Anamùtъ,..ma. м. Камень известковой породы. Apatite ~ apatite, a stone, a variety of limestone. Apatites. Apatite, a stone of the limestone family (57), cf. pròžalis ~ prožalis, Latin Apatelios speciosus, Polish Apatyt, German Der Apatit (Pr 32).
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In the dictionary, a Lithuanian synonym is given alongside the name of one borrowed mineral: Аміа́нтъ,..ma. m. горной или каменной льнъ. Amijontas ~ amijontas, žiames gāuras ~ earth’s fiber, that is, a variety of the stone Asbestus. Asbestus flexibilis. Asbest Amiant (40), cf. skarūnis ~ skarūnis or amjontas ~ amjontas, otherwise called kalnālinis ~ kalnalinis, Latin Asbestos Amianthus, Linum montanum, Asbestus flexibilis, German Der Amiant (Pr 24–25). One variety of asbestos should also be mentioned in connection with this dictionary entry; L. Ivinskis gives it under the entry for asbestos: Азбе́сть Аміантъ. Asbestos Amiant ~ asbestos amiant. Linum montanum. Pl. Asbestus flexibilis. Asbest Amiant (14). Thus, this mineral is probably listed in two places in the dictionary because it has different Russian names. Comparing the Lithuanian equivalents L. Ivinskis gives in both manuscripts shows that he used several synonyms, including three Lithuanian ones: žiames gāuras, skarūnis and kalnālinis, which he most likely coined himself.
As the preceding example shows, the dictionary also includes terms for varieties. Entries for two minerals (asbestos and muriyacite) include several varieties each, e.g.: Азбе́сть,..ma. m. Asbestos ~ asbestos. A stone of the talc family, yielding fibers like flax; it has four varieties: Asbestus. H. Asbest, a type of stone from the talc family. 1) Легкій азбесть. Light asbestos ~ light asbestos. It is composed of silica, magnesia, lime, iron ore, and clay. Asbestus suber montanum. Mountain cork asbestos, composed of silica, magnesia, lime, iron oxide, and clay. 2) A. Аміант. Asbestos Amiant ~ asbestos amiant. Linum montanum. Pl. Asbestus flexibilis. Asbest Amiant. 3) Обыкновенный Азбесть. Common asbestos ~ common asbestos, composed of magnesia, silica, and iron ore. Asbestus vulgaris. Common asbestos, composed of magnesia, silica, and iron oxide; cf. common kalnālinis (Pr 25). 4) Древовидный Азбесть. Tree-like asbestos ~ tree-like asbestos. Asbestus xyloideus v. lignosus. Tree asbestos; cf. kalnāmēdis ~ mountain-tree (Pr 25) (13–14); Ангидри́ть...ma. m. Камень известковой породы. Murijācitas ~ muriyacite, a stone, a variety of limestone. Anhydrites. Muriyacite, a stone from the limestone family (cf. sausēnis sidoklis ~ sausenis sidoklis (Pr 33)). Шпатистый ангидрить. Murijācitas šziasztajninis ~ muriyacite, spar-like [the first syllable is written a, probably an error in L. Ivinskis’s handwriting. – A. A.]. Anhydrites spatosus. Cubic muriyacite. Ан. зернистый. Murijācitas Angidritas ~ muriyacite anhydrite. Anhydrites granulatus. M. anhydrite. Ан. плотный. Murijacitas rukszluōtasis ~ muriyacite, dense. Ан. densus. M. po-
lished. Ан. плог второй. Murijācitas žiamėtasis ~ muriyacite, earthy. Anhydrites densus secundus. Compact muriyacite. Ан. волокнистый. Murijācitas skaruòtāsis ~ muriyacite, fibrous. An. fibrosus. Fibrous muriyacite (48–49). As can be seen from these examples, not only the Russian and Lithuanian equivalents but also most of the Latin and Polish equivalents are two-word compound terms.
Lithuanian compound equivalents are also provided for several other one-word Russian terms, e.g.: Ана́тазъ,..за. м. Металл Тумана породы. Anatas krauninis ~ anatase, wedge-shaped. Titanium anatas. Titanium octahedrite (43); Аквамари́нь,..на. м. Bérilŭs brànggēsis ~ precious beryl, a light-green stone composed of silica, clay, glucina, lime, and iron. Smaragdus striatus. Kar. Beryllus. Wal. Precious beryl; a jewel of light-green color, composed of silica, clay, glucina, lime, and iron (18); Антрацитъ,..та. м. Камень Трофимовой породы. Antrācitas ~ anthracite, a stone of the coal variety; coal that can be burned ~ coal that can be burned. Antracites. Shiny mineral coal or anthracite (55). Two synonyms are given for this mineral, one a one-word borrowing and the other a Lithuanian compound term.
As the examples show, L. Ivinskis used adjectives as the variety-modifying elements of compound terms (light, common, precious, tree-like, wedge-shaped, spar-like, earthy, dense, fibrous) and a participle (burnable); all except the adjectives ending in the suffix –inis appear in inflected forms. L. Ivinskis probably followed the Latin equivalents in placing these variety-modifying elements after the head element, although the dictionary includes a couple of mineral names in which, as is customary today, the modifier precedes the head element, e.g.: Амбра,..ы. ж. Смолистое и горючее вещество, коего суть два главныя рода, собственно называемая Амбра, и желтый, Янтарь. Amber ~ amber, which is a resinous combustible substance of two main varieties: one called true amber ~ true amber; the other yellow, Gintàras ~ amber. Ambra grisea. Common amber (38); Ácnuoь,..da. m. Splitting stone ~ cleavable stone. Schistus (lapis) fissilis. Virg. Sectilis. Plin. Scissilis. Cels. Cleavable, fissile stone. Slate (88).
Concluding the discussion of mineral names, it should be noted that the dictionary’s author did not find Lithuanian terms for naming every mineral; for a couple of minerals, instead of naming them, he gave descriptive definitions, as is also done in Russian: Аллохро́мъ,..та, м. порода камня Авгита. A stone, a variety of augite. Granatus allochroites. Allochroite, a variety of augite (27); Анальцимъ,..ма.
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Rock of the zeolite type. Akмun Ceolīta ātmajnas pīh̄kaj arba gialswaj baltas. Analcimus. Kubicyt, stone of the Zeolite family (43).
B O T A N I C A L T E R M S
Only a few botanical terms—just 16—were found in L. Ivinskis’s four-language dictionary. The dictionary contains mainly plant names and only one fruit name: Aūbá, вы. ж. Pīgw̄as ~ pygwas, dūlū swēcžios szalies wājis. Pyrus Cydonia. Pigwa, gatunek gruszek (15), cf. kràušźé, dūlé, grūšźé ~ kriaušė, dūlė, grūšė, lot. Pyrus (Pirus), lenk. Grusza, vok. Birne, lot. Pyr. Cydonia, liet. Gr. Pigwa ~ pigva (Pr 202). Plant names can be compared with the systematic list of plants presented in the second part of L. Ivinskis’s Prigimtūmenė, Žolėmina, which describes 219 plant families and the names of more than 2,500 genera (for further discussion, see Auksoriūtė 1998).
m. Kārklas nekaltāsis ~ karklas nekaltasis. Vitex agnus castus. Niewinny baranek (a species of shrub) Wod. (8), cf. skājstminis ~ skaistminys, lat. Vitex Agnus-Castus Linn., Polish Niepokalanek Czystkrzew, Baranek, Baranek niewinny (Pr 226); Апопие, нія. с. Kaulìnis kiētāsis ~ kaulinis kietasis, mēdžia wēislé. Mespilus oxyacantha. Niesplik, nieszpułka, gatunek twardego drzewa (74), cf. kàulietis, lat. Mespilus, Polish Nieszpuka, Niesplik, glóg, German Mispel (Pr 202); Аппukòcь, ca. m. Slìwas Morìnis ~ slyvas morinis. Morėlė ~ morelė. Prunus Armeniaca. Śliwa Morela. J. Jun. (60), cf. slìwa ~ slyva, lat. Prunus, Polish Sliwa, German Pflaumenbaum (Pr 204), and so on.
Comparing the plant names mentioned above from the dictionary and Prigimtūmenė, we can observe that in the dictionary L. Ivinskis named the genus Cynara with the loanword karčiokas, whereas in his scholarly work he used a neologism of his own making, laišvas. The name of this plant species also differs: in the dictionary it is karčiokas mezgąntęsis, whereas in Prigimtūmenė it is laišvas erškėtgalvis.
Differences can also be found by comparing three other plant species names in the dictionary with those given in Prigimtūmenė. These are systematic taxonomic differences: the dictionary gives a species name, whereas in the scholarly work two different genera are distinguished according to the Latin equivalent, for example: Анана́съ,..са. м. Ananāsas tīkrāsis ~ ananasas tikrasis (herb and fruit). Bromelia Ananas. Ananas prawdziwy (43), cf. gàrd rūnis ~ gardrūnis, lat. Bromelia, Polish Zapylec (Pr 134) and kàrpuōnis ~ karpuonis, lat. Ananasa, Polish Ananas (Pr 134) (in Prigimtūmenė the author provides his own Lithuanian names for these two genera); Анúмъ,..ма. м. Krāpas pāprastāsis ~ krapas paprastasis. Pastinaca Anethum. Pasternak Kopr. (Józ. Jun.) (49), cf. krāpai paprastìejėj ~ krapai paprastėjai, lat. Anethum, Polish Kopr, koper (Pr 194) and pasternōkas ~ pasternokas, lat. Pasternak, Polish Pastinak (Pr 194); Ада́мова голова,..вой..вы. ж. Lelija nuometinė ~ lelija nuometinė. Atropa Mandragora. Zawojek Mandragora (a type of lily) (9), cf. siùstuogé ~ siustuogė, lat. Atropa, Polish Pokrzyk, German Tollkirsche (Pr 237) and swàjlis ~ svailis, lat. Mandragora, Polish Dziwostrtęt (Pr 237). According to current plant systematics, these are also classified as different genera, for example: lat. Anánas – ananãsas BVŽ 1998: 33, lat. Bromélia – bromèlija BVŽ 1998: 56; lat. Anéthum – krāpas BVŽ 1998: 34, lat. Pastináca – pastarnōkas BVŽ 1998: 218; lat. Átropa – šùnu vyšně BVŽ 1998: 46, lat. Mandrágora – mandragorà BVŽ 1998: 190.
In plant names, as in most of the mineral names discussed, the species-specific elements follow the generic element, for example: arbuzas tikrasis, ananasas tikrasis,
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artichoke, knotty, willow, innocent, bony, hard, common dill, veiled lily, although the naming order of one species is reversed, as is customary today – Адамова смо́ква,..вой..вы. ж. Paradise banana ~ paradise banana. Musa paradisiaca. Muza rajska. Kl. (9), cf. stambras ~ stambras, Latin Musa, Polish Bogosława, banana, Pizang, figą rajska (Pr 137).
ZOOLOGICAL TERMS
The manuscript dictionary under discussion contains 15 nomenclatural zoological entries, mostly species names of birds, including as many as three names for ducks, for example: Аклей,..ея. м. Siberian duck ~ Siberian duck. Anas sibirica. Kaczka sybirska (18); Ананичь,..ча. м. Winter duck ~ winter duck. Anas hyberna. A. hyemalis (Kl.) Kaczka żimowa, żimówka (2); Ама́ika,..ku. ж. Burrowing duck ~ burrowing duck. Anas tadorna. Kaczka nórówa (91); Азодомка,..ку. ж. Redshank ~ redshank. Scolopax totanus. Londzik rudy (4); Ару́. несклоняемое. Common guillemot ~ common guillemot. Colymbus troile. Nurokur (81). The dictionary contains one name for a bird genus: Aúcmb,..ma. м. Stork ~ stork, gužutis ~ gužutis. Stà rkas ~ starkas. Ciconia. Plin. Bocian (15); three synonyms are given for it. For another Russian bird name, the author found no Lithuanian equivalent and therefore provided only an explanation: Ага́рь,..ря. м. A name for various waders that live in marshy places. Scolopaces. General name for marsh snipes (6).
Only two fish names are found in the manuscript: Ákkula,..лы. ж. A large fish of warm seas that devours people. Man-eater, man-eater ~ female man-eater, male man-eater. Squalus carcharias. Ludojad. Kl. Jun. (18) and Анчоусь,..са. м. Small sardine ~ small sardine. Clupea Encrasicolus. Sardela. Jun. (56). L. Ivinskis most likely coined the Lithuanian name for the first fish himself and supplied forms of both grammatical genders. Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter LKŽe), under the word rijūnas, provides examples only from L. Ivinskis's writings – 1 rijūnas masculine noun ‘whale’: The greatest fish, called a rijūnas, I. Leeus, and rijūnus tramples underfoot I. (LKŽe).
Four further names may be classified as zoological terms: Арагали. несклоняемое. Steppe sheep ~ steppe sheep. Ovis ammon. Owca stepowa. Jun. (64); Ácnudь,..да. м. Snake ~ snake. Vipera. Žmija (88); Akpídь,..дь. мн. Locusts ~ locusts. Skierrej ~ grasshoppers. plural. Locusta. Plin. Bruchus, genus vermium quod herbas rodit. Szarańcza (18); Амфібія,..iu. ж. Amphibious ~ amphibious, an animal capable of living both on land and in water. Amphibium. Ziemnowodne zwierzę (41).
Among domestic animals, the dictionary includes names for a rooster, a sheep, and its young: Але́кторъ,..а. м. Rooster ~ rooster. Gallus, gallus gallinaceus. Cic. Kogut, kur (23); Агница,..цы. м. Young ewe ~ young ewe, winter sheep ~ winter sheep. Ovícula. Augustin. Tertull. Owieczka młoda, jarliczka (8); А́гнецъ,..гня. м. Lamb, little lamb, lamb, young lamb, little lamb ~ lamb, little lamb, lamb, young lamb, little lamb. Agnus, agnellus. Baran, baranek (8), А́гничкъ,..ка. м. Little lamb, young lamb, lamb; little sheep, young sheep, little sheep ~ little lamb, young lamb, lamb, little sheep, young sheep, little sheep. Agnelius. Plaut. Agnus subrumus, tener, lactens. Virg. Jagnie, jagniątko (8–9). Several synonyms and variants are offered for naming a young sheep.
TERMS FROM OTHER FIELDS
Far fewer terms from other fields are given in the manuscript. Several linguistic terms are included in the dictionary, for example: Азбука,..ки. ж. Beginning of the science of reading. Bals-ej̄la ~ balseila. Elementary reader ~ elementary reader. Elementarius tiro. Abecadło, alfabet, elementarz. Dim. Азбучка,..чки. ж. Little elementary reader ~ little elementary reader. A small elementary reader for beginners. Elementarzyk (14) (both elementorius, and elementorelius are included in one dictionary entry); Алфавитъ,..а. м. Collection of all letters arranged in the accepted order. Arrangement of speech sounds according to the accepted sequence. Litterae, alphabetum. Alfabet, abecadło (32); no Lithuanian equivalent is given for the latter Russian term, which is explained only descriptively, whereas Dictionary of Polish–Samogitian provides two Lithuanian synonyms; cf. Abecadło, -a. – ābecala, -as, bālsēja, -los. m. (LŽŽ 1). Another linguistic term is also explained descriptively, while a Lithuanian equivalent is supplied for another: Анаграмма, bl. ж. Rearranging, transposing speech sounds or an entire word. Anogramma. Lat. Polon. (42); Аноспрофъ,..фа. м. Apostrophe ~ apostrophe. Apostrophius,..phos. Diomed. Apostrof, orthographic elision (60).
One term each from literary studies and folklore can also be found in the dictionary: Alegorija,..iu. ж. [...] Comparison ~ comparison, figurative conception. Proverbium, parabola. Quint. Verbum, dictum. Ter. Adagium. Plin. Allegory, parable, metaphorical narrative, imaginative metaphor (27); Анекдотъ,..та. м. A short, amusing tale, joke ~ joke, jesting ~ joking. Narratiuncula, sermunculus. Cic. Anecdota (48). L. Ivinskis sought Lithuanian words to name these concepts.
Three medical terms are provided, for which L. Ivinskis also sought
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Lithuanian equivalents: Антидо́ть,..ма. м. Wājstas nuog māra, prisz-marinė ~ priešmarinė. Antidotum, antidotus. Lekarstωo przeciw truciznie, antydot (51); Анопле́ксиа,..ciu. ж. Stājgēsis stābas ~ staigiasis stabas, užmušimas nuog krāuja. Apoplexia. Resolutio membrorum totius corporis. Attonitus. Apoplecticus stupor. Ictus sanguinis. Apoplexija (59); Anocmēma,..мbl. ж. Skaudūlis ~ skaudulys, tekančé ôpa, pôpa, ôtis pūlijenté. Vomica. Cis. Cels. Plin. Vomicus morbus. Senec. Manans hulcus. Adapertum hulcus. Cals. Erampens hulcus. Plin. Wrzędziennica, otok, wrzód (59–60). It is not entirely clear whether the synonyms are given for the last Lithuanian term, or whether it is simply explained, since the author writes the modifiers in the simple rather than the pronominal form (tekanti opa, votis pūlėjanti).
The dictionary includes four geographical terms: Архипелагъ,..га. м. Salinė ~ salinė, jures wieta turenté daug sālųn. Archipelagus. Archipelag (84); А́тласъ,..са. м. Knīnga tajszkun iszrožijenčziu žiames, wandenis ir kāralīstes. Didzia māpū knínga ~ didžia mapų knyga. Tabulae cosmographicae. Tabellaria ter-reae universae descriptio. Tabulae orbis descriptionem continentes. Atlas, księga kart jeograficznych (93–94); Аммосфера,..bl. ж. Òras ~ oras. Padàngis ~ padangis. Aër, communis spiritus, coelum, coelestis spiritus. Animalis spi-rabilisque natura circumfusa undique. Cic. Atmosfera, powietrzokrąg (94); Анемомémpь,..a. м. Pabūklas pažinima stiprūma wièja. Wiejòmāstas ~ vėjomastas. Anemometrum. Wiatromierz, Anemometr (48). The examples show that the author avoided loanwords and found Lithuanian equivalents (salinė, oras, padangis).
Besides the terms mentioned, the manuscript also contains: a) chemistry – Алкали, несклоняемое. Щелочность, или щелочная соль, вообще различная отъ всѣхъ солей, коихъ дѣйствія суть: раздѣлять и противиться солямъ кислымъ. Alkalijé ~ alkalija, ira tat szarmīné drūška grâużanté priżsinga kitòms wisokiòms tarp rugsztinių drūškoms. Sal lixivii. Lixivium saponario-rum. Gorr. Alkali, gatunek soli ługowej (25); b) music – А́рфа,..bl. ж. Музыкальное орудие. Arfa ~ arfa, griežamāsis pabūklas. Psalterium. Virg. Nablium. Ovid. Arfa, harfa (81), and other terms. Borrowed equivalents are given for the terms listed, while one physics term is defined descriptively: А́томъ,..ма. м. Smūlkiausiojé dūlké negalenté buti skājdoma kūrios ne gal akiemis regėti. Atomus, corpusculum, corpus individuum. Cic. Atom, najdrobniejszy proszek niepodpadający już podzielności (94).
The longest dictionary entry is that for the military term artilerija: Артиллерія, iu. ж. Artilerije ~ artilerija, ira tat kariūmené ir wisi pabuklaj arba wisokia
pādarīne pri kariāvima, kajp sztaj: armātas, stripīnej, pūczkas, grān-kūlkes, ragotines, kūtkas, kūtkas sprōganczioses; žmōnis esantijej pri gīnklū; mōkslas apej szarwun wartōjima, apej łàjdimūs, pārakus. Res machinaria, machinae bellicae, aeneae. Tormenta bellica. Militia, exercitus, copiae, acies. Munitiones bellicae. Catapultarium mortarium. Pyroboli arecti. Globi missiles, tormentarii, fulminei, ignivomi. Glandes plumbeae, ferventes. Globi candentes. Pilae ignitae, incendiariae. A. tormentis bellicis scil. ministri, servi. Scentiae de tormentis bellicis, globis, glandibus missilibus, de pulve catapultario, tormentario, fulmineo. Artyllerija, to est: działa i pociski jakiemi są: armaty, moździerze, granatniki, jednorogi, kule, bomby, granaty; ludzie przeznaczeni do usłużenia dział; nauka o działach, pociskach i prochu (78–79), cf. Artilerija, -ij ž. Karej szawiějej, szowiejej, -wiejun, pl. (LLŽ 21). From the definition provided, it can be understood that L. Ivinskis distinguishes three meanings of this term: 1) all kinds of weapons, 2) soldiers who fight with those weapons, and 3) the science of weapons. Today, too, three meanings of the term artilerija are distinguished, but the scope of the first two is rightly narrower: artilerija “1) a branch of the military equipped with weapons called artillery; 2) a type of weaponry – cannons, howitzers, mortars, recoilless guns, launchers for antitank missiles and rocket artillery, and ammunition; means of transporting them – wheeled and tracked tractors, etc.; fire-control devices; reconnaissance and firing-support equipment; sometimes all types of small arms and grenade launchers are also included; 3) the science of the structure and properties of artillery weapons and the methods of fighting with them […]” (KŽ 1995); cf. also: artilèrija “1) firearms and means of using them; 2) ground forces armed with artillery guns, mortars, and rocket artillery systems; 3) the military science that studies the structure, properties, and use of firearms” (TŽŽ 2001).
After the definition of the term, the author gives ten types of artillery: Артиллерия батарейная или тяжелая. Kariūmėnė sunkiōses szarwōs ~ kariuomenė sunkiosios šarvos. Tormentis bellicis onusta, munita militia. Artyllerija ciężka czyli pozycyjna. Артиллерия горная. Kariūmėnė, szarwińinkaj kalninėj ~ kariuomenė, šarvininkai kalniniai. Castra, acies a montibus. Artyllerija górna. – [Артиллерия] конная. Szarwińinkaj rajtījej ~ šarvininkai raitieji. Copiae equestrae, equites. – [Artyllerija] konna. Ap. крѣпностная. Uždarmies szarwińinkaj ~ uždarmės šarvininkai. Copiae a castello. Ar. twierdzowa. Ap. легкая или линейная. Kariūmenes spārnas, szarwińinkaj lengwījej ~ kariuomenės sparnas, šarvininkai lengvieji. Ala legionum. Ar. lekka czyli linijowa. Ap. морская. Kariūmėnė jurinė ~ kariuomenė jūri-
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…ary. Castra nevalia. Cels. Clasis. Cic. Naval forces. Facit. Ar. naval. Ap. siege. Military force for a siege ~ military force for a siege. Copiae obsidionales. Ar. besieging. Ap. field. Kar. in the field ~ army in the field. Castra a campis. Ar. field. Ap. regimental. Kar. separate ~ separate army. Copiae legionariae. Caes. Ar. regimental. Ap. infantry. Piestininkaj ~ infantry. Pedestris acies, manipulares. Ar. infantry, foot soldiers (79–80).
The meanings and classification of L. Ivinskis’s artillery terms differ considerably from those in use today. He named the types in Lithuanian without using the word artilerija, used kariuomenė and šarvininkai synonymously, named one type with the one-word term pėstininkai, and designated the type-specific components of the other types in three ways: with adjectives (kalniniai, raitieji, lengvieji, jūrinė), in the genitive case (sunkiosios šarvos, uždarmės), and in prepositional constructions (nuo apgulimo, ant lauko).
NAMES OF BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
L. Ivinskis’s dictionary contains as many as 7 names of branches of science with brief definitions, for example: Арифметика,..и. ж. Skajtl̄istė ~ skaitystė, knowledge of numbers, the science of counting. Arithmetica. Arytmetyka, nauka o liczbach (70); Астрологія,..iu. ж. Žinīstė isz żwajzdziun ~ žinystė iš žvaizdžių. Astrologia. Astrologija (89), cf. Astrologija, -ij. ž. – astrologije, -es. m., knowledge from the stars; speech or knowledge about the stars (LŽŽ 23); Астрономія,..iu. ж. The science or knowledge about the stars, żwaizdīstė ~ žvaizdystė. Astronomia. Astronomija, nauka gwiazdarska, gwiazdarstwo (90), cf. Astronomija, -ij. ž. – astronomije, -es. m., żwajzdīstė, -es; the science about the stars (LŽŽ 29); Анатомія,..iu. ж. Dissection of the body, the science that teaches the position, form, combination, structure, and function of the parts of the human body. Nariòjimas ~ narojimas, that is: cutting the body to view all its parts and learning to know its nature. Anatomia, anatomice. Incisio membrorum, chirurgica animalis dissectio. Anatomija, dissekcija cial zwierzęcych (44–45), cf. Anatomia, -ij. ž. – viewing the body, cutting it and opening it to examine its insides. Anatomije, -es. m. (LŽŽ 12). L. Ivinskis designated the listed branches of science in Lithuanian terms in his four-language dictionary: the first three with derivatives formed using the suffix -ystė, the fourth with a derivative formed using the suffix -imas, while in the Polish–Samogitian Dictionary he also supplied borrowed synonyms for some names.
The author presented one branch of science descriptively, apparently because he could not find a Lithuanian term: Акустика, и. ж. The science of sound. Acustica. Akustyka, nauka o głosie (21).
L. Ivinskis used loanwords for the names of two branches of science: Алгебра, бл. ж. […]. Àlgebra ~ algebra, the science of calculation in which, instead of an unknown number, a letter—that is, a symbol—is used. Algebra. lat. Algebra. polon. (21–22); Архитекту́ра,..ры. ж. Budawōnė ~ building. Strūnisina ~ strūnysina. The science of building houses out of wood, and especially of palaces. Architectonice. Architectura. Ars architectonica. Budownictwo, architektura (84), cf. strūnysena sf. (1) “building”: Eldijos strūnysena S.Dauk. (LKŽe). The latter dictionary entry also includes three subtype names, whose specifying elements are two pronominal adjectives with the suffix –iškas and one adjective with the suffix –inis: Архитектура военная. Strunisina kariōniškoję ~ strūnysina military. Architektura militaris. Architektura wojskowa. А. Гражданская. Str. Ùkiškōję ~ strūnysina civic. Architectonice, architectura civilis. Budownictwo cywilne. Ар. Корабельная. Strunisina laiwine ~ strūnysina naval. Architektura navalis, nautica. Budownictwo okrętowe (84–85).
This subsection should also mention the names of specialists in the corresponding branches of science: Анатомикъ,..ка. м. One who knows the science of anatomy. Mòkitas ant narōjima kùnun. Kùn-ràjkis ~ body-cutter. Anatomicus, Anatomices. Dissectionis corporum peritus. Anatomik, uczony w anatomii, praktyk w dyssekcyi anatomicznej (44); Астроло́гъ,..га. м. Zinis po žwajzdziun ~ one who knows the stars. Astrologus. Astrolog (90); Астроно́мъ,..ма. м. Zwajzdiin-kas ~ star-knower, one who knows the science of the stars. Astronomus. Astronom, mistrz nauki gwiazdarskiej (90). Like the branches of science themselves, L. Ivinskis designated the specialists in Lithuanian.
PECULIARITIES OF TERM DEFINITIONS
L. Ivinskis’s Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish Dictionary can also be called an explanatory dictionary, since a considerable number of words, including terms and nomenclature items, are explained. Most botanical and zoological terms have no explanations; only a few are accompanied by brief comments, for example: Ananāsas tikrāsis (žolė ir wàjšiūs) (43); Akacijoje, a tree bearing yellow flowers like peas (17); A large fish of foreign seas, devouring people. Rijūnė, rijūnas (18); Wanden-ziaminis, an animal able to live on land and in water (41). These explanations have few features of definitions; the explanation of orange is closer to a definition: Àpèlcina, a kind of citron (57), which indicates the systematic relationship between plants. In his manuscript on natural science, Prigimtùmenė , L. Ivinskis used the word atmaina (‘variety’) for the taxonomic category Latin varietas, for which the term varietas is used today.
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Most mineral names have explanations, some of which are much fuller than those of botanical and zoological terms. For some mineral names, only the variety of mineral they denote is indicated, for example: Aluminitas, a variety of white clay (31); Amijōntas, an earth fiber; it is a variety of the stone Āžbestas (40); Antofilitas, a variety of the stone Pistācitas (54); Antrācitas, a variety of coal stone; coal is a combustible substance (55); Antràkolitas, a variety of limestone (55); Apātitas, a variety of limestone (57); Aragōnitas, a variety of limestone (75); Murijacitas, a variety of limestone (48); Szpātas dejmantinis, a variety of the stone Rūbinas (28). As the examples show, these explanations are inadequate, since murijacitas, antràkolitas, apatitas, and aragonitas are all explained in the same way. For other names, the color is described, for example: Andalūzitas, a stone the color of muscle red, or a jay-colored mineral (47); A white stone, shining like a jay. Albinas (21), or its value is noted, for example, Rūbinas, a precious stone (56). These explanations still do not meet the requirements of definitions, but those given for some terms can undoubtedly already be considered definitions, for example: Ametistas, a precious stone, a variety of quartz, usually violet, sometimes pale or white (39); Automōlitas. A precious stone, dark blue and most often tending toward light green (5); Awantūrinas. A variety of quartz, containing glittering flakes (3–4). A few other minerals are defined by describing their composition and appearance, for example: Àmbra, that is, a substance consisting of resin, formed by burning; it has two varieties, one called true amber, the other yellow, Gintāras (38); Bērīlus bràngēsis, a precious, pale-green stone composed of silica, clay, mica, lime, and iron (18); Agātas, a stone composed of quartz, containing the following components: chalcedony, jasper, quartz, hornstone, bloodstone, and sometimes amethyst; in appearance it resembles: columns, palaces, cities, bushes, chimneys, clouds, stars, eyes, and birds (6). The definitions of asbestos and its varieties should also be mentioned: Azb estas. A stone that, when rubbed, yields a fiber like linen; it has four varieties (13). In defining this mineral, L. Ivinskis indicates the class to which the stone belongs and its main characteristic, while in explaining its varieties he gives only their composition: Āžbestas lēngwāsis. Composed of silica, magnesia, lime, iron ore, and clay (13–14); Āžbestas pāprastāsis, composed of magnesia, silica, and iron ore (14). A review of the explanations of minerals shows that some can be regarded as definitions, since they specify systematic relationships and their characteristic features.
Some explanations of terms from other fields also have features of definitions, for example: Nariojimas, that is: cutting the body to view all its parts and learning to know
learning the nature of that (45); Elementorėlius. The beginning of the science of reading (14); Skajitlistė, the science of knowledge of reading (70); Pabuklas, knowledge of the strength of the wind. Wiejomāstas (48); Salinė, a place in the sea with much salt (84); Budawōné. Strūnisina. The science of building houses from wood, and especially from bricks (84); The science or knowledge of the stars, astronomy (90), etc.
CONCLUSIONS
1. In the small, 96-page manuscript, which is only the beginning of the Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish Dictionary, L. Ivinskis included a considerable number of terms—about 145. Most entries in the dictionary are terms from the natural sciences: names of minerals, plants, birds, and others.
2. The mineral names given in the dictionary under consideration are mostly borrowings, whereas in Prigimtūmenė L. Ivinskis had already designated some of those same minerals with Lithuanian names of his own making.
3. As in the Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary, the four-language dictionary contains chiefly names of plant species. Comparing its plant-species names with the plant-genus names in Prigimtūmenė reveals systematic differences and inaccuracies in the dictionary; apparently, when preparing a scientific description of plants, L. Ivinskis classified and identified the taxa more precisely.
4. A review of the four-language dictionary’s terms from other fields (not the natural sciences) shows that L. Ivinskis often sought Lithuanian terms, which he generally coined himself. His preference for providing Lithuanian words is particularly evident in the names of branches of science and professions (skaitlystė, žinystė, žvaizdystė, žvaizdininkas, kūnraikis).
5. Names of species in both the natural sciences and other fields are characterized by the specific element following the generic element; the specific elements are adjectives and participles, which—except for adjectives with the suffix –inis—appear in definite forms (ananasas tikrasis, asbestas paprastasis, murijacitas žemėtasis, kariuomenė jūrinė, šarvininkai raitieji).
6. L. Ivinskis’s four-language dictionary is not merely a translation dictionary: some of the explanations of terms and nomenclature provided in it can be considered scientific definitions, so the dictionary is, in part, also an explanatory dictionary of terms.
7. The manuscript of L. Ivinskis’s Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish Dictionary is important and interesting not only to the history of Lithuanian lexicography, but also to the history of terminology.
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ŠALTINIAI
Ivinskis L. Rusų–lietuvių–lotynų–lenkų kalbų žodynas (Словарь российско-литовский съ латинско-польскимъ) (rankraštis).
LŽŽ – Ivinskis L. Lenkų–žemaičių kalbų žodynas (Słownik polsko-żmudzki) (rankraštis).
Pr – Ivinskis L. Prigimtimenė (rankraštis), 1870.
RLŽ – Ivinskis L. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas (Словарь российско-литовский) (rankraštis).
TERMS IN LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ QUADRILINGUAL DICTIONARY
This paper deals with terminology in Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish manuscript dictionary (Словарь российско-литовский съ латинско-польскимъ) of Laurynas Ivinskis. The manuscript of the dictionary contains 96 pages. This is only the beginning of a quadrilingual dictionary from A to Ay, which presents 358 Russian headwords with Lithuanian, Latin and Polish equivalents and 23 reference headwords. There are some explanations of word meanings, a few examples of usage and a few synonyms and words with contiguous meaning.
The manuscript of Laurynas Ivinskis quadrilingual dictionary contains about 145 terms, including some specific terms presented in a few entries of the dictionary. Most of them are terms of natural sciences – names of minerals, plants, birds and other living creatures.
The majority of names of minerals included in the dictionary are borrowings. Analysis of terms from other fields (not natural sciences) shows that Laurynas Ivinskis tended not to present borrowings, but to suggest Lithuanian terms which he created himself. Such a tendency is particularly obvious in names of sciences and names of specialists of those sciences (skaitlystė (arithmetic), žvaizdystė (astronomy), kūnraikis (anatomist), žvaizdininkas (astronomer)).
There are two characteristic features of the names of natural sciences and other fields proposed by Laurynas Ivinskis. The specific component of the name is placed after the generic component. Adjectives, apart from adjectives with the suffix -inis, and parti-
ciples, which make specific components, are all pronominal. For instance, (ananasas tikrasis (pineapple), asbestas paprastasis (asbestos), kariuomenė jūrinė (navy)).
The manuscript of Laurynas Ivinskis’ Russian–Lithuanian–Latin–Polish dictionary is important and interesting not only for the history of Lithuanian lexicography, but also for Lithuanian terminology.
