228 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m26-11
The Main P inciples o he Te minology
Wo k o Old Geo gian T ansla o s in he
10 h–11 h Cen u ies
Lia Ka osanidze
A n. Chikoba a Ins i u e o Linguis ics
a I ane Ja akhish ili Tbilisi S a e Uni e si y, Geo gia
AbsT ACT
The Geo gian e minology wo k has i s own long his o y bu i has no been
ye s udied ho oughly. The basic p inciples o he Old e minology wo k ol-
lowed by he medie al schola s, namely: deep and ho ough knowledge o he
main no ion deno ed by a e m o ende i p ope ly; a oid he no ms which
a e no na u al o he Geo gian language; y o lea n ho oughly he s uc-
u es o bo h languages and make hem close , o de e mine he ules which
hose languages ollow, ind igh co espondences and no o make mechani-
cal calques; c ea e he Geo gian e ms wi h Geo gian oo s and Geo gian de-
i a i e means; gi e p ecise and us ul de ini ions. The heo ies o he old
Geo gian ansla o s a e ac ual and impo an up oday.
Keywo ds: e minology, old Geo gian ansla o s, old Geo gian e minology, g amma ical
e minology, Dionysius Th ax.
AnOTACijA
G uzinų e minologijos is o ija y a sena, ik ji nė a išsamiai y inėjama. Pa-
g indiniai idu amžių mokslininkų aiky i senosios e minologijos p incipai:
išsamiai nag inė i e minu žymimos są okos esmę, kad bū ų galima są oką
inkamai pe eik i, eng i g uzinų kalbai neįp as ų no mų, s eng is kuo labiau
pe p as i abiejų kalbų s uk ū as i jas a in i, nus a y i oms kalboms būdin-
gas aisykles, ieško i inkamų a i ikmenų i neku i e inių, ku i g uziniškus
e minus su g uziniškomis šaknimis i edybos p iemonėmis, eik i ikslias i
pa ikimas apib ėž is. Tokios senosios g uzinų kalbos e ėjų aiky os eo inės
nuos a os ak ualios bei s a bios i šiandien.
esminiai žodžiai: e minologija, senosios g uzinų kalbos e ėjai, senoji g uzinų e mino-
logija, g ama ikos e minija, Dionisijas T akie is.
229Te minologija | 2019 | 26
inT ODUCTiOn
The whole his o y o he Geo gian language wi h i s scien i ic and
g amma ical compe ence le el p o es ha he e ha e always been pe ma-
nen and pu pose ul e minological esea ches p o ided. Alongside wi h
he his o ical e en when Ch is iani y was in oduced as he o icial eli-
gion in Geo gia, scien i ic wo k on Geo gian e minology became neces-
sa y simul aneously wi h he demand o ansla ing he Ch is ian li e a u e
skill ully, in p ope scien i ic language. De elopmen o gene al li e acy
and compe ence na u ally condi ioned he necessi y o well-de eloped
lexicog aphy wi hou which he ansla ion wo k would ha e been impos-
sible o be done. in i s u n, as he ansla ion wo k was de eloping
g adually, i became necessa y o sol e he p oblems o de eloping he
pe pe ual e minological esea ches and compiling he necessa y dic ion-
a ies. The Geo gian cle gymen, wo king on ansla ions in he monas e -
ies go hei educa ion mainly in G eece. Thei high-le el knowledge in
heology and ansla ing skills p o ided he high-le el ansla ions and
e minology wo k as a whole.
s udying he e minology wo k me hods shows clea ly ha he me h-
odology chosen by he Geo gian au ho s and ansla o s do no di e
om he e minology wo k de ined by he mode n s anda ds.
1. OLD GEO GiAn EDUCATiOnAL
AnD sCiEnTiFiC CEnTE s
The le el o he scien i ic wo k done in a coun y in such ields as
e minology, ansla ion and lexicog aphy depend on poli ical s abili y in
he gi en coun y and on he coun y’s aspi a ion o cul u al de elopmen .
Th ough all i s his o y o i s exis ence educa ion always ha e been he
main o ien ing poin . Geo gian kings ne e e e had ich palaces bu he
ac is ha he e a e no so many coun ies ha ing so many educa ional
cen e s wi hin a coun y o ou o i s bo de s, as Geo gia used o ha e in
hose imes. As soon as Ch is iani y was in oduced, in he 5 h–6 h cen-
u ies, he e eme ged elemen a y schools in Geo gia whe e i s o all he
Holy bible was augh and he cle gymen we e ained. The schools be-
came especially popula since he ime when he Geo gians became a-
milia wi h he byzan ine school. i is well known ha Geo gia had close
ies wi h byzan ium since he 10 h cen u y when a s ong cul u al-edu-
230 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
ca ional mo emen began. Tha was exac ly he ime when he g ea
cul u al and educa ional enaissance began. Many Geo gians, especially
om noble amilies, wen o byzan ium empo a ily o ge good educa-
ion o some imes s ayed he e o all hei li es. La e , in he 11 h cen-
u y, Cons an ine Monomachos ounded he Academy which became a
place o s udy o some o he wo ld’s bes scien i ic hinke s in his epoch.
The cul u al-educa ional mo emen b oke h ough he bo de s o Con-
s an inople and byzan ium as a whole and in ol ed hose who we e called
a hose imes “Ch is ian ba ba ians”, abso bing hei i id c ea i e o c-
es. Many c ea i e people om he Eas o Wes we e making hei way
o Cons an inople. The e hey abso bed hei cul u e and made hei own
con ibu ion o i s g ow h and de elopmen . Geo gia could no be and
eally was no an excep ion om his p ocess; in he 9 h–10 h cen u ies
Geo gia o en in e sec ed wi h G eek cul u e on he pe iphe ies, and in
he 10 h–11 h cen u ies, i suddenly ushed igh o he cen e o byz-
an ine cul u e h ough i i on, Pe i soni and o he monas e ies. Geo gia
could now di ec ly see he p ocesses which in e es ed all he Ch is ian
na ions (Kekelidze 1960: 61–66).
The schola s who became leade s o he cul u al-educa ional p ocesses
in ha pe iod, all had go an educa ion in ha Academy.
The 10 h–11 h Cen u ies ha e ma ked a e y impo an his o ical
achie emen wi h he ounda ion and es ablishmen o he educa ional and
scien i ic cen e s a he Gela i and ikal o Academies. bo h cen e s we e
s ong hubs highe lea ning ocusing on subjec s including science as phi-
losophy, his o y, he o ic, and g amma we e augh and esea ched along-
side geome y, a i hme ic, as onomy, music, and medicine. such ade
c a s as o ging, ce amics, wine a ming and in ing (Te zish ili 1938: 45).
Academician s. Kaukhchish ili a gued ha A o G amma by Diony-
sius Th ax was known among he g amma ical schools unc ioning in
Geo gia. Kaukhchish ili ounded his opinion on he ac ha he Sha -
be di Codex was w i en in he 10 h cen u y and his book included some
heses w i en by Diomedes, a g amma schola o he A o G amma by
Dionysius Th ax, and he chap e conce ning he G eek alphabe was
w i en in acco dance wi h hem (Kaukhchish ili 1923: 178–184).
The e a e many ex s o di e en ypes compiled oge he in he Sha -
be di Collec ion: heological, his o ical, g amma ical and o he s. The pu -
231Te minologija | 2019 | 26
pose o his mani old manual is only one: i s compile wan ed o ga he
such scien i ic wo ks which in his opinion had ce ain comp ehensi e
educa ional signi icance. The Sha be di Collec ion con ains he u o ial
ex s in such b anches as ch onology, g amma , na u al science, heology,
and o he s. This collec ion is he mos cha ac e is ic among o he manu-
sc ip s o such ype. i shows he le el o knowledge and in e es s o he
epoch and o he social laye whe e i was c ea ed and o which i was
designed (sha be di 1979: 9).
A special posi ion named as “ eache o eache s” [modzgh a -modzgh-
a i] exis ing in he 11 h c. in Geo gia also e lec s he special a i ude o
educa ion as some hing impo an in Geo gia. Acco ding o he Geo gian
S a e Cou ju isdic ion in ha ime, his posi ion was mo e hono able
han he eligious posi ion o Ca holicos. The pe son in his posi ion li ed
in Gela i and go e ned all he issues and p ocesses ela ed o educa ion.
in he mode n sense o he e m, his pe son was in posi ion o he mod-
e n imes’ minis e o educa ion. such espec shows how much a en ion
was paid o educa ional p ocesses in Geo gia in hose imes.
2. THE OLD GEO GiAn TE MinOLOGY sCHOOL
in he 10 h–12 h cen u ies when Geo gia was poli ically uni ed and
s ong he na ional sel -awa eness ose up. na ional awa eness usually is
e ealed in he p ocess o ansla ing and in i s cha ac e is ic ea u es.
When ansla ing he ecclesias ic books, he Geo gian ansla o s used o
supply he books wi h hei commen s; hey did no ansla e li e ally
wo d by wo d bu hei ansla ion was c ea i e. They ela ed he ans-
la ed ma e ial o hei chu ch and i s adi ions o added some ma e ial
which hey had go as a he i age om he p e ious cen u ies‘ adi ions.
Some imes he ex s we e ab idged, o jus he opposi e – widened wi h
he ma e ial which hey had go as a he i age om he ea lie expe i-
ences and adi ions, so ex s unde wen a so o edi o ial wo k. This is
he eason ha some w i ings ansla ed om G eek, being cle ical o
o he , we e ecognized as Geo gian w i ings, and no ansla ed ones. i
also should be no ed ha he Geo gian-byzan ine ela ionships we e no
unila e al. Geo gian li e a u e in i s u n somehow in luenced and en iched
he byzan ine li e a u e: 1. The e a e some w i ings, some byzan ine ex s
p ese ed only in Geo gian as he o iginal G eek ex s a e los ; so hey
232 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
could be ead-only as ansla ed in o Geo gian; 2. The e is such in o ma-
ion abou some Old byzan ine w i e s kep in he Old Geo gian w i ings
which add new in o ma ion o show new poin o iew conce ning hei
li e and hei c ea i e wo k; 3. Old Geo gian ansla ed li e a u e keeps
he in o ma ion e en abou he w i e s who a e no well known in he
his o y o he byzan ine li e a u e; 4. The wo ks ansla ed by Old Geo -
gian ansla o s en iched byzan ine li e a u e wi h he w i ings ansla ed
om Old Geo gian; 5. Geo gian w i e s e en w o e some wo ks o igi-
nally in G eek (Kekelidze 1960: 55–56).
The de elopmen o li e acy i sel de e mined he necessi y o lexico-
g aphic wo k. i was necessa y o lead ansla ional ac i i ies. in i s u n,
ansla ional ac i i ies s ongly equi ed explana o y, bilingual and ency-
clopedic dic iona ies o be compiled; i was a despe a e need. Each ans-
la o and e en sc ibes should ha e known Geo gian language lexis and
he ules o wo d de i a ion undamen ally, o he same ex en as i was
necessa y o he au ho s o he o iginal ex s. Thus we shall look o he
oo s o he Geo gian lexicog aphy in he w i ings o he old imes Geo -
gian ansla o s. Undoub edly, he i s Geo gian lexicog aphe , in he
jus speci ic meaning o he wo d, mus ha e been he i s au ho - ans-
la o . The scholium and ma ginal commen s added o he old ansla ion
wo ks p o ide us wi h he p ecious lexicog aphic no es.
His o ically, he cul u al and educa ional de elopmen o Geo gia was
ied o he g ea successes o he coun y’s his o ical pe sons wo king in
he scien i ic and cul u al ields. One such g oup a e he ounde s o he
A honi e Monas e y o i i on: ioane M a smindeli (920–1005) and Eq -
ime M a smindeli (955–1028) along wi h Gio gi M a smindeli (1009–
1065) which we e ins umen al in se ing up es ablished scien i ic s anda ds
and p ac ices o ha ime. Also, i is impo an o no e he wo k o
Eph em M si e, a Geo gian philologis and philosophe o he second pa
o he 11 h cen u y, who de eloped heo ies o ansla ion; ioane Pe i-
si (11 h–12 h cen u ies), who ounded he Pe i soni school; and A sen
ikal oeli, he i s ec o o he ikal o Academy.
Obse ing he oldes documen s and c ea i e wo ks o he men ioned
scien is s, we will become su e ha hey we e well educa ed in lexicog-
aphy. The wo ks by Eph em M si e and ioane Pe i si show us he high-
es le el o educa ion and scien i ic skills o hei au ho s. Thei o iginal

233Te minologija | 2019 | 26
wo ks and ansla ions ep esen he models o p ope wo k on he Geo -
gian lexis, i s s udy, and de elopmen . These wo ks a e a kind o lexico-
g aphic handbook, ull o new e minology.
The exis ing le el o e minology wo k is a di ec indica o o he de-
elopmen le el o any gi en b anch o science. De eloped e minology
is a p econdi ion o a b anch o science o de elop and each pe ec ion.
Te minology needs sys ema ic wo k on i s en ichmen and imp o emen
which allows ha ing scien i ically ich and alid o iginal o ansla ed
scien i ic wo ks.
The scien i ic-philosophical e minology was going on i s way o de-
elopmen du ing cen u ies. The e ms deno ing he no ions belonging
o di e en b anches o philosophy, heology o na u al sciences a e o en
used in he w i ings o se e al gen es bu hose e ms we e c ea ed in
di e en imes by di e en au ho s and i was necessa y o es ablish con-
sis en e minology sys ems o di e en b anches. The ules de eloped
and used by G eek schola s p esen ed a model o he Geo gian ansla-
o s hough hey did no e e blindly ollow hem. The i s name which
we me when looking h ough he long way o Geo gian e minology
c ea ion and de elopmen is Gio gi M a smindeli, one o he Geo gian
eligious pe sons and ansla o s. When compa ing his ansla ion wo ks
wi h all o he s i becomes clea how la ge and se ious his con ibu ion is
in he de elopmen o Geo gian philosophical and na u al sciences e -
minology. Unlike he ins an s whe e he no ions a e ende ed by ph ase-
ology, Gio gi M a smindeli p o ides one-wo d e ms. He o en uses he
G eek language e m cons uc ion bu he uses Geo gian ules o wo d
o ma ion and ende s he no ion con en o he G eek e m in Geo gian.
Eph em M si e ga e special impo ance o he exac ansla ion o a e m.
This can be seen om he ac ha he conside ed i necessa y o show he
explana ion o he wo ds on he ma gins o he manusc ip s in o de o
acili a e inding o he needed e m-wo d o he eade . The Old Geo gian
schola s app oached he p oblem wi h g ea esponsibili y aking in o con-
side a ion e ymology o he G eek lexemes s udied hei meaning ho -
oughly and ga e he exac basic o con ex ual co espondences in Geo gian.
The special ole in c ea ion Geo gian philosophical e minology belongs
o ioane Pe i si he schola who de e mined his me hods o he e mino-
logical wo k: he c ea ed scien i ic e minology based on he popula language
234 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
ma e ial al hough conside ing ha hose e ms should ha e been di e en
om colloquial lexis by hei o ms and de i a i e means. ioane Pe i si
absolu ely excluded mixed ypes – in eg a ion o he G eek de i a i es and
Geo gian oo s. This eques ed scien i ic b a e y – qui e ich and mul i unc-
ional ools o de i a ion in Geo gian should ha e been gi en la ge oppo -
uni ies; hei abili ies would become clea and well known o he use s; he
migh y o he Geo gian language no only as he language o poe y bu as
mul i unc ional language good o scien i ic wo k would be shown; besides,
many a chaic o ms would ein o ce and a he same ime i id and pe spec-
i e wo d o ms would also ind hei way in e minology.
The mos impo an ac is ha Geo gian ansla o s o hose imes had
excellen knowledge o Geo gian g amma ical s uc u e, lexis and he
sys em o wo d- o ma ion; hey ied o en ich he Geo gian language
wi h new wo ds and exp essions. The Old Geo gian ansla o s demon-
s a ed b oad knowledge in lexicog aphy, i s adi ions and in la ge ma e-
ial accumula ed in he wo ks o he G eek and byzan ine lexicog aphy.
The well-known Geo gian lexicog aphe o he 20 h cen u y, Alexand e
Glon i named he scien i ic wo ks by Geo gian lexicog aphe Eph em
M si e alongside wi h such g ea Geo gian schola s as ioane Pe i si, Ek -
ime M a smindeli and Gio gi M a smindeli and o he s, as he sou ce o
he Geo gian lexicog aphy. The i s known Geo gian Explana o y Dic-
iona y is compiled by Eph em M si e. i is enclosed in o he Geo gian
ansla ion o psalms as an in oduc ion. “The middle pa o he in o-
duc ion o he psalms collec ion ansla ed in o Geo gian can be consid-
e ed he i s dic iona y compiled in Geo gia” (Glon i 1955: 35–37).
F om he e minology wo k iewpoin , he ole o Gela i monas e y
school is special among o he s in he his o y o he Geo gian li e a u e-
scien i ic language de elopmen . The An ic and Ch is ian cul u al adi-
ions happened o me ge oge he in Gela i. The well-a anged sys em o
he Geo gian philosophic- heological e minology was de eloped he e.
Gela i Academy was a ypical educa ional cen e o he medie al cen u ies
whe e he byzan ine in ellec ual hinking o he enaissance epoch con-
inued i s de elopmen based on he Geo gian adi ions. This school
s ood on he mainline which a li le la e was ollowed by he whole
Eu opean wo ld (Melikish ili 1999).
Gela i school w i e s ga e way o he changes aking place in he i id
speech o low in o hei ansla ion heo y and p ac ice making he lan-
235Te minologija | 2019 | 26
guage mo e easy and unde s andable o common people. G adually, he
language s yle o Gela i, so-called Gela u i, ha e been clea ly de eloped,
i s heo e ical linguis ic base c ea ed by ioane Pe i si. in his s yle o
w i ings, we see and eel c ea i e boldness and wide scope o knowledge,
c ea i e language skills, es he ical hinking, knowledge in philosophy and
heology – all in ha mony. We should eel g a i ude o ioane Pe i si and
his school o philosophy e minology exis ing in Geo gian, based main-
ly on he wo d s ems and oo s o he Geo gian o igin while in Eu o-
pean languages hose e ms mainly ha e G eek o La in oo s. F om he
philosophical iewpoin he Hellenic language was ich and ioane Pe i-
si ied o equalize Geo gian language lexical-g amma ical possibili ies
o i while no mechanically ansla ing he e ms bu c ea ing and ound-
ing Geo gian e minology o deli e he essence o he philosophical e ms
(Glon i 1983: 75).
Te minological accu acy always was especially impo an when ansla -
ing heological wo ks. su ely, he Geo gian ansla o s knew abou he
accusa ions b ough o ioane i alos by he cou . One o hose accusa ions
conce ned his inaccu acy owa ds he e minology de e mined by he
Chu ch. He was accused o using no exac ly he wo d-ph ases which we e
de e mined by he cle icals o be used in he ield o o hodox eligious
w i ings (Melikish ili 1999: 23).
The e we e wo main p oblems s anding in on o he Geo gian ans-
la o s: om one side i was clea ha de ia ion om he G eek language
ules, om he e minology which hey had de e mined, could ha e been
ega ded as he esy and om he o he side making he jus wo d-by-wo d
ansla ion would ha e p o ec ed he ansla o om accusa ion bu could
damage he Geo gian language peculia cha ac e imposing he o ms
unna u al o i s g amma . One o he p oblems which he Geo gian
ansla o s aced was abou he a icles. The e is no a icle in Geo gian.
Using he wo d “God” wi hou a icle caused a nega i e a i ude among
he G eek cle icals and specialis s and hey accused Geo gian ansla o s
o he esy. so, i was he di icul oad ha he Geo gian ancien ansla-
o s o e came success ully. The Geo gian ansla o s o he Ch is ian li -
e a u e ollowed he eligious dogmas and a he same ime, hey p inci-
pally s ood agains he g amma ical in luences o he o he language
(Ka osanidze 2017: 104).
236 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old
Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies
3. THE GEO GiAn G AMMATiCAL TE Ms
in THE 11TH CEnTU Y
The educa ion ob ained in G eece na u ally included g amma ical knowl-
edge as well. And i is p ecisely he ho ough s udy o G eek g amma i-
cal hough and examina ion o Geo gian g amma h ough his pe spec-
i e which unde lies and is cha ac e is ic o he wo ks o Geo gian sci-
en is s in he 10 h–11 h cen u ies.
i is clea ha he 10 h–12 h cen u ies a e cu en ly conside ed o ma k
he beginning o he his o y o Geo gian g amma ical hinking only since
he wo k da ed ea lie has ye o be ound. The Geo gian li e a y he i age,
ansla ed and o iginal wo ks, clea ly indica e he exis ence o g ea ex-
pe ience and knowledge, and Geo gian g amma ical hough as a b anch
o science is na u ally supposed o be pa o his he i age. Today we can
su ely say ha he A o G amma by Dionysius Th ax which is supposed
o be he ounda ion o all-Eu opean g amma ical hough , mus ha e
been well known as an o iginal o h ough some commen a ies, in he
Old Geo gian li e a u e. Though we do no ha e he ull ansla ion o
he ex , i can be con i med by se e al ac s ha G eek g amma ical
heo ies we e no un amilia o Geo gian schola s, and hei philological
p ac ice in ol ed he necessa y knowledge which was mean by he byz-
an ine educa ional sys em o hose imes (Ka osanidze 1998: 15).
Despi e he ac ha some in o ma ion o g amma ical cha ac e s ill
need o be ound and e idenced in Geo gian li e a u e, he ma e ial which
is al eady ob ained allows o imagine he le el o g amma knowledge
among he Geo gian ansla o s o he Old imes.
Geo gian linguis Mzekala shanidze ela es he oldes o iginal Geo gian
g amma ea ise (wi h he manusc ip s da ed back o 12 h–13 h and 14 h
cen u ies h-6, sh-312), named Abou A icles o he li e a y school o
Eph em M si e. i is one o he mos impo an w i en monumen s ac-
co ding o which he beginning o he Geo gian g amma ical hinking
goes back o he 6 h–7 h cen u ies and decisi ely p o ed ha he linguis-
ic esea ches o he 17 h–18 h cen u ies on he linguis ic adi ions exis -
ing in Geo gia in he 10 h–11 h cen u ies which in hei u n ela e o
he G eek linguis ic adi ions.
Though he eason o his ea ise o be w i en as a p ac ical ype is-
sue which eme ged when ansla ing a eligious ex , Abou A icles i sel
ep esen s a sepa a e scien i ic wo k. i is an o iginal eligious ea ise
243Te minologija | 2019 | 26
Ka osanidze L., Khu sila a A. 2015: Fo In e na ional loanwo ds in Technical Te minology Dic iona y, A n.
Chikoba a Readings XXVi, Ma e ials, Tbilisi: TsU Publishing House.
Ka osanidze L., Khu sila a A. 2017: The P oblems o Geo gian Te minology (His o y and Mode ni y), Tbilisi:
TsU Publishing House.
Kaukhichish ili s. 1923: Manual o Sha be di Tex s Collec ion, Moambe III, Tbilisi.
Kekelidze K. 1960: His o y o he Geo gian Li e a u e, ol. 1, Tbilisi: sabcho a saka e lo.
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ings o i . ja akhish ili Tbilisi s a e Uni e si y. – Linguis ics 10, Tbilisi.
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guage, Tbilisi.
Melikish ili D. 1999: F om he His o y o Old Geo gian Philosophical-Theological Te minology, Tbilisi.
Melikish ili D. (ed.) 2009–2010: Old Geo gian-Old G eek Philosophical-Theological Documen ed Dic iona y i, ii.
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Uhlig G. 1883: Dionysii Th acis, A s G amma ica, Lipsiae.
senosios g uzinų Kalbos e ėjų X–Xi a. aiKy i e minologijos p inCipai
san auka
Kaip kū ėsi moksliniais me odais g indžiama g uzinų e minologija, ma y i iš pi -
mųjų g uzinų kalbos e ėjų da bų. Tų G uzijos e minologijos p adininkų da buose
iš yškėja du pag indiniai p incipai:
1) išsamiai nag inė i są okas, aiškin is jų esmę i a si adimo is o iją;
2) u ė i daug žinių, a siž elg i į kalbos ypa umus i jos eikiamas galimybes pasida-
y i naujų edinių.
Tik aip galima s e imas, ki oje aplinkoje suku as są okas pa ikimai pe eik i a i-
inkamų žodžių da ybos galimybių u inčia gim ąja kalba. G uzinų e minologijos a
kalbos is o ijos s ičių y ėjai su a ia, kad X–XII a. naujų e minų da yba bu o p o-
duk y us i pažengęs p ocesas i mes iš ų laikų pa i ies galime daug ko pasimoky i.
Minimasis laiko a pis išsiski ia uo, kad Bizan ijos kul ū a, laikoma isų Eu opos šalių
kul ū os, mokslo i e minologijos pag indu, į g uzinų kalbą bu o pe keliama e ė-
jams nepami š an pag indinių sa os kalbos ypa ybių.
De in i g aikų i g uzinų kalbų ypa ybes – oks bu o mokslinis g uzinų e ėjų i
ilologų di b o da bo p incipas. Tas požiū is lėmė, kad Bizan ijos kul ū ą G uzija
skleidė išsaugodama sa ąją. Senosios g uzinų kalbos e ėjų aiky os eo ijos ak ualios
bei s a bios i šiandien.
Gau a 2019-08-10
Lia Ka osanidze
Mi ske ichi s .18, l. 10, Tbilisi, Geo gia
E-mail [email p o ec ed]