228 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m26-11
The Main P inciples o he Te minology
Wo k o Old Geo gian T ansla o s in he
10 h11 h Cen u ies
Lia Ka osanidze
A n. Chikoba a Ins i u e o Linguis ics a I ane
Ja akhish ili Tbilisi S a e Uni e si y, Geo gia
AbsT ACT
The Geo gian e minology wo k has i s own long his o y bu i has no been ye s udied
ho oughly. The basic p inciples o he Old e minology wo k ollowed by he medie al
schola s, namely: deep and ho ough knowledge o he main no ion deno ed by a e m o
ende i p ope ly; a oid he no ms which a e no na u al o he Geo gian language;
ce ca e di impa a e ho oughly he s uc u es o bo h languages and make hem close ,
o de e mine he ules which hose languages ollow, ind igh co espondences and no
o make mechanical calques; c ea e he Geo gian e ms wi h Geo gian oo s and Geo gian
de i a i e means; gi e p ecise and us ul de ini ions. The heo ies o he old Geo gian
ansla o s a e ac ual and impo an up oday. Keywo ds: e minology, old Geo gian
ansla o s, old Geo gian e minology, g amma ical e minology, Dionysius Th ax.
AnOTACijA
La s o ia della e minologia geo zinà è ecchia, solo lei non è de aglia amen e
s udiinėjama. P incipali s udiosi medie ali applica e ecchia e minologia p incipi:
esamina e de aglia amen e il e mine signi icima nozione esmę, che osse possibile il
conce o asme e e co e amen e, e i a e o ni e alle lingue geo ginie neįp as ų
no mų, s en a si quan o più pe g as i en ambe le s u u e delle lingue e le a icina e,
s abili e egole p op ie a oms lingue, ce ca e co ispondimen i e neku i alo i, c ea e
g uziniškus e minus con g uziniškis šaknimis e mezzi di edyb, accu a e e a idabili. Tali di
ecchia geo zinà lingua adu o i applica e disposizioni eo iche a uali nonché
impo an i e oggi. pa ole esminie: e minologia, anosios g uzinų kalbos e ėjai, anoji
g uzinų e minologija, g ama ikos e minija, Dionisijas T akie is.
229Te minologia | 2019 | 26
inT ODUCTiOn
The whole his o y o he Geo gian language wi h i s scien i ic and g amma ical
compe ence le el p o es ha he e ha e always been pe ma he his o ical
nen and pu pose ul e minological esea ches p o ided. Alongside wi h
e en when Ch is iani y was in oduced as he o icial eligion in Geo gia,
scien i ic wo k on Geo gian e minology became necessa y simul aneously
wi h he demand o ansla ing he Ch is ian li e a u e skill ully, in p ope
scien i ic language. De elopmen o gene al li e acy and compe ence na u ally
condi ioned he necessi y o well-de eloped lexicog aphy wi hou which he
ansla ion wo k would ha e been impossible o be done. in i s u n, as he
ansla ion wo k was de eloping g adually, i became necessa y o sol e he
p oblems o de eloping he pe pe ual e minological esea ches and compiling
he necessa y dic iona ies. The Geo gian cle gymen, wo king on ansla ions
in he monas e ies go hei educa ion mainly in G eece. Thei high-le el
knowledge in heology and ansla ing skills p o ided he high-le el
ansla ions and e minology wo k as a whole.
s udying he e minology wo k me hods shows clea ly ha he
me hodology chosen by he Geo gian au ho s and ansla o s do no
di e om he e minology wo k de ined by he mode n s anda ds.
1. OLD GEO GiAn EDUCATiOnAL
AnD sCiEnTiFiC CEnTE s
The le el o he scien i ic wo k done in a coun y in such ields as
e minology, ansla ion and lexicog aphy depend on poli ical s abili y in he
gi en coun y and on he coun ys aspi a ion o cul u al de elopmen .
Th ough all i s his o y o i s exis ence educa ion always ha e been he main
o ien ing poin . Geo gian e ne e e e had ich palaces bu he ac is ha
he e a e no so many coun ies ha ing so many educa ional cen e s wi hin a
coun y o ou o i s bo de s, as Geo gia used o ha e in hose imes. As
soon as Ch is iani y was in oduced, in he 5 h6 h cen u ies, he e eme ged
elemen a y schools in Geo gia whe e i s o all he Holy bible was augh
and he cle gymen we e ained. The schools became especially popula since
he ime when he Geo gians became amilia wi h he byzan ine school. i is
well known ha Geo gia had close ies wi h byzan ium since he 10 h cen u y
when a s ong cul u al-edu-
230 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old ca ional
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
mo emen began. Tha was exac ly he ime when he g ea cul u al and
educa ional enaissance began. Mol i Geo gians, especially om noble amilies,
wen o byzan ium empo a ily o ge good educa ion o some imes s ayed
he e o all hei li es. La e , in he 11 h cen u y, Cons an ine Monomachos
ounded he Academy which became a place o s udy o some o he wo lds
bes scien i ic hinke s in his epoch. The cul u al-educa ional mo emen
b oke h ough he bo de s o Cons an inople and byzan ium as a whole and
in ol ed hose who we e called a hose imes Ch is ian ba ba ians, abso bing
hei i id c ea i e o ces. Many c ea i e people om he Eas o Wes we e
making hei way o Cons an inople. The e essi asso bi ono la lo o cul u a and
made hei own con ibu ion o i s g ow h and de elopmen . Geo gia no could
be and eally was no an excep ion om his p ocess; in he 9 h10 h cen u ies
Geo gia o en in e sec ed wi h G eek cul u e on he pe iphe ies, and in he
10 h11 h cen u ies, i suddenly ushed igh o he cen e o byzan ine
cul u e h ough i i on, Pe i soni and o he monas e ies. Geo gia could now
di ec ly see he p ocesses which in e es ed all he Ch is ian na ions
(Kekelidze 1960: 6166).
The schola s who became leade s o he cul u al-educa ional p ocesses in
ha pe iod, all had go an educa ion in ha Academy. The 10 h11 h Cen u ies
ha e ma ked a e y impo an his o ical achie emen wi h he ounda ion
and es ablishmen o he educa ional and scien i ic cen e s a he Gela i and
ikal o Academies. bo h cen e s we e s ong hubs highe lea ning ocusing on
subjec s including science as philosophy, his o y, he o ic, and g amma
we e augh and esea ched alongside geome y, a i hme ic, as onomy,
music, and medicine. such ade c a s as o ging, ce amics, wine a ming and
in ing (Te zish ili 1938: 45). Academician s. Kaukhchish ili a gued ha A o
G amma by Dionysius Th ax was known among he g amma ical schools
unc ioning in Geo gia. Kaukhchish ili ounded his opinion on he ac ha he
Sha be di Codex was w i en in he 10 h cen u y and his book included some
heses w i en by Diomedes, a g amma schola o he A o G amma by
Dionysius Th ax, and he chap e conce ning he G eek alphabe was w i en
in acco dance wi h hem (Kaukhchish ili 1923: 178184). The e a e many ex s o
di e en ypes compiled oge he in he Sha be di Collec ion: heological,
his o ical, g amma ical and o he s. The pu -
231Te minologija | 2019 | 26 pose o his mani old manual is only one: i s
compile wan ed o ga he such scien i ic wo ks which in his opinion had
ce ain comp ehensi e educa ional signi icance. The Sha be di Collec ion
con ains he u o ial ex s in such b anches as ch onology, g amma ,
na u al science, heology, and o he s. This collec ion is he mos
cha ac e is ic among o he manuepoch and o he social laye whe e i was
sc ip s o such ype. i shows he le el o knowledge and in e es s o he
c ea ed and o which i was designed (sha be di 1979: 9).
A special posi ion named as eache o eache s [modzgh a -modzgh a i]
exis ing in he 11 h c. in Geo gia also e lec s he special a i ude o
educa ion as some hing impo an in Geo gia. Acco ding o he Geo gian
S a e Cou ju isdic ion in ha ime, his posi ion was mo e hono able
han he eligious posi ion o Ca holicos. The pe son in his posi ion li ed in
Gela i and go e ned all he issues and p ocesses ela ed o educa ion. in he
mode n sense o he e m, his pe son was in posi ion o he mode n imes
minis e o educa ion. such espec shows how much a en ion was paid o
educa ional p ocesses in Geo gia in hose imes.
2. THE OLD GEO GiAn TE MinOLOGY sCHOOL in he 10 h12 h cen u ies when
Geo gia was poli ically uni ed and s ong he na ional sel -awa eness ose
up. na ional awa eness usually is e ealed in he p ocess o ansla ing and in
i s cha ac e is ic ea u es. When ansla ing he ecclesias ic books, he
Geo gian ansla o s used o supply he books wi h hei commen s; hey did
no ansla e li e ally wo d by wo d bu hei ansla ion was c ea i e. Essi
ela i i he ansla ed ma e ial o hei chu ch and i s adi ions o added
some ma e ial which hey had go as a he i age om he p e ious
cen u ies‘ adi ions. A ol e he ex s we e ab idged, o jus he opposi e
widened wi h he ma e ial which hey had go as a he i age om he ea lie
expe iences and adi ions, so ex s unde wen a so o edi o ial wo k.
This is he eason ha some w i ings ansla ed om G eek, being cle ical
o o he , we e ecognized as Geo gian w i ings, and no ansla ed ones. i
also should be no ed ha he Geo gian-byzan ine ela ionships we e no
unila e al. Geo gian li e a u e in i s u n somehow in luenced and en iched
he byzan ine li e a u e: 1. The e a e some w i ings, some byzan ine ex s
p ese ed only in Geo gian as he o iginal G eek ex s a e los ; so hey
232 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old could be
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
ead-only as ansla ed in o Geo gian; 2. The e is such in o ma ion abou some
Old byzan ine w i e s kep in he Old Geo gian w i ings which add new
in o ma ion o show new poin o iew conce ning hei li e and hei c ea i e
wo k; 3. Old Geo gian ansla ed li e a u e keeps he in o ma ion e en abou
he w i e s who a e no well known in he his o y o he byzan ine li e a u e;
4. The wo ks ansla ed by Old Geo gian ansla o s en iched byzan ine
li e a u e wi h he w i ings ansla ed om Old Geo gian; 5. Geo gian w i e s
e en w o e some wo ks o iginally in G eek (Kekelidze 1960: 5556).
The de elopmen o li e acy i sel de e mined he necessi y o lexicog aphic
wo k. i was necessa y o lead ansla ional ac i i ies. in i s u n,
ansla ional ac i i ies s ongly equi ed explana o y, bilingual and
encyclopedic dic iona ies o be compiled; i was a despe a e need. Each
ansla o and e en sc ibes should ha e known Geo gian language lexis and he
ules o wo d de i a ion undamen ally, o he same ex en as i was
necessa y o he au ho s o he o iginal ex s. Thus we shall look o he
oo s o he Geo gian lexicog aphy in he w i ings o he old imes Geo gian
ansla o s. Undoub edly, he i s Geo gian lexicog aphe , in he jus
speci ic meaning o he wo d, mus ha e been he i s au ho - ansla o .
The scholium and ma ginal commen s added o he old ansla ion wo ks
p o ide us wi h he p ecious lexicog aphic no es. His o icamen e, he cul u al
and educa ional de elopmen o Geo gia was ied o he g ea successes o
he coun ys his o ical pe sons wo king in he scien i ic and cul u al ields.
One such g oup a e he ounde s o he A honi e Monas e y o i i on: ioane
M a smindeli (9201005) and Eq ime M a smindeli (9551028) along wi h Gio gi
M a smindeli (1009 1065) which we e ins umen al in se ing up es ablished
scien i ic s anda ds and p ac ices o ha ime. Anche, è impo an e no a e
he wo k o Eph em M si e, a Geo gian philologis and philosophe o he
second pa o he 11 h cen u y, who de eloped heo ies o ansla ion; ioane
Pe i si (11 h12 h cen u ies), who ounded he Pe i soni school; and A sen
ikal oeli, he i s ec o o he ikal o Academy. Obse ing he oldes
documen s and c ea i e wo ks o he men ioned scien is s, we will become
su e ha hey we e well educa ed in lexicog aphy. The wo ks by Eph em
M si e and ioane Pe i si show us he highes le el o educa ion and scien i ic
skills o hei au ho s. Thei o iginal

233Te minologia | 2019 | 26 gian lexis, i s s udy, and de elopmen . These
wo ks and ansla ions ep esen he models o p ope wo k on he Geo -
wo ks a e a kind o lexicog aphic handbook, ull o new e minology. The
exis ing le el o e minology wo k is a di ec indica o o he de elopmen
le el o any gi en b anch o science. De eloped e minology Te minology
needs sys ema ic wo k on i s en ichmen and imp o emen which allows
is a p econdi ion o a b anch o science o de elop and each pe ec ion.
ha ing scien i ically ich and alid o iginal o ansla ed scien i ic wo ks.
The scien i ic-philosophical e minology was going on i s way o de elopmen
du ing cen u ies. I e ms deno ing he no ions belonging o di e en b anches
o philosophy, heology o na u al sciences a e o en used in he w i ings o
se e al gen es bu hose e ms we e c ea ed in di e en imes by di e en
au ho s and i was necessa y o es ablish consis en e minology sys ems
o di e en b anches. The ules de eloped and used by G eek schola s
p esen ed a model o he Geo gian ansla o s hough hey did no e e
blindly ollow hem. The i s name which we me when looking h ough he long
way o Geo gian e minology c ea ion and de elopmen is Gio gi M a smindeli,
one o he Geo gian eligious pe sons and ansla o s. When compa ing his
ansla ion wo ks wi h all o he s i becomes clea how la ge and se ious his
con ibu ion is in he de elopmen o Geo gian philosophical and na u al
sciences e minology. Unlike he ins an s whe e he no ions a e ende ed by
ph aseology, Gio gi M a smindeli p o ides one-wo d e ms. He o en uses he
G eek language e m cons uc ion bu he uses Geo gian ules o wo d
o ma ion and ende s he no ion con en o he G eek e m in Geo gian.
Eph em M si e ga e special impo ance o he exac ansla ion o a e m.
This can be seen om he ac ha he conside ed i necessa y o show he
explana ion o he wo ds on he ma gins o he manusc ip s in o de o
acili a e inding o he needed e m-wo d o he eade . The Old Geo gian
schola s app oached he p oblem wi h g ea esponsibili y aking in o
conside a ion e ymology o he G eek lexemes s udied hei meaning
ho oughly and ga e he exac basic o con ex ual co espondences in
Geo gian. The special ole in c ea ion Geo gian philosophical e minology
belongs o ioane Pe i si he schola who de e mined his me hods o he
e minological wo k: he c ea ed scien i ic e minology based on he popula
language
234 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
ma e ial al hough conside ing ha hose e ms should ha e been di e en
om colloquial lexis by hei o ms and de i a i e means. ioane Pe i si
absolu ely excluded mixed ypes in eg a ion o he G eek de i a i es and
Geo gian oo s. This eques ed scien i ic b a e y qui e ich and
mul i unc ional ools o de i a ion in Geo gian should ha e been gi en la ge
oppo uni ies; le lo o abili à would become clea and well known o he use s;
he migh y o he Geo gian language no only as he language o poe y bu as
mul i unc ional language good o scien i ic wo k would be shown; beside,
many a chaic o ms would ein o ce and a he same ime i id and
pe spec i e wo d o ms would also ind hei way in e minology. The mos
impo an ac is ha Geo gian ansla o s o hose imes had excellen
knowledge o Geo gian g amma ical s uc u e, lexis and he sys em o
wo d- o ma ion; hey ied o en ich he Geo gian language wi h new wo ds
and exp essions. The Old Geo gian ansla o s demons a ed b oad knowledge
in lexicog aphy, i s adi ions and in la ge ma e ial accumula ed in he wo ks
o he G eek and byzan ine lexicog aphy. The well-known Geo gian
lexicog aphe o he 20 h cen u y, Alexand e Glon i named he scien i ic
wo ks by Geo gian lexicog aphe Eph em
M si e alongside wi h such g ea Geo gian schola s as ioane Pe i si,
Ek ime M a smindeli and Gio gi M a smindeli and o he s, as he sou ce o
he Geo gian lexicog aphy. The i s known Geo gian Explana o y Dic iona y
is compiled by Eph em M si e. i is enclosed in o he Geo gian ansla ion o
psalms as an in oduc ion. The middle pa o he in oduc ion o he psalms
collec ion ansla ed in o Geo gian can be conside ed he i s dic iona y
compiled in Geo gia (Glon i 1955: 3537). F om he e minology wo k iewpoin ,
he ole o Gela i monas e y school is special among o he s in he his o y o
he Geo gian li e a u escien i ic language de elopmen . The An ic and
Ch is ian cul u al adi ions happened o me ge oge he in Gela i. The
well-a anged sys em o he Geo gian philosophic- heological e minology
was de eloped he e. Gela i Academy was a ypical educa ional cen e o
he medie al cen u ies whe e he byzan ine in ellec ual hinking o he
enaissance epoch cons ood on he mainline which a li le la e was ollowed
inued i s de elopmen based on he Geo gian adi ions. This school
by he whole Eu opean wo ld (Melikish ili 1999).
Gela i school w i e s ga e way o he changes aking place in he i id
speech o low in o hei ansla ion heo y and p ac ice making he lan-
235Te minologija | 2019 | 26 guage mo e easy and unde s andable o common
people. G adually, he language s yle o Gela i, so-called Gela u i, ha e been
clea ly de eloped, i s heo e ical linguis ic base c ea ed by ioane Pe i si. in
his s yle o w i ings, we see and eel c ea i e boldness and wide scope o
knowledge, c ea i e language skills, es he ical hinking, knowledge in
philosophy and heology all in ha mony. We should eel g a i ude o ioane
Pe i si and his school o philosophy e minology exis ing in Geo gian,
based mainly on he wo d s ems and oo s o he Geo gian o igin while in
Eu opean languages hose e ms mainly ha e G eek o La in oo s. F om
he philosophical iewpoin he Hellenic language was ich and ioane Pe i si
ied o equalize Geo gian language lexical-g amma ical possibili ies o i
while no mechanically ansla ing he e ms bu c ea ing and ounding
Geo gian e minology o deli e he essence o he philosophical e ms
(Glon i 1983: 75).
Te minological accu acy always was especially impo an when ansla ing
heological wo ks. su ely, he Geo gian ansla o s knew abou he
accusa ions b ough o ioane i alos by he cou . One o hose accusa ions
conce ned his inaccu acy owa ds he e minology de e mined by he
Chu ch. He was accused o using no exac ly he wo d-ph ases which we e
de e mined by he cle icals o be used in he ield o o hodox eligious
w i ings (Melikish ili 1999: 23).
C'e ano due p incipali p oblemi in piedi di on e ai adu o i geo giani: da un
la o e a chia o che de iazione dalle egole della lingua g eca, dalla e minologia
che essi a e ano de e mina o, po e a esse e conside a a come e esia e
dall'al o la o making he jus wo d-by-wo d ansla ion would ha e
p o ec ed he ansla o om accusa ion bu could damage he Geo gian
language peculia cha ac e imposing he o ms unna u al o i s g amma .
One o he p oblems which he Geo gian ansla o s aced was abou he
a icles. The e is no a icle in Geo gian. Using he wo d God wi hou a icle
caused a nega i e a i ude among he G eek cle icals and specialis s and hey
accused Geo gian ansla o s o he esy. so, i was he di icul oad ha he
Geo gian ancien ansla o s o e came success ully. The Geo gian
ansla o s o he Ch is ian li e a u e ollowed he eligious dogmas and a
he same ime, hey p incipalmen e s o e o agains he g amma ical
in luences o he o he language
(Ka osanidze 2017: 104).
236 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
3. THE GEORGiAn G amma iCAL TE Ms
in THE 11TH CENTURY
The educa ion ob ained in G eece na u ally included g amma ical knowledge
as well. And i is p ecisely he ho ough s udy o G eek g amma ical hough
and examina ion o Geo gian g amma h ough his pe spec i e which
unde lies and is cha ac e is ic o he wo ks o Geo gian scien is s in he
10 h11 h cen u ies. i is clea ha he 10 h12 h cen u ies a e cu en ly
conside ed o ma k he beginning o he his o y o Geo gian g amma ical
hinking only since he wo k da ed ea lie has ye o be ound. The Geo gian
li e a y he i age, ansla ed and o iginal wo ks, clea ly indica e he
exis ence o g ea expe ience and knowledge, and Geo gian g amma ical
hough as a b anch o science is na u ally supposed o be pa o his
he i age. Today we can su ely say ha he A o G amma by Dionysius
Th ax which is supposed o be he ounda ion o all-Eu opean g amma ical
hough , mus ha e been well known as an o iginal o h ough some
commen a ies, in he Old Geo gian li e a u e. Though we do no ha e he ull
ansla ion o he ex , i can be con i med by se e al ac s ha G eek
g amma ical heo ies we e no un amilia o Geo gian schola s, and hei
philological p ac ice in ol ed he necessa y knowledge which was mean by
he byzan ine educa ional sys em o hose imes (Ka osanidze 1998: 15).
Nonos an e il a o che some in o ma ion o g amma ical cha ac e s ill
need o be ound and e idenced in Geo gian li e a u e, he ma e ial which is
al eady ob ained allows o imagine he le el o g amma knowledge among he
Geo gian ansla o s o he Old imes. Geo gian linguis Mzekala shanidze
ela es he oldes o iginal Geo gian g amma ea ise (wi h he manusc ip s
da ed back o 12 h13 h and 14 h cen u ies h-6, sh-312), named Abou A icles
o he li e a y school o Eph em M si e. i is one o he mos impo an
w i en monumen s acco ding o which he beginning o he Geo gian
g amma ical hinking ic esea ches o he 17 h18 h cen u ies on he
linguis ic adi ions exis ing in Geo gia in he 10 h11 h cen u ies which in
goes back o he 6 h–7 h cen u ies and decisi ely p o ed ha he linguis-
hei u n ela e o he G eek linguis ic adi ions.
Though he eason o his ea ise o be w i en as a p ac ical ype issue
which eme ged when ansla ing a eligious ex , Abou A icles i sel
ep esen s a sepa a e scien i ic wo k. i is an o iginal eligious ea ise
243Te minologia | 2019 | 26
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Chikoba a Readings XXVi, Ma e ials, Tbilisi: TsU Publishing House. Ka osanidze L., Khu sila a A. 2017: The
P oblems o Geo gian Te minology (His o y and Mode ni y), Tbilisi:
TsU Publishing House.
Kaukhichish ili s. 1923: Manual o Sha be di Tex s Collec ion, Moambe III, Tbilisi. Kekelidze K. 1960: His o y o
he Geo gian Li e a u e, ol. 1, Tbilisi: sabcho a saka e lo. Melikish ili D. 1986: Gela i School and he Issues o
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Tbilisi.
shanidze M. 1968: in oduc ion o he T ansla ion o Psalms by Eph em M si e ( ex s and ema ks).
TSU, Wo ks o he Old Geo gian Academic Depa men 11, 72122. shanidze M. 1990: Abou A icle he Old
Geo gian G amma T ea ise, Tbilisi. sha be di 1979: Sha be di Collec ion o 10 h cen u y. b. Gigineish ili,
E. Giunash ili (eds.), Tbilisi. Te zish ili G. 1938: Abou he Highe Educa ion in Geo gia, Tbilisi: sabcho a
saka elo. Uhlig G. 1883: Dionysii Th acis, A s G amma ica, Lipsiae. anosios gezinų Kalbos adu o e
XXi a. aiKy i e minologijos p inCipai sin omaka
Come la o ėsi scien i ici me odii basa a gezinų e minologija, is o dal p imi geo ginų
lingua adu o e la o i. Tų Geo gia e minologijos p adininkų nei la o i esiliškėja due
p incipi p incipali:
1) esamina e app o ondi amen e i conce i, chia i e la lo o essenza e s o ia di
nasci a; 2) a e e mol o conoscenze, ene e con o delle peculia i à della lingua e le sue
o e e possibili à guadagna e nuo i edinių.
Solo così possibile s aniimas, in un al o ambien e c ea o un conce o a idabilmen e
asme e e dei co isponden i pa ole di da ybos possibili à u inčia gim ąja lingua. I
ice ca o i delle a ee e minologiche o della s o ia della lingua geo ginie conco dano che XXII
a. nuo e e minie accia a e a p odu i o e a anza o p ocesso e noi da quelle empi
expe ience possiamo mol o cosa impa a e. Minimasis pe iodo si dis ingue nel a o che la
cul u a Bizan ia, conside a a di u i i paesi eu opei cul u a, scienza e e minologia
ondamen almen e, in geo ină lingua u as e i a ai adu o i senza dimen ica e
ondamen ali p op ie peculia i à linguis iche. Combina e dei g eikų e dei geo ginì linguaggi
ale e a scien i ico adu o e geo ginì e ilologì la o o p incipio. Quell'a eggiamen o
lėmė, che la cul u a Bizan ija G uzija sc ediè conse augodama sa ąją. Le eo ie applica e
dai ecchie geo zinà adu o i sono a uali nonché impo an i e oggi.
Rice u a 2019-08-10
Lia Ka osanidze
Mi ske ichi s .18, l. 10, Tbilisi, Geo gia
E-mail [email p o ec ed]