doi.org/10.35321/term26-10

Directions for the Development of Terminography at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania

NIJOLĖ BLIŪDŽIUVIENĖ

National Library of Lithuania Martynas Mažvydas

VIOLETA ČERNIAUSKAITĖ

National Library of Lithuania Martynas Mažvydas

A B S T R A C T

The article summarizes the practice of managing and standardizing terminology relevant to librarians in the National Library of Lithuania Martynas Mažvydas. It identifies the main directions of terminology research, the management of terminology in texts, the preparation of terminology dictionaries, and standardization. The dictionaries prepared by the National Library, Library, Bibliography and Book Science Terms (1990–1999) and Library, Information and Book Science Terms (2019), as well as the particularly important activity of standardizing professional practice, are analyzed in the context of the experience of preparing international and foreign terminology resources. The nearest priorities for terminographic activity and the results to be achieved are established, taking into account trends in the development of Lithuania’s Digital Language Resources Information System and the terminology traditions of national libraries in neighboring countries.

KEYWORDS: librarianship, information science, terminology, terminography, terminological work, standardization, lexicography, information technology, National Library of Lithuania Martynas Mažvydas.

A B S T R A C T

The article summarizes the practice of managing and standardizing librarianship and information science (LIS) terminology at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. It was necessary to highlight the most important lexicography trends in preparing the Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms (1990–1999) and the Lithuanian–English Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science Terms (2019) as well as sources related to standardization of international terminology. The priorities of the activities and the results to be achieved were determined by taking into account ac-

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count the development of the Lithuanian Language Digital Resources Information System and the terminological activity traditions of national libraries all over the world.

KEYWORDS: librarianship, information science, information technology, terminology, lexicography, standardization, Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania.

It is becoming increasingly difficult to identify librarianship terms in global terminology networks. New information technology and computational linguistics tools now make it possible to create and manage multilingual flows of large-scale terminological data. All information systems are based on properly organized and standardized terminology, and their quality is often determined by the terminological sources selected. Consequently, the creation and harmonization of specialized dictionaries, thesauri, ontologies, and other terminographic tools have taken on particular importance in the high-value-added knowledge economy.

The new strategy for implementing the European Interoperability Framework, published on 23 March 2017 by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Informatics, emphasizes the importance of understanding that “data and information are an asset for society, which should be properly created, collected, managed, protected and preserved, and appropriately shared” (COM 2017: 134 final). It was also observed that consistent and universally applicable information standards and specifications must now be given priority, since technical standards had previously been prioritized and had promoted technical network interoperability for several decades.

Modern librarianship has become one of the most highly standardized and regulated fields of activity; its lexicon consists largely of continually updated editions of international standards, manuals, regulations, and rules. The development of librarianship terminology in recent years has been influenced most strongly by the substantial growth in the volume of norms and legal documents in this field: translations of standards and guidelines issued by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), as well as documents from other international organizations, constitute a rapidly changing body of terminological data, shaped by new needs and opportunities for international integration. This is a distinctive feature of librarianship terminography, compelling it to travel along the same information-technology highway and demanding appropriate expertise, technologies, and resources. Consequently, the scope and con-

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tent of professional terminology in global information networks and systems are becoming increasingly relevant not only to the professional community itself, but also to users of those systems. As we approach the centenary of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania (hereafter, the National Library), we set out to summarize and assess the experience in terminology management accumulated there. To achieve this goal, we formulated the main research tasks: to analyze the terminological resources accumulated at the National Library; to systematize bibliographic information about them; to conduct a book-historical analysis of the sources’ typology, content, and external features; to assess ongoing terminology management activities in their historical context; and to identify the most promising ways to develop terminology management. The study is based on bibliographic, typological, and statistical analysis of the identified sources, as well as descriptive and factographic methods for systematizing the identified material.

S T A N D A R D I Z A T I O N

In global practice, librarianship is regarded as a branch of information science, and a trend toward managing and developing shared terminology has therefore emerged. In the classification of standards prepared by the International Organization for Standardization, terminology and terminography standards are assigned to the first classification field group (01. 020), while dictionaries are distinguished in a separate group (01. 040), which includes standardized terminology for archival science, librarianship, documentation, and information (01. 040. 01). This group also includes standardized terminology for information technology (01. 040. 35) and paper technology (01. 040. 85). Standards for archival science, librarianship, and documentation within information science belong to a particularly fast-growing group in the international ISO classification (01. 140. 20). Spelling and transliteration standards relevant to librarians form a separate group (01. 140. 10). Terminology recorded in publishing standards (01. 140. 40) is also abundant, but electronic publishing terminology is scattered across various subject-specific standards. The same is true of most other terms describing the retrieval, dissemination, and use of information.

In the international standard for a glossary, LST ISO 5127:2017 Information and Documentation. Fundamentals and Vocabulary (identical to ISO 5127:2017 Information and documentation – Foundation and vocabulary), most terms are from librarianship. It systematizes terminology relating to documents, data carriers, and their parts, as well as terms for documentation institutions—archives, libraries, and museums—and their collections; it standardizes terminology for the planning, development, acquisition, preservation, and retrieval of collections—

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Terminology of [cataloguing?], content analysis, presentation and description; with comprehensive definitions, the terms describing the use, maintenance, administration and services of information and documents are provided. This standard regulates particularly relevant legal aspects of information and documentation: terms relating to literary, artistic and industrial property, and specifies the norms for concepts governing copyright, privacy and access to information. In various contexts of this international standard, compound and simple terms are mentioned more than two hundred and fifty times, whose structure contains the word element bibliotek*. The preface to the standard notes that closer interdisciplinary cooperation is characteristic of the current field of documentation, so that separate professional fields and professions such as librarianship, archival science, text documentation, editing, media documentation, printing, publishing, audio and video documents, broadcasting, museology, document conservation, etc. are sometimes brought together (LST ISO 5127:2017). The authors of the international explanatory terminology standard believe that standard ISO 5127 should serve as a means of conveying and adequately understanding the complex terminology of the field of documentation, while also enabling closer interaction, respecting the independence and traditions of the specific terminologies of various related organizations and preserving the terms for specific work procedures in these fields.

The new edition of the international terminology standard ISO 5127:2017 is an essential resource of approved terminology that can serve as a basis for preparing its versions in national languages; in this way, it will help ensure an accurate understanding of particular terms and, where necessary, the use of their precise equivalents in other languages. The educational role of the terminology standard is no less important: its extensive collection of terms helps provide a better understanding of the field of information and documentation and prepares readers for further study and research in this area. In view of technological development, the dictionary’s content and structure can serve as a source for appropriately formalizing concepts for applied IT solutions, as well as provide the necessary material for creating future ontologies in documentation and information science, with the aim of improving the operation of automated IT processes.

Reinventing documentation and its processes on the basis of IT-based concepts and models has not diminished the importance of the terminology devoted to and used in this subject area, or of terminological precision. On the contrary, this is becoming even more important, since, when data are processed automatically, the terms describing objects must be even more precise. In this way, it is necessary to maintain consistency between documentation and the concepts of information technology used in this subject area—

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—and to coordinate terms and concepts so that the integrated system of documentation and the tools it uses is clearly visible.

Standardization of librarianship terminology has become the most prominent part of the National Library’s terminographic work in recent years¹, as the flow of documents governing library activities has continued to grow. National-level standardization in the field of information and documentation began in 1998, when the National Library established technical committee LST TK 47. Analysis of the technical committee’s official activity documents suggests that it was established in a systematic and responsible manner, with potential development prospects in mind.

Since 2004, representatives of the country’s principal archives, as well as experts from museums, research and state institutions, and private organizations, have participated in the work of technical committee LST TK 47 Information and Documentation. Participation in the technical committee’s work is an indisputable form of cross-sectoral partnership and integration among memory institutions. Libraries were not only the first to join national standardization activities organized according to international and European-level standardization principles, but also, by coordinating standardization activities in the field of information and documentation, carried out a multi-stage reorganization of technical committee LST TK 47 (Bliūdžiuvienė 2010: 150).

In 2000–2015, technical committee LST TK 47 Information and Documentation prepared Lithuanian versions of 23 international standards in this field, incorporating 1678 terms (Bliūdžiuvienė 2016: 203). In 2016–2019, the Lithuanian collection of information and documentation standards was supplemented by 35 standards, of which only 2 are Lithuanian versions of international standards (LST 2019). According to data from the second half of 2019, 167 valid standards were assigned to LST TK 47 Information and Documentation, of which 15 are in Lithuanian. Unfortunately, only 10% of international standards in Lithuania have been adopted through translation; the others have been adopted by reproduction—that is, not translated into Lithuanian—or translated in professional contexts but not officially approved, although they form part of the essential body of professional terms.

¹ The article draws on the definition of terminography and its fuller explanation given in the international standard LST ISO 1087-1:2005, Terminology work. Vocabulary. Part 1. Theory and application (identical to ISO 1087-1:2000), which emphasizes that “modern terminography encompasses any collection, management and presentation of terminological data: compiling dictionaries, creating terminological databases and banks, standardizing terms (Gaivenytė-Butler 2018: 27), noting that a terminology standard is a dictionary of standardized terms, prepared on the same terminographic principles as terminology dictionaries” (Gaivenytė-Butler 2018: 32).

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Therefore, the rapid development of regulations governing library activities and the translation of international standards and other documents at the National Library create favourable conditions for developing a national database of librarianship terminology and provide greater opportunities for integration into international professional terminology contexts. It is also important that professional terminology standards are compiled according to the principles of systematic dictionaries, making them easiest to integrate into terminology databases or other datasets. Thus, the rapid pace and scale of standardization processes have had the greatest impact on the development of contemporary librarianship and the emergence of new terms and changes. In addition, librarians are constantly the first to identify and accurately describe every new printed or digitally produced text, audio, video or integrated resource; therefore, the terms created in this field must be approved by linguists and be well known throughout the community.

TERMINŲ ŽODYNŲ RENGIMAS

Nevertheless, within this complex of information sciences, librarianship terminology stands out for its particularly ancient and rich traditions, dating back to the periods of both written and oral human communication. Experience in compiling terminology dictionaries spanning almost three centuries has also been accumulated. As early as 1802–1804, the three-volume alphabetical Explanatory Dictionary of Bibliology (Peignot 1802–1804) was published in French. The term librarianship itself was first used by the German librarian Martin Schrettinger, who used it to describe the body of knowledge concerning the organization of a library (Schrettinger 1834).

The development of book studies, as well as printing and book-publishing practices, had the greatest influence on early conceptions of librarianship and the development of its terminology. The first Dictionary of Printing, published in 1735, was already a two-volume work (Barrow 1735). In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, documentation science contributed most to librarianship and its terminology, broadening concepts of the document and the terminology of structures for classifying and systematizing knowledge and publications—structures characteristic not only of libraries. The information paradigm became established in librarianship after the Second World War, when technological information systems began to be introduced much more rapidly. Thus, contemporary librarianship is considered part of the information and communication sciences (VLE 2003: 161).

Therefore, the diversity of meanings in conceptions of librarianship, extending over several centuries, and its historically changing subject scope are also reflected in contemporary practice in compiling terminology dictionaries. Identifying such sources is relevant because librarianship and information science, and still more so book studies and

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The number of dictionaries, reference works, encyclopedias and other terminological resources in publishing continues to grow, making it increasingly difficult to choose appropriate and reliable information sources. The digitization of sources of terminological heritage has also accelerated; however, open-access electronic terminology dictionaries often do not reflect the actual state of terminology, are not updated, and are presented without sources or other necessary explanations.

An analysis of the typology, methodological and structural principles, content and external features of Lithuanian and foreign specialist lexicographic sources conducted in the Information Sciences Department of the National Library (Černiauskaitė 2017) revealed that, among 110 relevant sources identified for librarians, most were explanatory dictionaries and encyclopedias continuing long-standing traditions and having appeared in several editions. It is therefore especially important to continue researching and to be well acquainted with the history of terminology sources in these fields. The National Library’s collections hold around 70 percent of printed foreign dictionaries and encyclopedias of library terminology, of various types. Another 20 percent of sources in this field are open-access dictionaries, and their number is growing rapidly—providing a favorable environment for developing terminography in various forms. English-language dictionaries predominate among recent sources in librarianship and information science, a trend also associated with the international standardization of these processes. However, sources in French, Russian and German abound in the fields of book studies and publishing. One of the most cited works in the world, the Dictionary of Library and Information Science in English (Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science, ODLIS), is distinguished by its extensive subject terminology, detailed explanations and numerous references to illustration sources.

Nevertheless, a distinctive terminological aspect of contemporary librarianship is the abundance of multilingual sources, arising from the need to translate international professional standards into national languages. For example, the nuances of translating and interpreting the international multilingual glossary of cataloguing terms and the international standard for bibliographic description can be studied in 27 languages, including Lithuanian (MulDiCat 2012).

The terminology of information science is also systematized in substantial encyclopedias. Some have received awards and numerous titles recognizing them as outstanding reference works. A wealth of terminology can be found in the 73-volume Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, compiled by 1,300 leading specialists in their respective fields (Kent, Lancour 1968–2003). In addition, the encyclopedias feature carefully compiled author and subject indexes, which are useful for identifying terms. We have encyclopedias in ten, seven, four and one volumes, not only in English but also in German, Russian and Polish, since they describe

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not words, but the phenomena, events and people themselves—this is an excellent, almost ready-made corpus of terms, with comprehensive and precise contexts. Although the subject content of librarianship terms is in many cases very clearly defined and internationally standardized, the means of linguistic expression are national. This does not mean that we have no subject content that is entirely national and could not be presented to the international community, especially when preparing bilingual or multilingual term dictionaries.

Terminography in informatics and computing has developed consistently (Gaivenytė-Butler 2018: 33). This provides exceptionally favorable conditions for organizing the terminology of other related fields as well. Since 1986, terminological research at the National Library has enabled the accumulation of a unique knowledge and data base in librarianship and related fields. The historiographic studies of professional language initiated by Vytautas Rimša, founder of the Terminology Sector, make it possible to analyze librarianship terminology in the context of the earliest printed books, systematically documenting its growing and diversifying sources (Ralyte, Rimša 1989).

The first dictionary of librarianship terms appeared in 1956, when the Lithuanian SSR Book Chamber published the first fascicle of the Dictionary of Library and Bibliographical Terminology compiled by Izidorius Kisinas (BBT: 1956). At the time, only one fascicle of the planned explanatory Lithuanian–Russian dictionary of terms could be published; its recommended terms had been approved by the Terminology Commission of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences. Only four decades later was it again possible to bring together specialists and scholars from the National Library of Lithuania, the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, and Vilnius University, and in 1990–1999 four fascicles of the explanatory Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms were published, containing 2,237 organized terms (language editor St. Keinys) relating to documents and publishing, bibliography, cataloguing, and the formation and management of library collections (BBTŽ: 1990–1999).

At that time, book studies terminology was also being actively organized. The 1997 encyclopedic dictionary Knygotyra, published by Vilnius University, included many bibliography and librarianship terms, with explanations and examples of varying scope, among terms relating to the history of the book and book studies. As the traditions of book studies as a discipline have continued to develop in Lithuania, the terminology of these fields has also been systematically organized: updated lists of key terms, supplemented with new definitions, are published in various teaching materials and other publications. Much attention is devoted to harmonizing specialized terminology in the work of scholars at the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University—

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whose work provides the most detailed analyses of individual terms or offers glossaries of terms that are highly important for the educational process.

At present, several key directions can be identified in the organization of librarianship terminology at the National Library: identifying librarians’ professional terminology; contextual and comparative analysis and systematization; creating terminological data; evaluating and approving terms; standardizing terms; preparing a new edition of the dictionary of terms; harmonizing terms with documents governing the field at national and international levels; publishing standardized terms; and integrating terms into other Lithuanian, foreign, or international terminography sources, databases, banks, and corpora.

The interdepartmental Terminology Commission operating at the National Library recommended publishing the sources of the continually accumulated, supplemented, and revised terminology database in the form of a clear dictionary of terms accessible to a wider readership. After all, published works on librarianship terminology constitute only a small part of the data currently available to the public. The intensive processes of standardizing, researching, and regulating the terminology of librarians’ professional communication in recent years, together with the ever-increasing flow of English-language subject literature and information, created the conditions for preparing a new bilingual Lithuanian–English Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science (LIS) Terms in 2019 (authors Dr. Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė and Dr. Jonas Vytautas Valiukėnas). The new dictionary of terms included a comprehensive inventory of terms in the field of librarianship. Twenty years after the publication of the last explanatory Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms (BBTŽ 1990–1999), more than eight thousand Lithuanian terms with their English equivalents were successfully systematized.

Against the backdrop of the National Library’s centenary, it is clear how much librarianship terminology has grown and in what directions it has developed, while maintaining close ties with terms in information science and book studies. These terms are relevant to a considerably wider readership as well—scholars, specialists, researchers, and others interested in the field who continually participate in scientific information, documentary communication, heritage, and memory institution activities. This dictionary also aims to contribute to the standardization of general Lithuanian, drawing attention to the continuously emerging new terms that reflect fundamental technological and managerial changes in library operations. To this end, at J. V. Valiukėnas’s initiative, the customary alphabetical nesting principle for grouping dictionary terms was chosen, and a new model for a dictionary of terms was developed, which in librarianship prac-

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is being applied in practice for the first time. This will make it easier to identify professional librarianship terminology in the broader context of general Lithuanian, and to discern the links between professional librarianship terms and terms from related fields of science, especially computer science.

Research into terminology in this area is expected to continue. Even with the vast diversity of terminology-standardization tools and methods available, specialists are once again placing greater value on the quality of sustained and consistent printed dictionary compilation. A multilingual explanatory dictionary of librarianship terms is also being compiled at the National Library, so the contents of these dictionaries can be continually updated and used to create other terminographic products. Indeed, the diversity of linguistic expressions for theoretical concepts and technological solutions in librarianship can now be reflected in a wide range of terminographic products: term lists, explanatory dictionaries, translation dictionaries, systematic dictionaries and thesauri, encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries, terminology standards, term banks, corpora, specialized terminology databases and phrasebanks.

Librarianship terminology, developed over many centuries and systematically organized during certain periods, has undergone many trials; however, contemporary leaps in technology and globalization promise the greatest challenges for term formation, organization, standardization and use (Bliūdžiuvienė 2007: 62). These challenges are also driven by the rapid technological development of general-language resources and new ideologies and concepts for digital language resources, based on the logic of concept engineering, interoperability and collaboration. In the near future, librarians will have to address the challenges of modern language development already identified by Lithuanian linguists: ensuring the interoperability of existing resources and linking them through semantic relations, creating opportunities to use integrated lexicographic resources for Lithuanian, and linking the Lithuanian wordnet to wordnets in other languages.

TEXT-BASED TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT

It is clear that most of the treasure trove of librarianship terminology lies in the professional press. This is not only the most complex, but also the most interesting part of terminological work. Terminographic discoveries scattered across a wide variety of professional press sources are still difficult to structure and are found belatedly, even though their digital or digitized form would make it possible to use automatic term-recognition technologies. However, the professional language of librarians is language used in a domain, characterized by specific means of expression—that is, not only terminology, but also phraseology, sty-

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listic and syntactic features. These would be best reflected by accurate and comprehensive corpora designed for professional-language data research. The considerable experience with general and specialized corpora accumulated in Lithuania in recent years makes it possible to apply them very flexibly in terminological work. Indeed, corpora of the information and communication fields could be readily integrated into existing ones, substantially complementing and expanding the possibilities for analyzing the written language of scholarly communication; they would help deepen subject knowledge in new fields, and those seeking authentic examples and sources of professional language could use them as encyclopedic or contextual dictionaries.

In view of current needs in translating librarians’ professional terminology, and of the need to optimize and disseminate the results of this complex work, a specialized phrasebank could be created and developed to record distinctive translation experiences in other languages. At present, the English-to-Lithuanian constructions, metaphors, professional slang, polysemous words and other grammatical combinations that are most relevant to librarians have already been professionally translated, but have never made it into dictionaries, standards or other published sources. They are difficult to identify in the broader contexts of automated translation tools, which contain highly controversial examples of translations. In such cases, it would be useful to include in the phrasebank translations that are not recommended but have been observed in other sources (Grigas, Pedzevičienė 2015).

In seeking the most useful structure for the planned development of librarianship terminology management, the very latest lexicography tools were also reviewed; these will make it possible to encompass a wide range of relationships among term contexts. Indeed, a text is data presented through signs, symbols, words, phrases, paragraphs, sentences, tables, or other arrangements of signs, with the aim of conveying meaning and on the assumption that understanding them is based on the reader’s knowledge of a natural or artificial language (LST ISO 5127:2017: 63). Segmenting such a complex structure requires a specially organized and programmed collection of data, known as a database. It could accommodate a vast, easily administered and user-friendly database with integrated multimedia sources, such as the Lithuanian Neologism Database, which includes an integrated pronunciation tool for Lithuanian neologisms. This is especially appropriate given how rapidly our professional terminology is changing and expanding. For example, the Lithuanian Neologism Database already records the history of use of the term bibliomūšis, with contextual examples (Miliūnaitė 2011).

Abroad, it has already become common practice to integrate audio and video materials into multilingual terminographic sources, which are skillfully used even in scho-

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…lost. And all the major online dictionaries of English, French, German and other languages have integrated pronunciation data systems. The most important feature of a modern data repository is that it is created by specialists and made available to users as an unfinished, constantly changing—that is, current and collaboratively maintained, and often sustained—record of terminology, which most accurately reflects changes in the lexis of professional language.

A properly structured data repository integrated with other sources could accommodate far more phenomena of librarians’ professional language: symbols, names, terms, term equivalents, term combinations, abbreviations, synonyms, contexts, sources, term authors, specialized equivalents in other languages, forms, usage status, and other indicators needed for the analysis of term usage. In addition, the data repository would help solve comprehensively the problem of presenting a term and a term combination, which is difficult to resolve in other terminological tools, such as dictionaries or standards, yet is essential for the proper work and creation of new terms.

Most terms naming bibliographic description areas or other elements are terminological combinations, that is, word combinations comprising at least one term and other lexical units whose order is not fixed and whose selection is determined by the main term. For example, on the basis of the terminological combination area of the series and multipart monographic resource, other necessary elements of the international bibliographic description are formed: main title of the multipart monographic resource, common title of the series, subtitle information of the series or multipart monographic resource, and so on. This is also relevant when forming numerous and frequently used combinations with other terms; for example, the term search has many terminological combinations and various extensions: search by cited documents, search by word combination, content search in Google, etc. These are easy to record in corpora or data repositories, but difficult to standardize in the term dictionaries we are generally accustomed to using. We also lack the time and knowledge to create new terminological combinations ourselves each time, especially when they need to be translated from a foreign language.

Appropriate tools must be created not only for recording sources of terms, but also for documenting the authorship of term creators. The prominent linguist and terminologist Associate Professor St. Keinys, who greatly enriched librarianship terminology with new terms, emphasized that recording all attested meanings of a term, including historical ones, would be justified and of considerable scholarly and educational value. He observed that Lithuanian terms are usually standardized later than corresponding

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terms in other languages, which makes it possible to avoid the shortcomings and errors of other languages’ terminology and to make one’s own terminology system more harmonious, precise, and exemplary. Therefore, before undertaking terminological work, he suggested finding out which language’s terminology is the best organized (Keinys 1994: 13).

The main database of librarianship terms, compiled at the National Library in Lithuanian, English, Spanish, French, Russian, and German, makes it easier to refine and analyze the terms, create them, and integrate these data into professional contexts in other languages. In addition, close ties are maintained and information exchanged with terminologist colleagues at the national libraries of Estonia and Latvia; their experience is studied, while open access is provided to the librarianship terminology data collected by the National Library. Analysis of the overlap between Latvian and Lithuanian librarianship terms has revealed that the largest number of shared open-access librarianship terms can currently be found on Tilde’s terminology platform Tilde, developed by the Latvian company that is successfully advancing language technologies, Tilde Terminology. Integrated into it are the multilingual European Union thesaurus EuroVoc in 23 European Union languages, and the EuroTermBank project, developed in 33 languages, where more than 35,000 Lithuanian terms from librarianship, linguistics, computing, and other fields can be found.

Examination of the characteristics of Latvian and Lithuanian librarianship terms has shown that the equivalents of these terms, and the forms and methods used to present them in analogous databases, differ because different lexicographic sources are used. Selecting suitable sources, continuously updating them, and applying technological quality control have become among the most pressing problems in harmonizing professional terminology. The aim is for librarianship terminology, most of which has already been standardized, also to be disseminated consistently and in appropriate forms, further analyzed and developed, with direct links to users. Although dissemination of a developed product is generally the final stage of any research, modern technologies mean that all intelligent information systems are based on direct links with users, their collaboration, and their continuing influence on the development of the system as a whole.

The diversity of terminology services and products encourages creative thinking, even though this may be the sphere of activity most constrained by language norms, rules and regulations, and national and international agreements. Terminological resources are essential both for acquiring new information and for revealing its retrospective content; however, their essential characteristic is the accurate information and content

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conveyance in any language. In the opinion of Dr. N. Bl.ūdžiuvienė, Director of the Information Sciences Department of the National Library and Chair of the corresponding national technical committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), LST TK 47 Information and Documentation, the use of normative terms is most encouraged by their inclusion in legislation, standards, and educational materials intended for study and self-education.

For more than a decade, Estonia has been developing various programs to promote professional language among librarians, coordinated by the Terminology Council of the Librarians’ Association. At its initiative, professional language days and seminars are held annually, competitions for language-development materials are announced, and other supplementary studies of terminology users are conducted. Materials from lectures delivered at language seminars organized each autumn are published on the websites of the National Library of Estonia and the Librarians’ Association. The National Library of Latvia organizes annual scientific conferences to discuss terminology issues in librarianship and related fields.

Under its 2018 cooperation agreement with the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, the Lithuanian Librarians’ Association seeks to organize Lithuanian Language Days, discussions, seminars, and other events, and to improve the quality of professional-language dissemination. Professional-language development events increase each year in the programs of Lithuanian National Library Week organized by the Librarians’ Association. Library staff are invited to participate themselves and encourage readers to take part in virtual Lithuanian-language quizzes organized by the Lithuanian Language Society and in other language-development projects.

Professional terminology is created and developed amid ever-accelerating communication, when language is increasingly viewed merely as a tool for communication, hindering recognition of its most essential function—preserving culture and identity. By collecting and organizing the unique repository of librarianship terminology, we seek, through the joint efforts of linguists and specialists in various other fields, both to preserve the treasures of our linguistic heritage and to create professional-language resources suited to the present. Thus, librarians’ unique terminological solutions become especially relevant to nurturing national terminology systems and integrating them into global international networks.

CONCLUSIONS

The study made it possible to identify and assess the consistency and success of professional terminology research and terminographic work carried out at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, in combining lexicographic traditions

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with new standardization requirements, and to identify the key stages of this work. Among them, the beginning of a systematic phase of terminology management in the final decades of the 20th century stands out, when Lithuanian librarianship terminology began to be managed comprehensively, with its development prospects being studied and shaped.

The standardization of librarianship terminology has become the most significant part of terminographic work over the past several decades. Libraries were not only the first to engage in national standardization activities organized in accordance with international- and European-level standardization principles, but remain leaders in this work. The rapid, timely development of regulations governing library activities, and the translation of international standards and other documents at the National Library, create favorable conditions for developing a national database of librarianship terminology and provide greater opportunities for integration into international professional-terminology contexts.

One challenge for Lithuanian terminology is that only 10 percent of international standards have been adopted in Lithuania through translation, and only the terms used in those standards are included in the Terminology Database of the Lithuanian Standards Board. Translations of other Lithuanian terms that have not been officially approved also form part of the indispensable repository of professional terms, which is not publicly accessible. Librarians are constantly among the first to identify and accurately describe every new printed or digitally sourced text, sound, image, or integrated resource; therefore, efforts are made to ensure that terms created in this field are approved by linguists and well known throughout the community.

The most notable results of librarianship terminology management are found at the National Library: four installments of the explanatory Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms (language editor St. Keinys), comprising 2,237 terms relating to documents and publishing, bibliography, cataloguing, and the formation and management of library collections, were published in 1990–1999. A bilingual Lithuanian–English Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science (BIK) Terms is currently being prepared; it has enabled the systematization of 8,000 of the most relevant terms for librarians, with their English equivalents.

To implement the project for a multilingual explanatory dictionary of librarianship terms, foreign professional lexicographic sources were analyzed in terms of typology, methodological and structural principles, content, and external features, enabling comparison of experiences in the development of librarianship terminology. Terminological research in the lexicographic field is intended to continue, because

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specialists are once again placing greater value on the sustained and consistent quality of terminology dictionary compilation.

The textual management of terminology is still insufficiently coordinated and is the least developed part of the National Library’s terminographic work. Terms scattered across various professional information resources are still difficult to structure and are discovered belatedly, although their digital or digitized form would make it possible to apply automatic term recognition technologies. In this work, existing corpora should be expanded and supplemented, and texts on library and information science should be integrated into them. These would significantly augment and broaden the possibilities for analyzing the written language of scholarly communication, help deepen subject-matter understanding of new fields, and enable those seeking authentic examples and sources of professional language to use them as encyclopedic or contextual dictionaries.

The material on librarianship terminology accumulated to date considerably exceeds the limits of traditional terminology dictionaries, standards, or other terminographic structures already in use. Therefore, additional research is being carried out and new ways and means of preserving and using the data already collected are being actively sought. To this end, opportunities for creating a wider range of terminographic tools have been analyzed, including terminology databases, phrase banks, and corpora, while trends in the development of information systems for digital language resources are being studied.

The aim is to ensure that librarianship terminology, most of which has already been standardized, is disseminated consistently and in appropriate forms, continues to be examined and developed, and is connected directly with users; a culture of using standardized terms is to be fostered through various educational programs and tools.

When analyzing the directions in which librarianship terminology management is being developed and seeking new terminographic activity strategies, it is important to recognize that the professional language of librarians, like most others, no longer exists in isolation, responding solely to the needs of a single community. The continued successful development of integrated linguistic and terminological resources in Lithuania is essential both for the harmonious development of terminology in individual fields and for cooperation and development between them

ŠALTINIAI

BBT 1956: Bibliotekinė ir bibliografinė terminologija, Vilnius: Lietuvos TSR knygų rūmai.

BBTŽ 1990–1999: Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 1–4, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius: LKI leidykla.

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Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Terminografijos plėtros kryptys Lietuvos nacionalinėje Violeta Černiauskaitė | Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekoje

Grigas G., Pedzevičienė S. 2015: Kompiuterijos frazynas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Prieiga per internetą: http://ims.mii.lt/frazynas/enciklo.html.

Janonis O. 2009: Bibliografijos teorija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas.

Keinys St. 2012: Bibliotekininkystės terminologijos apybraiža. – Lietuvių terminologijos raida, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 89–92.

LST ISO 5127:2017: Informacija ir dokumentavimas. Pagrindai ir aiškinamasis žodynas (tapatus ISO 5127:2017 Information and documentation – Foundation and vocabulary): pakeičia LST ISO 5127:2008, Vilnius: Lietuvos standartizacijos departamentas, 2019.

LST ISO 1087–1: Terminologijos darbas. Aiškinamasis žodynas. 1 dalis. Teorija ir taikymas (tapatus ISO 1087–1:2000 Terminology work. Vocabulary. Part 1: Theory and application), Vilnius: Lietuvos standartizacijos departamentas

LST 2019: Lietuvos standartai, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.lnb.lt/paslaugos/bibliotekoms/norminiai-ir-teises-dokumentai-bibliotekininkui.

Miliūnaitė R. 2011: Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/?zodis=bibliomušis.

MulDiCat 2012: Multilingual Dictionary of Cataloguing Terms and Concepts, IFLA Classification and Indexing Section. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.ifla.org/publications/multilingual-dictionary-of-cataloguing-terms-and-concepts-muldicat.

Ralyte A., Rimša V. 1989: Lietuvių bibliotekininkystės terminologijos raida ir tvarkyba: nuo ištakų iki 1989 metų, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

VLE 2003: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 3, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 161.

LITERATŪRA

Bliūdžiuvienė N. 2012: Dokumentinės komunikacijos lietuviškieji terminologiniai ištekliai. – Terminologija 19(12), 70–80.

Bliūdžiuvienė N. 2016: Geroji terminologinė bibliotekų patirtis. – Terminologija 23, 196–206.

Bliūdžiuvienė N. 2010: Standartizacijos vaidmuo atminties institucijų integracijos procese. Daktaro disertacija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

Bliūdžiuvienė N. 2007: Tarptautiniai standartai kaip terminų šaltinis. – Šiandien aktualu 2(37), 62–66.

COM 2017: 134 final: Europos sveikumo sistema. Prieiga per internetą: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1508393747361&uri=CELEX:52017DC0134.

Černiauskaitė V. 2018: Atvirieji bibliotekininkystės terminologijos duomenys nacionalinėse bibliotekose: Latvijos, Estijos ir Lietuvos lyginamoji analizė. – Šiandien aktualu 1(58), 106–131. Prieiga per internetą: https://drive.google.com/file/d/15QsXkUIWn6N1CJdJQg3HVT×5a0utwRBJ/view arba https://www.lnb.lt/atradimai/leidiniai/kiti-leidiniai/siandien-aktualu.

Černiauskaitė V. 2017: Bibliotekininkystės, knygotyros ir informacijos mokslų terminų žodynų bei enciklopedijų anotuotas bibliografijos sąrašas su nuorodomis į šaltinius, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.lnb.lt/paslaugos/bibliotekoms/norminiai-ir-teises-dokumentai-bibliotekininkui/terminologijos-darbai#dd.

Černiauskaitė V. 2018: Intersection of Latvian and Lithuanian librarianship terminology online. – Proceedings of the international conference „Bibliotēku nozares un saskarnozaru terminoloģija: vēsturiskais un mūsdienu aspekts“, Riga, National Library of Latvia, 5 October 2018. Prieiga per internetą: http://dom.lndb.lv/data/obj/file/23129961.pdf.

Černiauskaitė V. 2018: Profesinė terminija: plėtros, bendradarbiavimo ir kūrybos galimybės. – Tarp knygų 2, 17.

Černiauskaitė V. 2018: Terminologijos darbai, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.lnb.lt/paslaugos/bibliotekoms/norminiai-ir-teises-dokumentai-bibliotekininkui/terminologijos-darbai.

Gaivenytė-Butler J. 2018: Apie terminografiją ir terminų standardizaciją. – Terminologija 25, 23–38.

Gaivenytė-Butler J. 2018: Informatikos ir kompiuterijos lietuviškos terminografijos ir terminijos norminimo bei tyrimų apžvalga. – Lietuviškos informatikos ir kompiuterijos terminijos tyrimai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Keinys St. 1994: Žodis bibliografijos terminų vartotojui. – Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos terminų žodynas. Sąs. 3. Bibliografija, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka.

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DEVELOPMENTS TRENDS OF THE LIBRARIANSHIP TERMINOGRAPHY

AT THE MARTYNAS MAŽVYDAS NATIONAL LIBRARY OF LITHUANIA

Summary

At the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, control of the librarianship terminology has been taking the following trends since 1986: identification of the professional library terminology, its contextual and comparative analysis and categorization, creation of terminology data, evaluation and approval of terms, administration of the terminology database, standardization of terms, preparation of terminology dictionaries, conformation of terms to special national and international normative documents, publication of standardised terms and integration of terms into other terminographic sources and databases in Lithuania and abroad. The article presents consistent analysis of the main results of the terminology work: rapid processes of terminology standardization and preparation of the Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms (1990–1999) and the Lithuanian–English Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science Terms (2019) as well as sources under preparation. A new multilingual dictionary of library terms in English, Lithuanian, French, Russian and German is under preparation and looking possibilities for being a subject in professional cooperation. The most effective period of intensive standardization of professional librarianship terminology drawing on rich experience of lexicographic control by Lithuanian specialists. The librarianship terminology, which has been developed for several centuries, faced many encounters, and many more challenges in drafting, control, standardization and usage of terms are to be met during the contemporary globalization and technological leaps. One of the most urgent issues in the harmonization of the professional terminology has become expedient development of proper sources and their choice as well as their permanent updating and technological maintenance. Such development of the integrated terminology sources in Lithuania is essential also for the evolution and interaction of terminology of various professional domains. Taking into account that professional terminology is created and developed in circumstances of universal communication, when a language is considered only a communication tool – the fact that impedes the comprehension of its fundamental function, that of preserving culture and identity. For this reason, unique terminological solutions of librarians are of great importance for fostering national terminological databases and integrating them into global international networks.

Gauta 2019-08-12

Nijolė Bl iūdžiuvienė

Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka

Gedimino pr. 51, LT-01109 Vilnius

E. paštas [email protected]

Violeta Černiauskaitė

Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka

Gedimino pr. 51, LT-01109 Vilnius

E. paštas [email protected]

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Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Terminografijos plėtros kryptys Lietuvos nacionalinėje Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekoje

Violeta Černiauskaitė |