LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXXII (1993)

BALTŲ ONOMASTIKOS TYRINĖJIMAI

VITALIJA MACIEJAUSKIENĖ

PERSONAL NAMES IN THE KRIAUNAI PARISH IN THE 17TH–18TH CENTURIES

The study of Lithuanian historical anthroponymy is only just beginning¹. The formation of the two-part Lithuanian naming system has been discussed, and the time when the surname, the most important component of that system, emerged has been established. In addition, some very complex phenomena in the stabilization of our surnames have already been examined—surname variants, Slavicization, the loss of patronymic suffixes, and so on—as have the most general features of the origins of Lithuanian surnames and the development of women’s naming. This was done by studying anthroponymic material collected from various historical documents dating from the 13th to the 18th centuries and treating it as a single, indivisible whole. This approach was required by the aim of the earlier research. However, studying the very abundant material spanning a long period made it possible to draw a considerable number of conclusions, though only of the most general kind, and often merely to note one phenomenon or another.

The conclusions already reached could be made more specific (or even revised), and most of the problems merely noted (or entirely new ones) could be examined, only through future studies of the anthroponymy of specific historical documents. Such a source should cover specific periods—one, several, or more years—in any locality in Lithuania: it might be administrative and legal in nature (estate, district, or deanery inventories, court record books, etc.), ecclesiastical (parish registers of baptisms, marriages, and deaths), or of another kind. Among other things, such studies would reveal the distinctive features of the formation and origins of personal names in different parts of Lithuania, the circumstances and dates surrounding the emergence of particular surnames or their variants, and perhaps help establish the authenticity of the forms of some present-day surnames, their etymologies, and so on. In addition, each such study would probably confirm, specify, refine, and supplement what has already been established and said through research into Lithuanian historical anthroponymy.

Apart from Z. Zinkevičius’s monograph² and M. Ramonienė’s dissertation³, there are no other substantial studies examining the anthroponymy of a specific historical document. Thus, the article presented here should add to their number. It will discuss the anthroponymy of two church books from the Kriaunai parish (both of which

¹For an overview of studies on this topic, see: Maciejauskienė V. Lietuvių pavardžių susidarymas. V., 1991. P. 7-8.

² Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių antroponimika. V., 1977.

³ Р а м о н е н е М. Литовские фамилии конца XVIII в. Автореф. дисс. канд. филол. н. Вильнюс, 1987.

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preserved in the Kriaunai church archive)⁴.

The first book contains bound records of baptisms from 1678–1691 and marriages from 1679–1693. The pages of the book were unnumbered. When transcribing the personal names, Alf. Streikus numbered them. Since the years covered by the baptism and marriage entries differ slightly, the book’s pages were numbered as follows: the baptism register for 1678–1691 runs from page 1 to page 57, while the marriage register for 1679–1693 starts again at page 1 and runs through page 20. Thus, the first book has 77 pages in all. Approximately 6,100 personal-name entries were transcribed from it (4,880 from the baptism register and 1,220 from the marriage register).

The second book contains bound records of baptisms from 1691–1719 and marriages from 1696–1719. The pages of this book are numbered, 167 in all (pages 1–108 contain the baptism register, while pages 109–167 contain the marriage register). Approximately 9,240 personal-name entries were transcribed from it (7,960 from the baptism register and 1,280 from the marriage register). The two Kriaunai parish books cover a period of approximately 40 years (1678–1719), and about 15,340 Lithuanian name entries were transcribed from them.

The main aim of the article is to examine these names and the formation and origins of the personal names that make them up (especially the second names); to trace the origins and causes of the emergence of at least some personal names and their variants; to discuss the Slavicization of Lithuanian personal names reflected in these sources; to identify features of formation, origin, or other traits characteristic specifically of the personal names in these sources (that is, of this particular locality—the Kriaunai parish); and to provide as much material as possible to illustrate the claims.

It has already been mentioned that both church books contain records of baptisms and marriages. Moreover, the dates of the entries for these records differ even within the same book. Therefore, the following reference codes for the Kriaunai parish sources under study have been chosen for the examples: 1a—the baptism register for 1678–1691; 2a—the baptism register for 1691–1719; 1b—the marriage register for 1679–1693; 2b—the marriage register for 1696–1719. After these reference codes, the volume and page number are given, for example: Margarita Giegielova (1a, 19), Mathias Bartkus (2b, 137). This indicates that the first name entry is on page 19 of the 1678–1691 baptism register, and the second is on page 137 of the 1696–1719 marriage register, and so on.

Both church books, as is customary for sources of this type, were written in Latin. It is evident that a certain formula for baptism and marriage entries had become established. Personal names are written inconsistently: given names are in Latin, while surnames (or other personal names used in their place) are in Polish.

Naming of persons

The entries in the sources under study date from 1678—1719. As previous analyses of Lithuanian historical anthroponymy testify, by the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the two-part Lithuanian naming system had already become established, and most

⁴ The personal names were transcribed from them and submitted to the Institute of the Lithuanian Language by Alfonsas Streikus, who has been carrying out this work with exceptional care for many years.

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of surnames. Their further development and complex stabilization were still under way, and the naming of women varied.

The naming of persons used in each individual historical document, of course, most often attests both to the general situation of the period and to features specific to that document (or type of document).

Men’s naming. In the sources under study, it clearly confirms that the two-part Lithuanian naming system had become established by this period. In both church books, the parents and godparents of baptized infants, as well as newlyweds and witnesses, are recorded with two personal names, for example: Nicolai Abaris (1a, 6), Ioannis Adamenas (2a, 164), Georgius Adamonis (1a, 35), Mathias Aulus (1b, 11), Christoforus Augulis (2b, 137), Thomas Baiorelis (1b, 17), Matthei Balciunas (1a, 50), Michael Baltųzko (2b, 129), Mathias Bindorius (1b, 5), Pauli Blawgie (2a, 17), Iosephi Brazelis (1a, 38), Casimirus Diwelis (1a, 20), Iacobo Dobrega (1b, 11), Michael Eydynik (1b, 7), Bartholomeus Gaydelis (1b, 14), Stephanus Gaydis (2a, 92), Mattheus Garolis (2a, 7), Thomas Idas (1b, 11), Ioannes Jakubaytis (2a, 69), Samuel Iankowski (2a, 150), Georgius Kiszunas (1b, 18), Thomas Kulis (1b, 17), Iosephy Loszynski (1b, 18), Augustini Mikalanis (1a, 27), Andreas Narbut (2b, 117), Stephani Nonis (2a, 16), Casimirus Osmolski (2b, 119), Michael Raszkowski (1a, 41), Ambrosius Szykilda (2b, 121), Stanislaus Trilupis (2b, 125), Christophori Walukas (1a, 29), Stephano Wancewicz (2b, 119), Petrus Warekala (1b, 8), Stephanus Warmele (2b, 129), Michaelis Żabecki (1a, 40), Ambrosius Żegunis (1b, 10).

Other persons mentioned in the sources—monks, priests, and church visitors—were also usually named using two personal names, for example: David Baltutowicz (2a, 84), Petro Bonįzko (2b, 142), Casimirus Czaykowski (2b, 139), Marinus Montrymowicz (2a, 39), Petrus Pokolniewicz (1a, 18), Algirdus Roginski (1a, 15), Michael Puzyna (1b, 17), Nicolaus Zilinski (1a, 15), Ioannes Woronowicz (1b, 11).

Departures from two-part naming of men are very rare. Of the more than 6,800 men mentioned in both church books, only 40 are named using something other than two personal names. Some are recorded by first name only, for example: Bartholomeus (1a, 50; 2a, 72), Christophori (1a, 19), Ioanes (2a, 40), Casimiri (2a, 38), Petri (2a, 47), by second personal name only, for example: Blaugianas (1a, 1), dawnialis (1a, 1), Iurkiewicz (2a, 24), Iuszka (2a, 14), Kazup onas (2a, 10), Miežis (1a, 21), Pagiris (2a, 26), Raugas (1a, 4), Rudak (1a, 101), Spurgius (1a, 8), Urbanonas (2a, 2), Werszynski (2a, 106), Wisdewas (2a, 24), Żagielis (1a, 29), by three personal names—Ladis lai Casimiri Kimbar (1a, 40), Marcianum Dominicum Kofiaracki (2a, 49), Petrus Casimiro Bonįzko (2a, 158) (two first names and a surname or a personal name standing in for one), Adami Kalwis Garolis (2a, 11), Petri Cotynis Balulis (1a, 44), Ioannes Krasewicz Kozemiaka (1a, 44), Michaelis Ryndwid Mickiewicz (1a, 20) (one first name and two other personal names), or in some other way, for example: Marci Latus alias Daronenas (1a, 47), Georgius Micunas alias Pilkis (2b, 142), Petro tan̨kunas alias Lala (2b, 114).

Women’s naming. It is more varied than men’s, which is apparently due first and foremost to the specific nature of the sources in which women are mentioned and recorded.

A baptismal register entry usually mentions the mother of the infant being baptized and the godmother. Their names differ. In both books,

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whose anthroponymy is examined here, the mothers of baptized infants are most often recorded by first name only, e.g.: Agatha (2a, 30), Barbara (1a, 43), Cecilia (2a, 8), Dorothea (2a, 6), Elisabetha (2a, 8), Gertrudis (1a, 47), Hedvigia (2a, 38), Helena (1a, 52), Juditha (2a, 6), Justina (2a, 27), Catharina (1a, 8), Constancia (2a, 40), Christina (1a, 53), Lucia (2a, 29), Magdalena (2a, 2), Margareta (1a, 18), Marina (1a, 54), Martha (2a, 2), Regina (2a, 6), Sophia (1a, 33).

In the 1678–1691 baptismal register, of approximately 1,200 mothers, 900 (i.e. 75%) are recorded by first name only. This form of naming is even more frequent in the 1691–1719 baptismal register. Here, of the 973 mothers mentioned, as many as 817 (i.e. 83.96%) are recorded by first name only. There is no doubt that this way of naming the mothers of baptized infants was determined by the baptismal-entry formula used in these church registers and by certain established conventions. It is unclear, however, why these conventions were not always followed, since 25% of mothers in the first register and about 16% in the second were named differently.

Almost without exception, these are two-part name forms, e.g.: Catharina Bernatowa (1a, 22), Marianna Buteykiowa (2a, 161), Catharina Dudaycia (1a, 21), Catharina Girunaycia (2a, 70), Elizabeth Kaparicia (1a, 25), Anna Kurkleticzia (2a, 145), Catharina Pagiricia (2a, 146), Agnetis Strakicie (2a, 62), Anna Szełkowna (2a, 143), Anna Szyrwin/ka (1a, 20), Anna Gieczewska (2a, 46), Dorothea Ujelena (1a, 20). The only mother of a baptized infant recorded with four personal names is Catharina Helena Fitingofowna Kimbarowa (1a, 40).

Godmothers mentioned in baptismal entries, as well as brides and female witnesses recorded when marriages were registered, are most often named with two personal names, e.g.: Christyna Augulicia (1b, 8), Anna Balciunaycie (2b, 123), Elisabetha Balciunowa (1a, 50), Christina Buywanaycia (2b, 110), Hedwigis Czębatorunowa (1a, 46), Sophia Degutycia (1b, 11), Agnes Dudazienciowa (1a, 40), Agneta Eydinikaycie (2b, 120), Catharina Giegielicia (2b, 122), Raina Jakubaytycia (2a, 71), Anaſtalia Iaſiulowa (1a, 10), Magdalena Ioczėnia (2a, 86), Sophia Iokubon(i)owa (1a, 44), Marianna Iurewiczowna (2a, 96), Christina Kalwricia (2a, 70), Anna Kierdeykjowa (1a, 32), Marina Klisionicia (1b, 17), Marianna Losinska (2a, 47), Elisabeth Materucia (2a, 85), Żophia Meyłowa (1a, 20), Anna Minska (2a, 4), Anna Moniotycia (1a, 24), Catharina Murzowa (1a, 21), Eleno Narbutaycia (2b, 127), Zofia Nawikaycia (1a, 1), Cecilia Paſausiowa (1a, 45), Elisabetha Pilkiowa (2b, 131), Anna Ramonaycia (1b, 18), Agneta Rymoniene (1b, 12), Christina Staſzukaycia (1a, 1), Anna Stankiewiczowa (2b, 135), Anaſtaſia Szerznikowa (1a, 22), Elisabetha ſzesielgicia (1b, 14), Marianna Tarwidayczia (2b, 136), Dorothea Tryłtupaycie (1a, 31), Elisabetha Uldukicia (2b, 110), Marina Wenazindziowa (1a, 51).

In the 1678–1691 baptismal register, 1,206 of the 1,230 godmothers mentioned are named with two personal names (i.e. 98.04%); in the 1691–1719 baptismal register, 1,766 of the 1,799 are named this way (i.e. 98.16%). A similar situation obtains in both marriage registers. In 1696–1719, 283 of the 290 brides (i.e. 97.58%) are recorded with two personal names, as are 90 of the 92 female witnesses (i.e. 97.82%). In 1679–1693, 312 of the 320 brides (i.e.

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97.5%) are named with two personal names.

This statistic clearly shows that other forms of naming godmothers, brides, and female witnesses are very rare in the church registers of the Kriaunos parish under study. These include entries giving only a first name, e.g.: Anastazia (2a, 41), Elisabetha (2a, 13), Catharina (2a, 81), Mariana (2a, 42); by the second personal name only, e.g.: Narbutowa (2a, 25), Puteykaycia (2b, 112); with three personal names, e.g.: Mariana Abarucz­a Turkowa (2a, 150), Elisabeth Dilicia Paberziowa (2a, 74), Christina Eydinikaycia Mikalowa (2a, 74), Elisabetha Gigielowa Kowalowa (2a, 24), Christina Mateikucia Budrowa (1a, 88), Catharina Narkuycie Iociowa (2a, 65), Cristina Stanuleni Utdukowa (2b, 133), Christina Sżimkaycie Adamaniowa; or in some other way, e.g.: Elisabetha Gigielowa uxor Casimiri Gigielis (2a, 32), Sophia uxor Petri Skwirbunas (2a, 39), Catharina Bartoszunowa vidua Malarzowa (1b, 8), Marina Bobrowska vidua Eydynikowa (1b, 18), Magdalena Isakowiczowa alias Alexandrowa Kotlarzowa (2a, 58), Margaritha Iasianowa alias Brodawckiczia (2b, 137), Anna Iozayczia alias Bertfajuniczia (2b, 140).

A different form of naming. It is used in the 1691–1719 baptismal register. Here, the father and mother of baptized infants are mentioned and recorded together relatively often (in about 800 of 1,760 cases). This looks as follows: Petri et Christina Adamani (51)⁵, Christophori et Christina Baierelis (64), Stanislaj et Elisabet Balčiūnas (104), Georgius et Marianna Baltuszka (83), Casimiri et Agnetis Bartoszewicz (106), Georgius et Elisabetha Berniunas (57), Simonis et Elisabetha Brawszka (57), Ioannis et Edvigis Burdynski (99), Ioannis et Edvigis Dalbagas (90), Christophori et Martha Dawenis (86), Iacobi et Elisabetha Diewelis (79), Iosephi et Edvigis Dinda (69), Ioannis et Elisabeth Gienis (91), Agatha et Philippus Isakowicz (53), Iosephi et Magdalena Iocis (49), Alexandri et Anna Kibilda (103), Georgius et Margaritha Kukutis (56), Cristina et Iosephi Kukhletis (52), Stephani et Anna Laukis (60), Ioannis et Ana Matiekus (155), Iacobi et Christina Mezginąs (49), Stanislai et Anna Murma (78), Michaelis et Hedvigis Narbutis (62), Iosephi et Elisabeth Pagiris (91), Nicolai et Felicianą Pakalnis (83), Iosephi et Elisabeth Podzius (89), Iosephi et Elisabeth Rudak (91), Cajimiri et Hedvigis Skirbun (161), Ioannis et Agnetis Strungis (51), Casimiri et Elisabetha Szwedas (57), Ioannis et Agnetis Taloczka (64), Iosephi et Elisabeth Ufelis (82), Stefani et Anna Warialis (97), Iacobi et Elisabeth Wekieris (75), Stanislai et Helena Zuklis (54). These forms of naming are the most frequent of this type. As can be seen, the infant’s father’s name is written first, followed by the mother’s name, joined by the conjunction et, and then the second personal name, which by this period can most often already be called a surname. There are cases (admittedly relatively rare) in which the conjunction et is omitted between the father’s and mother’s names, e.g.: Georgius Anna Baiaras (47), Ioannis Zofia Brazunas (86), Stanislaus Elisabeth Dziukis (88), Christofori Eve Ianuszakayties, Petri Margaritha Iasanis (47), Stephani Anna Laukis

⁵ Since all examples come from source 2a, only the leaf number is given in parentheses.

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(47), Petrus Zofia Murka (86), Stanislai Marianna Pagiris (49), Ioannis Eva Pakalnis (86), Ioannes Anna Uselis (85).

In assessing these naming patterns (both with and without the conjunction et), two things attract attention: 1) the personal names in men’s two-part designations are separated by inserting the infant’s mother’s name between them; and 2) this practice does not give the plural form of the man’s second personal name, which would indicate a shared surname for both parents (the family).

It therefore seems preferable to use such joint designations of the parents of the infant being baptized, in which the mother’s name is written first, followed by the father’s two personal names joined by the conjunction et, e.g.: Cristina et Petri Adamonis (151), Elisabetha et Stanislai Awilus (149), Marianna et Andrea Baltakis (151), Cristina et Casimiri Brazūnas (152), Cristina et Mathia Kizunas (149), Catharina et Christophori Kiżzanis (108), Agatha et Iosephi Miežis (108), Sophia et Iacobi Mikšzis (149), Elisabetha et Ioannis Pasaulis (108), Hedvigis et Casimiri Skirbunas (154), Marianna et Iosephi Streykus (151), Marianna et Iosephi Szlekas (152), Elena et Georgij Trylupis (154). This seems to preserve more consistently the naming convention customary in documents of this type: mothers of baptized infants are recorded by first name only, while fathers are recorded with two personal names. However, such designations are also rare (there are only about 30 among the approximately 800 mentioned). Moreover, baptismal register entries that occur elsewhere and probably refer to the same people⁶ sometimes seem to “correct” these designations, replacing them with those discussed earlier, e.g.: Sophia et Mathia Brazelis (149), but Mathia et Sophia Braželis (155), Sophia et Christophori Iuſzka (150), but Christophori et Sophia Iuszka (89), Marianna et Petri Laſzas (151), but Petri et Marianna Laſzas (160), Magdalena et Casimiri Masta (152), but Casimiri et Magdalena Masta (159), Anna et Petri Putra (152), but Petri et Anna Putra (163).

Other joint designations of both parents of the infant being baptized occur only sporadically, e.g.: Ioannes Anna (85) (first names only), Casimiri et Anna (150) (first names joined by the conjunction et), Casimiri et Marianna Iociowa (60) (the father’s first name only, followed by the mother’s two personal names joined by the conjunction et), and Matthia et Regina filaykis et Galsarucia (74) (first the names of both parents, followed by their second personal names, joined by the conjunction et).

Formation of personal names

Only the formation of the second personal names in two-part designations will be discussed here (the first, as noted, are without exception baptismal names). Men’s and women’s personal names are examined separately.

Men’s personal names. As already mentioned, in church books covering longer periods, the same person may be mentioned several times—several children of the same father may be baptized, and the same person may serve as godfather to more than one infant

⁶ In church books, especially baptismal registers, containing entries spanning a dozen or more years, the same people (the parents of an infant being baptized, the godfather and godmother) may be mentioned several times. Of course, the names and second personal names may also coincide by chance.

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or a witness at not just one, but several weddings. Consequently, some of the second personal names identifying men may be recorded in the source several times, or even more often. On the other hand, different individuals may also bear the same personal names (surnames), which arose and became widespread in one place or another—in this case, in the Kriaunos parish. After all, the distribution area of most of our present-day surnames, each borne by several, a dozen, or more Lithuanian families, is fairly well defined. Repeated second personal names (especially when identifying the same person) would make it difficult to form as accurate a picture as possible of their formation. This is important for various reasons: it reveals the features of personal-name (surname) formation in a particular locality in Lithuania, reflects the specific character of Lithuanian personal names in a particular period, and can be compared with the broader context of how our present-day surnames are formed, and so on. Therefore, only distinct⁷ second personal names from the first and second church registers were selected; these are the names discussed here.

In the first register (baptisms recorded in 1678–1691 and marriages in 1679–1693), 1,044 distinct personal names were found. They are divided into two groups: 1) personal names with Lithuanian (-aitis, -ūnas, -onis, -ėnas) and Slavic (-ovičius, -evičius) patronymic suffixes, with diminutive-affectionate suffixes (-elis, -ė; -ėlis, -ė, etc.), and with so-called -sk- type suffixes (-ovskis, -evskis, -skis, -inskis, etc.); 2) personal names without these suffixes. This is, of course, a conditional classification chosen by the researcher, determined, among other things, by the aims of the study.

The first group is larger. It contains 604 personal names (i.e., 57.8%), while the second contains 440 (i.e., 42.14%).

Most personal names in the first group (279) have Lithuanian or Slavic patronymic suffixes. Here, names with these suffixes are presented in order of suffix frequency:

-ūnas — 92 personal names (constituting 8.81% of all second personal names in this church register), e.g.: Abraitūnas⁸ (1a, 15), Aleziūnas (1a, 26), Abiazūnas (1a, 3), Andreiūnas (1b, 6), Balčiūnas (1b, 6), Bartajūnas (1a, 20), Belčiūnas (1a, 31), Berčiūnas (1a, 41), Bermūnas (1b, 10), Braziūnas (1a, 28), Butkun (1a, 8), Czabatorūnas (1b, 7), Dalkūnas (1a, 25), Dziemincūnas (1b, 9), Elosūnas (1a, 43), Gadžiūnas (1b, 11), Griciūnas (1b, 1), Grigalūnas (1a, 9), Iankūnas (1b, 13), Iozūnas (1a, 11), Kawolūnas (1a, 57), Kiszūnas (1b, 18), Krauciūnas (1a, 8), Krysiūnas (1b, 17), Kwilūnas (1a, 5), Macieūnas (1a, 18), Maciūnas (1a, 23), Matiejūnas (1b, 2), Matieku-nas (1a, 3), Matyjosūnas (1b, 12), Meytūnas (1b, 2), Miciūnas (1a, 45),

⁷ The concept of distinct personal name, when discussing historical anthroponymy, is somewhat relative. In many cases, it is impossible to determine whether a name is distinct or merely a variant of the same name (graphic, with a different ending or suffix, and so on). Some margin of error is therefore unavoidable, and this should be borne in mind when assessing the results of the study.

⁸ Having discussed and illustrated with numerous examples how individuals were named, and established that recording individuals with two personal names clearly predominated, it seemed pointless to write both names here. Only the second personal names are presented.

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Mikaloiunas (1a, 33), Morkunas (1a, 48), Paciunas (1b, 2), Pocziunas (1a, 12), Podziunas (1a, 37), Rymkunas (1b, 2), Skiburnas (1a, 31), Stankunas (1a, 38), Stasiunas (1b, 18), Stafzkuna (1a, 21), Steikunas (1a, 22), Szimelunas (1a, 10), Waycielunas (1a, 24), Wayk-iunas (1a, 14), Waytekunas (1b, 6), Walenczunas (1b, 12), Weykniun (1b, 7), Wilunas (1a, 12);

-onis — 90 personal names (i.e., 8.62% of all second personal names in the source), e.g.: Adomonis (1a, 46), Baltaszanis (1b, 14), Balulonis (1a, 55), Bernatonis (1a, 15), Baytwardanies (1a, 11), Buteykonis (1a, 34), Cieponis (1b, 16), Ciesiulonis (1b, 17), Gaydzonis (1a, 42), Gasparonis (1a, 55), Girczonis (1a, 31), Grygonis (1a, 1), Gudonis (1a, 25), Igonis (1b, 7), Indmonis (1a, 27), Iwananis (1b, 5), Iakubonis (1a, 49), Iakulonis (1a, 23), Ianonis (1a, 5), Ianulonis (1b, 10), Iasonis (1a, 52), Iafjulonis (1b, 5), Ionelonis (1b, 18), Iozoponis (1a, 55), Iurgionis (1a, 43), Kli̇jzanis (1a, 9), Laurymonis (1a, 26), Lawronis (1b, 17), Lukanis (1a, 10), Martynonis (1b, 14), Matulonis (1a, 43), Melnikonis (1b, 16), Mikalonis (1a, 43), Motusonis (1b, 20), Palulanis (1a, 10), Paulukanis (1b, 2), Pcrzkonis (1a, 57), Pawlanis (1a, 5), Petranis (1a, 7), Piworonis (1b, 14), Rukanis (1a, 20), Stanionis (1a, 40), Staniflawonis (1a, 26), Staniulonis (1b, 7), Stapulonis (1b, 20), Stasionis (1b, 10), Stafukanis (1a, 6), Stasiulonis (1b, 13), Szymonis (1a, 32), Udelonis (1a, 46), Urbononis (1a, 27), Wayciulonis (1b, 13), Waytunis (1a, 2), Walukunis (1b, 2), Walulonis (1a, 41), Wenclawan (1a, 10), Zebronis (1b, 16), Zygmanis (1b, 1);

-evičius — 39 personal names (i.e., 3.73%), e.g.: Balukiewicz (1b, 16), Bartoszewicz (1a, 30), Blazewicz (1a, 28), Budniewicz (1b, 2), Budrewicz (1a, 19), Butkiewicz (1b, 2), Dycewicz (1a, 45), Dziukiewicz (1a, 22), Garniewicz (1a, 10), Gigielewicz (1a, 5), Gryncewicz (1a, 43), Ianuszkiewicz (1a, 5), Iateykiewicz (1a, 22), Losiewicz (1a, 40), Lukajzewicz (1a, 9), Mickiewicz (1a, 2), Minkiewicz (1a, 46), Miszkiewicz (1b, 20), Pielewicz (1a, 8), Pokahiewicz (1a, 39), Putrewicz (1a, 39), Rodziewicz (1a, 37), Rosiewicz (1a, 26), Rudziewicz (1a, 56), Stapewicz (1a, 39), Stęykiewicz (1a, 46), Trasewicz (1b, 9), Tumaszewicz (1a, 39), Wasilewicz (1a, 43), Wencewicz (1a, 43);

-ėnas — 28 personal names (i.e., 2.68%), e.g.: Azienas (1a, 31), Balutėnas (1a, 54), Barzdenas (1a, 7), Cielunas (1b, 12), Dantenas (1a, 56), Iozupenas (1b, 10), Iurgienas (1a, 34), Kieltenas (1a, 22), Kluwenas (1b, 14), Kucenas (1b, 15), Latwenas (1b, 13), Macziutenas (1a, 27), Mastenas (1a, 5), Ožienas (1a, 31), Simonenes (1a, 33), Sywenas (1a, 3), Staniulenas (1a, 39), Szymelenas (1b, 11), Szmelენas (1a, 27), Trumpenas (1a, 55), Tumnenas (1b, 4), Urbონenas (1a, 46), Wayciulenas (1a, 32), Warkalenas (1b, 11), Warkienas (1b, 6), Zalenas (1b, 12);

-ovičius (-avičius) — 18 personal names (i.e., 1.72%), e.g.: Aleksandrowicz (1a, 9), Arnawicz (1a, 18), Dafzkowicz (1a, 46), Dubowicz (1b, 5), Eframowicz (1a, 18), Fiedorowicz (1a, 47), Hrehopowicz (1a, 12), Isakowicz (1a, 19), Iarnuszkowicz (1a, 46), Laurynowicz (1a, 25), Lenkowicz (1a, 37), Linkowicz (1a, 25), Ufowicz (1a, 13), Woytowiz (1b, 9);

-aitis — 12 personal names (i.e., 1.14%), e.g.: Adamaytis (1a, 23), Boieykaytis (1b, 7), Giedroyc (1a, 20), Iakubaitis (1a, 7), Ianufzkaytis (1a, 10), Iokubaytis (1a, 43), Ioni zzkaytis (1a, 44), Meylukaytis (1a, 26), Minaytis (1a, 20), Tyjunaytis (1a, 50).

41

As can be seen, among Lithuanian and Slavic patronymic suffixes, the Lithuanian -ūnas, -onis convincingly predominate.

Another small group of second personal names consists of those with so-called diminutive-affectionate suffixes, which, when forming personal names, may also have a patronymic meaning. The highly uneven frequency of these suffixes is noteworthy. Only 16 personal names (i.e., 1.53%) with the suffix -(i)ulis occurred, e.g.: Augulis (1a, 8), Auszkulis (1b, 4), Bafjulis (1a, 9), Bruzgulis (1b, 14), Didžiulis (1a, 49), Dudulis (1b, 14), Garulis (1a, 44), Gigulis (1a, 6), Magnulius (1a, 57), Manulis (1a, 6), Mikulis (1a, 22), Nagulis (1b, 2), Podzilis (1a, 41), [tarkulis (1a, 13), Walu̇lis (1a, 27); only 10 each (i.e., 0.95% each) with the suffixes -(i)ukas, -utis, e.g.: Ianukas (1b, 16), Lekukas (1a, 43), Miſukas (1b, 12), Paulukas (1b, 12), Podziukas (1a, 26), Čibutis (1a, 5), Eybutis (1a, 19), Kilutis (1b, 3), Makutis (1b, 15), Palutis (1a, 22), Raugutis (1a, 6), Ubutis (1a,15), Walutis (1b, 8).

However, the diminutive suffixes -ėlis, -ė, -ėlis, -ė are very common. About 209 derivatives of these were found in the first church book, accounting for about 20% of all distinct second personal names. The suffix -elis, -ė is somewhat more frequent—123 personal names (11, 78%), e.g.: Banelis (1a, 31), Barzelis (1b, 5), Berczelis (1a, 33), Biczcelis (1b, 5), Bizdelis (1a, 25), Blaugiete (1a, 12), Blauzdelis (1a, 41), Blewogieta (1a, 20), Brawżkialo (1b, 7), Brazelis (1a, 28), Burbiela (1a, 8), Czermelis (1a, 54), Dagiga (1a, 2), didelis (1b, 4), Diewelis (1a, 56), dygiala (1a, 3), Dylelis (1a, 55), Dyrdele (1a, 49), Drusnelis (1b, 3), Dudete (1a, 8), Dziawgi̇ela (1a, 56), Dziugielis (1a, 10), Gaydelis (1a, 14), Gałwelis (1a, 57), Gaucielis (1a, 11), Gigelis (1a, 39), Grustelis (1a, 34), Grusnelis (1b, 3), Gudelis (1a, 15), Idelis (1a, 52), Iakiela (1a, 30), Iocielis (1a, 46), Iurkiala (1a, 33), Iurżiale (1a, 13), Kalnelis (1a, 9), Kawktelis (1a, 25), Kirwelis (1b, 5), Krapelis (1b, 2), Krugielis (1a, 28), Kulelis (1a, 39), Kumpelis (1b, 10), Kuprelis (1a, 54), Laszelis (1a, 36), Laukiele (1b, 2), Lelelis (1a, 57), Losielis (1a, 2), Marygelis (1a, 48), Meytelis (1a, 54), Mierkelis (1b, 5), Mieżelis (1a, 35), Mingielis (1b, 8), Mukiela (1a, 39), Murkiela (1a, 29), Murmete (1b, 2), Nakiata (1a, 21), Ozelis (1a, 43), Paknelis (1a, 10), Plikielis (1a, 52), Podżelis (1a, 51), Pukielis (1a, 39), Purpela (1b, 12), Raugielis (1a, 14), Rogielis (1a, 5), Rukielis (1a, 23), Ruksztela (1b, 18), Sniegielis (1a, 41), Stanelis (1a, 23), Styrmele (1a, 5), Strungielis (1a, 41), Swierelis (1a, 37), [zypelis (1b, 18), Szlakielis (1a, 1), Turkielis (1a, 21), Uselis (1a, 49), Waynelis (1a, 45), Warnele (1a, 9), Werksnelis (1a, 34), Werſzelis (1a, 45), Witelis (1b, 12), Wilkielis (1a, 11), Żilelis (1a, 47), Zuktelis (1a, 25).

Interestingly, among the source’s second personal names, most derivatives with the suffix -elis, -ė have corresponding forms without suffixes, e.g.: Bercis (1a, 1), Bizdis (1a, 25), Blauģie (1a, 6), Blauzdius (1a, 28), Brawszka (1b, 17), Dygia (1a, 23), Dylis (1a, 38), Dyrda (1a, 23), Duda (1a, 45), Gaydis (1a, 37), Gaucżys (1a, 4), Gudas (1a, 26), Idas (1a, 30), Iocis (1a, 26), Kawkie (1a, 52), Krupas (1b, 2), Krugas (1a, 52), Kulias (1a, 44), Meytas (1a, 44), Mierkis (1a, 49), Miezis (1a, 7), Murka (1a, 36), Murma (1a, 29), nakas (1a, 2), Podżius (1a, 48), Purpa (1a, 13), Raugas (1a, 14), Rukas (1a, 10), [niegis (1a, 31), [tyrma (1a, 34), Strungis (1a, 49), Swieris (1a, 4), [żakas (1a, 54), Turkas (1a, 7), Warna (1a, 8), Wernis (1a, 13), Wilas (1a, 6), Wilkas (1a, 28), Żylis (1a,

42

30), Žuklis (1a, 52). 86 (i.e., 8.23%) of the personal names have the suffix -ėlis, -ė, e.g.: Ayswirdelis (1a, 33), Bagdonelis (1b, 5), Baionelis (1a, 44), Balciunelis (1a, 12), Baltakelis (1b, 19), Bermetelis (1b, 5), Berunkielis (1a, 53), Bielunelis (1a, 44), Bradeselis (1a, 30), Cipiekielis (1a, 46), Ciupikielis (1b, 6), Ciwunelis (1a, 48), Czepikielis (1a, 31), Cziupikielis (1b, 5), Dabragiete (1a, 24), Degutelis (1a, 47), Didziagalwelis (1b, 19), Dudnikielis (1a, 33), Fiederelis (1a, 28), Gaczunelis (1b, 7), Ganotelis (1a, 32), Gawenelis (1a, 15), Gotinelis (1a, 8), Grabawskielis (1a, 50), Igawnelis (1a, 23), Ilkunelis (1b, 2), Iankunelis (1a, 40), Iawgunelis (1a, 25), Jawidelis (1a, 21), Katinelis (1a, 15), Kazamiekielis (1b, 19), Kiesyelis (1a, 40), Kirdeykielis (1a, 30), Kijunelis (1a, 22), Krysiunelis (1a, 47), Kryszapelis (1b, 18), Kubakielis (1a, 7), Kudretelis (1a, 25), Kurkletelis (1a, 54), Licunelis (1a, 28), Ligumiszkelis (1a, 49), Maciunelis (1a, 18), Markunelis (1a, 55), Melnikielis (1b, 20), Miciunelis (1a, 8), Muczymelis (1a, 51), Narbutelis (1a, 54), Narwidelis (1b, 11), Nawikielis (1a, 35), Pagirelis (1a, 47), Petranelis (1a, 5), Petrikielis (1a, 42), Piwonelis (1a, 35), Powawanelis (1a, 5), Jakalelis (1b, 4), Sargunelis (1a, 11), jpiewakielis (1b, 1), Jtakunelis (1b, 15), Jtankunelis (1b, 15), Stasiunelis (1b, 18), Jzafzutelis (1a, 28), Jzesztokielis (1b, 17), Jzyleykielis (1a, 39), Tyiunelis (1a, 32), Uszkurelis (1a, 15), Walukelis (1a, 39), Wigienielis (1a, 5), Wilniszkielis (1a, 55), Wirbabelis (1b, 4), Wowerelis (1a, 24), Zameytelis (1a, 1), Zemaytelis (1a, 14), Żygnelis (1a, 49).

Most of the personal names from which the suffix -ėlis, -ė derivatives are formed are also recorded in the source, e.g.: Ayswirdis (1a, 33), Baioras (1a, 49), Balciunas (1a, 7), Baltakis (1a, 26), Bernatas (1b, 4), Bielunas (1a, 44), Brede (1a, 22), Cipikis (1a, 32), Ciupikis (1a, 13), Dabrega (1b, 14), Degutis (1a, 55), Didziagalwis (1b, 19), Dobraga (1a, 28), Dudnikas (1b, 3), Garolis (1a, 54), Gawenas (1a, 23), Gotynis (1a, 19), Grabowfki (1b, 6), Igawnis (1a, 56), Iankunas (1b, 13), Katinas (1a, 24), Kazamiekas (1b, 13), Kiesilis (1a, 36), Kirdeykis (1a, 11), Kijunas (1a, 27), Krysiunas (1a, 37), Kudanas (1a, 15), Kurkletis (1a, 8), Ligumiszckis (1b, 15), Maciunas (1a, 23), Miciunas (1a, 45), Muczynis (1a, 42), Narbut (1a, 24), Narwidis (1a, 40), Nawikas (1a, 51), Pagiris (1a, 29), Petramis (1a, 7), Petrikas (1a, 20), Sargunas (1b, 12), Spiewokas (1a, 34), Stankunas (1a, 38), Stasiunas (1b, 18), Szyteyka (1a, 41), Uszkiris (1a, 26), Walukas (1a, 50), Wigianis (1a, 20), Wilniszkis (1b, 21), Wirbakas (1a, 27), Woweris (1a, 30), Zameytis (1a, 1), Żemaitis (1a, 11), Żugunis (1a, 50).As can be seen, some of them already have one suffix or another (more often -ūnas, less often -onis, -auskas, -ukas, -utis, or the like).

It should be noted that derivatives with other suffixes also sometimes have corresponding forms without suffixes in the source, e.g.: Bielunas (1a, 44) – Bielus (1b, 16), Blazeiunas (1a, 3) – Blazey (1a, 3), Butkun (1a, 8) – Butkus (1a, 25), Czabatorunas (1b, 7) – Czabataris (1a, 2), Dewinciunas (1a, 8) – Dewincius (1a, 48), Meytunas (1b, 2) – Meytas (1a, 44), Podziunas (1a, 37) – Podzius (1a, 48), Winckunas (1a, 38) – Winckus (1a, 10); Gaydzonis (1a, 42) – Gaydis (1a, 37), Girczonis (1a, 31) – Girczij (1a, 13), Kljjzunis (1a, 9), – Kliszyis (1a, 40), Melnikonis (1b, 16) – Mielnik (1a, 7), Stanionis (1a, 40) – Stanis (1a, 33), Walukanis (1b, 2) – Walukas (1a, 50), Walulonis (1a, 41) – Walulis (1a,

43

27); Budniewicz (1b, 2) – Budnis (1a, 11), Budrewicz (1a, 19) – Budris (1a, 10), Gigelewicz (1a, 5) – Gigelis (1a, 39), Putrewicz (1a, 39) – Putra (1a, 29); Starkulis (1a, 13) – Starkus (1b, 16); Warkalenas (1b, 11) – Warkalis (1b, 14), and so on. However, such cases are not common.

Some of the personal names discussed here in the first group have so-called -sk- type suffixes. These are of Slavic origin. They differ from the Lithuanian and Slavic suffixes mentioned earlier in that they were very rare during the period of most intensive Lithuanian surname formation, i.e., the 16th–17th centuries. Thus, personal names with these suffixes most often attest to processes involved in the final stabilization of our surnames—Slavicization, the emergence of variants, and, of course, borrowing and the like.

There are 75 such personal names in the first church register (i.e., 7.18%), e.g.: Bardinſki (1a, 10), Belczynski (1a, 57), Bielicki (1b, 6), Blinski (1a, 32), Budnickas (1a, 2), Burdinſki (1a, 14), Ciemiewſki (1a, 7), Czigunski (1b, 5), Czomſki (1a, 5), Daczewſki (1a, 8), Gąsiewski (1a, 51), Gerulski (1a, 50), Girulski (1a, 29), Grabowſki (1b, 6), Gulbinſki (1a, 54), Gurſki (1a, 5), Iablonſki (1a, 11), Iaczewski (1a, 1), Ianowski (1b, 7), Kibickas (1a, 55), Kiersnowski (1a, 33), Kloſinski (1b, 2), Koszynski (1b, 15), Kowalewski (1b, 12), Kropiwnicki (1a, 27), Kuszewski (1a, 37), Labecki (1b, 6), Laszewſki (1b, 6), Laudanski (1b, 7), Lazowſki (1a, 20), Ligucki (1b, 20), Lipski (1a, 24), Loszynski (1a, 44), Lupickas (1b, 6), Maranowski (1a, 53), Maſalſki (1a, 20), Michalowſki (1a, 20), Narkowski (1a, 33), Naszlanski (1a, 53), Piotrowſki (1b, 21), Pukniawſkis (1a, 23), Raszkowski (1a, 44), Rybalſki (1a, 3), Sadowſki (1a, 22), Skarbinſki (1b, 4), Skardynski (1a, 46), Stawski (1a, 45), Swietorzecki (1a, 20), Szelęgowski (1a, 23), Szymanowski (1a, 45), Szywinſki (1a, 20), Wierzbicki (1a, 54), Woronecki (1a, 41), Żabecki (1a, 50), Zablocki (1a, 2), Zylinſki (1a, 10).

Some of the personal names under study (440, i.e., 42.14%) have none of the suffixes mentioned above. Some of them have already been presented, when suffixless counterparts of derivatives with one or another suffix were indicated. Here is another small group of such personal names: Abanus (1a, 32), Alksnis (1a, 48), Apvałkunis (1b, 16), Aulus (1a, 55), Baltrakis (1a, 21), Baltuźka (1a, 2), Barzda (1a, 36), Bitinas (1a, 28), Bucza (1a, 42), Burbulas (1a, 56), Buta (1a, 33), Buza (1a, 47), Cizius (1a, 41), Daynis (1b, 19), Darda (1b, 12), Dawevnis (1a, 6), Deksnis (1b, 14), Dykis (1b, 8), Dirzis (1a, 9), Drevinikas (1b, 5), Drifkus (1a, 8), Dukis (1a, 26), Gayzius (1b, 4), Galinis (1a, 37), Gaurus (1a, 5), Geywenis (1a, 51), Genis (1a, 34), Gilis (1a, 38), Gurklis (1a, 47), Iagminas (1a, 36), Iodeykis (1a, 2), Iodgalwis (1b, 15), Iodis (1a, 13), Iodkalnis (1a, 11), Jowidis (1a, 29), Iaknas (1a, 25), Iuſzka (1a, 28), Kadaras (1a, 5), Kibilda (1a, 19), Kibinkle (1a, 56), Kimbar (1a, 2), Kirka (1a, 24), Kiukis (1a, 15), Kliszyż (1a, 40), Kurmis (1b, 13), Lapienie (1a, 11), Likas (1a, 6), Luksza (1a, 37), Mackun (1a, 11), Malekus (1a, 50), Medźginis (1a, 52), Murza (1a, 30), Narwayśis (1a, 49), Oſteyko (1a, 21), Paberzis (1a, 12), Pazausis (1a, 32), Pilkis (1a, 48), Pimpe (1a, 54), Plonis (1b, 14), Raystinis (1a, 40), Repſzys (1a, 29), Sakapilwis (1a, 10), Syrwidis (1a, 25), Smaltis (1a, 7), Switpa (1a, 31), Szafna (1a, 24), Szarmuksznis (1a, 27), Wayszunids (1a, 47), Zwirblis (1a, 50).

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In the second church register (baptisms recorded for 1691–1719 and marriages for 1696–1719), 1,077 distinct personal names in the second, two-part naming system were found. A total of 613 personal names (i.e., 56.91%) have patronymic, diminutive or hypocoristic, or Slavic -sk- type suffixes. There are 464 personal names (i.e., 43.08%) without the above-mentioned suffixes. Here, too, the most common names in the first group are those with Lithuanian or Slavic patronymic suffixes. In order of productivity, they can be arranged as follows:

-ūnas — as in the first church register, 92 personal names (making up 8.54% of all those discussed), e.g.:⁹: Alesiūn (2a, 40), Alkunas (2a, 102), Ambrozeiunas (2a, 23), Baltrunas (2a, 48), Biczkūnas (2a, 62), Brazieūnas (2b, 123), Dowziūnas (2a, 97), Dryškiūnas (2a, 148), Galjūnas (2b, 165), Giriūnas (2a, 25), Ičiūnas (2b, 122), Lutkūnas (2a, 98), Karmacžun (2a, 59), Kallrunas (2a, 36), Kiawrunas (2b, 129), Kuslūnas (2b, 129), Lazieūnas (2a, 43), Lukafziūnas (2a, 147), Maskaliūnas (2a, 165), Mickūnas (2b, 111), Minkūnas (2b, 118), Mijūnas (2a, 105), Narkūnas (2a, 91), Paliūnas (2b, 139), Pekariūnas (2a, 70), Petrafzūnas (2a, 159), Rymdziūnas (2a, 153), [kuirbūnas (2a, 29), [taczkūnas (2a, 11), Starkūnas (2b, 141), [tolorūnas (2a, 6), Streybūnas (2a, 59), [žymkūnas (2a, 148), Unciūnas (2b, 115), Undrūnas (2a, 156), Wąciūnas (2a, 99), Weynūnas (2a, 158), Werebiejūnas (2a, 152), Winckūnas (2b, 142);

-onis — 68 personal names (i.e., 6.31%), e.g.: Augustinonis (2a, 36), Bucianis (2b, 142), Gacionis (2a, 8), Gaydėlonis (2b, 123), Iozanis (2b, 119), Iu[zkanis (2a, 143), Kayrianis (2a, 157), Kasparanis (2a, 100), Keyranis (2a, 165), Kimelanis (2b, 133), Maczianis (2a, 148), Mingienanis (2a, 154), Mi[jikanis (2b, 136), Plikionis (2a, 57), Putranis (2b, 120), Simanis (2a, 71), Stalulonis (2a, 24), Tumonis (2b, 115);

-ėnas — 48 personal names (i.e., 4.45%), e.g.: Adamenas (2a, 42), Awgustinienas (2a, 51), Bicenas (2a, 164), Digienas (2a, 69). Drudenas (2a, 13), Gasparenas (2b, 117), Gotienas (2a, 43), Ionuienas (2a, 147), Kaziu-lenas (2a, 165), Kugienas (2b, 117), Kw apenas (2a, 107), Law kienas (2a, 27), Matutėnas (2a, 17), Mek[zėnas (2a, 144), Mikienas (2a, 52), Motusen as (2a, 34), Petrulenas (2a, 13), Pintenas (2a, 157), Plikienas (2a, 53), Simelenas (2a, 74), Simulenas (2b, 118), [tanistenas (2a, 8), Szymulenas (2a, 57), Szukienas (2a, 74), Tawrulenas (2b, 113), Ubagienas (2b, 115), Walulenas (2a, 21), Winclawenas (2a, 65), Zūlenas (2a, 64), Žuklenas (2b, 133), Zwerblenas (2a, 74);

-evičius — 41 personal name (i.e., 3.8%), e.g.: Ali[jskiewicz (2a, 58), Ambroze wicz (2a, 162), Andruszkiewicz (2a, 68), Bankiewicz (2a, 99), Danielewicz (2a, 27), Dylewicz (2a, 105), Iuniewicz (2a, 151), Iu[z]kiewicz (2a, 162), Karko

⁹ Given that some personal names recur in the second church register (since the source concerns the same place, but different years), slightly fewer are listed here, with an effort to select those not presented earlier or not recorded in the first register.

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zewicz (2a, 106), Keyrewicz (2a, 145), Lenkiewicz (2a, 17), Mackiewicz (2a, 39), Markiewicz (2a, 86), Matiaszewicz (2b, 125), Matuſewicz (2a, 103), Naruſewicz (2a, 95), Paſzkiewicz (2a, 157), Prowadźiewicz (2b, 139), Stackiewicz (2b, 140), Stanbiewicz (2a, 100), Stałkiewicz (2b, 139), Szymkiewicz (2a, 41), Trakieniewicz (2a, 146), Wancewicz (2a, 22), Wazgilewicz (2a, 77), Woytkiewicz (2b, 139);

-ovičius — 15 personal names (i.e., 1.39%), e.g.: Bogdanowicz (2a, 93), Gudanowicz (2a, 106), Iaſudowicz (2a, 58), Karpowicz (2a, 166), Kodłubowicz (2a, 92), Korkozowicz (2a, 100), Pawłowicz (2a, 144), Roponowicz (2a, 31), Jabutowicz (2a, 8), Sadowicz (2a, 104), Stefanowicz (2a, 156), Urbanowicz (2a, 156);

-aitės — 8 personal names (i.e., 0.74%), e.g.: Bajaraytis (2a, 102), Giedraytis (2a, 8).

Compared with the personal names in the first book, the second book shows a more frequent Lithuanian patronymic suffix -ėnas (after -inas, -onis), and a less frequent Slavic suffix -evičius (after -enas).

There are slightly fewer personal names with diminutive and endearing suffixes in the second book (213, compared with 245 in the first). Here, too, the suffix -utis is rare (17 personal names, i.e., 1.5%), e.g.: Balutis (2a, 72), Iakubutis (2b, 119), Ianuſkutis (2a, 105), Ionutis (2a, 35), Kiesſutis (2a, 52), Pelutis (2a, 59), Pumputis (2a, 165), Seybutis (2a, 84), Włutis, -(-)ulis (12 personal names, i.e., 1.11%), e.g.: Balūlis (2b, 135), Kierſulis (2a, 40), Kilulis (2a, 81), Rymźulis (2b, 113), ſziukſtulis (2a, 166), -(-)ukas (10 personal names, i.e., 0.92%), e.g.: Eydūkas (2a, 67), Ianiukas (2a, 39), Ioniukas (2b, 138), Stasiukas (2a, 56), Walukas (2a, 45).

The most common suffixes of this type, as in the first book, are -elis, -ė, -ėlis, -ė (174 personal names in all, accounting for 16.2% of those discussed). The suffix -elis, -ė occurs in 107 personal names (9.93%), e.g.: Azielis (2a, 90), Bikale (2a, 81), Briedelis (2a, 165), Dapkelis (2b, 138), Dirzelis (2a, 50), Druczkeles (2b, 134), Gawele (2a, 75), Gilelis (2b, 129), Girczelis (2a, 147), Kabułelis (2a, 35), Kietelis (2b, 112), Kurmėlis (2a, 103), Lauciele (2a, 54), Margėlis (2a, 7), Marmele (2a, 90), Mazielis (2a, 24), Meſzkiele (2a, 98), Mikzelis (2a, 38), Murzeła (2a, 21), Pilkielis (2a, 4), Ragielis (2a, 31), Rymetis (2a, 6), ſinkieta (2a, 26), Skirelis (2a, 162), Staſzelis (2a, 164), ſtrokielis (2a, 7), Szwenelis (2a, 93), Wirzelis (2a, 65), Zmekelis (2a, 106).

The source also contains corresponding forms of most of these personal names without the suffix -ėlis, -ė, e.g.: Azis (2a, 86), Dapkus (2a, 152), Dyrzis (2a, 36), Gilis (2b, 135), Girczis (2a, 152), Kietis (2a, 55), Kurmis (2a, 105), Mikſzis (2a, 99), Pilkis (2a, 143), ſinka (1a, 77), ſkirre (2b, 123), ſtałzus (2a, 5), ſtrokas (2a, 30), Szpedas (2a, 70), Wirzis (2a, 102), Zmekas (2a, 6).

Derivatives with the suffixes -ėlis, -ė are less common. Their number is 67 (i.e., 6.22%), e.g.: Augufſinelis (2a, 25), Baſorelis (2a, 12), Bielunelis (2a, 8), Brodaselis (2a, 97), Brazūnelis (2a, 27), Davatanelis (2a, 3), Dathunelis (2a, 11), Dervėnelis (2a, 22), Dudulelis (2a, 1), Iwanellis (2a, 99), Iozupelis (2b, 134), Kaparelis (2a, 22), Kibickielis (2a, 17), Kibildela (2b, 110), Matulonelis (2b, 128), Medginelis (2a, 46), Mikalonelis (2a, 35), Palwonelſ (2a, 20), Podziunelis (2a, 1), Rudokielis (2b, 110), Sapiegėta (2a, 26), ſkardynskielis (2a,

46

5), Stanunelis (2a, 150), Starkunelis (2a, 44), Stepanelis (2a, 165), Szastakielis (2b, 128^a), zepetelis (2a, 39), zymonelis (2a, 26), Twerionelis (2b, 111), Urbanelis (2a, 56), Wayszwidelis (2a, 1), Wederelis (2a, 6), Wirzelis (2a, 161), Żybotelis (2a, 1). These personal names are formed from various personal names, often ones that already had another suffix, most of which are also recorded in the source, e.g.: Augustinas (2a, 68), Bielunas (2a, 18), Bradesis (2a, 77), Brazūnas (2a, 148), Darėnas (2a, 12), Datiūnas (2a, 33), Derwinis (2a, 91), Iwan (2a, 83), Kaparis (2a, 147), Kibickas (2a, 7), Kibūda (2a, 58), Matulonis (2a, 8), Medžinas (2a, 17), Mikalonis (2a, 148), Paliwanas (2a, 145), Podzianas (2a, 59), Rudokas (2a, 40), [apiega (2a, 34), Skardinſkas (2b, 138), Szostak (2a, 99), zepetis (2a, 30), zymonis (2a, 39), Twerionis (2a, 150), Waysuwidis (2a, 20), Wederas (2b, 138), Zibalis (2a, 43).

Interestingly, the suffix -ėlis, -ė is added not only to patronymic suffixes (-ūnas, -ontis, -ėnas) or suffixes of the -sk- type, but also to derivatives formed with other diminutive or endearing suffixes, e.g.: Giegelelis (2a, 43) – Giegielis (2a, 68), Idelelis (2a, 32) – Idelis (2a, 7) – Idas (2a, 17); Ionukėlis (2a, 26) – Ionukas (2b, 109), Stasiukėlis (2a, 67) – Stasiukas (2a, 56), Uldukėlis (2a, 56) – Uldukas (2a, 92), Uldukis (2a, 99), Walukėlis (2a, 3) – Walukas (2a, 45); Kukutėlis (2a, 44) – Kukutis (2a, 158).

In the second source, personal names with suffixes of the Slavic-origin -sk- type become noticeably more frequent. There are 122 of them, i.e. 11.32% (in the first book they made up 7.18% of all second personal names). Most of them were not recorded in the first church book, e.g.: Amalicki (2a, 151), Balczewski (2b, 132), Baranowſki (2a, 152), Bażyński (2a, 1), Bielinſki (2a, 93), Borkowſki (2a, 164), Borowſki (2a, 163), Buchowiecki (2b, 109), Buſzynſki (2b, 136), Cbbarowski (2a, 82), Cymbarowſki (2a, 96), Czytawski (2a, 86), Cizewski (2a, 65), Dąbrowski (2a, 74), Derpskas (2a, 81), Dylewſki (2b, 139), Dolinſki (2a, 164), Gadźaikowski (2a, 46), Gayzonowski (2a, 2), Gerażewſki (2b, 136), Gigielewski (2a, 80), Grodicki (2a, 40), Gutowſki (2a, 159), Iwanowski (2a, 45), Iankowſki (2a, 155), Ianuszkowski (2a, 77), Iuſkowſki (2a, 95), Kaknowſki (2a, 103), Kamińſki (2a, 144), Karwacki (2b, 140), Kasiaracki (2a, 71), Kazławski (2a, 26), Kyanowski (2a, 107), Klimanſki (2a, 150), Kozłowski (2a, 43), Kriwickas (2a, 77), Kulicki (2a, 41), Laskowſki (2a, 108), Lipicki (2a, 91), Lisowski (2a, 155), Maciejewſki (2b, 133), Maiewski (2a, 76), Maſilewſki (2a, 144), Mikołajewski (2a, 32), Myſzkowſki (2b, 139), Osmolſki (2a, 96), Oſtrowski (2a, 17), Pacewski (2a, 2), Petrulski (2b, 113), Pokubinſki (2a, 163), Przegalinski (2a, 22), Puczyński (2a, 89), Radkowski (2a, 1), Rapkowſki (2b, 130), Rewkowſki (2a, 159), Roginski (2a, 11), Rogożynſki (2a, 166), Romanowski (2a, 46), Ruczkowski (2b, 136), Rudnicki (2a, 167), Sarnowſki (2b, 136), Skardinſkis (2a, 83), Skrupski (2a, 90), Sokołowſki (2a, 40), Suwinſki (2a, 161), Szablatowſki (2a, 146), Szabanſki (2a, 150), ſzakalinski (2a, 163), ſzakalowski (2a, 31), Saydowſki (2a, 103), Szpakowſki (2b, 122), Waſilewſki (2a, 153), Wercinski (2a, 32), Werzynſki (2a, 99), Werynſki (2a, 159), Witkowſki (2a, 155), Wiwulski (2a, 54), Woyciechowski (2b, 139), Woynowſki (2a, 157), Wolſki (2a, 166), Wroblewſki (2a, 153), Żukowſki (2b, 139).

Personal names without the suffixes discussed here are varied in the second church book. Some of them have already been listed. Here is another group: Araminas (2a, 165),

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Armota (2a, 85), Armanas (2a, 145), Aukštolis (2b, 127), Aukštakaikis (2a, 43), Bajoras (2a, 59), Baris (2a, 42), Bartkus (2b, 137), Braufška (2a, 3), Budris (2a, 57), Butėkis (2b, 125), Czelkis (2b, 130), Czernius (2a, 97), Dagilis (2a, 147), Danis (2a, 159), Dulkie (2a, 147), Dziukis (2a, 40), Gindvilis (2a, 157), Iarmota (2a, 5), Kibirkštis (2a, 150), kiekštas (2a, 45), Kirdeykis (2a, 34), Kizys (2a, 86), Kizkis (2b, 130), Kugauda (2b, 135), Kulbaka (2a, 95), Kundrotas (2a, 77), Kupčiunžytis (2a, 6), Kuzma (2b, 134), Kvederas (2b, 130), Mikas (2a, 46), Mikšdas (2a, 155), Mozeyko (2a, 56), Murka (2a, 4), Murklis (2a, 54), Namaiuszka (2a, 149), Niauwkie (2a, 41), Pabaras (2a, 101), Pakalnis (2a, 70), Pilwis (2a, 101), Prujas (2a, 149), Puknius (2a, 81), Putra (2a, 3), Ramanas (2b, 111), Rudakis (2b, 134), Ruzgas (2a, 146), Skrsa (2a, 98), Skutas (2a, 156), Sniegis (2a, 101), Sroga (2a, 2), Styrna (2a, 32), Suwilus (2a, 101), Łapalas (2a, 98), Jęszttokas (2a, 32), Jznurszkutas (2a, 157), Tarunidis (2b, 136), Tylwikas (2a, 92), Tributis (2a, 55), Trumpa (2a, 15), Weybutis (2b, 118), Wowenius (2a, 159), Žylis (2a, 28), Žiogas (2a, 10), Zwieglis (2a, 98).

Women's personal names. They are discussed somewhat differently from men's names. First of all, it did not seem expedient or necessary to select and count distinct women's personal names, since most of them are formed from men's personal names recorded in the sources. In addition, the formation of women's personal names will be examined separately here not by the first and second church books, but by the two baptismal registers and the two marriage registers. This approach is taken in order to draw attention to differences in the formation of women's personal names observed in sources with different content (baptismal and marriage registrations).

In the baptismal registers of 1678—1691 and 1691—1719 the mothers of baptized infants and the godmothers are mentioned. In discussing how they are identified, it was noted that the infants' mothers are usually recorded by their given name only. There are only 456 two-part designations in both sources (out of 2990!). Thus, there are just as many second personal names for women, formed with various suffixes. They are listed here in order of frequency:

-aičia (-ayčia, -ayčie, -ayczia). The second personal names in women's designations formed with this Lithuanian-origin suffix number 143 (i.e. 31.35%), e.g.: Adamaycia (1a, 19), Aukszłakaycia (1a, 20), Atwłukaycie (2a, 70), Bairaycia (2a, 73), Balčiunaycia (1a, 26), Baranayczia (2a, 44), Bernotaycia (1a, 27), Bielunaycia (1a, 18), Braufzkayczia (2a, 146), Buynaycia (1a, 22), Burdynjkaycia (1a, 21), Ciepaycie (2a, 69), Dabragaycia (1a, 26), Digaycie (2a, 68), Dudaycia (1a, 21), Dudnikaycia (1a, 24), Gaydaycia (1a, 18), Gawenaycia (1a, 26), Girunaycia (2a, 70), Gudaycia (1a, 25), Idaycia (1a, 27), Lagminayczia (2a, 167), Iakłubaycia (1a, 23), Iakubaytaycia (1a, 25), Iufzkayczia (2a, 156), Ianukaycia (1a, 26), Ianufzkaycia (1a, 37), Iowidoycia (1a, 24), Kaspartanaycia (1a, 22), Katinaycie (1a, 25), Kazimierkaycia (1a, 23), Kaziemekayczia (2a, 143), Kazupaycia (1a, 20), Kibildaycia (1a, 26), Kiebinkaycia (2a, 148), Kielaycia (1a, 26), Kiszaycia (2a, 71), Kruszynaycia (1a, 23), Kupnaycia (1a, 26), Kurklietayczia (2a, 156), Lapeykaycia (2a, 72), Lapienaycia (1a, 23), Laszaycia (2a, 165), Ligumijkaycia (1a, 23), Lingunaycia (1a, 27), Lupeykayczia (2a, 165), Magitlaycia (2a, 147), Maftenaycia (1a, 24), Matioszaycia (1a, 27), Meld aycia (2a, 42), Melnikaycia (1a, 26), Meſzkaycia (1a, 21), Muralayczia (2a, 156), Murm aycia (1a, 27), Namajusz kaycia (2a, 146), Nowihaycia (1a, 27),

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Plepikayczia (2a, 144), Putrayczia (2a, 164), Romanayce (1a, 23), Rawgaycie (2a, 70), Sapiegayczia (2a, 144), Satkunaycia (2a, 147), Skiraycia (1a, 24), Jafunkaycia (1a, 26), Stafkunaycia (1a, 26), Stymayczia (2a, 165), Stragaycia (1a, 24), Szarkaycia (1a, 18), Szykildaycia (1a, 23), Szyleykayczia (2a, 146), Szipayczia (2a, 143), Szlakaycia (1a, 27), Szwedaycie (2a, 73), Szwiłpaycia (1a, 23), Udukaycia (2a, 71), Urbanaycia (1a, 23), Walłunagayczia (2a, 165), Walukaycie (2a, 45), Warnaycie (2a, 71), Ziamaytaycia (1a, 21), Ziogaycia (1a, 25), Zmekaycia (1a, 25).

-yčia (-icia, -ycia, -icie, -iczia). 137 personal names (i.e., 30.04%) are formed with this suffix, e.g.: Adamanicia (1a, 24), Baiaricie (2a, 69), Balciunicie (2a, 69), Bartaszkiecia (1a, 26), Bawblicia (2a, 76), Bawkfzycia (1a, 26), Bizdycia (1a, 25), Blaugiczia (2a, 143), Brodawliczia (2a, 165), Brazicia (1a, 25), Bredejicia (1a, 23), Briedycia (1a, 26), Czelkicia (1a, 21), Dayniczia (2a, 163), Dewelicia (1a, 27), Dykicia (1a, 24), Dilicia (2a, 69), Dulkiczia (2a, 167), Dziukicia (1a, 27), Gaydycia (1a, 19), Garoliczia (2a, 148), Giegielicie (2a, 71), Gienicia (1a, 21), Ginduliczia (2a, 145), Jakubayticia (2a, 71), Jamycia (1a, 18), Janulicia (1a, 23), Jarmolicia (2a, 72), Juciczia (2a, 164), Turycia (1a, 23), Kabakszticia (2a, 71), Kalviczia (2a, 165), Kaparicia (1a, 25), Karwelicia (1a, 25), Kawfzeliczia (2a, 165), Kiericia (2a, 73), Klisicia (2a, 68), Krugielicia (1a, 28), Kurkleticzia (2a, 145), Lalicia (2a, 72), Laszycia (1a, 19), Maniulicia (1a, 24), Mazelicia (1a, 26), Meszkanagie (2a, 72), Miezicie (2a, 69), Miloticia (1a, 23), Muralicia (1a, 22), Muselicia (1a, 20), Narwoyszycie (2a, 67), Nemeyfczia (2a, 143), Niaukliczia (2a, 146), Paberzicia (1a, 28), Pagiricia (2a, 146), Pakulniczia (2a, 160), Plapiczia (2a, 143), Plikicia (1a, 28), Pocicia (1a, 28), Puriufzkiczia (2a, 167), Rayaliczia (1a, 12), Raplicia (1a, 18), Raugycia (1a, 25), Rudakicia (1a, 27), Rufnycie (1a, 27), Jargunicia (1a, 25), Sarkania (1a, 28), Srogiczia (2a, 145), Styrmicia (1a, 24), Strakicie (2a, 69), Strangicia (1a, 26), fzakaliczia (2a, 144), fzarkiczia (2a, 166), fzeleykiczia (1a, 24), fzermukszniczia (2a, 42), Tataricia (1a, 25), Turkicia (1a, 28), Ufelicia (2a, 72), Warebieicia (1a, 23), Warkalicia (2a, 73), Warnicia (1a, 22), Werdynf kicia (1a, 28), Wersielicia (2a, 71), Vihuticzia (1a, 12), Zaliczia (2a, 148), Zybalicia (1a, 27), Zukiczia (2a, 156).

-ova. This is a Slavic suffix used to form the personal names (surnames) of married women from a husband's surname (or other personal name). There are 108 personal names (i.e., 23.68%) formed with it, e.g.: Baybakowa (1a, 22), Bernatowa (1a, 22), Bielunowa (1a, 25), Bizdowa (1a, 21), Bizdunowa (1a, 26), Brodawkowa (1a, 27), Buteykiowa (2a, 44), Czyzowa (1a, 28), Daratenowa (1a, 22), Datkunowa (1a, 19), Dilowa (1a, 20), Dirudowa (1a, 19), Dudowa (1a, 20), Garalowa (1a, 42), Girciowa (1a, 25), Grygowa (1a, 21), Gruflowa (1a, 22), Idowa (1a, 19), Janowa (1a, 8), Jagminowa (1a, 26), Janukowa (1a, 26), Jozepbowiczowa (1a, 19), Jufniowa (1a, 21), Juszkowa (1a, 19), Kibitowa (1a, 20), Kirkowa (1a, 20), Kifzunowa (1a, 28), Klufowa (1a, 21), Kotlarzowa (1a, 27), Kupciunowa (1a, 20), Kurklowa (1a, 22), Lowczkowa (1a, 27), Maniulowa (1a, 27), Mateykowa (1a, 21), Matuzowa (1a, 20), Meyłowa (1a, 23), Meylukowa (1a, 24), Mieziówna (1a, 19), Miniatowa (1a, 28), Murzowa (1a, 20), Nowikowa (1a, 28), Ozelowa (1a, 26), Pafausiowa (1a, 23), Petrikowa (1a, 21), Plapowa (1a, 23), Plepikowa (1a, 27), Plikianowa (1a, 20), Puteykiowa (1a, 27), Raugowa

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(1a, 27), Reymontowa (2a, 167), Ridikowa (1a, 22), Rymelowa (1a, 20), Romanowa (1a, 21), Rudkowa (1a, 26), Rukowa (1a, 22), Stankanna (1a, 20), Stasiakowa (2a, 156), Sznelowa (1a, 27), Tołzłowa (1a, 21), Tokłoczowa (1a, 21), Ulukowa (1a, 21), Warkolowa (2a, 45), Warminowa (1a, 19), Wingielowa (1a, 27), Zwirblowa (1a, 19).

-ovna is also a suffix of Slavic origin, used to form the personal names of unmarried women from their father's first name, surname, or other personal name. 34 personal names (7.45%) are formed with it, e.g.: Andreiówna (1a, 24), Aziowna (1a, 11), Buczunowna (2a, 166), Butkiewiczowna (2a, 166), Butlerowna (1a, 21), Dawgilowna (2a, 41), Federowna (2a, 148), Gadziunayciowna (1a, 3), Galiniowna (1a, 19), Ianufzowna (1a, 28), Iodowna (1a, 24), Mateykowna (2a, 41), Meńnikayciowna (1a, 49), Micinowna (1a, 4), Miedziowna (1a, 22), Narbutowna (2a, 144), Pawłunczowna (1a, 49), Pietkiewiczowna (2a, 147), Romanowiczowna (1a, 26), Rudakowna (2a, 69), Stasiunowna (1a, 18), Suripowna (1a, 22), Szeļkowna (2a, 143).

-(i)ūčia (-učia, -ucżia, -ucie) is a Lithuanian suffix. It forms 19 (i.e., 4.16%) women's personal names, e.g.: Bindorucia (2a, 45), Czabatorucia (1a, 24), Eliafutcia (1a, 25), Kiełielucia (1a, 24), Kreypucia (1a, 25), Krysiucia (1a, 21), Kwilucia (2a, 145), Matiekucia (2a, 143), Meyłucia (2a, 143), Podziucia (2a, 167), Pułtniucia (2a, 144), Skirdziucia (1a, 26), Styrrniucia (1a, 26), Wayciucie (2a, 68).

7 personal names (1.53%) have suffixes of the -ski- type. They are formed by changing the ending of the corresponding male personal names (of the father or husband), e.g.: Dobrow[s]ka (2a, 148), Gieczewska (2a, 46), Ljoucka (1a, 24), Mociejew[s]ka (2a, 166), Nargocka (2a, 159), Szaranow[s]ka (1a, 23), Szyrwińka (1a, 20).

3 personal names (0.65%) are formed with the Lithuanian suffix -ienė: Brede-feni (1a, 19), Iakubaytienie (1a, 21), Uſelenia (1a, 20).

1 personal name (0.21%) has the suffix -anka: Montigaylanka (1a, 20).

The second personal names of 4 mothers of baptized infants are identical to male personal names, e.g.: Catharina Iowidis (1a, 25), Eua Murrma (1a, 18), Sophia Pultra (1a, 15), Ceacilia Wiziela (1a, 24).

Thus, the personal names of infants' mothers in the baptism registers are most often formed with the Lithuanian suffixes -aičia and -yčia. Next in frequency is the Slavic suffix -ovna. The other Lithuanian and Slavic suffixes are noticeably rarer. It is true, however, that the proportions of the three most productive suffixes mentioned above differ between the baptism registers for 1678–1691 and 1691–1719. In the former, their distribution is as follows: -ova (103), -aičia (82), -yčia (74), and in the latter: -yčia (63), -aičia (61), -ova (5).

For the development of women's surname formation, it is important to trace which male personal names (and with which endings) serve as the bases for women's personal names formed with one or another suffix. This is especially true of derivatives with Lithuanian suffixes.

As the male personal names recorded in both church registers show, derivatives with the suffix -aičia are most often formed from personal names ending in -a and -as, e.g.: Baioras (1a, 49), Balčiunas (2a, 88), Bernatas (1b, 4), Bieclanas (2a, 18), Brauſzke (2a, 33), Burdynſkas (2a, 25), Dabraga (1a, 6), Duda (1a, 45), Dudnikas (1b, 3), Gawenas (1a, 23), Girunas (1a, 28), Gudas (2a, 11), Idas (1a, 30), Iagminas (1a, 36), Katynas (2a, 14), Iamukas

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(1b, 16), Kažemekas (2a, 13), Kibilda (2a, 58), Kupna (1a, 46), Masten as (1a, 5), Murma (1a, 29), Namaiuszka (2a, 119), Plepikas (2a, 153), Putra (1a, 29), R a m a n a s (2b, 111), J apiega (1a, 41), Stasiukas (2a, 56), J tasiunas (1b, 18), J tyrna (1a, 34), J zwedes (1a, 12), Walukas (1a, 50), Warna (2a, 87), Žiogas (2a, 10), Žmekas (1a, 31) and so on. However, some female personal names formed with the suffix -aičia are derived from male personal names ending in -is, e.g.: Gaydayčia — Gaydis (2a, 16), Jakubaytayčia — Jakubailis (1a, 7), Kasparanayčia — Kasparanis (2a, 100), Iowidayčia — Iowidis (1a, 29), Kurklietayčia — Kurklietis (2a, 151), Lignunij kayčia — Lignunizkis (2b, 109), Uldukayčia — Uldukis (2a, 99), Žiamaytayčia — Žemaytis (2b, 98).

Female personal names with -yčia are most often derived from male personal names ending in -is, e.g.: Adomnis (2a, 156), Bizdis (1a, 25), Bredesis (2a, 17), Czelkis (2b, 130), Daynis (1b, 19), Dewelis (1a, 15), Dykis (1b, 8), Dilis (2a, 143), Dzukis (1a, 38), Gaydis (2a, 16), Garolis (2a, 12), Giegielis (1a, 26), Genis (1a, 34), Gindžilis (1b, 8), Jakubaitis (1a, 7), Ianus jis (2a, 99), Iucis (2a, 94), Kaparis (1a, 48), Klizys (1a, 40), Krugielis (2a, 14), Kurklietis (1a, 8), Manulis (1a, 6), Miezis (1a, 7), Miniotis (1a, 47), Narwoyszys (1b, 8), Paberžys (1a, 12), Pagiris (1a, 29), Plapis (1a, 14), Puriuzskis (1a, 32), Ragielis (2a, 31), Rudakis (2b, 134), J arkanis (1a, 49), J frogis (2b, 127), J strungis (2b, 37), Szakalis (2b, 143), J žaurnukzemis (1a, 27), Szygėkis (2a, 94), Uselis (2a, 165), Warkalis (1b, 14), WerJ zebis (1a, 45), Wibutis (2a, 151), Žibalis (1b, 6).

However, some derivatives with this suffix come from male personal names ending in -a or -as, e.g.: Baiaricie — Baionas (1a, 49), Balciunicie — Balciūnas (2a, 88), Brodawkicžia — Bradawka (1a, 13), Iarmalcia — Iarmola (2a, 5), Lalicia — Lala (1a, 37), Laszycia — LaJzas (1a, 4), Raugicia — Raugas (1a, 14), J argunicicia — J argunas (2a, 33), Styrniccia — J tyrna (1a, 34), Turkicia — Turkas (2a, 107), Warnicia — Warna (2a, 87), Žukicžia — Žukas (2a, 22), while a few come from male personal names ending in -ė, e.g.: Blaugicžia — Blaugie (1a, 6), Dulkicžia — Dulkie (2a, 147), Niaukicžia — Niaukie (2a, 41).

Female personal names with the Lithuanian suffix -učia are most often, it seems, formed from masculine names ending in -us, e.g.: Bendorius (1a, 25), Bindorius (1a, 55), Matiekus (2a, 165), Meytus (2a, 23), Podžius (1a, 46), Pahnius (2a, 81). Other cases also occur, e.g.: KieJielucia — Kiesielis (1a, 24), Styrrucia — Styrna (2a, 32).

The formation of female personal names with the Slavic suffixes -ova and -ovna attests to the Slavicization of Lithuanian anthroponymy. As is known, women’s surnames with these suffixes are not formed today. In church registers, female personal names with the suffixes -ova and -ovna are generally formed from a male personal name with any ending.

In Lithuanian baptismal registers, only the formation of the second personal name in the two-part naming of mothers of baptized infants is relatively Lithuanian.

Godmothers were most often recorded with personal names formed using Slavic suffixes. The suffix -ova is particularly common. Of the approximately 3,000 godmothers mentioned in both church registers, 2,164 have this suffix in their second personal name. This amounts to 72.13% of all second personal names of godmothers. As already mentioned, the suffix -ova was used in forming the personal names of married women—

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from the husband’s given name, surname, or another personal name. Thus, among other things, its frequency in the sources under study also indicates that in the parish of Kriaunos it was customary to invite married women to be godmothers. Personal names with the suffix -ovų are of various origins, formed from most of the second male personal names used in the parish and sometimes, apparently, from men’s given names as well, e.g.: Abanowa (1a, 45), Adamanowa (2a, 28), Alexandrowa (2a, 49), Auksztekojowa (1a, 38), Basiarowa (2a, 63), Balcinowa (1a, 27), Baltuszkowa (2a, 106), Balutenowa (2a, 32), Balulowa (2a, 41), Bardin[j]kowa (1a, 5), Barta[ž]unowa (1a, 101), Berniunowa (2a, 76), Blawgiowa (2a, 18), Bradesiowa (2a, 47), Bradaukowa (2a, 81), Budrowa (2a, 101), Buywanowa (2a, 55), Burbulowa (1a, 39), Ciabatarunelowa (2a, 11), Czepowa (1a, 26), Czepulowa (1a, 8), Daratenowa (2a, 39), Datkunowa (2a, 143), Deguciowa (2a, 27), Dewinciowa (2a, 6), Didžiulowa (2a, 28), Dygielowa (1a, 15), Digiowa (2a, 64), Dirdowa (1a, 20), Dirziowa (2a, 36), Driskowa (2a, 18), Dundulowa (2a, 8), Dukazenciowa (2a, 22), Dukliowa (2a, 167), Dziagowa (1a, 32), Eubutowa (1a, 40), Eydymikowa (2a, 5), Elia[ž]unowa (1a, 45), Frankiewiczowa (2a, 99), Gaydelowa (1a, 54), Galiniowa (2a, 150), Gaudziunowa (2a, 67), Gawen iowa (1a, 8), Gegelowa (2a, 98), Gieniowa (1a, 47), Giedroyciowa (2a, 157), Gilowa (2a, 67), Gindwilowa (2a, 154), Gudowa (2a, 162), Gunbiowa (2a, 153), Gurklowa (2a, 31), Idelowa (1a, 42), Igaunelowa (1a, 40), Ingawriowa (2a, 69), Jakubayciowa (1a, 29), Ianiudanowa (2a, 157), Ianukowa (2a, 51), Ianuszkayciowa (2a, 17), Kalwenowa (1a, 33), Kierdeykiowa (1a, 32), Ki[z]unowa (2a, 153), Klisionelowa (2a, 35), Klijzowa (1a, 13), Krzyszophowa (1a, 10), Kuleliowa (2a, 44), Kuprowa (1a, 41), Kurleciowa (1a, 42), Kurmiowa (1a, 51), Lapien iowa (2a, 25), Laszelowa (1a, 49), Leli[z]unowa (2a, 150), Ligumiszkiowa (2a, 5), Lupeykowa (1a, 56), Macieiowa (1a, 8), Mayniulowa (2a, 14), Markunowa (2a, 86), Mazielowa (2a, 26), Medzgin iowa (1a, 45), Meytowa (1a, 20), Melnikowa (2a, 10), Mikolowa (1a, 40), Miniatowa (1a, 10), Murmowa (2a, 87), Murzelowa (2a, 30), Narbutowa (1a, 30), Narkiewiczowa (2a, 40), Narwidowa (2a, 12), Oziowa (2a, 26), Paberziowa (1a, 57), Pagrundziowa (1a, 51), Pakalniowa (1a, 35), Pałausiowa (1a, 45), Petrowa (1a, 23), Pilkiowa (2a, 89), Pok olkiewiczowa (1a, 57), Raugayciowa (2a, 47), Rudzie wiczowa (1a, 40), Simonowa (1a, 9), Skirbunowa (2a, 80), Sniegiowa (2a, 101), Stanilayciowa (1a, 2), [s]tapulancowa (2a, 22), [z]ermukszniowa (2a, 86), [z]ykildowa (1a, 29), Szymowa (1a, 13), Tylindziowa (2a, 19), Tribupowa (1a, 13), Ujselowa (2a, 80), Way[z]widowa (1a, 37), Walowa (2a, 64), Wanagiowa (1a, 52), We-nazindziowa (1a, 30).

The other suffixes of godmothers’ personal names are rare. Their combined use is attested in only 836 names (out of approximately 3,000). By frequency, they can be listed in the following order:

-yčia. This Lithuanian suffix forms 200 personal names (i.e. 6.66%), e.g.:¹⁰ Baltuszkicia (2a, 85), Bahllicia (2a, 102), Banicia (1a, 31), Budricie

¹⁰Fewer examples are given here, in order to avoid repeating those mentioned in the discussion of the formation of the second personal names of mothers of baptized infants.

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(2a, 50), Burbulicia (1a, 54), Cipikicia (1a, 48), Dalbогиcia (2a, 3), Darateni-cia (1a, 24), Dawkпicia (1a, 24), Degucicia (2a, 25), Didziulicia (2a, 74), Driskicie (2a, 49), Dudycia (1a, 24), Gasparicia (2a, 21), Gawčia (2a, 10), Gircicia (1a, 22), Genelicizia (1a, 147), Gotymicia (1a, 25), Igowniczia (2a, 85), Jurgionićia (1a, 28), Katloricia (2a, 27), Kiżkicia (2a, 98), Kiżkielicia (2a, 13), Knezicia (2a, 15), Kulicia (1a, 52), Kuprelica (2a, 19), Kiebinklicia (1a, 35), Kukuticzia (1a, 12), Kulbakicia (1a, 14), Kuliczia (2a, 152), Lapinicia (1a, 28), Lalwicia (2a, 42), Lawkicia (2a, 13), Lukicia (1a, 28), Lukszicia (1a, 18), Margielicia (2a, 31), Meylicia (1a, 11), Melkicia (1a, 42), Pagrundicia (2a, 20), Pakalnicia (1a, 48), Pleпkicia (2a, 165), Puteykicia (1a, 27), fapiegicia (2a, 16), Spiewokicia (1a, 40), Jtanulicia (1a, 24), Jtasiukicia (2a, 21), Jzepeticia (1a, 50), Tumelicia (1a, 11), Uldukicia (2a, 20), Walukicia (2a, 49), Wienzindicia (2a, 102), Wilkicia (2a, 10), Wirzicia (2a, 34), Wowerycia (2a, 24), Žiemaytycia (2a, 38).

These female personal names are most often formed from male personal names also recorded in the sources, with the endings -is, -ys, e.g.: Balulis (2b, 13), Banis (1a, 25), Budris (1a, 10); Budrys (1b, 8), Čipikis (1a, 32), Degutis (1a, 55), Didžiulis (1a, 49), Driškis (1a, 19), Gaučys (1a, 4), Girčis (1a, 13), Gotynis (1a, 19), Igawmis (1a, 56), Jurgionis (1a, 43), Kižkis (2b, 130), Kulis (1a, 44), Lapinis (2a, 86), Lawkis (2a, 6), Margielis (1a, 48), Pagrundis (2a, 42), Pakalnis (1a, 34), Puteykis (1a, 46), Jzepetis (2a, 30), Tumelis (2a, 14), Uldukis (1a, 55), Wienazindis (1a, 39), Wirzis (2a, 102), Woweris (1a, 30), Žemaitis (1a, 11). Although some derivatives with the suffix -yčia have only male personal-name equivalents in the sources with the endings -a, -as, e.g.: Baltuška (1a, 2), Burūla (1b, 3), Dalbogas (1a, 57), Daratenas (1a, 56), Duda (1a, 45), Pleпikas (2a, 153), fapiega (1a, 41), Jpiewokas (1a, 34), Stasiukas (2a, 56), Walukas (1a, 50), Wilkas (1a, 28). Meylica may have been formed from the personal names Meyla (1a, 27), Meytas (1a, 44), Meyle (1a, 22), Meylus (1a, 34).

-ačia. 177 personal names (i.e., 5.9%) are formed with this Lithuanian suffix, e.g.: Bartofzkaycia (1a, 26), Bradaukaycia (1a, 38), Ciabatorunay-cia (2a, 23), Czekayczia (2a, 159), Činpikaycia (1a, 24), dakunaycia (1a, 4), Didelaycie (2a, 65), Dylaycia (1a, 1), Eybutaycia (2a, 7), Eydunaycia (2a, 11), Gindvilaycie (2a, 78), Gotinaycia (1a, 11), Gudonaycie (1a, 64), Iafaycia (1a, 2), Iocinaycia (1a, 22), Ionaycia (1a, 53), Iuſzkaycia (1a, 1), Kisžunaycia (2a, 156), Krugaycia (2a, 93), Kulikaycia (1a, 24), Kuraycia (1a, 38), Maciunaycia (2a, 46), Medginaycia (1a, 46), Meszkinikaycia (1a, 25), Miciunaycia (1a, 2), Mikaycia (1a, 24), Minaycia (1a, 24), Minotay-cia (1a, 27), Narbutaycie (2a, 57), Narwidaycia (2a, 83), Petraycia (1a, 8), Pilataycie (2a, 68), Piragaycia (2a, 102), Piwowaraycia (1a, 3), Puteykay-cia (1a, 25), Rafjtynaycia (2a, 14), Rydykaycia (1a, 24), Rukaycia (1a, 25), Ruzgaycia (2a, 62), Seybutaycia (2a, 164), Jimaraycie (2a, 50), Skutaycie (2a, 63), Spiewokaycia (1a, 49), Jkwirbunaycia (2a, 39), Jrogaycia (2a, 26), Staniulaycia (1a, 3), Stankunaycia (1a, 27), Strawapaycia (1a, 27), Jzdahaycia (2a, 32), Jzmonaycia (2a, 39), Talackaycia (2a, 27), Trytupaycie (1a, 31), trumpaycie (2b, 59), Werbaycia (1a, 18), Žygunaycia (2a, 31), Zukaycie (2a, 42), Zwieglaycie (1a, 77).

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The male personal names recorded in the source show that female personal names with the suffix -aičia are formed: a) from personal names ending in -a, -as, e.g.: Braducka (1a, 13), Czebatorunas (1a, 40), Dalkunas (1a, 25), Eydinikzas (2a, 11), Jonis (1b, 4), Jufzka (1a, 28), Kisziunas (1a, 52), Krugas (1a, 52), Maciunas (1a, 23), Medziginas (2a, 17), Miczunas (1a, 45), Mikas (2a, 46), Narbutas (2a, 63), Pilotas (1a, 12), Rudikas (1a, 10), Rukas (1a, 10), Ruzgus (1b, 14), Skutas (2a, 156), Skwirbunas (2a, 63), Spiewokas (1a, 34), Sroga (1a, 43), Stankunas (1a, 38), Szalna (1a, 24), Talaczka (1a, 32), Trumpa (1a, 21); b) from personal names ending in -is, e.g.: Čiupikis (1a, 13), didelis (1b, 4), Dylis (1a, 38), Eybutis (2a, 21), Gindvilis (1b, 8), Gotynis (1a, 19), Gudonis (1a, 25), Kuris (1a, 14), Miniotis (1a, 47), Narurdis (1a, 40), Putekis (1a, 46), Raysztinis (1a, 40), Seybutis (2a, 84), Szymonis (1a, 32), Trilupis (1a, 8), Žygunis (1a, 50), Žwieglis (1a, 54). The latter derivational cases are less frequent.

-ovna. A Slavic suffix used to form the second personal names in 134 designations (i.e., 4.46%), e.g.: Abarowna (2a, 105), Adamanowna (1a, 29), Balciunowna (2a, 104), Baliunayciowna (1a, 53), Baltrowna (1a, 14), Bizdziowna (2a, 2), Boiarowna (2a, 95), Buszowna (2a, 79), Daratanowna (1a, 28), Dygjowna (2a, 30), Dylowna (1a, 33), Dorotowna (1a, 5), Dziukowna (2a, 104), Gaydelowna (1a, 37), Gauciowna (1a, 5), Giedroyciowna (2a, 46), Gindvilowna (1a, 56), Gotynayciowna (1a, 53), Gudayciowna (1a, 5), Idouna (1a, 12), Igawziowna (2a, 30), Jakubayciowna (1a, 5), Idogalowna (1a, 37), Iuknowna (1a, 32), Iurewiczcowna (2a, 79), Jurgialowna (1a, 21), Kibilowiczowna (2a, 86), Kimbarowna (2a, 48), Klijianowna (1a, 35), Kukuc iowna (1a, 53), Kurkleciowna (2a, 150), Laukiowna (1a, 6), Margielowna (1a, 38), Podziowna (2a, 105), Pogyr owna (1a, 41), Posaujowna (1a, 7), Putrowna (2a, 20), Reprzowna (2a, 98), Rukayciowna (1a, 33), Sniegowna (2a, 101), Staniowna (1a, 10), Starkielowna (1a, 30), Stasiukayciowna (1a, 45), Szy-kildowna (1a, 5), Szwedowna (2a, 105), Tynunelowna (1a, 33), Žemayciowna (2a, 26).

-ienė (-ienė, -ienia, -ieni, -enie, -ene, -enia, -eny). 130 personal names used to identify godmothers (i.e., 4.33%) are formed with this Lithuanian suffix, e.g.: Abarenia (1a, 3), Andrunienia (1a, 28), Agurkienia (1a, 28), Batoren ia (1a, 18), Bakanienia (1a, 3), Balciunienia (1a, 3), Barieni (2a, 42), Bielinienia (1a, 24), Blaw giene (2a, 57), Brogienie (2a, 101), Brawskieni (2a, 43), Ciesiuleny (2a, 48), Czabatarenia (2a, 85), Dabkagiene (2a, 147), Degutienie (2a, 101), Deyniene (2a, 101), dewzenia (1a, 3), Dewerenie (2a, 104), Didziun leny (2a, 41), Dziukienie (1a, 25), Eybutienie (2a, 146), Gadzunienia (1a, 3), Caydene (2a, 2), Garolenie (2a, 100), Gerwenia (1a, 10), Gieguziene (1a, 45), Gigieleni (2a, 68), Gindvilenie (2a, 155), Grodiene (2a, 49), Gulczynienia (1a, 1), Idelenia (1a, 20), Idiene (1a, 18), Igaunieni (2a, 107), Iociene (2a, 69), Ionienie (2a, 59), Katweny (2a, 49), K parieny (2a, 80), Kaziemiekienia (2a, 40), Kieleczunienie (2a, 151), Klusienie (2a, 108), Kluwienienie (1a, 2), Kukitiene (1a, 7), Kulbokienie (2a, 32), Kulenie (2a, 98), Kurkleteny (2a, 106), Kurklenienia (2a, 48), Lafzienia (1a, 27), Likfzienie (2a, 163), Maniulenie (1a, 39), Matulenia (1a, 19), Miczenia (1a, 22), Miezienia (1a, 21), Mikfzie e (2a, 98), Pchubiene (2a, 99), Pilkienio (1a, 4), Pikotenia (1a, 27), Piluwienia (1a, 4),

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Pogirene (2a, 103), Putrenia (1a, 19), Rawgiene (2a, 43), Ruzgiene (2a, 108), Sabutiene (2a, 50), Jutienė (2a, 164), Snibzliene (2a, 77), Srogiene (2a, 39), Staniuleny (2a, 58), Jzakalene (2a, 68), Szyldzidenia (1a, 23), Jzlakiene (2a, 5), Tyjunene (1a, 44), Tilindiene (2a, 102), Trylupiene (1a, 23), Utdutkiene (1a, 41), Wedariene (2a, 159), Werfeliene (1a, 12), Żybolenie (1a, 41), Zurzienia (1a, 19), Zwiegliene (1a, 13).

The personal name Streyk(u)oviene (2a, 156) indicates that the Lithuanian suffix -uvienė was also known; it is now used to form married women's surnames from disyllabic men's surnames ending in -us. The aforementioned personal name may have been formed from the personal name Streykus (2a, 143).

Baptismal personal names with Slavic-type -sk- suffixes are also more common. Thirty-eight were found in the first church book and 71 in the second. Thus, the total is 109 (i.e., 3.63%), e.g.: Baranowfka (1a, 23), Byczkowska (1a, 35), Burdynfka (2a, 166), Czyrska (2a, 88), Giruszka (1a, 55), Jankowfka (2a, 107), Kalinowfka (2a, 145), Kaminska (2a, 92), Kizanowfka (1a, 5), Kosiarucka (2a, 80), Koraleufka (2a, 24), Kropiwnicka (1a, 43), Lasinska (2a, 75), Ligucka (2a, 32), Lipfka (1a, 28), Małalska (2a, 15), Minska (2a, 4), Orfzewska (2a, 103), Ofłrowfka (1a, 26), Pawłowfka (1a, 10), Ratkowska (1a, 39), Skardynfka (2a, 148), Sokołowfka (2a, 147), Jzakałinfka (2a, 143), Jzakałowska (2a, 32), Wasilewska (2a, 146), Wercinska (2a, 13), Wiwulska (2a, 55), Woronęcka (2a, 84), Wroblewska (2a, 3), Zabłocka (1a, 10), Zawacka (2a, 166), Złocka (2a, 153).

-(i)čia. Twenty-seven personal names (i.e., 0.9%) are formed with this suffix, e.g.: Aukužia (2a, 149), Berničia (1a, 23), Brodefiucia (1a, 15), Driskiucia (2a, 71), Girčiucie (2a, 52), Katłorucia (2a, 35), Mateykłucia (1a, 28), Mateiu-čia (2a, 85), Rawgucia (2a, 62), Jezukłucia (2a, 145), Jzumkłucia (2a, 95), Wargaliucia (1a, 22), Wowerucia (2a, 18). Most (1a, 35) personal names with this suffix are formed from men's personal names ending in -us: Aulus (2a, 34), Driskius (2a, 128), Gircius (1a, 38), Matiekus (2a, 165), Sze ykus (2a, 152), Wawerius (2a, 159), although personal names in the sources attest to other cases of formation with the suffix -čičia, e.g.: Brodefiucia — Bradesis (2a, 77) and Rawgucia — Rawgas (1a, 14).

Nine personal names (i.e., 0.2%) are formed with the Slavic suffix -anka, e.g.: Montygałanka (1a, 25), Ofłrowczanka (1a, 5), Rimzianka (2a, 75).

Four personal names (i.e., 0.13%) have the suffix -ynia, -inia¹¹: Bridinia (1a, 4), Tarmolina (1a, 26), Moytigayiłina (1a, 20), paberćzyna (1a, 1).

In 10 cases, the baptismal second personal names coincide with the forms of men's personal names, e.g.: Barbara Dylis (1a, 45), Jophia Grausis (2a, 27), Marina Iocis (2a, 12), Sophia Kauralumas (2a, 72), Catharina Kulelis (1a, 31), Ursula Rudokas (1a, 40), Jophia Tylindis (2a, 7), Christina Wayszuwidis (1a, 25).

Seven personal names could be interpreted as genitive forms of men's personal names, e.g.: Marianna Bojaruna (1a, 18), Christina Digia (1a, 22), Krystyna Dygiela (1a, 18), Catarina Kuleina (1a, 15), Magdalena Mastawa (1a, 49), Marianna Miezuyčia (2a, 106), Agnes Paucia. The second of these

¹¹ For more on this suffix, see: M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. Min. veik. P. 273.

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the woman's personal name could seemingly indicate whose daughter or wife she is. Although these personal names may also have another origin, for example, from men's personal names, by replacing the latter's ending with the feminine ending -(i)a. Similarly, but with the ending -ė (written -e, -ie), such godmothers' personal names may also have been formed: Berunkė (1a, 13), Gudamartė (1a, 18), Ligumanskė (1a, 51), Urbanonė (1a, 18). Cf. men's personal names Berunkis (2a, 143), Ligumanskis (2b, 109), Urbanonis (1a, 64). The personal name Gudamartė is particularly interesting, formed from the personal name Gudas — cf. Martini Gudas (1a, 26), Ioannis Gudas (2a, 11) — and the common noun marti, that is, Gudo marti ('Gudas's wife'). Men's personal names with the second component žentas were not rare in 16th–17th-century documents. They also occur in the sources under study (see the section “Origin of Personal Names”).

Perhaps the following second personal names of godmothers indicate which family a woman came from: Eduige Jakubayciow (2a, 85), Elizabeth Kurklow (1a, 20).

There are very few godmothers' personal names of the types discussed here, whose derivation is not entirely clear or admits several possible interpretations, in either of the church books. Approximately 25 have been counted, i.e. 0.83%.

In the 1679–1693 marriage register of the Kriaunos parish, only brides are mentioned among the women (320 are recorded), whereas the 1696–1719 book mentions 290 brides and 90 female witnesses. Of the 610 brides mentioned in both church books, 595 are recorded with two personal names. Thus, the derivational structure of the personal names used to designate the 595 brides by their second name will be discussed here.

It is noteworthy that Lithuanian suffixes predominate here once again (cf. the formation of the personal names of the mothers of baptized infants and of godmothers). The following ranking of suffix frequencies can be drawn up on the basis of the number of personal names formed with each suffix:

-yčia. 202 personal names (i.e. 33.94%), e.g.¹²: Augulicia (1b, 8), Auksztakoicia (1b, 5), Aubicia (1b, 19), Balutonica (2b, 138), Berčicia (1b, 15), Berunkicia (1b, 8), Bietodrucia (1b, 8), Ciesulicia (1b, 11), Dyrdicia (1b, 11), Gawenicia (1b, 16), Gogicia (1b, 3), Gudelicia (1b, 13), Gudicia (1b, 10), Ianuzkaytycia (2b, 109), Iodagalurcia (1b, 15), Iudosícia (1b, 16), Iurgialicia (1b, 7), Kaziemeckicia (1b, 13), Kirwelicia (1b, 12), Kiukicia (1b, 21), Klisionicia (1b, 17), Klisicia (2b, 118), Krugicia (2b, 115), Kumpulicia (1b, 8), Kurmic ia (2b, 113), Kurelicia (1b, 4), Masticia (2b, 119), Matusonicia (1b, 20), Mingialicia (1b, 6), Narwidycia (1b, 11), Ozycia (2b, 115), Padencia (2b, 122), Paliwonicia (1b, 19), Palulonica (1b, 17), Pasawscia (1b, 15), Paworycia (1b, 14), Rukicia (1b, 8), ſtankicia (1b, 7), ſtarkicia (1b, 7), ſtasslonicia (1b, 18), Iesielgecia (1b, 14), Izymanomicia (1b, 18), Izukicia (1b, 17), Tarkicia (1b, 11), Tyvinelicia (1b, 11), Tilindicia (2b, 126), Trayniczia (2b, 136), Waykuticia (2b, 129), Weblicia (1b, 3), Žagunicia (2b, 142), Žmiaukicia (1b, 16), Žwegelicia (1b, 13).

These personal names were apparently formed from analogous men's personal names recorded in the books: a) with the ending -is, -ys, e.g.: Augulis (1a, 8), Auksztakis (2a,

12 Only personal names not mentioned so far, formed with the suffix -yčia and others, will be presented here.

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43), Balutonis (1a, 55), Bercis (1a, 1), Berunėlis (2a, 143), Čiesiulis (2a, 72), Gogis (2a, 95), Gudelis (1a, 15), Ianuzkaitis (1a, 10), Kirvelis (1a, 5), Kiukis (1a, 15), Klizantis (1a, 9), Klizys (1a, 40), Kuzmis (1b, 13), Mingeilis (1b, 8), Narūdis (1a, 40), Ozis (2a, 20), Pakulnis (1a, 10), Pasiukis (1a, 32), Stasiulonis (1a, 39), Tyunelis (1a, 32), Tilindis (1a, 29), Waykutis (2b, 129), Žągūnis (1a, 25), Žwieg lis (1a, 54) (such cases are the most common); b) with the ending -a, -as, e.g.: Dyrda (1a, 23), Gawenas (1a, 23), Gudas (1a, 26), Kazamickas (1a, 13), Krugas (1a, 52), Masta (2a, 91), Padakjza (1a, 11), Paliwonas (1b, 19), Rukas (1a, 10), Tarkas (2b, 133), Žmekas (1a, 11); c) with the ending -(i)us, e.g.: Aulus (1a, 55), Bendoritis (1a, 25), Tarkus (2a, 72).

-aičia. 180 personal names (i.e. 30.25%), e.g.: Adomonaycia (2b, 111), Anciunaycia (2b, 115), Baltuszkaycia (1b, 13), Barauikaycia (2b, 109), Berniunaycia (1b, 6), Bradawkaycia (1b, 14), Buywanaycia (2b, 110), Danitayczia (2b, 139), Daratenaycia (1b, 7), Drawinickaycia (2b, 126), Dudulaycia (1b, 18), Dulinaycia (1b, 14), Gadzunaycia (1b, 7), Ičiunaycie (2b, 122), Iokubonaycia (1b, 15), Iozupanaycia (1b, 6), Karunžaycia (1b, 18), Kaszponaycia (1b, 13), Kibickaycia (1b, 13), Kiepalaycia (1b, 16), Krifunauzcia (2b, 136), Kumaycia (2b, 129), Laurynaycia (2b, 112), Ligumayčia (1b, 13), Martinaycia (1b, 2), Michaławkaycia (1b, 16), Mikienaycia (1b, 10), Murzaycia (2b, 131), Nakaycia (2b, 117), Narszenaycia (2b, 112), Pagiraucia (2b, 111), Pausiunaycia (2b, 112), Palonaycia (2b, 112), Petražkaycia (2b, 131), Petronaycie (2b, 124), Puzynaycia (1b, 6), Rymaycia (2b, 138), Skardynkaycia (1b, 7), Szapowalaycia (1b, 7), Tarwidaycia (2b, 136), Teteryczia (2b, 129), Tyiu-naycia (2b, 111), Twerianaycia (2b, 124), Wadeykaycia (2b, 112), Waytku-naycia (2b, 135), Walentynaycia (1b, 12), Węckunaycie (2b, 120), Werbickaycia (2b, 114), Wilkaycia (1b, 21), Židayczia (2b, 140).

The personal name Kurklayte (2b, 115) is the only one formed with the suffix -aitė, which is now used in standard language to form surnames for unmarried women from the father’s surname ending in -a, -as. Women’s personal names with the suffix -aicia are formed from masculine names: a) with the ending -a, -as, e.g.: Baltužka (1a, 2), Berniunas (1a, 48), Bradawka (1a, 13), Daratenas (2b, 12), Drevinckas (1b, 5), Gadzunas (1a, 40), Ičiunas (2b, 122), Kafzponas (1a, 32), Kibičkas (1a, 55), Krysiunas (1a, 37), Mikienas (2a, 52), Murza (1a, 30), nakas (1a, 2), Pasiunas (2b, 112), Pietraszko (2a, 90), Puzynas (2a, 98), Twerianas (2a, 107), Wadeyka (2a, 22), Wilkas (1a, 28); b) less commonly, with the ending -is, e.g.: Buiwenis (1a, 3), Dudulis (1b, 14), Labułonis (1a, 49), Iozponis (1a, 55), Pagiris (1a, 39), Petranis (1a, 7), Skardinskis (2a, 83), Tarwids (2b, 136).

-ova. 95 personal names (i.e. 15.96%), e.g.: Berciowa (2b, 118), Cziekiowa (2b, 130), Dabrogowa (2b, 134), Gawdziowa (2b, 132), Gudanowa (1b, 14), Iuryiancowa (1b, 18), Iurkielowa (2b, 132), Kapliowa (2b, 140), Kazemakowa (1b, 4), Klisionowa (1b, 16), Krysiukanowa (2b, 134), Krugowa (2b, 113), Kurelowa (1b, 5), Lelukowa (1b, 19), Matulenowa (2b, 113), Margielowa (1b, 6), Nartkunowa (2b, 114), Palulenowa (1b, 20), Putrowa (2b, 135), Rymowa (1b, 5), Spiewakowa (1b, 13), Stanelowa (1b, 15), Stanizulowa (2b, 126), Styrynowa (2b, 132), Strung iowa (2b, 112), Szepciowa (1b, 18), Szytwiowa (2b, 133), Wekierowa (1b, 10), Urban iowa (2b, 137), Wederelowa (2b, 114),

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Werszelowa (2b, 114), Żibalowa (1b, 6), Żemayciowa (1b, 15), Żwiegłowa (2b, 114).

The fact that brides’ personal names are formed with the suffix -ova, which is usually used to form married women’s surnames from their husbands’ surnames, can be explained in two ways: 1) the brides may be widows marrying for a second time, and are therefore named after their former husbands; 2) the use of the Slavic suffixes -ova and -ovna may sometimes be confused.

-ovna. 62 personal names (i.e. 10.42%), e.g.: Baiorunowna (1b, 9), Bernatowna (2b, 110), Biełunowna (1b, 3), Berzionwa (2b, 130), Błazgowna (1b, 2), Delenkiewiczowna (2b, 131), Dewenowna (2b, 131), Dewinciowna (1b, 9), Gaiweniowna (1b, 4), Gaweniowna (1b, 5), Gigelowna (1b, 10), Kupciunowna (1b, 19), Laƒzowna (2b, 2), Malunowna (1b, 3), Melnikowna (1b, 3), Murtnowna (2b, 129), Pawłukayciowna (1b, 8), Pogrundziowna (2b, 140), Puleykowna (1b, 2), Reynaytowna (1b, 3), Skirowna (1b, 2), Skrebunowna (2b, 120), Szeszkielowna (2b, 135), Szymkiewiczowna (1b, 2), Urbanowna (1b, 2), Werbełowna (1b, 2), Wirbałowna (1b, 9), Żyłowna (1b, 15), Zwięgłowna (1b, 3), Żwirblayciowna (1b, 10).

-(i)ūčia. 40 personal names (i.e. 6.72%), e.g.: Adamuniucia (2b, 110), Baiorucia (1b, 10), Bartašiucia (2b, 127), Bielućia (1b, 14), Błagucia (1b, 4), Dawkniucia (1b, 13), Kiszucia (2b, 112), Kliszucia (2b, 119), Kopczucia (1b, 5), Margiełucia (1b, 4), Radysiućia (1b, 21), Łagadzućia (1b, 16), Skwirbućia (2b, 109), Starkucia (2b, 141), Warkalucia (1b, 8).

The personal names recorded in the sources show that these female naming elements with the suffix -(i)ūčia may be formed from men’s personal names: 1) with the ending -us, e.g.: Bartalzis (2a, 165), Bielus (2b, 129), Kiszus (2a, 18), Starkus (1b, 16); 2) with the endings -is, -ys, e.g.: Adamonis (1a, 26), Kliszys (1a, 40), Margielis (1a, 48), Radiƒzis (2b, 136); 3) with the ending -as — Baioras (1a, 49); 4) with the ending -ė — Blagie (2a, 6). The personal name Warkalucia may be formed from the masculine names Warkała (1a, 34), Warkałe (1a, 44), Warkalis (1b, 14).

10 personal names referring to brides have suffixes of the -sk- type (i.e. 1.68%), e.g.: Grabowska (1b, 5), Kibicka (2b, 110), Meƒzkowƒka (2b, 115), Wierobicka (1b, 14).

-ienė. Six personal names are formed with this Lithuanian suffix (i.e. 1%), e.g.: Czekutienė (2b, 133), Iodelienė (2b, 136), Labienė (1b, 13), Melnikienė (1b, 9), Rymonienė (1b, 12). These women were most likely identified as marrying for a second time, having previously been widowed (cf. personal names with the Slavic suffix -ova).

The 1696–1719 marriage register also mentions, besides the brides, 90 female witnesses, who are identified by two personal names. The second personal names of 88 of these women, i.e. 97.77%, are formed with the Slavic suffix -ova, e.g.: Aulowa (133)¹³, Braziunowa (132), Czabatorowa (141), Czupikowa (135), Czulkowa (140), Dąbrowa (134), Dukciowa (136), Iaczełowa (133),

¹³Here too, only personal names formed with this suffix that have not been mentioned so far are listed. Since they are all from source 2b, only the folio number is given in parentheses.

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Iocziowa (135), Iodeykowa (134), lozanowa (115), Kaparowa (141), Kazypanowa (142), Kieciowa (132), Krugowa (134), Mikulowa (136), Miłakniowa (140), Mingininaitowa (134), Miaukiowa (133), Palinowa (139), Purułzkiowa (133), Ruzgowa (136), Skieyriowa (136), Jęszkowa (140), Szyprowa (140), Jzlekowa (139), Tarkowa (133), Tumuliariowa (140), Zwiraneliowa (134).

¹ The personal name is formed with the suffix -ienė: Idenia (115), while 1 has a suffix of the -sk- type—Wiezbicka (136). Together, they constitute 2.22% of all personal names of the second female witnesses.

Origins of personal names

The origin of every personal name recorded in the two church registers will not be explained separately here. This would greatly expand the scope of the article. On the other hand, the etymologies of all the personal names found in the sources could themselves be the subject of another, entirely independent article. This is especially so since etymologizing a historical anthroponym is not easy. The task is made difficult by various factors. Most importantly, it is not always possible to establish the authentic form of the personal name being etymologized, since most names in documents written in non-Lithuanian languages have been altered in various ways. Some such personal names can be reconstructed by drawing on patterns of phonetic interaction between languages (Lithuanian and Polish), frequently recurring variants of the same personal names in the sources, and the like. Comparison with present-day surnames is sometimes helpful. However, the authentic forms of some personal names remain undetermined or, which is also entirely possible, are determined inaccurately. Thus, the etymology of some historical anthroponyms may involve a degree of error, which must be borne in mind when assessing the results of such research. In any case, explanations of the origins of personal names recorded in historical documents of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are very much needed. Among other things, they would help refine some etymologies already proposed for present-day Lithuanian surnames.

As noted above, this subsection does not provide the etymologies of all the personal names, but discusses the overall picture of the origins of the different personal names in both church registers (the criteria for selecting them were explained in the discussion of personal-name formation). The main aims were to determine: 1) the origins of the personal names, and 2) the quantitative ratio of personal names of different origins.

By origin, two main groups of personal names can be distinguished: 1) those of Lithuanian origin; 2) those of non-Lithuanian origin. However, not all the personal names under discussion can be assigned to either group. This is due to the aforementioned difficulties in establishing the authentic forms—and hence determining the origins—of historical anthroponyms. Moreover, even when the authenticity of a personal name is beyond doubt, it is not always possible to determine its origin, or more than one equally valid etymological interpretation of the same personal name may be possible. Therefore, in addition to the first two (main) groups, two further groups of personal names are distinguished: 3) those that may also be of Lithuanian origin; and 4) those of unclear origin. Almost all personal names in the latter groups could, in theory and in practice, be added to the groups of Lithuanian- or non-Lithuanian-origin personal names. Their origins simply need to be established.

1. Of the 1,044 distinct personal names in the first church register, 464 (i.e., 44.44%) are of Lithuanian origin, e.g. Ayswidėlis (1a, 33), Ayswidis

¹⁴ For the sake of brevity, not all these personal names are given here, but only some of them. The same approach is taken when discussing personal names of other origins.

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(1a, 33), Auksninis (1a, 12), Alksnis (1a, 48), Apwalaynis (1b, 16), Afkinis (1a, 5), Augulis (1a, 8), Azienas (1a, 31), Balciunas (1a, 7), Balciunelis (1a, 12), Baltakietis (1b, 19), Baltakis (1a, 26), Baltaszonis (1b, 14), Barzda (1a, 36), Barzdenas (1a, 7), Berniu̇nas (1a, 48), Bernukelis (1a, 53), Bitinas (1a, 28), Bizdelis (1a, 25), Blauzdelis (1a, 41), Blauzdzius (1a, 28), Brawszka (1b, 17), Bruzulis (1b, 14), Budrewicz (1a, 19), Budris (1a, 10), Buytvidanies (1a, 11), Burbieta (1a, 8), Buta (1a, 33), Buteykonis (1a, 34), Butkiewicz (1b, 2), Butkus (1a, 25), Ciupikelis (1b, 6), Cizius (1a, 41), Dagiala (1a, 2), Daynis (1b, 19), Darda (1b, 12), Dauiotis (1a, 45), Dawejnis (1a, 6), Dauenis (1a, 57), Degutelis (1a, 55), Degutis (1b, 14), Deksnis (1a, 8), Dewinciunas (1a, 48), Dewincius (1a, 4), Didzialgawelis (1b, 19), Didzia galus (1b, 19), Dugia (1a, 3), Dyrda (1a, 23), Dyrdete (1a, 9), Dirzis (1a, 42), Dowenis (1b, 5), Drevinikas (1a, 19), Drijkis (1a, 56), Dziawgiela (1a, 19), Eybutis (1a, 14), Gaydelis (1a, 42), Gaydzonis (1b, 4), Gayzius (1a, 37), Galinis (1a, 57), Gahwelis (1a, 10), Garniewicz (1a, 5), Gaunius (1a, 23), Gawenas (1a, 15), Gawenelis (1a, 34), Genis (1a, 50), Gerulski (1a, 20), Giedroyc (1a, 38), Gilis (1b, 8), Gindvilius (1a, 28), Girunas (1a, 15), Gudelis (1a, 25), Gudonis (1a, 54), Gulbinski (1a, 47), Gurkis (1b, 7), Iganis (1b, 7), Itgenelis (1a, 36), Iagminas (1a, 22), Iateykiewicz (1a, 21), Jawdelis (1a, 2), Iodeykis (1b, 15), Iodgalwis (1a, 13), Iodis, Iod- kalnis (1a, 11), Jowidis (1a, 29), Kalnelis (1a, 9), Katinas (1a, 24), Kawlia (1a, 29), Kiaukijzkis (1a, 15), Kibinkle (1a, 2), Kimbar (1a, 30), Kirdeghielis (1a, 11), Kirdeykis (1b, 5), Kirwelis (1a, 52), Kiszunas (1a, 15), Kizikis (1a, 9), Klijzanis (1a, 40), Kliszys (1a, 12), Kondugawto (1b, 2), Krapas (1b, 10), Kumpelis (1a, 54), Kuprelis (1a, 54), Kurkle telis (1b, 13), Kurmis (1a, 15), Labas (1a, 11), Lapiene (1a, 4), Lafzas (1a, 4), Lafzinis (1b, 13), Latwenas (1a, 12), Laukie (1a, 25), Lawzynie (1a, 43), Ligmizskis (1a, 49), Ligumiszkelis (1a, 47), Lynkizintis (1a, 13), Linka (1a, 34), Lupeylka (1a, 57), Maynulis (1a, 48), Margielis (1a, 22), Medeyka (1a, 52), Medynis (1a, 44), Meylas (1a, 26), Meylukaytis (1b, 2), Meytunas (1a, 35), Miezielis (1a, 5), Miezzius (1a, 20), Milius (1a, 20), Minajutis (1b, 8), Mingielis, Minio tis (1a, 47), Montygailo (1a, 52), Mur ka (1a, 36), Murma (1a, 28), Murz a (1b, 2), Nagulis (1a, 24), Narbut (1a, 54), Narbutelis (1a, 49), Narwatsis (1b, 11), Narwidellis (1a, 40), Narwidis (1a, 14), Narwilis (1a, 44), Oszkinis (1a, 31), Ożienas (1a, 12), Paberzis (1a, 47), Pagirelis (1a, 34), Pakalnis (1a, 23), Pakijzkis (1a, 22), Pakulnia (1a, 32), Pasawis (2a, 48), Pilkis (2a, 54), Pimpe (1a, 14), Plapis (1a, 52), Plikelis (1b, 14), Plonis (1a, 26), Podziukas (1a, 41), Podziulis (1a, 37), Podziunas (1a, 48), Podzius (1a, 46), Puteikis (1a, 29), Putra (1a, 39), Putrewicz (1b, 18), Ragine (1a, 40), Raystinis (1a, 6), Rayzis (1a, 14), Raugas (1a, 29), Repjzys (1b, 2), Rymkunas (1a, 21), Rudak (1a, 20), Rukanis (1b, 18), Ruksz tela (1b, 14), Ruzgas (1b, 4), Sakatelis (1a, 10), Sakapilwis (1b, 12), Sargunas (1a, 25), Syrwidis (1a, 8), Skiras (1a, 31), Skirbunas (1a, 41), Smiegelis (1a, 43), Sroga (1a, 13), Starkulis (1a, 34), Syrma (1a, 41), Strungelis (1a, 24), Szucha (1b, 17), Szesztokielis (1a, 27), Sziarmuksznis (1a, 41), Szyleyka (1a, 21), Szubipeta (1a, 15), Ukturelis (1a, 47), Wayzunidis (1a, 10), Warakale (1b, 11), Warkatenas (1a, 8), Worna (1b, 7), Weyknunas (1a, 34), Werksnelis (1a, 45), Werfzelis (1a, 23), Wienazetis, Wienazindis (1a, 39), Wilkas (1a, 28), Wilniszkielis (1a, 27), Wirbalas (1b, 4), Wirbatalis (1a, 41), Wohungis (1a, 24), Wowenelis (1b, 12), Žalenas

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Zameytelis (1a, 1), Žylis (1a, 30), Žymanis (1b, 1), Žuklis (1a, 52), Žviegžda (1a, 54), Žvirblis (1a, 50).

2. Of non-Lithuanian origin there are 335 personal names in the first church book, i.e., 32% of all the distinct personal names in the source. They are varied. The most common are personal names derived from baptismal names. There are 225 of them, accounting for 21.55% of all the personal names under study, e.g.: Adomaitis (1a, 23), Adomonis (1a, 46), Aleksandrowicz (1a, 9), Andreiunas (1b, 6), Bagdonelis (1b, 5), Banelis (1a, 31), Barta[z]unas (1a, 20), Bernatonis (1a, 15), Blazey (1a, 3), Brazelis (1a, 28), Braziunas (1a, 28), Cieponis (1b, 16), Ciesiulonis (1b, 17), Darate-nas (1a, 56), Elios iunas (1a, 43), Gasparonis (1a, 55), Gryciunas (1b, 1), Grigalunas (1a, 9), Gryncewicz (1a, 43), Isakowicz (1a, 19), Jaczewski (1a, 1), Jakiela (1a, 30), Jakubaitis (1a, 7), Jakubonis (1a, 49), Jakulatis (1a, 23), Janonis (1a, 5), Jankunas (1b, 13), Janowski (1b, 7), Janukas (1b, 16), Janukstys (1a, 18), Janulonis (1b, 10), Janulzkuty[t]is (1a, 10), Januszewicz (1a, 5), Jalulionis (1b, 5), Jasonis (1a, 52), Iocėlis (1a, 46), Ioz iunas (1a, 11), Iozupenas (1b, 10), Jurgialo (1a, 20), Jurgienas (1a, 34), Jurkiala (1a, 33), Kadaras (1a, 5), Krysiunas (1a, 37), Krysztapelis (1b, 18), Laurynonis (1a, 26), Laurynowicz (1a, 25), Lukanis (1a, 10), Lukazewicz (1a, 9), Macie iunas (1a, 18), Maciunas (1a, 23), Mackun (1a, 11), Macziulewicz (1a, 27), Markunelis (1a, 55), Martynonis (1b, 14), Matekus (1a, 50), Matiekunas (1a, 3), Matygosiunas (1a, 43), Matutėnas (1a, 55), Matus (1b, 3), Michalonis (1a, 19), Miciunas (1a, 45), Mickiewicz (1a, 2), Miczunas (1a, 1), Mierkėlis (1b, 5), Mikalojunas (1a, 33), Mikieniszkis (1a, 31), Mikolis (1a, 24), Mikulis (1a, 22), Mifukas (1b, 12), Mifus (1b, 4), Paciunas (1b, 2), Palulonis (1a, 10), Palutis (1a, 22), Paulukanis (1b, 2), Pawtanis (1a, 5), Petranelis (1a, 5), Petranis (1a, 7), Petrikas (1a, 20), Petrikeitis (1a, 42), Pikunas (1a, 13), Poszkaytis (1b, 11), Simanis (1a, 7), Simonenas (1a, 33), Stakunelis (1b, 15), Stanelis (1a, 23), Stanioris (1a, 40), Stanis (1a, 33), Stani[t]awonis (1a, 26), Staniuenas (1a, 39), Stankunas (1a, 38), Stapewicz (1a, 39), [t]apulonis (1b, 20), [t]afukanis (1a, 6), Stafjukunas (1a, 18), Stasiunelis (1b, 18), Sta[z]kunas (1a, 21), [z]ymanowski (1a, 45), [z]ymelenas (1b, 11), Szimelunas (1a, 10), Szymonis (1a, 32), Tumenas (1b, 4), Undreyka (1a, 30), Urbanonis (1a, 27), Urbonenas (1a, 46), Waycielunas (1a, 24), Wayciulenas (1a, 32), Waytekunas (1b, 6), Watas ius (1a, 37), Walenc iunas (1b, 12), Walukanis (1b, 2), Walukas (1a, 50), Walulis (1a, 27), Wasilewicz (1a, 43), Wencewicz (1a, 43), Wenclawan (1a, 10), Winckunas (1a, 38), Winckus (1a, 10).

99 personal names of non-Lithuanian origin derive from appellatives in various Slavic languages (they constitute 9.48% of all distinct anthroponyms in the church book), for example: Bednarz (1a, 32), Bielicki (1b, 6), Ci apla (1a, 48), Czabat aris (1a, 2), Czabatorunas (1b, 7), Czernelis (1a, 54), Dabraga (1a, 6), Dabragiete (1a, 24), Dabrega (1b, 14), Dubowicz (1b, 5), Gąsiewski (1a, 51), Grabawskelis (1a, 50), Grabowski (1b, 6), Gur ski (1a, 5), Jablonski (1a, 11), Karkazas (1b, 12), Kawohunas (1a, 57), Kazamiekas (1b, 13), Kazamieckelis (1b, 19), Konewolas (1a, 25), Kotlarz (1a, 27), Kowalewski (1b, 12), Krasiewicz (1a, 47), Krac iunas (1a, 8), Kropiwnicki (1a, 27), Kultboki (1a, 25), Kulesza (1a, 31), Kupc iun (1a, 20), Małafki (1a, 20), Mendikeitis (1b, 20), Melnikonis (1b, 16), Mielnik (1a, 7), Mularz (1b, 12), Mur awecki (1a, 22), O[t]row[s]ki (1a, 19), Paliwonas (1b, 19), Piekarz (1a, 22), Piworelis (1a, 35), Piworonis (1b, 14), Podrezas (1a, 51), Powaw arelis (1a, 5), Puczkiela (1a, 53), Rybal[s]ki (1a, 3)

61.

Rybskiewicz (1a, 42), Rosiewicz (1a, 26), Ro[kou]ki (1b, 3), Skarbin[ki (1b, 4), Skrinik (1b, 4), [piewakielis (1b, 1), Spiewokas (1a, 34), Stawski (1a, 45), Szelegow[ki (1a, 23), [zemiot (1a, 6), Talaczka (1a, 32), Waytanis (1a, 2), Woytowicz (1b, 9), Woronecki (1a, 41), Vronowski (1a, 18), Žabecki (1a, 50), Zablotski (1a, 2).

There were 8 personal names of German origin, e.g.: Busz (1a, 49), Dikman (1a, 5), Freyz (1a, 29), Plater (1a, 40), Reynard (1a, 26), Reynat (1a, 32), and 3 of Latvian origin, e.g.: Igawnelis (1a, 23), Igawnie (1b, 11), personal names (they make up about 1% of all distinct personal names in the source).

3. The third group comprises personal names whose origin, among other possibilities, may also be Lithuanian. Presenting them separately seemed appropriate for reasons of a certain degree of scholarly precision. For although the Lithuanian origin of most of them can be regarded as almost certain, the possibility of other origins cannot be entirely disregarded. The latter possibilities, however, are often less plausible in the overall context of surname development. A total of 85 such personal names were counted (i.e. 8.14%), for example: Abaris (1a, 35), Aytonelis (1b, 9), Baltu[z]ka (1a, 2), Balukiewicz (1b, 16), Bradawka (1a, 13), Bradeselis (1a, 30), Bucza (1a, 42), Budniewicz (1b, 2), Budnis (1a, 11), Chuvlun (1a, 41), Dakielnis (1a, 9), Dylelis (1a, 55), Dylewski (1b, 10), Dylis (1a, 38), Drusnelis (1b, 3), Dukis (1a, 26), Gaczunelis (1b, 7), Garulis (1a, 44), Gieweris (1b, 10), Gircius (1a, 38), Girczi (1a, 13), Gircžonis (1a, 31), Iudronis (1a, 27), Kiersnowski (1a, 33), Kilutis (1b, 3), Klikas (1a, 52), Klusas (1a, 27), Kudaras (1a, 15), Kuderelis (1a, 25), Kurelis (1a, 52), Kuris (1a, 14), Lipski (1a, 24), Losielis (1a, 2), Losiewicz (1a, 40), Loszynski (1a, 44), Makutis (1b, 15), Manulis (1a, 6), Minkiewicz (1a, 46), Miszkiewicz (1b, 20), Nukiele (1b, 5), Pielewicz (1a, 8), Pupeykis (1a, 41), Rymelis (1a, 9), Rodziewicz (1a, 37), Rombal[ki (1b, 5), [taionis (1a, 33), [teykiewicz (1a, 46), [teykunas (1a, 22), Szekalis (1a, 18), [zykitda (1a, 52), Thowianski (1a, 25), Waywidis (1a, 15), Webas (1a, 35), Wederas (1a, 49), Wegminas (1a, 8), Wilas (1a, 6), Witelis (1b, 12), Wihuns (1a, 12), Wittan (1a, 47), Woydecki (1a, 27), Zagas (1a, 3), Žagielis (1a, 44), Žagunis (1a, 25), Žaguras (1a, 14), Žibalis (1b, 6), Zylin[ki (1a, 10).

4. 160 personal names, i.e. 15.32% of the personal names in the first church book, were classified as being of unclear origin. This category includes personal names whose origin cannot be clearly determined for various reasons (often extralinguistic as well). In addition, this group presents anthroponyms whose origin can be explained in various ways, making it difficult to identify the most convincing interpretation. Here are some of the personal names in the fourth group: apłunas (1a, 1), Bardin[ki (1a, 10), Bartoł (1a, 8), Berkie[zewicz (1a, 20), Bindans (1a, 5), Birdarz (1a, 28), Blaugie (1a, 6), Blaugiela (1a, 20), Blinski (1a, 32), Breniukiela (1b, 21), Burdin[ki (1a, 14), Czempel[ki (1a, 7), Cioty[kas (1a, 56), Czalyka (1a, 28), Czigunski (1b, 5), Czynkunas (1a, 1), Czom[ki (1a, 5), dabagynunas (1a, 1), Dakunas (1a, 25), Digieskriewa (1b, 6), Dunix (1b, 19), Fasci[zewski (1a, 25), Garrek (1a, 23), Garolelis (1a, 32), Gotinelis (1a, 8), Gotynis (1a, 19), Hematley (1a, 22), Hermowicz (1a, 3), Ibercelis (1a, 12), Itkunelis (1b, 2), Kagialis (1a, 18), Kaparis (1a, 48), Kapazonaf (1a, 20), Karziupanas (1b, 2), Ka[zponas (1a, 32), Kazemielis (1a, 44), Kiebil[ki (1a, 27), Kiesielis (1a, 24), Kiesytelis (1a, 0), Kjefteren (1a, 22), Kieżylis (1a, 24), Kirka (1a, 24), Kotoczka (1b, 4), Kuceyn (1a, 20), Kulbulka (1b, 6), Kuparis (1b, 5), Kupna (1a, 46), Kuszewski (1a, 37), Lauge (1a, 12), Licžus (1a, 3), Liesis (1a, 36), Macwele

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(1a, 14), Maranowski (1a, 53), Merszkis (1a, 21), Nakiata (1a, 21), Namca (1a, 1), Padaj[z]a (1a, 11), Paknelis (1a, 10), Paranie (1a, 22), Pauzkonis (1a, 57), Puldutkis (1a, 19), Ranala (1a, 22), Reszkowski (1a, 39), Jadow[s]ki (1a, 22), Japiega (1a, 41), Japkumas (1b, 18), Skiringum (1a, 21), Sraralis (1a, 26), Sraszionis (1a, 19), Stadlanis (1a, 15), Szymag[?]tunas (1a, 19), Szmetenas (1a, 27), Szolalis (1a, 14), Szwy pela (1a, 19), Tereyra (1b, 12), Terera (1a, 11), Tumanen (1a, 20), Udelonis (1a, 46), Werbieius (1a, 37), Wohyniec (1a, 46), Wortibis (1b, 6), Wowa (1b, 4), Zayris (1b, 5), Zegundis (1a, 19), Żynkiela (1a, 32), Żunka (1a, 55).

The same four groups also contain 1,077 different personal names from the second church book.

1. Lithuanian in origin, there are 435 of them (i.e., 40.38%), for example15^. Auk[z]tolis (2b, 127), Auk[s]ztakais (2a, 43), Aželis (2a, 90), Ažis (2a, 86), Bajaraytis (2a, 102), Bajorus (2a, 59), Bernutkis (2a, 143), Bizdis (2a, 2), Briedelis (2a, 165), Buvvenis (2a, 3), Burba (2a, 94), Burbutas (2a, 38), Butkunas (2a, 8), Butra (2a, 73), Czeknis (2a, 155), Czypas (2a, 98), Cirpas (2a, 44), Dagilis (2a, 147), Derwenelis (2a, 22), Derwinis (2a, 91), Dewenis (2a, 92), Deweta (2a, 10), Digienas (2a, 69), Dirzialis (2a, 50), Dryskiunas (2a, 148), Dulkie (2a, 147), Eydzinikas (2a, 11), Eydulkas (2a, 67), Eyswodis (2a, 87), Gaydelonis (2a, 123), Gayzowski (2a, 2), Galinis (2a, 104), Gaucis (2a, 94), Gawcelis (2a, 11), Gegelis (2a, 97), Geguzie (2a, 98), Gelazinas (2a, 94), Gilelis (2b, 129), Grustelis (2a, 13), Iafudowicz (2a, 58), Iawoyf[z] (2a, 25), Iudogolis (2a, 42), Kayrianis (2a, 157), Kahwelis (2a, 35), Karnaczius (2a, 161), Katinelis (2b, 120), Kiawrunas (2b, 129), Kibickas (2a, 7), Kibickielis (2a, 17), Kibztda (2a, 58), Kibink[z]tis (2a, 150), kiekstzas (2a, 45), Kierfzul[s] (2a, 40), Kiestutis (2a, 52), Kietelis (2b, 112), Kietis (2a, 55), Kiz[k]is (2b, 130), Kukis (2b, 126), Kukutelis (2a, 44), Kukutus (2a, 158), Kuwapenas (2a, 107), Lawkienas (2a, 27), Lelukas (2a, 34), Lykszie (2b, 133), Makutis (2a, 5), Marmele (2a, 90), Mazielis (2a, 24), Medginelis (2a, 46), Meyniotis (2a, 3), Me[z]kiele (2a, 98), Mingienanis (2a, 154), Mink[z]autis (2b, 137), Mozeyko (2a, 56), Murklis (2a, 54), Namaiuszka (2a, 143), Narkunas (2a, 91), Nar[u]zewicz (2a, 95), Niaukie (2a, 41), Nik[z]tas (2a, 143), Pabara (2a, 100), Pagirmundis (2a, 42), Pakeris (2a, 54), Pilwis (2a, 101), Pintenas (2a, 157), Plikienas (2a, 53), Plikionis (2a, 57), Pukielis (2a, 6), Puknius (2a, 81), Punputis (2a, 165), Puriu[z]kis (2a, 157), Purpa (2a, 29), Purpela (2a, 5), Rymdziunas (2a, 153), Rytinis (2a, 154), Skardin[z]kas (2b, 138), Skirsa (2a, 98), Skreb (2a, 147), Jtulpeyka (2a, 22), Switus (2a, 101), Szakalinski (2a, 163), Szakalis (2a, 148), Szyrwunski (2a, 63), [z]uk[z]tulis (2a, 166), [z]iur[z]ulas (2a, 157), Szlakas (2a, 55), [z]lakielis (2a, 28), Szlekas (2a, 153), [z]lekielis (2a, 16), [z]ukielis (2a, 48), Szukienas (2a, 74), Szupinis (2a, 102), Szuwedas (2a, 70), Szuwedelis (2a, 93), Tarwidis (2b, 136), Tawratenas (2a, 35), Tawrele (2b, 136), Tilindis (2b, 115), Tylwikas (2a, 92), Tralniewicz (2a, 146), Trikupis (2a, 55), Trumpa (2a, 15), Tunselis (2a, 105), Ubagienas (2b, 115), Uldukelis (2a, 56), Urwinis (2a, 156), Wadeyka (2a, 22), Wayszuwidelis (2a, 1), Wangoras (2a, 100), Warlis (2a, 157), Warmelis (2a, 6), Wazgilewicz (2a, 77), Weybutis (2b, 118), Wilutis (2a, 151), Wiralelis (2a, 161), Wirzelis (2a, 65), Wirzis (2a, 102), Żiogas (2a, 10), Żuklenas (2b, 133), Zwerblenas (2a, 74), Zwiranelis (2b, 134).

¹⁵ Only those not mentioned in the discussion of personal names in the first church book are listed.

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2. Among personal names of non-Lithuanian origin, the most common are those derived from various baptismal names. There are 270 (i.e., 25.06%), for example: Adamenas (2a, 42), Alesiun (2a, 40), Aliszkiewicz (2a, 58), Ambrozeviunas (2a, 23), Andreyk[a] (2a, 4), Andruszkiewicz (2a, 103), Augustinelis (2a, 25), Augustinonis (2a, 36), Baliulis (2b, 135), Baltrunas (2a, 48), Blazevunas (2b, 131), Bogdanowicz (2a, 93), Brazunelis (2a, 27), Danilewicz (2a, 27), Danis (2a, 159), Iwanowski (2a, 45), Jakubicz (2a, 39), Jakubitis (2b, 119), Jankowski (2a, 155), Jarmola (2a, 5), Jonutėnas (2a, 147), Iozanis (2b, 119), Iozupelis (2b, 134), Iurgionis (2a, 35), Jurkowski (2a, 95), Karpowicz (2a, 166), Kasparonis (2a, 100), Kazenetis (2a, 22), Kaziulenas (2a, 165), Klimanski (2a, 150), Lukaszunas (2a, 147), Macanis (2b, 133), Maciejewski (2b, 133), Markiewicz (2a, 86), Malulonelis (2a, 128), Malusewicz (2a, 103), Mickunas (2b, 111), Mikas (2a, 46), Mikolaiewski (2a, 32), Mifkunis (2b, 136), Pacewski (2a, 2), Palunas (2b, 139), Paszkiewicz (2a, 157), Petra[s]zunas (2a, 159), Petrosius (2a, 34), Petra[s]enas (2a, 13), Petrul[s]ki (2b, 113), Ramanas (2b, 111), Ramoszkis (2b, 110), Romanowski (2a, 102), Sabutowicz (2a, 8), Sakien (2a, 8), Sarafinas (2a, 90), Simelenas (2a, 74), Stackiewicz (2b, 118), Stanislėnas (2a, 8), Staniulelis (2a, 23), Staniunelis (2a, 150), Stankiewicz (2a, 100), Stasiukas (2a, 56), Stasiukelis (2a, 67), Stasiunas (2b, 119), Staszelis (2a, 164), Staszianis (2b, 141), Stasys (2a, 5), Staszkiewicz (2b, 139), Stefanowicz (2a, 156), Steponelis (2a, 165), Stepulonis (2a, 94), Stankunas (2a, 20), Szczesnelis (2a, 95), Szymanelis (2a, 31), Szymkiewicz (2a, 41), Szymkunas (2a, 148), Szymutėnas (2a, 57), Tanaszewicz (2a, 31), Tuflewicz (2a, 160), Tunelis (2a, 14), Tumonis (2b, 115), Unciunas (2b, 115), Undrunas (2a, 156), undruszka (2a, 42), Urbelis (2a, 56), Urbanowicz (2a, 156), Wayciunas (2a, 99), Wasilewski (2a, 153), Węckielis (2a, 21), Winclawenas (2a, 65), Woyciechowski (2b, 139), Woytkiewicz (2b, 139).

133 personal names derived from Slavic appellatives (i.e., 12.34%), for example: Atkaciunas (2a, 58), Baranowski (2a, 152), Biczkūnas (2a, 62), Bielinski (2a, 93), Bielunelis (2a, 8), Borkowski (2a, 164), Borowski (2a, 163), Buchowicki (2b, 109), Czernis (2a, 95), Dąbrowski (2a, 74), Doliński (2a, 164), Gulowski (2a, 159), Halawacz (2a, 146), Kaminski (2a, 144), Kangla (2a, 96), Kaltorunas (2a, 36), Kazlawuskis (2a, 26), Kriunickas (2a, 77), Lastowski (2a, 108), Lipski (2a, 93), Lisowski (2a, 155), Lofinski (2b, 131), Magila (2a, 77), Malec (2b, 141), Maskaliunas (2a, 165), Mogila (2a, 90), Osmol[s]ki (2a, 96), Pekarunas (2a, 70), Pielnikas (2a, 164), Pietuch (2b, 140), Prowadziewicz (2b, 139), Pustnikas (2a, 166), Rapkowski (2b, 130), Slosarz (2b, 120), Śnieżko (2a, 160), Sokolewski (2a, 51), Spiewakanas (2a, 47), Stolorunas (2a, 6), Szapowal (2a, 102), Szydtowski (2a, 103), Szostak (2a, 99), Szpakowski (2b, 122), Tkaczunas (2a, 20), Wierebiewicz (2a, 153), Veryha (2a, 75), Wolski (2a, 166), Wroblewski (2a, 153), Zawisza (2b, 127), Zelasko (2a, 144), Žukas (2a, 22), Žukowski (2b, 139).

Among the personal names of non-Lithuanian origin, some were Latvian and Germanic. Together, they make up only 0.85% of the different anthroponyms in the second church book, for example: Ciepla (2a, 3), Cieplunas (2a, 35), Igawnis (2a, 22); Bryling (2a, 166), Krugas (2a, 48), Krugielis (2a, 14), Sleyderis (2a, 105).

All personal names of non-Lithuanian origin in this source account for 38.25%. There are 412 of them.

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3. The origin of 82 personal names (i.e., 7.61%) may, among other possibilities, also be Lithuanian, for example: Akūnas (2a, 102), Armanas (2a, 145), Balinikas (2a, 1), Balutėnas (2a, 8), Balulis (2a, 13), Balutonis (2a, 25), Bikialė (2a, 81), Dulūl (2a, 147), Gaconis (2a, 8), Gojis (2a, 95), Grodickis (2a, 40), Kuvilunas (2a, 98), Laznas (2a, 156), Lazelis (2a, 101), Lipicki (2a, 91), Mylzkonovski (2b, 139), Radžižis (2b, 136), Radkowski (2a, 1), Skineykis (2a, 40), Skrupski (2a, 90), Skutas (2a, 156), Slikas (2a, 76), Stalulonis (2a, 24), Straykunas (2a, 103), Streykunas (2a, 59), Streyklus (2a, 143), Tarkas (2b, 133), Tarkus (2a, 72), Wederelis (2a, 6), Wersznski (2a, 27), Zyboelis (2a, 1).

4. A total of 148 personal names (i.e., 13.74%) had to be assigned to the category of uncertain origin, for example: Belžynski (2a, 24), Bicanas (2a, 158), Bijžkus (2b, 133), Bogis (2a, 22), Braya (2a, 94), Brinczas (2a, 145), Cibarowski (2a, 82), Dalinas (2b, 129), Dapkelis (2b, 138), Dapkus (2a, 152), Derpskas (2a, 81), Durinis (2b, 111), Galinas (2a, 165), Gauza (2a, 149), Gibtars (2a, 57), Gidzialis (2a, 73), Giežveris (2a, 90), Glozman (2a, 48), Kasiaracki (2a, 71), Kyanowski (2a, 107), Kłosinski (2a, 90), Kodhłubowicz (2a, 92), Kogianacki (2a, 88), Kulautis (2a, 60), Lauciele (2a, 54), Lazienunas (2a, 43), Leykas (2a, 63), Ligućki (2a, 89), Meyriszkis (2a, 86), Mizdynas (2b, 110), Mignanis (2b, 131), Milaitis (2a, 156), Mucinis (2a, 15), Mužyra (2a, 163), Naugonielis (2a, 11), Odeyka (2a, 65), Plagė (2b, 122), Przegaliniec (2a, 50), Przegaliński (2a, 22), Puczyński (2a, 89), Reymelis (2a, 94), Ropanowicz (2a, 31), Jabkiewicz (2a, 20), Jiepelis (2a, 129), Skuntunas (2a, 25), Suwinski (2a, 161), Szalík (2a, 7), Szypas (2b, 139), Szneyzelis (2a, 147), Tokaldis (2b, 138), Twaranas (2a, 107), Wagnunas (2a, 1), Werbekas (2b, 131), Wiwulski (2a, 54), Znelis (2a, 40).

Comparing the origins of the personal names in the first and second church books, we can see that the first contains more personal names of Lithuanian origin. They make up 44.44%, whereas in the second source they account for 40.38%. The second book also contains fewer (though only slightly fewer) personal names whose origin, among other possibilities, may be Lithuanian. They make up 7.61% (in the first source, 8.14%). In addition, the second church book contains more personal names derived from Slavic appellatives. Here they account for 12.34%, compared with 9.48% in the first source. These data could, among other things, point to a growing tendency to Slavicize Lithuanian personal names. Nevertheless, there are relatively many personal names of Lithuanian origin in both church books. They make up about 42.38% of the distinct personal names in the two sources. By contrast, Lithuanian-origin surnames are thought to account for 30% of all contemporary Lithuanian surnames¹⁶.

Variants of personal names

Variants of Lithuanian surnames in the eighteenth century have been discussed at considerable length ¹⁷. Therefore, there is no need to repeat here the circumstances, causes, and processes behind the emergence of variants of personal names in the sources under study. These were most likely common to historical anthroponymy as a whole. It is only necessary to note that the specific nature of church books makes it impossible to determine precisely when variants of the same personal name refer to the same person (although there is no doubt that a person may be mentioned several times in a source of this type), and when they refer to different people. Thus, it is impossible to distinguish so-called genuine variants from supposed ones. The latter, referring to different people, may sometimes not be variants of the same personal name (most often arising from various extralinguistic circumstances), but rather personal names that developed independently and were used in the parish.

¹⁶ Vanagas A. Mūsų vardai ir pavardės. V., 1982. P. 64.

¹⁷ Maciejauskienė V. Min. veik. P. 118–151.

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Thus, even taking a possible margin of error into account, all the more characteristic variants of personal names observed in both church books will be presented together here. Classifying them is difficult because personal names that may be variants generally differ in several features rather than just one. Consequently, when one difference (in the ending, root or stem, and so on) is selected, the others, especially phonetic and graphic differences, are temporarily set aside. Only later are variants of personal names that exhibit these differences also presented.

Thus, although a certain margin of error must be borne in mind, all the more characteristic variants of personal names noted in both church books are presented together here. It is difficult to classify them, since personal names that may be variants usually differ in several features, not just one. Therefore, when one difference (in the ending, root or stem, and the like) is selected, the others, especially phonetic and graphic ones, are for the time being left aside. Variants of personal names exhibiting these other differences are presented only later.

The endings of the personal-name variants differ:

Abarus (2a, 150) — Abaris (1a, 35; 2a, 108) — Abarius (2a, 159) — Abarus (1a, 32). Cf. present-day examples Abãris, Abarỹs, Abãrius¹⁸.

Atwis (2b, 122) — Atwius (2a, 165) — Atlus (1a, 55). Cf. present-day example Atūlas.

Bizdis (1a, 25) — Byzdys (1a, 38). No present-day examples of this type are known.

Brau[s]ka (2a, 33) — Brau[s]kus (2a, 39). No present-day examples of this type are known.

Brazūna (2b, 128) — Brazūnas (2a, 148). Cf. present-day example Brazūnas.

Cipikas (2a, 2) — Cipikis (2a, 70). No present-day examples of this type are known.

Czupikas (1a, 25) — Cziupikis (1b, 8). Cf. present-day example Čiūpikas.

Digia (2a, 77) — Digie (2a, 89) — Digis (2a, 82). Cf. present-day example Dỹgas.

Driškis (1a, 19) — Driskus (2b, 128) — Driškus (1a, 8). Cf. present-day example Driskus.

Gawera (1b, 18) — Gawenas (1a, 23). Cf. present-day examples Gavėnas, Gavėnia, Gavėnis, Gavėnius.

Girczi (1a, 13) — Gircius (2a, 17). Cf. present-day examples Girčas, Girčys, Girčius.

Igaunie (1b, 11) — Igaunis (1a, 56). Cf. present-day example Įgaunis.

Ianuka (1b, 4; 2a, 49) — Ianukas (1b, 16; 2a, 69). At present, only the example Jānukas. is known.

Ioczis (2a, 163) — Ioczys (2a, 87). Cf. present-day examples Jõčis, Jočys.

Iurkiata (1a, 33) — Iurkiale (1a, 14). No present-day examples of this type are known.

Karafa (2a, 96) — Karasas (2a, 66). Cf. modern examples: Karasas, Karasis, Karosà, Karõsas, Karõsis.

Kawkie (1a, 52) — Kawkia (1a, 29). Cf. modern examples: Kaukàs, Kaukùs.

¹⁸Modern surnames and explanations of their origins are drawn from the Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames (vol. 1. Vilnius, 1985; vol. 2. Vilnius, 1989).

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Kibinkle (1a, 56) — Kiebinklis (1a, 42). No such surnames are known today.

Kiszy s (2a, 86) — Kiszus (2a, 18). No such surnames are known today.

Kulboka (2a, 95) — Kulbakas (2a, 55) — Kulbokas (2a, 73). Cf. modern surnames: Kūlboka, Kūlbokas.

Lapienie (2a, 24) — Lapieni (2a, 63) — Lapienis (2a, 101). Cf. modern surnames: Lapienas, Lapienis, Lapienius, Lapienius.

Lawkie (2a, 90) — Lawkis (2a, 6). Cf. modern surnames: Laukas, Laukis, Laukys.

Lela (1b, 5) — Lelis (1a, 9). Cf. modern surnames: Lėlis, Lelys, Lėlius.

Medzgin as (2a, 17) — Medzginis (2b, 112). No such surnames are known today.

Meyla (1a, 27) — Meytas (1a, 44) — Meyle (1a, 22) — Meylus (1a, 53). Cf. modern surnames: Mėila, Meilas, Mėilė, Meilis, Meilius, Meilus.

Miezis (1a, 9) — Miezys (1a, 19) — Miez ius (1a, 5). Cf. modern surnames: Miežas, Miežys.

Miniotis (1a, 47) — Miniotys (1a, 56). Cf. modern surnames Miniota, Miniotas.

Narbutas (2a, 63) — Narbutis (2b, 121). Cf. modern surnames Nárbuta, Nárbutas, Narbutis.

Paberzis (1a, 12; 2a, 150) — Paberzys (1a, 20; 2b, 112). Cf. the modern surname Pabėržis.

Pagiris (1a, 29) — Pagirys (1a, 51). Cf. modern surnames: Pagiris, Pagirijs.

Rudakas (2a, 53) — Rudakis (2b, 134). Cf. the present-day surname Rudakas, Rudakis.

Skardinſkas (2b, 138) — Skardinſkis (2a, 83). Cf. the present-day surname Skardinskas.

Skiras (1b, 7) — ſkirus (1a, 51). Cf. the present-day surnames Skirys, Skirius.

Smalstis (1b, 9) — Smalstys (1b, 10). Cf. the present-day surname Smalstys.

Sroga (1a, 43; 2a, 2) — Srogis (1a, 2), ſrogis (2b, 127). Cf. the present-day surnames Srióga, Sruogis, Sruógius.

Sturaſ (1a, 22) — ſturys (1a, 55). Cf. the present-day surnames Stūras, Stūris, Stūris.

Staſzko (2a, 144) — Staſzkus (2a, 147). Cf. the present-day surnames Staška, Staškus.

Swerens (1a, 4) — ſwererys (1b, 11). Cf. the present-day surnames Svėris, Svėrys.

Sze ykas (2a, 93) — Sze ykus (2a, 152). Cf. the present-day surnames Šeika, Šeikis, Šeikus.

Szyteyka (2a, 15) — Szyteykis (2a, 152). Cf. the present-day surnames Šileika, Šileikis.

Tarkas (2b, 133) — Tarkus (2a, 72). These surnames are now unknown.

Tilinde (1a, 1) — Tilindis (1a, 29). Cf. the present-day surnames Tilindė, Tilindis.

Turkas (1a, 7) — Turkus (1a, 6). Cf. the present-day surnames Turkas, Turkus.

Uldukas (2a, 92) — Uldukis (2b, 117). Cf. the present-day surnames Uldukas, Uldukis.

Walukas (1b, 4) — Wahaka (1a, 3). Cf. the present-day surnames Valiukas, Valukas.

Warkala (2a, 3) — Warkalis (2a, 39). Cf. the present-day surnames Varkalà, Varkalas, Várkalis, Varkalys.

Warna (2a, 87) — Warnas (2b, 137). Cf. present-day surname Várna, Várnas.

Żagura (1a, 42) — Żogurus (1a, 12). No such surname is known today.

Żukias (2a, 100) — Żukis (2b, 111). Cf. present-day surnames Žukija, Žuklys.

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At present, we can only speculate whether these personal names with differing endings had become established in the parish of Kriaunos, or whether variants of the same personal name with different endings arose through the scribes’ inattention or carelessness. Both possibilities are plausible. The variants in the endings of personal names that later became surnames undoubtedly also affected the authenticity of the forms of our present-day surnames.

Even among variants of personal names with differing endings, various phonetic and graphic differences occurred in addition to the principal form. Such variants of personal names are especially common. Interwoven in them are the Slavicization of our personal names, the phonetic features of the local dialect, and various incidental distortions and inaccuracies in the personal names. Here is a selection of variants of personal names arising from phonetic and graphic differences:

Adamónis (1a, 26; 2a, 31) — Adomónis (1a, 45; 2a, 39). Cf. present-day surnames Adamónis, Adomónis.

A[zk]nis (1a, 5) — Oszknis (1a, 44). Cf. present-day surnames Aškinis, Ožkinis.

Aukls (1a, 55; 2a, 34) — Awklus (1b, 6; 2a, 19) — Owklus (1a, 27). Cf. present-day surname Aūlas.

Aūgulis (1a, 8) — Awgulis (1a, 21). Cf. present-day surname Augu̇lis.

Azienas (1a, 31) — Ozienas (same place). Cf. present-day surname Ožėnas.

Ažis (2a, 86) — Ozis (2a, 20). Cf. present-day surname Ožūs.

Balciunas (1a, 7; 2a, 88) — Balczunas (2b, 130) — Balczunas (2b, 133). Cf. present-day surnames Balčiūnas, Balčiūnas.

Baiaras (2a, 51) — Baionas (2a, 5) — Baj aras (2a, 153) — Boiaras (2a, 95). Cf. present-day surnames Bájaras, Bajóras.

Baiarelis (1a, 44) — Beiorelis (1a, 7) — Boiarelis (1b, 7). Such a surname is not known today.

Balciunas (1a, 7) — Belcūnjas (1a, 31). Cf. present-day surnames Balčiūnas, Balčiūnas.

Bercis (2a, 4) — Berczis (2a, 98). Cf. present-day surnames Bercėvičius, Berčas, Berčys, Berčius.

Bizdis (1a, 25) — Byzdys (1a, 38). This surname is unknown today.

Blaugia (1a, 8) — Blaugie (1b, 14; 2a, 14) — Blowgie (1b, 6; 2b, 124) — Blouge (2a, 100). This surname is unknown today.

Baltakis (1a, 26) — Bottakis (1a, 55). Cf. present-day surnames Báltakis, Baltakys.

Bradauka (2a, 54) — Bradawka (1a, 13; 2a, 47) — Brodawka (1b, 7; 2a, 26). This surname is unknown today.

Brawszka (1b, 17) — Brow[zk]a (1b, 7; 2b, 141) — Brau[z]ka (2a, 33). This surname is unknown today.

Tiabatarunas (2a, 86) — Ciabatorunas (2a, 15) — Czabatarunas (1a, 3) — Czabatorunas (1b, 7) — Czebatariunas (2a, 52) — Czebatorunas (1a, 56) — Czebaturunas (1a, 35). Cf. present-day surnames Čebatariūnas, Čebatarūnas, Čebatoriūnas, Čebotariūnas.

Ciesiulonis (1b, 17) — Ciesulonis (1a, 39) — Cze[jul]onis (1a, 23) — Cze[jul]anis (1a, 9). Cf. present-day surnames Cesiulis, Cesulėvičius, Česulis.

Dabraga (1a, 6) — Dabrega (1b, 14) — Dobroga (1a, 6) — Dobrega (1b, 11). Cf. present-day surnames Dabregà, Dabrėgà, Dobrėgà, Dotrėgà.

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Daujatis (1a, 15) – Daujotis (1a, 54) – Daviocis (1a, 35). Cf. present-day surnames Daujatas, Daujota, Daujotas, Daujotis.

Drevinikas (1b, 5) – Drewnikas (1a, 41). Cf. the present-day surname Drevininkas.

Eydynik (2b, 114) – Eydinikas (2b, 112; 1a, 50) – Haydinikas (1a, 2). Cf. the present-day surname Eidininkas.

Garolia (1a, 54) – Garulis (1a, 44) – Gorolis (1a, 14). Cf. present-day surnames Gāralis, Gārolis, Gārulis.

Ianukas (2a, 69) – Ianiukas (2a, 39) – Ionukas (2b, 109) – Ioniukas (2b, 138). Cf. the present-day surname Jānukas.

Iocis (1b, 7) – Ioczys (1b, 7; 2a, 86). Cf. present-day surnames Jōcis, Jocȳs, Jōčis, Jočys.

Iakubonis (1a, 49) – Iokubonis (1a, 47). Cf. present-day surnames Jakubōnis, Jokubōnis.

Iakubaytis (2a, 99) – Iokubaytis (1a, 9; 2a, 37) – Iakubeytis (2a, 146). Cf. present-day surnames Jakubāitis, Jakubāitis, Jakubāitis, Jokubāitis.

Ianu[z]kaytis (1a, 10), Ianuszkaytis (2a, 19) – Ionuszkaytis (1b, 15), Ionu[z-kaytis (2a, 22). Cf. present-day surnames Januškaitis, Jonuška.

Iuchna (2b, 114) – Iukna (2b, 115). Cf. present-day surnames Juchnā, Juknā, Jūchnius, Jūktnius.

Iankunas (2a, 18) – Iunkunas (2b, 117). Cf. present-day surnames Jankūnas, Junkūnas.

Kawalunas (2a, 73) – Kawolunas (2a, 32). Cf. present-day surnames Kavalūnas, Kavolūnas.

Kaziponas (1b, 13) – Kazyponas (1a, 52) – Kaziyponas (1b, 10) – Kazipanas (2a, 143) – Kazypanas (2a, 167). Such surnames are now unknown.

Kazamekas (2a, 3) – Kazamiekas (1b, 13) – Kazemiakas (2a, 14) – Kazemiekas (1a, 29) – Kazemiekas (2a, 29) – Kozemikas (2a, 41) – Koziamekas (1a, 14). Cf. present-day surnames Kažemēkas, Kažemēkas, Kažemiākas.

Kibinkle (1a, 56) – Kiebinkle (1a, 35). Cf. present-day surnames Kēbas, Kības.

Kifūnas (1a, 27) – Kiszunas (1a, 52). Cf. present-day surnames Kiševicius, Kišūnas, Kišūnas.

Klisionis (2a, 21) – Klisonis (2b, 115) – Klijzonis (2a, 84). Cf. present-day surnames Klžas, Kišionis.

Krafzewicz (1a, 15) – Krajzewicz (1b, 17). Cf. present-day surnames Krasāuskas, Kraševičius.

Kulbaka (2a, 95) – Kulbokas (2a, 79) – Kulboki (1a, 23). Cf. the present-day surname Kūlbokas.

Ląszelis (2a, 80) – Laszelis (1a, 36), Laſzelis (2a, 165) – Loszelis (1a, 5). Cf. present-day surnames Lasāskas, Losas, Loševičius, Lāšas, Loševičius, Lošys.

Laurunonis (1a, 26) – Laurynonis (1b, 14). Cf. present-day surnames Laurynonis, Lavrinaitis.

Lėcis (1a, 45; 2a, 73) – Lycis (2a, 24) – Liczis (2b, 130) – Liczys (1a, 3). Cf. Licas, Licus, Lėčas, Lėčys.

Laukie (1a, 12) – Lowkia (1a, 27). Cf. present-day surnames Laukis, Laukys, Loukis.

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Losinski (2b, 131) – Loszymski (2a, 2). Cf. present-day surnames Losinskas, Lošinskas.

Merskis (1a, 6) – Merszkis (1a, 21). Surnames of this type are not known today.

Mikalonis (1a, 43) – Mikolonis (1a, 47; 2a, 4). Cf. present-day surnames Mikalonis, Mikoliūnas.

Mikšis (2a, 82) – Mikšzis (2a, 99). Cf. present-day surnames Mikšys, Mikšis, Mikšys.

Magita (2a, 77) – Mogita (2a, 90). Cf. present-day surnames Magilā, Magylā, Mogilā, Mogylā.

Miniatis (1a, 26) – Miniotis (1a, 47; 2a, 16). Cf. present-day surnames Miniatas, Miniotas.

Macieūnas (1a, 18) – Matieūnas (1b, 4) – Mocieūnas (1a, 43) – Moteiūnas (1a, 37). Cf. present-day surnames Macieūnas, Matiejūnas, Mociejūnas, Motiejūnas.

Mucinis (1a, 57) – Muczynis (1a, 42). Cf. the present-day surname Mucinis.

Morkūnas (1a, 39) – Murkunas (1a, 8). Cf. present-day surnames Morkūnas, Murkūnas.

Narwayzis (1a, 49) – Narwoyszys (1b, 8) – Norawaysis (1a, 24). Cf. modern surnames Narvaišis, Nórvaišas, Norvaišis.

Nawikas (1a, 51; 2b, 120) – Nowikas (1a, 51; 2a, 38). Cf. modern surnames Naukas, Novikas.

Pilatas (1a, 15; 2a, 78) – Pilotas (1a, 12; 2a, 32). Cf. modern surnames Pilatavičius, Pilota, Pilótas.

Paulukas (1b, 12) – Pawlukas (1a, 41). Cf. modern surnames Pauliūkas, Pavliukonis.

Raugas (1a, 14) – Rawgas (1a, 26). Cf. the modern surname Raugas.

Sapieha (1b, 8), Sapieha (2a, 43) – Sapiega (1a, 41; 2a, 23). Cf. the modern surname Sapiega.

Šiepetis (2a, 73) – ſzepetis (2a, 30). Cf. modern surnames Sepetka, Šepetis, Šepetys.

Slekas (2a, 48) – Szlakas (1b, 17; 2a, 55) – ſzlekas (1a, 29; 2a, 153). Cf. modern surnames Slekas, Šlakaitis, Šlekas.

Stankunas (1b, 38) – Stunkun (1a, 9). Cf. modern surnames Stankūnas, Stunkēvičius.

Szlakielis (1a, 1) – ſzlekielis (1a, 36). Cf. modern surnames Šlakaitis, Šlekas, Šlekys.

Talaczka (1a, 32) – Taloczka (2a, 12) – Toloczka (1b, 11; 2a, 17). Cf. modern surnames Talačka, Taločka, Tòlačka, Toločka.

Twarianas (2a, 12) – Twerianis (2a, 150) – Twerionas (2b, 110) – Tworian (2a, 146). Cf. modern surnames Tvarijanas, Tvarijonas, Tvarionas, Tverijanas, Tverijonas.

Tyjunelis (2a, 17) – Tiunelis (2a, 11). Cf. the modern surname Tijūnėlis.

Wayciulenas (2b, 113) – Waycziulenas (2a, 96). Cf. modern surnames Vaičiulevičius, Vaičiulėnas.

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Walukas (1b, 4) — Wolukaſ (1a, 19). Cf. contemporary surnames Valiūkas, Valukas, Volukavičius.

Woyciakowski (2a, 108) — Woyciechowſki (2b, 139). Cf. contemporary surnames Vaicekauskas, Vaiciekauskas, Vaicechāuskas, Voicechāuskas, Voicechāuskas, Voicekāuskas.

Wersielis (1b, 14; 2a, 4) — Werſzelis (1b, 3; 2a, 150). Cf. contemporary surnames Versačkas, Veršėlis.

Žameytis (1a, 1) — Žemaitis (1a, 11) — Ziemaytis (1a, 25) — Ziamaytis (1a, 27). Cf. contemporary surname Žemaitis.

Žameitelis (1a, 1) — Žemaytelis (1a, 14). Cf. contemporary surnames Žemaitelis, Žemaitėlis.

Žagura (1a, 42) — Žoguras (1a, 12). Such a surname is unknown today.

As can be seen, phonetic and graphic differences between variants of personal names are highly diverse. Vowels are replaced, regularly or irregularly, by other vowels (a — o, o — a, a — e or e — a, i — y or y — i, and so on); the diphthong au is sometimes replaced by av or ou, and ai by oi, although they often remain Lithuanian, unslavicized. The consonants c — č, s — š, c — t, and ch — k also vary in the personal-name variants, although here too no consistency or regularity in substitution can be discerned. This, undoubtedly, is precisely what led to the abundance of phonetic and graphic variants. These are not different personal names, as might seem, but different variants of the same personal name, as becomes clear upon examining the full context of their recording in the church registers of Kriaunos parish. Some of them, as has been seen, can be identified with different Lithuanian surnames that function independently today. Thus, among other sources, the origin of the latter may often lie in the variation of Lithuanian personal names customary in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century documents.

Here it would be useful to recall K. Būga’s words, written in the study “On Lithuanian Personal Names”: “It will not be difficult to reconstruct the ancient name, recorded by a Russian in the spirit of his language, in its Lithuanian form, if we properly learn the rules by which Russians in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries Russified Lithuanian names (adapted them to the phonetics familiar to them)”¹⁹. Elsewhere in the study, the linguist argues that Lithuanian names were recorded quite well by Russian scribes, and that “the Russian scribes of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries and, in part, the sixteenth century, when pronouncing or writing a Lithuanian word, replaced Lithuanian sounds unfamiliar to their ears with certain sounds of their own that were closest to the Lithuanian ones. This substitution of sounds (substitutio) was not made blindly, but according to certain rules”²⁰.

The state of Lithuanian personal-name spelling in historical documents of later centuries most clearly shows that no rules for transcribing our personal names into Slavic languages (Polish, Russian) were followed consistently. The prevailing spontaneity, inconsistency, and seemingly arbitrary recording of Lithuanian personal names “according to pronunciation” in historical sources written in non-Lithuanian languages could not but affect the authenticity of the forms of many of our surnames.

¹⁹ Būga K. Selected Writings. V., 1958. Vol. 1. P. 232—233.

²⁰ Ibid. P. 226—227.

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This was evident from the variants of personal names already presented, as recorded in the church registers of the Kriaunos parish. Various distortions of personal names are also attested in other kinds of variants, which it would not be entirely accurate to call merely phonetic or graphic. They often differ considerably from one another and could therefore also be regarded as independent personal names. However, the general context of the personal names in the church registers (formed in a specific, defined setting), as well as the previously collected variants of the same surname, which differ greatly from one another and come from various eighteenth-century documents²¹, encourages us to call the personal names presented below variants as well²².

Bartasiunas (2a, 106) — Bartasžunas (2a, 69), Barlažunas (1a, 20) — Barto[z]unas (1b, 5) — Bartasusnas (2a, 105) — Bertasūnas (2a, 82) — Berta- szunas (2a, 5). Reconstructing these variants yields the following possible personal names: * Bartasiūnas, * Bertašiūnas, * Bartošiūnas, * Bartašiūnas, * Bertasiūnas and * Bertašūnas. For comparison, see the present-day surnames Bartašiūnas, Bartašūnas, Bartošūnas, Bartūšis, Bertasius, Bertašius.

Bednarz (1a, 32; 2a, 21) — Bednorius (1a, 24) — Bendarz (1a, 19) — bendorus (2a, 145) — Bendorius (1a, 25) — Bindar (1b, 8) — Bindarius (2a, 84) — Bindoris (2a, 26) — Bindorius (1b, 5) — Bindorus (1b, 10; 2a, 10). On attempting to reconstruct these personal names, the following variants are possible: * Bednaržas, * Bednorius or * Biednorius, * Bendaržas, * Bendoris, * Bindaris, * Bindoris, * Bindorius. They reflect both phonetic Polonization (alternation of o and a) and features of the local dialect (alternation of o and a, en and in), as well as other irregularities and distortions. Compare also the present-day surnames Bednaržas, Bendaravičius, Bendorius, Bindarius, Bindorius.

Blagie (2a, 6) — Blaugia (1a, 8) — Blaugie (1a, 6; 2a, 36) — Blaugie (1b, 14; 2a, 14) — Blawgis (1a, 51) — Blounge (2a, 100) — Blowgia (1b, 6) — Blowgie (1b, 6; 2b, 124) — Bleuge (1a, 12) — Blewgia (1a, 28) — Blewgie (1b, 5). These personal names could be reconstructed as follows: * Blagė, * Blaugė or * Bliaugė, * Blaugis or * Bliaugis. No such surnames are known today.

Bradesis (2a, 80) — Bredesis (2a, 3), Bredežis (1a, 11) — Bredesus (1a, 34). These personal names may be reconstructed as follows: * Bradesis, * Bredesis, * Bredesius. Compare the present-day surnames Bradaitis, Bradulis and Bredulis.

Cipikas (1a, 38; 2a, 2) — Cipkis (1a, 32; 2a, 70) — Ciupikas (1a, 25) — Czupikas (1a, 26) — Cziupikis (1b, 8). After reconstruction, the personal names might be as follows: * Cipikas, * Cipikis, * Ciupikas, * Čiupikas, * Čiupikas. Compare the present-day surnames Cypà, Cipkus, Ciupkevičius and Čipas, Čipkus, Čiupas, Čiupikas.

Dalbogas (1a, 15; 2a, 14) — Dalibagas (2a, 145) — Dalybogas (1a, 54) — Delbaga (1a, 28) — Deibagas (1b, 15). These variants of personal names could be reconstructed as follows: * Dalbogas, * Dalibagas, * Dalibogas, * Delbaga, * Deibagas and so on. Compare the present-day surnames Dalbogas, Dalibagas, Dalibogas, Delbėgas.

Daužiatis (1a, 15) — Dauiotis (1a, 45) — Dauiocis (1a, 35) and possibly Daweta

²¹ Compare V. Maciejauskienė, cited work, pp. 134–135.

²² In some cases, of course, there may be an error, which should be borne in mind when assessing these variants.

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(1b, 13) – Deweta (1b, 18). Cf. modern surnames Dūjotas, Daujotis.

Dawenis (1a, 50; 2a, 13) – Dawewnis (1a, 6) – Dawenis (2a, 92) – Dowenis (1a, 42). These variants can be reconstructed as follows: *Dawenis, *Dawenis, *Devenis, and *Dovenis. Cf. modern surnames Davenis, Davenis, Deveinis, Dōvas, Dovėika.

Eybudis (2a, 42) – Eybutis (2a, 21). These could be the personal names *Eibudis and *Eibutis. Cf. the modern surname Eibūtis.

Gierul)ki (2b, 136) – Gerulski (2a, 38) – Girulski (2a, 26). These variants could be reconstructed as *Gerulskis and *Girulskis. Cf. modern surnames Gerūlskis, which is thought to be Slavicized from Gerūlis, and Girūlskas. The latter was most likely Slavicized from Girūlis. Thus, two surnames of different origins, which may also have arisen from a single personal name.

Gegelis (1a, 12) – Giegelis (1b, 1; 2b, 121) – Gigelis (1a, 39; 2b, 115) – Gigialis (1a, 1) – Gigielis (1b, 13; 2a, 34). From these variants, the following personal names could be reconstructed: *Gegelis, *Giegelis, *Gigelis. The latter can be identified with modern Lithuanian surnames of different origins: Gegėlis, Giėgelis and Gigėlis.

Gaydis (2a, 30) – Geydis (2a, 158). The reconstructed personal names would be *Gaidis or *Gaidys, and *Geidis. The first two derive from Lithuanian gaidys ‘rooster’; cf. the modern surname Gaidys. The root of the second name, geid-, is associated with Lithuanian geidùs ‘desirous, greedy; desirable, pleasant’ or similar; cf. the modern surname Geidùtis.

Grigalunas (1a, 9) – Grigūlunas (1a, 7). From these variants, patronymics can be reconstructed, formed with the suffix -ūnas from different forms of the baptismal name: *Grigalūnas (from the long form Grigalius) and *Grigulūnas (from the short form Grigulis). Cf. modern surnames Grigalūnas and Grigulis, Grigulėvičius.

Kairianis (2a, 157) – Keyranis (2a, 165). The reconstructed personal names *Kairionis and *Keironis are associated with the modern surnames Kairius, Kairionis and Keirà, Keiris, Keirys. The latter, which have the root keir-, are associated with Latvian ķeiris ‘left-handed’, ķeire ‘left hand’.

Kibalda (1a, 12) – Kibilda (1a, 19). For the reconstructed personal names *Kibalda and *Kibilda, cf. the modern surnames Kibilda, Kibildis.

Lapienie (2a, 24) – Lapiensis (2a, 101) – Lapinis (2a, 86). Cf. the reconstructed personal names *Lapienė, *Lapienis and *Lapinis with the modern surnames Lapienė, Lapėnis, Lapinis.

Ligmeszkis (1a, 29) – Lygmiszkis (1a, 43) – Ligumiszkiš (1b, 15) – Lingu-ni)zkis (1b, 7). The first two variants could be reconstructed as *Lygmiškis, and this personal name interpreted as a compound of Lithuanian lygùs ‘even, smooth’ and miškas ‘forest’. The third variant can be reconstructed as *Lygumiškis. The personal name would be of the same origin as *Lygmiškis. The fourth recorded variant can be restored as *Linguinišk- and derived from Lithuanian lingė ‘a tall, slender person who sways while walking’ or similar; cf. modern surnames Lingis, Lingys, Lingaitis, Lingėvičius. However, the formation of the personal name, the variant Ligumiszkiš recorded in the same source (as well as the first two variants), and, finally, the fact that in neither church book does more than one personal name with the root ling- or stem linguin- occur—these are reasons that encourage interpreting the personal name Linguini)zkis as the scribe’s transcriptional

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a distorted variant of the personal names Lagmiškis and Ligumiškis, changed in this way. Manuilis (1a, 57) — Manulis (1a, 6) — Manuilis (1a, 21). The reconstructed personal names *Mainiulis, *Manulis, and *Manuilis can be associated with the present-day surnames Mainėlis, Mainionis, and Mainius, and with Mánas, Maniu̇kas, Maniózis, Manulėvičius, and similar forms. The root main- is derived from Lithuanian mainius ‘trader, exchanger’, mainėlis ‘trader, exchanger’, while man- is derived from Lithuanian manyti ‘to think, reflect; to understand, perceive, know’, manùs ‘with a good memory; shrewd’.

Medginis (1a, 52) — Medžginas (1b, 14; 2a, 17) — Medžginis (1b, 16; 2b, 112) — Meginas (1a, 57) — Meginis (1b, 10) — Mežginas (2a, 156) — Mežginis (1a, 52; 2a, 38). The context of the personal names in both church books seems to indicate that these names, which differ considerably from one another, should be regarded as variants of a single personal name. Reconstruction shows that some of them, e.g., *Medginis, *Medzginas, and *Medzginis, have no counterparts among present-day surnames. The personal names *Meginas and *Meginis may be identified with the present-day surnames Mėginas, Mėginis, Mėginis, Mėginis, recorded in Švedasai, Rokiškis, Pandėlys, and Kupiškis—that is, within or near the territory of the Kriaunos parish. The surnames’ origins are unclear. Their roots meg-, mėg- have been tentatively derived from miẽg- and associated with Lithuanian mieginas ‘sleepyhead’, miegas ‘sleep’, miegóti ‘to sleep’, and the like. The variants *Mežginas and *Mežginis may be identified with the present-day surnames Mezginas and Mezgini̇s, recorded around Obeliai, Rokiškis, and Švedasai (that is, within or near the territory of the Kriaunos parish). The origins of the latter are likewise unclear. Could it be, then, that the forms of the present-day surnames Mėginas, Mėginis, Mėginis and Mežginas, Mežginis are inauthentic, having drifted considerably from their true, authentic forms as a result of recording errors? The latter might have been *Medginas, *Medginis, or the like—that is, the variants discussed here that have no counterparts among present-day surnames. The personal names *Medginas and *Medginis have a clear origin: they are two-stem personal names whose first stem med- derives from Lithuanian med̃žias, mẽd-ė ‘forest, woods; hunting’, and whose second stem gin- derives from Lithuanian gin-ti ‘to defend, protect’, ginಳ.

Pokalniewicz (1a, 39) — Pokulniewicz (1a, 35). Variation is also attested in the female designations derived from these personal names, e.g.: Pokalniewiczowa (2a, 8) — Pokolniewiczowa (1a, 44; 2a, 23), Pokolniewiczówna (1a, 27) — Pokulniewiczowa (1a, 39; 2a, 22), Pokulniewiczówna (1a, 33). Thus, there would be two personal names of different origins, *Pakalnevičius and *Pakulnevičius, associated with Lithuanian pakalnė ‘low ground at the foot of a hill, valley’ and pakulnė ‘place by the heels; shoe heel, heel’. Cf. the present-day surnames Pakalnis, Pakalniškis, Pakulnis, Pakulnevičius. Without drawing any categorical conclusions, one might nevertheless say that some Lithuanian surname Pakulnis forms have arisen from Pakalnis. Or vice versa.

Puriszkis (2b, 110) — Puriuszki̇s (1a, 32), Puriu̇szkis (2a, 157) — Puru̇szkis

²³ Plg. Kuzavinis K., Savukynas B. Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas. V., 1987. P. 267.

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(1a, 1; 2b, 133). These personal names would appear to be reconstructed as follows: * Puriškis, * Puruškis, and * Puruškis. The surname variant Puriškis has survived to the present day. The surname is widespread in the territory of the Kriaunos parish—around Kamajai, Obeliai, and Rokiškis. Beside the surname recorded in Kamajai there is a note: people also call them Puruškis.

Raszkowski (1a, 44) — Reszkowski (1b, 13). Compare the reconstructed personal names * Raškowskis (or * Raškauskis) and * Reškauskis (or * Reškauskis) with the present-day surnames Raškauskas, Raškėlis, Raškevičius, Raškinis, Raškys, and Reškevičius.

Šikilda (2a, 27) — Sikilda (1a, 13) — Įzykilda (1a, 43; 2a, 35) — Skykilda (2b, 117). These personal names might be reconstructed as * Šikilda, * Sikilda, * Šikilda, and * Skikilda. Compare the present-day surnames Šikas, Šikockas, Šikas, Šikutis, and Škikas. As can be seen, none of the variants of this personal name found in the source has an exact counterpart among present-day surnames.

Skiery (1b, 19), Skiegrys (1b, 19) — Skieras (1a, 35) — Skieras (1b, 7), Skirus (1a, 51), Skirs (1b, 8). The reconstructed variants of the personal names * Skeris, * Skeirys, * Skieras, and * Skiras, * Skirius can be associated with the present-day surnames Skeris and Skeirys, which most likely arose from Lithuanian skeir̃s ‘cross-eyed’ or skeiriotis ‘to look askance, angrily, or with a squint’; Skieris and Skierius (whose origins are unclear); and Skirius, whose root skir- is associated with Lithuanian skirti ‘to divide into parts, separate; to split, tear, break, etc.’ The distribution of these present-day surnames indicates that the surname Skeirys is known around Kriaunos today.

Skirbūnas (2a, 143) — Skirvūnas (2a, 47) — Įkwirbūnas (2a, 29). * Skirbūnas, * Skirbūnas—these variants, which most likely arose from a single personal name, can be associated with the present-day surnames Skirba, Skirbys, and Skvirba, which have different origins. The first two may have arisen as shortened forms of the two-stem personal name Skirbutas (skir- from Lithuanian skirti ‘to divide’, but- from Lithuanian būti ‘to be’, būtis ‘being’, būtas ‘past’, Prussian būton ‘to be’). The surname Skvirba is most likely nickname-based, derived from Lithuanian skvirbėti ‘to fidget constantly, be unable to sit still’, or the like. The middle variant should be reconstructed as * Skirvūnas. No surname of this form, or of another formation but the same origin, is known at present.

Sakapilvis (1a, 10) — Szakapilvis (1a, 19). Both personal names reconstructed from these variants, * Sakapilvis and * Šakapilvis, are compounds whose second element derives from Lithuanian pìlvas ‘belly’. The first elements have different origins. Sak- may be associated with Lithuanian sakai ‘thickened or hardened resinous sap of some trees, tree resin’, or with Sakas, a shortened form of the baptismal name Isakijus (the latter association is less convincing). The root šak- most likely derives from Lithuanian šaka ‘branch growing from a trunk; a separate line, offshoot, etc.’ At present, only the surname Sakapilvis is known, recorded around Obeliai—that is, in the Kriaunos parish.

Šuripėta (1a, 21) — Šurypėta (1a, 19). The reconstructed variants of the personal name, * Šūrpėlė and * Šūypėlė (or * Šūipėlė), may be associated with present-day Lithuanian surnames of different origins: Šurpa, derived from Lithuanian šuripti ‘to become rough’, and Šūpas, whose origin is unclear.

Trilpis (1a, 12) — Trilupis (1a, 22), Trylupis (1a, 41). The reconstructed personal names * Trilpis and * Trilūpis (or * Trilupis) would be compounds. The first

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The element tri- is related to the Lithuanian numeral trýs. The stems of the other variants—lip- and lup- (or lūp-)—would have different origins. At present, only the surname Trilupītis is known in Lithuania; it is thought to have been formed from Trilūpis with the suffix -aitis. The latter personal name is derived from Lithuanian trilūpis ‘with a split lip’.

Wayknūnas (1a, 14), Waykniun (1a, 21)—Weykniun (1b, 7). The reconstructed personal names *Vaikniūnas and *Veikniūnas have no exact counterparts among present-day surnames. There is, however, the surname Veiknys, derived from Lithuanian veikti, Latvian veikne. It is also recorded in Obeliai.

Waykutis (2b, 129)—Weykutis (2b, 113). Both reconstructed variants of the personal name—*Vaikutis and *Veikutis—have exact counterparts among present-day surnames: Vaikutis and Veikutis. The former is derived from Lithuanian vaikas ‘child’, although a possible connection with the surname Veikutis is also apparent; the latter is associated with Lithuanian veiklas ‘fast, hasty; strong, sturdy, vigorous’. Interestingly, next to the surname Vaikutis recorded in Obeliai there is a note: people also call them Veikutis. Thus, the variation in a personal name recorded in a historical document nearly three hundred years ago has persisted to the present day.

Waynius (2a, 147)—Weynius (2a, 147). For the reconstructed variants *Vainius and *Veinius, compare the present-day surnames Vainius and Veinékis. The former is associated with Lithuanian vaina ‘fault, guilt, cause’, vainóti ‘to scold, blame; to reproach, despise’. It is also recorded in Obeliai and other places in the Kriaunai parish. Veinékis is associated with Vaineikis, which is of the same origin as Vainius.

Wayszundis (1a, 47), Woyszwudis (1a, 27), Waysundis (1a, 46) — Waywudis (1a, 15) — Waszwidis (1b, 6). As can be seen, these are very diverse variants of the old two-stem Lithuanian personal name Vaišvydis. Alongside the phonetic and graphic variants *Vaišvydis, *Vasvydis, *Vaisūdis, forms in which the first element of the two-stem personal name is distorted are also recorded. These are *Vaiudis and *Vasūdis. None of the equivalents of the personal-name variants mentioned here occur among current surnames.

Wercinski (2a, 32)—Wersinski (2a, 27)—Wertyński (2a, 159)—Werłzynski (2a, 99). These presumed variants of a single personal name should be reconstructed as follows: *Vercinskis, *Versinskis, *Vertinskis and *Veršinskis. For comparison, see the present-day Lithuanian surnames Vercinskas, Veršackas, Versečkas, Vertinskas, Veršinskas.

Zagunis (1a, 2; 2a, 105)—Ziagūnis (2a, 49)—Ziegūnis (2a, 84), Žiegūnis (1a, 55)—Zeguni (1a, 19), Žegūnis (2a, 6)—Žigūnis (2a, 16)—Žygūnis (1a, 50; 2a, 37). The uniform formation of these personal names (all end in -unis) suggests that they are in fact variants of a single anthroponym common in the parish. For comparison, see the present-day surnames Zagunas, Žagunas, Žagūnas, Žagūnis, Žegūnas, Žegūnis, Žegūnis and Žigis, Žygis, Žigys, Žygus, recorded in various parts of Lithuania. The authenticity of some of these forms is questionable.

Warebiey (1a, 23)—Werbeius (1a, 45; 2a, 8), Werbžieas (1b, 12), Werbieūus (1a, 34, 46), Werbiey (1a, 12), Wierbiey (1b, 3)—Werebėcius (2a, 153), Werebiecy (1a, 25; 1b, 5), Wieriebiey (1a, 26). These variants, probably belonging to a single personal name, could be reconstructed as follows: *Variabieju, *Verbėjus, *Verbiejus, *Verbėjus or similar. For comparison, see the present-day surnames Verbėjus, Verbėjus and perhaps Vorobėjus, Vorobėjus. One of these surnames, namely Verbėjus,

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common in the Kriaunos parish and surrounding places—Jūžintai, Obeliai, Rokiškis, Utena, and elsewhere. Therefore, it is likely that all the aforementioned seventeenth-century variants of the personal name have merged in precisely this surname. It is derived from the Belarusian Верабей, Воробей and is thus regarded as a borrowed surname.

Without denying this possibility—for doing so would require substantiated evidence—it is worth drawing attention to the likewise relatively frequent and diverse variants of a personal name in another source. These are: Warkala (1a, 2, 34; 1b, 8), Warkale (1a, 44), Warkalis (1b, 14, 18; 2a, 8)—Warakale (1a, 10), Warekala (1b, 8), Warekalo (1b, 6)—Warekulis, which can be reconstructed as follows: * Varkala, * Varkalė, * Varkalis, * Varakale, * Variakala, * Varekulis. There are several present-day surnames that can be identified with these personal names: Varkalà, Varkalas, Várkalis, Varkalįs and Varkulis, Varakulis. They are recorded in various parts of Lithuania. The surname Varkalys is prevalent closest to the Kriaunos parish—in the area around Kupiškis, Rokiškis, and Skapiškis—and derives from the name of an occupation, varkalys, ‘maker and smith of copper objects; coppersmith’. Comparing the recorded variants with present-day surnames shows that some of their forms may be inauthentic. This is true above all of the surnames of unclear origin Varkulis, Varakulis, which may have arisen through distortion of their authentic forms, * Varkalis, * Varkalys or * Variakalis, * Variakalys.

A comparison and assessment of all the variants of these two personal names recorded in church books raises questions about a possible connection between present-day surnames that would seem to have entirely different origins. Could the surname Verbėjus have arisen from Varkalys²⁴? This could have happened by translating the second element of the compound personal name * Varkalis, or another similar stem, kal-, derived from Lithuanian kálti, into Polish or Russian (cf. Polish bić ‘to beat, strike, thrash; to hammer, etc.’²⁵, Russian бить ‘to beat, strike, pound, thrash, thresh, chop, hammer, etc.’²⁶). A change of the first stem, var-, into ver- is entirely possible, given the overall situation regarding the history of the written forms of Lithuanian personal names in historical documents and the context in which they were recorded in the church books discussed here. This conjecture (by no means an assertion) could also be supported by the following observations. First, both personal names are prevalent in the same parish—that is, in a relatively defined area—and both are frequent. This is evidenced, among other things, by their numerous and diverse variants. The frequency of the Lithuanian personal name * Varkalis, derived from the name of an occupation, might not in itself attract attention. Such personal names are common in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century historical documents. The case of the frequency of the borrowed personal name of non-Lithuanian origin, * Verebiejus or * Verbiejus, is different. Slavic and other personal names of foreign origin (except, of course, those formed from baptismal names) are relatively rare in documents from the period under discussion. When mentioned in a source once or twice, they are usually written in the same way; their forms do not vary. Yet, for example, in the 1678–1691 Kriaunos parish baptismal re-

²⁴Alfonsas Streikus also mentioned the possibility of a connection between these personal names, presenting material transcribed from church books.

²⁵ Vaitekėnaitė V. Lenkų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. V., 1979. P. 37.

²⁶ Lemchenas Ch. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. V., 1982. T. 1. P. 100.

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gistration book, the forms of the personal name *Ver ebie-jus or *Verbiejaus, recorded more than ten times, vary: Werbeius, Werbias, Werbiey, Werbieius, Werebiey, and so on. The same is true of the 1679–1693 marriage register. Understandably, it may have been difficult to write a Lithuanian personal name, Lithuanian in origin and formation, in documents written in a non-Lithuanian language. However, recording a borrowed personal name of Slavic origin should apparently not have posed difficulties. Its variants could therefore be regarded as the result of seeking a definitive and stable form for a new personal name that arose by Slavicizing the Lithuanian personal name *Varkalys or a similar name.

Second, a comparison of the variants of both personal names partly supports this conjecture. For example, the variant Warebiey, reconstructable as *Variobie-jus (or *Varebiejus?), may be identified with Warekala, whose present-day form would appear to be *Variakala or similar. Thus, only the second elements of the compound personal names differ, and this difference can be explained by Slavicization—that is, by translating a Lithuanian-origin stem into Polish or Russian. Admittedly, the variant Warebiey is recorded only once.

It is also noteworthy that the variants of both personal names share derivational features: they occur with a linking vowel between the stems, for example: Warebiey, Werebieius, Werebiey, Wieriebiey — Warakale, Warekala, Warekalo, or without one, for example: Werbieius, Werbieias, Werbieius, Werbiey, Wierbiey — Warkala, Warkale, Warkalis. This should not be merely a coincidence.

The present-day surnames Verbiejus and Varkalys (or other forms of these names that have survived to our time), together with the prevalence of variants of both in the sources under discussion, could indicate that: 1) the conjectured Slavicization changed only some of the Lithuanian-origin personal names *Varkalis, *Varkalys used in the parish; 2) it is precisely the descendants of families whose members’ personal names were Slavicized for one reason or another who still live in the Kriaunos parish and bear the surname Verbiejus (the previously mentioned data on its distribution prompt this supposition); 3) bearers of the surname Varkalys, prevalent around Kupiškis, Rokiškis, and Skapiškis, could likewise be descendants of people mentioned in the church books of the Kriaunos parish (their surnames, derived from the Lithuanian-origin personal name Varkalys or a similar one, were not Slavicized); 4) given that the connection between the present-day surnames Verbiejus and Varkalys is only conjectural, the possibility cannot be excluded that these are independently formed surnames of different origins (Lithuanian and borrowed Slavic).

The conjectured variants of another personal name are also interesting. These are: Wienazindis (1a, 39, 45, 55, etc.), Wienazyndis (1a, 23, 27, 31; 1b, 7)—Wienzindis (2a, 103)—Wiezindis (1a, 31). They are complemented by the designation of a woman Wenezindziowa (2a, 99) and perhaps the personal name Wienažetis (1a, 23). The first four variants can be reconstructed as follows: *Vienazindis, *Vienžindis and *Viežindis. The latter most likely arose when the scribe omitted the letter n, that is, from *Vienžindis. The woman’s designation may be understood to contain the personal name *Vienazindis. These two variants can be linked to the present-day surnames Vienazindis, Vienažindis, Vienažindys and Vienžindis, recorded in various parts of Lithuania (in the present-day districts of Jonava, Kaunas, Panevėžys, and Širvintos). The surname Vienažindys is recorded closest to the Kriaunos parish (nine families in Dusetos), and most likely developed from the personal name recorded in church books, va-

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riant with a linking vowel — * Vienažindis. The present-day surnames Vienožiškas and Vienožiškis, recorded in the Kriaunos parish or nearby places, must also be associated with this personal name. The fact that these surnames do not occur in any church book indicates that they were Slavicized (by adding the suffix -sk-) later than these books were written, that is, after 1719.

It is thought that all the present-day surnames mentioned above are compound forms, derived from nickname-based personal names * Vienažindis or * Vienžindis, whose first stem is associated with the Lithuanian numeral vienas, -a ‘one’, and the second with Lithuanian žįsti (žinda, žindo) ‘to draw with the lips; to suck’. Without ruling out this possible origin for surnames recorded in various parts of Lithuania, it would be worth considering the origins of the present-day surnames found in the Kriaunos parish or nearby. These would be Vienažindys and, most likely, the surnames Vienožinškas, Vienožinškis, which arose from it through Slavicization.

Attention was drawn to the personal name Wienazetis — Andreas Wienazetis (1a, 23), recorded in the church books (though only once). Later, that is, on subsequent pages, the same person was probably recorded as Andreas Wienazyndis (1a, 27, 31). The variants presented show that it was the latter form that was used in the parish and has survived to the present day. Could the nickname-derived personal name * Vienažindis have developed from * Vienažentis (this seems to be the reconstructed form of the personal name recorded on page 23 of the 1678—1691 baptismal register)? This conjecture can be supported by the following arguments:

1. In the dialect area of the Kriaunos parish, en is regularly transformed into in; thus žentas ‘son-in-law’ is pronounced žintas. Consequently, * Vienažentis was also pronounced as * Vienažintis.

2. The context of personal-name spelling in documents of that period makes it entirely plausible that there was also a shift to d: * Vienažintis or * Vienažindis could have been heard and written in Polish in either way. Later, the form with the second stem žind- may also have been reinforced by its association with Lithuanian žįsti (žinda, žindo), among other factors.

3. The first church book contains other personal names with the second stem žent- as well, whose spelling varies. Both standard-language and dialectal pronunciations are represented, for example: Agnes Dudazencziowa (1a, 40), Eleuzabeta Dukazenciowa (2a, 22), and Nicolaus Dalibozgentus (1a, 29), Nicolai Kupciunzyntis (2a, 6), Michaelis Lynkazintis (1a, 47), Matthiae Tinnožintis (2a, 90).

4. The anthroponymy of the 16th and especially the 17th century shows that compound personal names with the second stem žent- were common in documents of these centuries, for example: Balžentis, Dundilžentis, Kibeikožentis, Blazožentis, Gaydžientis, Giedražentis, Gudžėtys, Kasperozencis, Kawlakazencis, Kikilazencis, Mielnikazencis, Ołksnianozencis, Rymkazentis, Stanaliazencis, Witožentys, and so on.²⁷

²⁷ For more on such personal names, see M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. Min. veik. P. 28—30.

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Thus, the possibility cannot be entirely ruled out that the surname Vienažandys may have originated from the personal name *Vienažentis.

Slavicization of personal names

It has already become apparent that this is a problem inseparable from the variation of personal names. A considerable number of the variants presented also clearly attested to the phonetic Slavicization of Lithuanian personal names, in which certain sounds were replaced by others. More rigorous classification and discussion of such substitution is hindered by the fact that those who wrote the church registers did not adhere to any phonetic patterns of Slavicization. Lithuanian personal names are Slavicized here inconsistently, one might say even haphazardly. This means that the process was usually determined not by linguistic factors (the interaction of Lithuanian and Polish), but by extralinguistic ones.

For these reasons, a detailed analysis of phonetic Slavicization has been set aside. The discussion is limited to some features resulting from the Slavicization of personal names: the spelling of endings and Lithuanian patronymic suffixes, the use of Slavic suffixes of the -ovič, -evič, and -sk- types, possible translation of personal-name roots (stems), and so on.

1. In both church registers, personal names are written both with and without endings. This practice is found in the recording of different personal names, for example: Auksnis (1a, 12), Apwalayn(i)s (1b, 16), Bartafzius (2a, 165), Bartkus (2b, 137), Bizdelis (2b, 121), Buleykz (2b, 125), Degutelis (2a, 24), Drnjkus (1a, 8), Narwaysis (1a, 49), Skieyrys (1b, 19), but Awgustin (2a, 68), Burbul (2a, 157), Iakus(z) (1a, 25), Kaszyc (2a, 4), Kimbar (1a, 2), Reymer (1a, 22), Ryk (1a, 40), Skardyn (1b, 2). It can be observed that such personal names are most often written with endings.

The same personal names are written inconsistently (both with and without endings), for example: Eydinikas (2b, 112) – Eydynik (2b, 114), Garolis (1a, 54) – Garol (1a, 38), Gigelis (1b, 13; 2a, 34) – Gigel (1a, 29; 2b, 128), Gindvilis (2a, 160) – Gindwil (2a, 151), Gotynis (1a, 19) – Gotin (1a, 8), Iagminas (1a, 36) – Iagmin (1a, 26), Klusas (1a, 27) – Klus (1a, 21), Narbutas (2a, 63) – Narbut (2b, 116), Narwidzis (1a, 40) – Narwid (1a, 31), Nowikas (1a, 51) – Nowik (1a, 27), Pilatas (1a, 15), Pitatas (2a, 78) – Pitat (1a, 7; 2a, 62), Reinotas (1a, 44) – Reynat (1a, 32), Syrwidis (1a, 25) – Syrwud (1a, 21), Twor ianas (2a, 107) – Tworian (2a, 146). In this case too, personal names are more often recorded with endings.

Identical personal names in a source of this kind, such as a church register, may refer both to the same person and to different people. When the same person is recorded several times in church registers under personal names differing only in that one has an ending and the other does not, the entries were most likely made not by one person, but by several people who assessed Lithuanian personal names differently. Some wrote them more accurately; others Slavicized them, omitting Lithuanian endings²⁸.

In cases where personal names with and without endings refer to different

²⁸ For this method of Slavicizing Lithuanian personal names, see: Maciejauskienė V. How Lithuanian surnames were Slavicized//Kalbos kultūra. V., 1989. Issue 56. P. 67.

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In addition to other considerations, it is also possible to speak of the deliberate Polonization of only certain personal names or the recording of forms that had already been Polonized earlier. In both cases, this distinguished them from other identical personal names.

The same can be said of such pairs of identical personal names: Baltuszka (2a, 32) – Baltużko (2a, 95), Irukiata (1a, 33) – Irukiato (1a, 7), Iurkieta (2a, 27) – Iurkielo (2a, 33), Iułzka (1a, 28; 2a, 98, 156) – Iułzko (1a, 24; 2a, 151), Kirka (1a, 45; 1b, 19) – Kirko (1a, 28; 1b, 3, 6), Lawczka (1a, 44) – Lowczko (1a, 56), Lupeyka (1a, 46) – Lupeyko (1a, 37), Mukieta (1a, 39) – Mukiato (1a, 24), Japiega (2a, 23) – Japiego (2a, 29), Tolochka (1b, 11; 2a, 10) – Tolochko (1a, 33; 2a, 41). As can be seen, the personal-name endings -a and -o vary. The latter is undoubtedly the result of Polonization. Some personal names found in the books indicate that the Slavic ending -o could replace not only the Lithuanian ending -a, but also -is, e.g.: Staupeyk a (1a, 5), Slaupeyka (2a, 86), Staupeykis (2a, 103) – Staupeyko (2a, 63); Szyleyka (1a, 41; 2a, 15), Szyleykis (2a, 94) – Szyleyko (2a, 155), and so on. This has also been observed in some nineteenth-century documents²⁹.

The omission of personal-name endings or the replacement of some by others could not but affect the forms of some present-day surnames.

2. Personal names with Lithuanian patronymic or other suffixes also occur in different forms. In the church registers, they too are recorded both with and without endings. Forms with endings are noticeably more frequent. The spelling of suffixes also varies.

Personal names with the most productive patronymic suffix in the Kriaunos parish, -ūnas, are rendered comparatively consistently in both sources, e.g.: Berniunas (1a, 11; 1b, 10; 2a, 8; 2b, 112), Dalkūnas (2a, 107), Gadžiūnas (1b, 11; 2b, 133; 2a, 26), Grigalūnas (1a, 9), Ioziūnas (1a, 11), Karalūnas (1a, 7; 1b, 5), Karolūnas (2b, 122), Kavolūnas (1a, 57; 2b, 122), Miciūnas (1a, 50), Mikaloiūnas (1a, 33), Petraiūnas (2b, 129), Podžiūnas (2a, 52), Rymdziūnas (2a, 148), Stažkunas (1a, 21), Zymkunas (2b, 113), Wilunas (1a, 12), Weykniunas (2a, 107).

Only forms of personal names bearing this suffix and recorded without endings were Polonized, e.g.: Berniun (1a, 5), Bernun (1b, 14), Gadziun (1a, 7), Iuntkun (1a, 6), Kwllun (1a, 22), Mackun (1a, 11), Skirbun (2a, 76), Stankun (1b, 7), Waykniun (1a, 22). Such altered personal names are relatively rare in both church registers. There were only two cases in which the suffix -ūnas was more strongly Polonized: Bieluniec (1a, 3) and Jarguniec (1a, 53). An unPolonized variant of the first personal name is also recorded in both sources – Bielunas (1a, 44; 1b, 5), Bieliunas (2b, 142).

The second most frequent Lithuanian patronymic suffix, -onis, is written in three ways. In both church registers, the entirely unPolonized form of this suffix is customary, e.g.: Bernatonis (1a, 15), Gaydžonis (1a, 42), Girzonis (1a, 31), Jašulonis (1b, 5), Iurgionis (2b, 110), Klisionis (2b, 109), Michatonis (1a, 19),

²⁹ Ibid.

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stanulonis (2a, 4), Staniſławonis (1a, 26), Urbanonis (1a, 21), Walulonis (1b, 6).

Only somewhat less frequently is this suffix written as -anis in the sources, e.g.: Bermianis (1a, 18), Gudanis (2b, 139), Ionanis (2b, 117), Kliſzianis (2a, 155), Mingenianis (2b, 134), Stalulanis (2a, 49), Waytanis (1a, 2).

It is easy to see that personal names of the same origin, i.e. those with the same root, are attested with both variants of the suffix -onis, e.g.: Adamonis (1b, 8; 2b, 111) — Adamanis (1b, 12; 2b, 120), Jakubonis (1a, 21) — Jakubanis (1a, 20), Iurgionis (2b, 110) — Iurgianis (2b, 130), Klistonis (1a, 38; 2b, 109) — Klisanis (2b, 132), Kliszanis (2b, 132), Kliſzianis (2b, 130), Laurynonis (1a, 26), Laurynonis (1a, 37) — Laurinonis (1a, 14), Matulonis (1a, 43) — Matulanis (1a, 10), ſtanulonis (1b, 17), Staniulonis (2b, 114) — Stanulonis (2b, 127), ſtanulanis (1b, 7), Staſionis (1b, 6) — ſtanianis (1b, 2), Walulonis (1a, 41) — Walulanis (1a, 8).

The particular nature of the anthroponymy in church books makes it impossible to determine whether the personal names in these variants designate the same people or different ones. Therefore, as with the writing or omission of endings, it is difficult to define precisely the reasons for the Slavicization of the suffix -onis.

It is noteworthy that all personal names with the suffix variants -onis and -anis are consistently written with endings. The only exceptions are forms of the Lithuanian suffix -onis that have been very strongly Slavicized into -aniec, e.g.: Gudaniec (1a, 53; 2a, 5), Iozepaniec (1b, 8), Iurgianiec (1a, 20), Pakelaniec (1a, 1), Staniulaniec (1a, 6), ſtanulaniec (1a, 22), Walulaniec (1a, 10). Such personal names are very rare. Almost all have counterparts with the non-Slavicized suffix — Gudonis (1a, 25), Iozoponis (1a, 55), Iurgionis (1b, 7), ſtanulonis (2b, 114), ſtasiulonis (1b, 13), Walulonis (1b, 6).

The suffix -aitis is also written in various ways in church books. Some personal names (though they are very rare) preserve it entirely unchanged by the scribes: Jakubaitis (1a, 7, 11), Ianųzkaitis (1a, 11). Most often, however, the suffix’s i is replaced with y, e.g.: Adamaytis (1a, 23), Jakubaytis (1b, 17; 2b, 119), Ionuſzkaytis (1b, 15), Meylukaytis (1a, 26), Minaytis (1a, 20), Tyżunaytis (1a, 50). Sometimes (also rarely), the suffix’s a is replaced with e: Jakubeytis (2b, 130). Interestingly, even when this personal name designates different people, it is written with the suffix -eytis: Christophory Jakubeytis (1a, 1), Nicolaus Jakubeytis (1a, 4), Pauli Jakubeytis (1a, 3). Although forms of this name with other variants of the suffix -aitis are also recorded in the sources — Jakubaitis, Jakubaytis.

Only one personal name has a strongly Slavicized variant of this suffix, -oyc — Giedroyc (2a, 166). In the first church book, it designates three different people — Jeorgius Giedroyc (1a, 20), Ioannes Giedroyc (1a, 52), Stanislai Giedroyc (1a, 7). It might be conjectured that these are members of the same family (kin group), and that the source records a form of their second personal name (most likely already a surname) that had been Slavicized earlier.

3. Personal names with the suffixes -ovič and -evič have a clear feature of Slavic formation. They, like all present-day surnames with these suffixes, may have arisen in various ways. A considerable number developed from patronymics, which had been formed with these suffixes very frequently since the 15th century. This was due not to a deliberate tendency to Slavicize Lithuanian personal names, but to the very

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the linguistic situation of the Lithuanian state at that time. As is known, the official language of written records (not spoken language) was the Slavonic chancery language³⁰. Thus, everything recorded in writing in historical documents had to conform to the rules and requirements of this language. Therefore, the suffixes customary in the Slavonic chancery language, -ovič, -evič, were also preferred and used to form patronymics. Consequently, as Lithuanian two-name personal naming was only beginning to take shape, a large proportion of our personal names of various origins were Slavicized. They were widespread throughout the period of surname formation, and most gradually became surnames.

However, as the entire historical anthroponymy attests, patronymics formed not only with the suffixes characteristic of the Slavonic chancery language, -ovič, -evič, found their way into various documents. These also reflect relatively well the use of suffixes that served this purpose in Lithuanian (especially the most common ones: -aitis, -onis, -ūnas). Most patronymics formed with Lithuanian suffixes also became surnames. If we add to surnames derived from patronymics those formed from personal names of non-patronymic origin (old dithematic names, various nicknames, and so on), we would have a fairly complete picture of the formation of Lithuanian surnames as a whole. Yet this process was considerably altered, already in the 17th century and even more strongly in the 18th century and later, once again by Slavicization, which should not be equated entirely with that mentioned earlier.

In this case, the Lithuanian suffixes of personal names, most of which had already become established surnames, were replaced by the Slavic -ovič, -evič. The latter were also added to surnames that had no patronymic suffixes. This is a complex and still little-studied phenomenon³¹. The data accumulated so far indicate that its causes may have been various. Apparently, two were the most important. One was the general tendency to Slavicize all Lithuanian personal names, implemented by the scribes who wrote the documents and often dependent on their discretion. The second was the desire of the people mentioned (recorded) in the documents themselves to Slavicize surnames of Lithuanian origin and formation, thereby emphasizing their social status.

Some personal names with the suffixes -ovič, -evič may not have been formed in Lithuania, but rather borrowed at various times from other languages, from the personal-name stock of Slavic peoples. It would simply be inaccurate to call them Slavicized.

Everything said here about the ways in which personal names with the suffixes -ovič, -evič entered the Lithuanian name stock cannot help assess each such personal name individually. These are merely theoretical observations, based on the study of anthroponymy across various centuries. They should always be borne in mind not only when discussing personal names in historical documents, but also when assessing present-day surnames.

In discussing the formation of personal names, it was noted that derivatives with the suffixes -ovič, -evič are rare in both parish registers. They occur only 113 times among 2,121 distinct personal names. Without speculating about how each of these personal names may have arisen in the parish of Kriunai, one would like to draw attention to a few. These are names that, considering the anthroponymic context of the parish registers as a whole, may be suspected of having been recently Slavicized rather than borrowed or

³⁰ Cf. Zinkevičius Z. Min. work. P. 12–13.

³¹ For more on this, see: Maciejauskienė V. The Formation of Lithuanian Surnames. P. 191–197.

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although having arisen in other ways. For example, Bartoszewicz (1a, 30; 2a, 69), alongside Lithuanian-formation personal names of the same origin used in the parish, Bartašius (2a, 165), Bartašūnas (2a, 69). Cf. also Bartu̇žanas (1a, 27).

Blazewicz (1a, 28) — Blazey (1a, 3), Blazėjus (1a, 3).

Casimirų Budniewicz (1b, 2) — Casimiri Budnis (1a, 11). The personal names also match here. However, given that some baptismal names were very common during this period, it cannot be claimed that the same person is being referred to.

Budrewicz (1a, 19) — Budris (1a, 10), Budrus (1b, 8).

Iacobus Butkiewicz (1b, 2) — Iacoby Butkun (1a, 8), Iacobi Butkus (1a, 25).

Dylewicz (2a, 105) — Dėlelis (2a, 10), Dylelis (1a, 55), Dilis (2a, 143), Dylis (1a, 38; 2a, 2).

Dziukiewicz (1a, 22) — Dziukis (1a, 38).

Gigielewicz (1a, 5) — Gigelis (2a, 40), Gigelis (1a, 39), Giegėlis (2a, 68).

Gudanowicz (2a, 106) — Gudanis (2a, 90), Gudas (2a, 11), Gudelis (2a, 70).

Janųzkiewicz (2a, 47), Januszkowicz (1a, 46) — Januszkaytis (1a, 10; 2a, 36), Januszkānis (2a, 93), Januszkutis (2a, 105), Jonuszkaytis (2a, 4).

Jųzkiewicz (2a, 162) — Jųzka (2a, 164), Jųzkanis (2a, 143).

Keyrewicz (2a, 145) — Kayrianis (2a, 157), Keyranis (2a, 165).

Kiszewicz (1a, 41) — Kiszunas (1a, 52).

Krapowicz (1b, 5) — Krapelis (1b, 2), Krapas (1b, 2).

Lukązewicz (1a, 9) — Lukąziunas (2a, 147).

Minkiewicz (1a, 46; 2a, 65) — Minkunas (2b, 118).

Patrewicz (1a, 39) — Putra (1a, 29).

Jteykiewicz (1a, 46) — Jteykunas (1a, 20).

Szymkiewicz (2a, 41) — Szymkunas (2a, 148).

Ioannes Szymkiewicz (2a, 148) — Ioannes Jųznka (2b, 109).

Urbanowicz (2a, 156) — Urbanonis (2a, 64), Urbanelis (2a, 56).

Nothing specific can be said about the origin of other personal names of this formation, e.g.: Arnawicz (1b, 18), Balukiewicz (1b, 16), Bogdanowicz (2a, 93), Danielewicz (2a, 27), Gamiewicz (1a, 10), Gryncewicz (1a, 43), Linkiewicz (2a, 1), Pązkiewicz (2a, 157), Pokulniewicz (2a, 41), or their origin.

4. Lithuanian personal names with Slavic-type -sk- suffixes can have arisen in only two ways. Some of them are undoubtedly borrowed from the Slavic name stock. Others are the result of Slavicization of our personal names. This applies also to present-day Lithuanian surnames. During the period when they were formed most intensively (16th–17th c.), -sk- type suffixes were rare and could certainly not have had a noticeable influence on surname forms. The Lithuanian surnames had already taken shape when they were Slavicized by adding suffixes such as -owski, -inski, -ski, -acki, or similar ones. Yet again, it is impossible to divide all surnames with these suffixes into borrowed and Slavicized ones. For example, more than fifteen hundred families in Lithuania have the surname Kazlauskas. It is very difficult to determine which families have a borrowed surname (cf. Polish Kozłowski, Belarusian Казлоўскі, Russian Козловский), and which have a Slavicized one, formed by adding the suffix -auskas (cf. present-day surnames Kazlà, Kãzlas, Kazlỹs), replacing it with some Lithuanian suffix (cf. surname Kazlėnas), or translating a surname of Lithuanian origin such as Ožėlis, Ožys, Ožiūnas, or another similar one. Sometimes this

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can be done by members of any family bearing this surname, with the help of their great-grandparents’ personal documents or by carefully examining entries in specific historical sources.

Personal names with -sk--type suffixes are uncommon in the Kriaunai parish. A total of 197 are recorded. It is noteworthy that there are almost twice as many of them in the second church book as in the first. This most likely testifies to the growing and intensifying Slavicization of Lithuanian personal names.

Most often, it is safe to assert that only personal names -sk--type of Lithuanian origin can be Slavicized, e.g.: Gayzowski (2a, 2), cf. surname Gaižys, Gaižius, associated with Lithuanian gaižùs “unpleasantly sour, bitter, acrid, sharp-tasting, etc.”; Gulbinski (1a, 54), cf. surname Gulbinas, derived from Lithuanian gulbìnas “male swan”; Kibickas (1a, 55; 2a, 7), cf. surname Kibus, which most likely derives from Lithuanian kibà “a nuisance,” kìbis “one who clings”; Kiersnowski (1a, 33), cf. the Baltic-origin surnames Kirsnis, Kirsnys; Naszlanski (1a, 53), cf. surnames Našlas, Našlėnas, derived from Lithuanian našlỹs, -ė; Pukniawski (1a, 23), cf. Puknys, Puknius, derived from Lithuanian puknóti “to trudge through mud,” pùknyti “to puff, grumble, quarrel, etc.”, or similar; Szyrwinski (2a, 63), cf. surnames Širvis, Širvys, derived from Lithuanian širvis, širvùs, širvùs “gray-haired.”

Slavicization through the addition of -sk--type suffixes, or by replacing Lithuanian suffixes with them, is most likely also evidenced by cases where the formation of personal names of the same origin recorded in church books differs (some have -sk--type suffixes, while others have Lithuanian suffixes or none at all), e.g.: Balczewski (2b, 132) and Balciūnas (1a, 7; 2a, 88), Balčiūnelis (1a, 12). Other personal names of the formation under discussion can be compared in the same way:

Buſzynſki (2b, 136) – Busz (2b, 119).

Dylewſki (2b, 139) – Dilis (2a, 143), Ditėlis (2a, 10), Dylis (2a, 2), Dytelis (1a, 55). Cf. also the personal name Dylewicz (2a, 105), mentioned earlier.

Gimulski (2a, 26) – Girunas (2a, 18).

Gigielewski (2a, 80) – Gigelis (1a, 39), Gigielis (2a, 40). Cf. also Gigielewicz (1a, 5).

Iwanowski (2a, 45) – Iwan (2a, 83), Iwanelis (2a, 99), Iwonelis (2a, 28).

Iaczewski (1a, 1) – Joczysz (1a, 19).

Iankowſki (2a, 155) – Iankunas (1a, 18).

Ianowski (1b, 7) – Iananis (1a, 5).

Ianuszkowski (2a, 77) – Ianuszkaytis (1a, 10; 2a, 36), Ianuszkanis (2a, 93), Ianuszkutis (2a, 105), Ionuszkaytis (2a, 77). Cf. also Ianuzkiewicz (2a, 47).

Iurkowſki (2a, 95) – Iurkiela (2a, 38).

Kowalewski (1b, 12; 2a, 22) – Kawalis (2a, 108), Kawalūnas (2a, 73), Kawolunas (1a, 57; 2a, 32).

Kulicki (2a, 41) – Kulis (2a, 145), Kutelis (2a, 7).

Labecki (1b, 6) – Labas (1a, 15).

Laszewſki (1b, 6), Loszynski (1a, 44; 2a, 2) – Laszas (1a, 4), Laszelis (1a, 36).

Caſimirus Lupickas (1b, 6) – Casimini Lupeyka (1a, 34).

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Mikolajewski (2a, 32) – Mikas (2a, 46), Mikotonis (2a, 4), Mikalonelis (2a, 35), Mikienas (2a, 52).

Narkowski (1a, 33) – Narkialo (1a, 21).

Petrulski (2b, 113) – Petrulenas (2a, 13).

Rudnicki (2a, 167), Rudziewicz (1a, 56; 2a, 7) – Rudokas (2a, 40), Rudakas (2a, 53).

Skardynski (1a, 46) – Skardyn (1b, 2).

Szakalinski (2a, 163), Szakalowski (2a, 31) – Szakalis (2a, 148).

Szymanowski (1a, 45) – Szymonis (1a, 32).

Werszynski (2a, 99) – Werszelis (2a, 16).

Woronecki (1a, 41; 2a, 92), Vronowski (1a, 18) – Warna (2a, 87), Warnas (2b, 137), Warnele (2a, 92), Warnelis (2a, 6).

Zylin[s]ki (1a, 10) – Zylis (1a, 7), Žylis (1a, 30), Žilelis (1a, 47).

Žabecki (1a, 50) – Žabas (1a, 4).

Žukow[s]ki (2b, 139) – Žukas (2a, 22).

Which of these personal names with suffixes of the -sk- type were Slavicized by adding them or replacing other suffixes with them, and which were borrowed, is practically impossible to determine. Church-book anthroponymy cannot provide precise data for conclusions of this kind. Only records of the same individuals in historical documents from different years prove that personal names were in fact Slavicized in one way or another. However, the overall context of the anthroponymy of the Kriaunos parish may also provide at least partial evidence that the personal names presented could have been Slavicized. It is difficult to believe that, alongside a personal name used in the parish without a suffix of the -sk- type, a personal name of the same origin (often Baltic) with such a suffix could have arisen through borrowing.

Almost nothing definite can be said about the emergence of personal names with various Slavic suffixes in cases where the parish has no counterparts of the same origin but different formation, for example: Borow[s]ki (2a, 163), Cymbarow[s]ki (2a, 96), Czurauskis (2a, 86), Geraje[s]ki (2b, 136), Grabows[s]ki (2a, 47), Gur[s]ki (1a, 5), Jablon[s]ki (1a, 11), Kamin[s]ki (2a, 144), Ligucki (1b, 20; 2a, 89), Lipicki (2a, 91), Lipski (1a, 24; 2a, 93), Lisowski (2a, 155), Szpakowski (2b, 122), Woynow[s]ki (2a, 157), Zablocki (1a, 2), and so on. One would have to acknowledge that they were all borrowed. But is that really the case?

5. Z. Zinkevičius, in his study of early seventeenth-century Vilnius anthroponymy, convincingly demonstrated the translation of Lithuanian personal names into Polish, e.g., Getežela — Žela[s]ka, Bepirštis — Be[s]pal[c]ik, and so on.³² Most of the specific cases presented of this kind of Slavicization of personal names are indeed beyond doubt. Although they are recorded in a source not particularly well suited to this kind of research, namely church books, where it is difficult to establish the identity of the persons referred to by these personal names.

Personal names that may suggest Slavicization through translation into Polish (or Russian) when compared with one another also occur in the church books of the Kriaunos parish. Here are a dozen or so such parallels:

32 Zinkevičius Z. Cited work. P. 105—111.

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Borowski (2a, 163) – [zyteyka (2a, 15), Szyteykis (2a, 94). These personal names can be identified with the modern surnames Šiležka, Šileška, Šileikis, which most likely derive from Lithuanian šilas “a coniferous forest growing on sandy soil; a village situated among pine forests, etc.” Cf. Polish bór “pine forest, forest”³³, Russian бор “pine forest, coniferous forest, pinewood”³⁴.

Černis (2a, 95), Czernius (2a, 97), Czernelis (1a, 54) – lodis (1a, 13), lodeykis (1a, 2), lodeyko (2a, 149), lodele (2a, 160). Cf. the modern surnames Juodis, Juodeika, Juodeikis, Juodėlė and others, derived from Lithuanian juodas, -a, and Polish czarny, Russian чёрный “black”³⁵.

Gurlſki (1a, 5) – Kalnelis (1a, 9). Cf. the modern surnames Kalnėlis, Kalnius, associated with Lithuanian kálnas ar kalnius “a mountain dweller, a highlander.” Regarding the surname Gurlſki, cf. Polish góra, Russian гора “mountain.”

Halawaga (2a, 146) – Galwete (2a, 75), Galwelis (2a, 14). Cf. the modern surnames Galvėlė, Galvėlis, which derive from Lithuanian galva and Polish głowa, Russian голова “head.”

Kazłauskis (2a, 26), Kozłowski (2a, 43) – Ažis (2a, 86), Azielis (2a, 90), Azienas (1a, 31), Aſzkinis (1a, 5), Ozis (2a, 20), Ozelis (1a, 43), Ožienas (1a, 31), Oszkinis (1a, 44). Cf. the modern surnames Ažėlis, Aškminis, Ožys, Ožėlis, Ožkinis and others, associated with Lithuanian ožys, ožka and Polish kozioł, Russian козёл “goat.”

Krulewicz (2a, 42) – Karalunas (1a, 7; 2a, 20), Karalus (1a, 51). Cf. the modern surnames Karaliūnas, Karalius, which most likely derive from Lithuanian karalius “a title for a ruler, monarch in some countries,” and Polish król, Russian король “king.”

Lisowski (2a, 155) – Plikielis (1a, 52), Plikialis (2a, 95), Plikžanis (2a, 105), Plikienas (2a, 53), Plikionis (2a, 57). Cf. the modern surnames Plikėlis, Plikionis and others, derived from Lithuanian plikas, plikis, and Polish łysy, Russian лысый “bald.”

Mathiae Tumanin (1a, 20) – Mathaey Rukas (1a, 10), Christophori Rukanis (1a, 20). Cf. the modern surname Rūkas, which, besides another possible interpretation of its origin, may also derive from Lithuanian rūkas “fog, mist.” In the course of translation, the personal name Tumanin may have arisen, associated with Russian туман “fog, mist, haze.”

Rubalſki (1a, 3), Rybskiewicz (1a, 42) – Žuktenas (2b, 133), Žukklos (1a, 100), Žuklis (2b, 111), Žuklis (1a, 52), Žukelis (1a, 25). Cf. the modern surnames Žuklija, Žuklys, Žuklys, derived from Lithuanian žūklija “fishing,” žūklys “fisherman, angler,” and Polish ryba “fish,” rybaczyć “to fish, of fishermen,” Russian рыбак “fisherman, angler.”

Wroblewſki (2a, 153) – Žwirblis (1a, 50; 2a, 1), Zwierzblenas (2a, 74). Cf.

³³ Vaškevičiūtė V. Cited work. P. 45.

³⁴ Lemchenas Ch. Cited work. P. 119.

³⁵ The Polish and Russian dictionaries cited in footnotes 25 and 26 are also used below.

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the modern surnames Žvirblis, Žvirblįs, derived from Lithuanian žvirblis, and Polish wróbel "sparrow", Russian воробей "sparrow".

Another small group of personal names is noteworthy. Balczewski (2b, 132) and Balciunas (2a, 88) had already been presented, as had Balciunelis (1a, 12), as a possible case of Slavicization through the replacement of Lithuanian suffixes with the Slavic -evski. The two church registers also contain the following personal names: Bielicki (1b, 6), Bielinski (2a, 93), Bielūnas (1a, 44; 2a, 18), Bielunelis (1a, 44; 2a, 8), Bielus (1b, 16; 2b, 129), and Balciunas (1a, 7; 2a, 88), Balciunelis (1a, 12). The latter two may be associated with the modern surnames Balčius, Balčiūnas and others derived from Lithuanian baltas, -a. The possibility cannot be ruled out that personal names with the root biel- were Slavicized by translation (cf. Polish biały "white", Russian белый "white").

A possible connection also exists between the personal names [spiewokas (1a, 34; 2a, 27), [spiewa-kielis (1b, 1), Spiewakanas (2a, 47), which may be derived from Polish śpiewak "singer", and Dainis (1b, 19). The latter may be associated with the modern surnames Dainys, Dainius, derived from Lithuanian dainys, dainius "singer".

As the personal names presented have shown, when translating a Lithuanian root it is customary to add a Slavic suffix as well, most often one of the -sk- type.

6. Most instances of phonetic and other forms of Slavicization were reflected in the personal-name variants discussed. Sometimes they indicate Slavicization of varying intensity. For example, Rudak (1a, 21; 2b, 128) – Rudakas (2a, 53) – Rudokas (2a, 40). When these personal names are compared with the modern surname Rudõkas, it can be seen that its first variant, Rudak, is the most Slavicized. It lacks the ending, and Lithuanian o has been replaced by a. In the second variant, only this phonetic sound substitution remains. Here are a couple more similar cases: Pilat (2a, 62) – Pilatas (2a, 78) – Pilotas (2a, 32), cf. the modern surname Pilotàs, Pilótas.

Spiewak (1b, 8, 7; 2a, 43) – [spiewakas (2a, 29) – [spiewokas (1b, 16; 2a, 36). No such surname is known today.

The more notable cases of various forms of Slavicization discussed here show how some Lithuanian personal names may have been altered. By the time the church registers were written (late 17th–early 18th century), most of them must already have become surnames. Thus, the influence of Slavicization on the authenticity of the forms is evident not only in some surnames then found in the Kriaunai parish, but also in those modern surnames that have survived to the present day.

The Situation in the Formation of Surnames

By the time the church registers under discussion were written, that is, in the late 17th–early 18th century, most Lithuanian surnames had already taken shape³⁶. This conclusion is based on a study of Lithuanian naming practices in historical documents from the 15th–18th centuries.

Consequently, all the personal names in the second, binary naming system of the Kriaunai parish

³⁶ Maciejauskienė V. Min. veik. P. 112.

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names (or at least the great majority of them) could be called surnames. Have these personal names really already acquired the most important characteristics of surnames—are they inherited and shared by all members of one family?

The anthroponymy of church registers is not particularly useful material for studying the formation of surnames. It does not contain the paired designations of fathers and children, written side by side, that are needed to establish the inheritance of personal names (only the name of the infant being baptized—boy or girl—is given). In addition, the very frequent designation of infants’ mothers by first name alone makes it impossible to compare their second personal names with those of the infants’ fathers (i.e., the second personal names of the women’s husbands). Therefore, in many cases it is also impossible to conclude whether a personal name was shared by all members of one family. The designations of godmothers and godfathers, who may have no kinship ties to one another, likewise reveal little about whether surnames existed. The possibility of finding information about surname formation in marriage registers is even more limited. The bride and groom recorded there are not related, and thus cannot share any personal name. Witnesses, of course, could sometimes have been a husband and wife, a brother and sister, or the like, but this cannot be determined.

Although the church registers were kept for a long time—about 40 years—and may certainly mention people from different generations of the same family (lineage), their designations cannot be compared. The reason is very simple: it is impossible to establish the family or kinship ties of people who even have identical second personal names. Moreover, there is no doubt that such personal names could also designate people from more than one family or lineage.

Thus, to answer the question of whether the second personal names recorded in church registers had already become surnames or had not yet done so, all that remains is to compare them with present-day surnames—in other words, to see whether they have survived to the present day. This was done. The results of the comparison are as follows.

Of the 1,044 distinct personal names in the first church register, written in 1678–1693, 588 (i.e., 56.3%) have exact counterparts among present-day surnames. Some of these present-day surnames, in addition to being recorded elsewhere in Lithuania, are found around Kriaunos, Obeliai, Rokiškis, or elsewhere near the parish. There are 235 of them (i.e., 22.5%), for example: Abaris, Abarius, Adamonis, Aleksandravičius, Aleksūnas, Apvalainis, Augulis, Bajoras, Baltakys, Baltuška, Banys, Barzdą, Bendorius, Bermiūnas, Belūnas (Bielūnas), Bitinas, Blaževičius, Bruzgėlis, Budrėvičius, Budrys, Čėponis, Dabregą, Dainys, Daktūnas, Degutis, Deksnys, Didžiagalvis, Dilys, Dirda, Driskius, Dūda, Dūkas, Džiugelis, Gaidys, Gaižus, Galinis, Galvelis, Gārolis, Gaučys, Gavėnas, Gegėlis, Genys, Giedraitis, Gylis, Gindūlis, Girčys, Girūnas, Grabauskas, Grigōnis, Grincevičius, Gūdas, Gudelis, Gudōnis, Gulbinskas, Gurklys, Idas, Igaunis, Jāgminas, Jakubonis, Jonōnis, Jankūnas, Januōnis, Janušas, Januškevičius, Jasiulionis, Jocys, Jūodis, Jokubonis, Jukna, Juška, Karalūnas, Karalius, Karosą, Kašpōnas, Kavoliūnas, Kažemėkas, Kibilda, Kisielis, Kiškis, Kietis, Kižiūnas, Kiukys, Klišonis, Klišys, Kavaliauskas, Krāpas, Krisiūnas, Kulys, Kupčiūnas, Kurklėčius, Kūrmė, Kviliūnas, Lapienis, Lāsas, Latvēnas, Liaudōnskas, Laukys, Laurinavičius, Lėlis, Ličys, Likas, Likša, Lukosevičius, Lukšys, Maciūnas,

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Matėkus, Matiejūnas, Matulėnas, Medželas, Mėginis, Mezginąs (Mezginis), Mickevičius, Merkys, Miežys, Mikalaūnas, Minkevicius, Motiejūnas, Morkūnas, Mūrma, Nākas, Nārbutas, Navikas, Pabėržis, Pagirys, Pakalnis, Paliuvonas, Paliulionis, Pauliūkas, Petrōnis, Pimpe, Petrauskas, Plepys, Plikėlis, Puōdzėlis, Puriuškis, Rāšis, Rāugas, Repšys, Rimėlis, Radzevičius, Ragėlis, Rudōkas, Satapluvis, Sirvydis, Skardinskas, Skeirys, Smalstys, Stanėlis, Stankūnas, Starkus, Stasiulionis, Stasiūnas, Strungys, Šermūkšnis, Širvinskas, Šlekas, Šlamas, Štāras, Švėdas, Talačka, Tijūnėlis, Trūmpa, Tumėnas, Uldūkis, Usėlis, Užkūrelis, Vaitekūnas (Vaitiekūnas), Valiūkas, Valiūlis, Varkalys, Vārma, Vedeikà, Virbalas, Verbiejus, Vigėlis, Viliys, Vilkas, Viņgelis, Virbalas, Zairys, Žemaitis, Žibōlis, Žilinskas, Žilys, Žylỹs, Žuklys, Žunka, Žvirblis and others. Thus, it can be said that these present-day surnames, widespread in Rokiškis District, had already formed by the end of the 17th century. They arose from personal names used in the Kriaunos parish in the 17th century or earlier.

Other present-day surnames that exactly match personal names from the Kriaunos parish have been recorded further afield, in various parts of Lithuania. There are 353 of them (i.e., 33.8%). Such surnames may have formed in the Kriaunos parish itself in the late 17th century and only later spread to other places. However, they may also have originated elsewhere in Lithuania from personal names used there.

Of all the distinct personal names recorded in the first church register, 456 have no exact counterparts among present-day surnames. This amounts to 43.5%. It should be concluded that some of the personal names used in the Kriaunos parish had not yet become surnames by the end of the 17th century. What were they? First, mention should be made of 116 personal names (i.e., 11.1%) that have counterparts among present-day surnames of the same origin but formed differently. The latter are widespread in and near the Kriaunos parish, for example: Bagdonėlis (1b, 5) – Bagdōnas, Baiorelis (1a, 44) – Bajōras, Balčiunėlis (1a, 12) – Balčiūnas, Baltakėlis (1b, 19) – Baltakys, Bielunėlis (1a, 44) – Belūnas, Bieliūnas, Dabagnėle (2a, 24) – Dabregà, Degutelis (1a, 47) – Degūtis, Didžiagaluwelis (1b, 19) – Didžiagalvis, Dytelis (1a, 55) – Dilys, Dyrdele (1a, 49) – Dirda, Garotelis (1a, 32) – Gārolis, Gaucielis (1a, 11) – Gaučys, Gawenelis (1a, 15) – Gaičnas, Grabawskielis (1a, 50) – Grabāuskas, Idelis (1a, 52) – Īdas, Igaunelis (1a, 23) – Īgaunis, Jakieba (1a, 30) – Jākas, Iankunelis (1a, 40) – Jankūnas, Iočielis (1a, 46) – Jocỹs, Kazamieķielis (1b, 19) – Kazėmėkas, Krapelis (1b, 2) – Krāpus, Krysiūnelis (1a, 47) – Krisūnas, Kutelis (1a, 39) – Kulys, Kurkletelis (1a, 54) – Kurkliėtis, Laszelis (1a, 36) – Lāsas, Laukiete (1b, 2) – Laukūs, Letelis (1a, 57) – Lėlis, Maciunelis (1a, 18) – Maciūnas, Markunelis (1a, 55) – Markūnas, Murmele (1b, 2) – Mūrma, Nakata (1a, 21) – Nākas, Narbutelis (1a, 54) – Nārbutas, Nawiķelis (1a, 35) – Nawikas, Pagirelis (1a, 47) – Pagirys, Paknelis (1a, 10) – Paknys, Petranelis (1a, 5) – Petrōnis, Puczkiela (1a, 53) – Pūčka, Sarqunelis (1a, 11) – Sarqūnas, Jtankunelis (1b, 15) – Stankūnas, Stasiunelis (1b, 18) – Stasiūnas, Strungielis (1a, 41) – Strungys, Jzyleykielis (1a, 39) – Šileikis, Jzlekielis (1a, 36) – Šlekas, Waynelis (1a, 45) – Vānius, Walukielis (1a, 39) – Valiūkas, Wilelis (1b,

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12) — Vilys, Wirbaltelis (1b, 4) — Virbalas, Zameytelis (1a, 1) — Žemaitis, Zaukiele (1b, 4) — Žauka, Zaukà, Žilelis (1a, 47) — Žilys, Zukkelis (1a, 25) — Žuklys.

As can be seen, the 17th-century personal names have diminutive suffixes -ėlis, -ė, -elis, -ė, whereas present-day surnames do not. In discussing the formation of personal names, it was noted that alongside most derivatives with the suffixes -ėlis, -ė, -elis, -ė, personal names of the same origin without suffixes are also widespread, for example: Baioras, Balčiūnas, Baltakis, Dabreja, Didžiagalinis, Dylis, Dyrda, Garolis, Gawenas, Grabow[s]ki, etc. Almost all of the latter became surnames and have survived to the present day. By contrast, few surnames arose from the aforementioned suffixal derivatives recorded in the church registers under study (cf. the examples given above: Galėl is, Gudėlis, Plikėlis, Puodželis, Rimėlis, Ragėlis, Stanelis, Tijūnėlis, Ušėlis, Užkurėlis, Vigelis, Viņgelis). All this indicates that most personal names with the suffixes -ėlis, -ė, -ėlis, -ė, used in the Kriaunai parish and entered in the church registers, were only temporary. Most often, apparently, they reflected the unofficial naming of individuals³⁷. The fact that a similar phenomenon has also been observed in other church registers suggests that sources of this kind may contain more instances of such naming than administrative legal documents.

The dropping of patronymic suffixes is most likely evidenced by the following pairs of personal names in the sources and present-day surnames: Barczanas (1a, 18) — Barčys, Bermianis (1a, 18) — Beržius, Bertasiunas (1a, 52) — Bertasius, Buyturidanies (1a, 11) — Būtuvidas, Būtuvydas, Buteýkonis (1a, 34) — Buteikis, Gaydzonis (1a, 42) — Gaidys, Girczonis (1a, 31) — Ginčys, Grigulunas (1a, 7) — Grigulis, Jakulanas (1a, 23) — Jakulis, Kuciūnas (1b, 19) — Kūčas, Macziulenas (1a, 27) — Mačiulis, Matiekunas (1a, 3) — Matiekus, Sapkunas (1b, 18) — Sapkà, Simonenas (1a, 33) — Simónis, Stajukūnas (1a, 18) — Stasiūkas, Trumpenas (1a, 55) — Trūmpa, Urbonenas (1a, 46) — Urbonas, Walulonis (1a, 41) — Valiūlis, Warkalenas (1b, 11) — Varkalys, Weyknius (1b, 7) — Veiknys.

These personal names with the suffixes -ėnas, -onis, -ūnas, used in the late 17th century, can obviously be interpreted in two ways: 1) they were patronymics that had not yet become surnames (which is why there are no such surnames in the Kriaunai parish today); 2) they may have been surnames already formed earlier, which later, for example in the 18th century, lost their patronymic suffixes³⁸ (the latter forms have survived to the present day). Both interpretations indicate that the formation of Lithuanian surnames was still ongoing in the late 17th century, with the forms of surnames already formed changing and varying in different ways.

This is apparently also reflected in other pairs of personal names from the Kriaunai parish and present-day surnames, for example: Dylewski (1b, 10) — Dilys, Laszew[s]ki (1b, 6) — Làšas, Loszynski (1a, 44) — Lāšas, Pukniaw[s]kis (1a, 23) — Puknys, Pūt[w]nius, Putrewicz (1a, 39) — Putrà, Daczew[s]ki (1a, 8) — Dačiūskas, Krasie-

³⁷ For more on this, see: Maciejauskienė V. Min. work. P. 88—89.

³⁸ For more on the dropping of patronymic suffixes, see: Maciejauskienė V. Min. work. P. 151—169.

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wicz (1a, 47) — Krasāuskas. Or: Blazėunas (1a, 3) — Blažiūnas, Ionelonis (1b, 18) — Jonėnas, Iozīunas (1a, 11) — Juozėnas, Kilutis (1b, 3) — Kīlius, Kīlas, Kylas, Labas (1a, 15) — Labėikis, Labėikis, Liciunelis (1a, 28) — Ličys, Maymiulis (1a, 57) — Mainėlis, Mikieniszkis (1a, 31) — Mikėnas, Mikolis (1a, 24) — Mīkas, Piworonis (1b, 14) — Pivorūnas, Raugutis (1a, 6) — Rāugas, Šipelis (1b, 16) — Sipāčičius, Skardyn (1b, 2) — Skārdīs, Skardīnskas, Skiras (1a, 8) — Skirānskis, Starkulis (1a, 13) — Starkus, Wigianis (1a, 20) — Vigėlis.

Other personal names in the first church register that have cognates of the same origin but different formations among present-day surnames differ little from the 116 just discussed. There are 150 of them, i.e., 14.3% of all distinct personal names in the source. However, the present-day surnames with which they are identified are recorded not in the Kriaunai parish or nearby, but in various other Lithuanian locations, both nearer and farther away. Thus they may have arisen from personal names used in those locations, rather than in the Kriaunai parish, in the 17th century. For this reason, a more detailed comparison of such surnames with the forms of personal names in late-17th-century church registers was not undertaken.

Even in cases where personal names in the source have exact counterparts among present-day surnames, but the latter are widespread in places far from the Kriaunai parish, conclusions about those personal names becoming surnames can only be drawn with a certain margin of error. For example, the source personal name Dudele is identified with the present-day surnames Dudėlė, Dūdėlė, recorded in Batakiai, Modžiūnai, and Varėna. There is currently a surname Dūdà in Rokiškis district. It is entirely possible that it arose from the 17th-century personal name Dudele, which had not yet become a surname at that time (cf. the previously mentioned frequent pairs of source personal names with diminutive suffixes and present-day surnames without them). More such cases can be found, for example: Garniewicz (1a, 10) — Garnevičius (a present-day surname recorded outside the Kriaunai parish and its vicinity) — Garnėlis (a present-day surname widespread in or near the Kriaunai parish), Garulis (1a, 44) — Gārulis — Gārolis, Ienczuna (1a, 20) — Janczūnas — Jančūnas, Katinas (2a, 24) — Kātinas — Katináuskas, Kuprelis (1a, 54) — Kuprėlis — Kūprius, Labecki (1b, 6) — Labėckas — Labėikis, Labėikis, Margielis (1a, 48) — Margėlis — Márgis, Matulonis (1a, 43) — Matuliónis — Matūlis, Mikulis (1a, 22) — Mikūlis — Mīkas, Miszkiewicz (1b, 20) — Miškėvičius — Miškinis, Raugelis (1a, 14) — Raugėlis — Rāugas, Tyjunaytis (1a, 50) — Tijūnaitis — Tijūnas, Walukanis (1b, 2) — Valiukónis, Valiukonis — Valiūkas, Warnele (1a, 9) — Varnėlė — Várna, Wilkielis (1a, 11) — Vilkėlis — Vīlkas, Wilunas (1a, 12) — Vilūnas — Vilūjs, Zemaytelis (1a, 14) — Žemaitėlis — Žemaitis.

Some personal names in the first church register have no counterparts among present-day surnames. These are Lithuanian personal names used in the 17th century that have disappeared. Some of them, apparently, were second elements in two-part names that had not yet become surnames and were therefore not inherited. Others may already have been established surnames that disappeared for various reasons during the 300 years between the late 17th century and the present.

There are 153 such personal names (14.6%). Here are some of them: Aytonelis (1b, 9),

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Auszkal is (1b, 4), Baltrakis (1a, 21), Bednorius (1a, 24), Berke|zewicz (1a, 20), Bizdelis (1a, 25), Bizdis (1a, 25), Byzdys (1a, 38), Blauje (1a, 6), Blaugiene (1a, 12), Blewgia (1a, 28), Blewgieła (1a, 20), Boieykaytis (1b, 7), Brawszka (1b, 17), Braw|zkiato (1b, 7), Brenu|ki|a (1b, 21), Ciotukas (1a, 56), Czałyka (1a, 28), dabaygunas (1a, 1), Dakielnis (1a, 9), Dalibogzntis (1a, 29), Dewinciunas (1a, 8), Dewincius (1a, 48), Dewintis (1a, 45), Digieskriewc (1b, 6), Dudnikas (1b, 3), Dudnikielis (1a, 33), Drusnelis (1b, 3), Fasci|zewski (1a, 25), Freyz (1a, 29), Gamulgis (1a, 40), Gieyweris (1b, 10), Ibercelis (1a, 12), Ignelis (1b, 7), Iktunelis (1b, 2), Jawndelis (1a, 21), Jaw|zka (1a, 19), Iodkalnis (1a, 11), Iodumnas (1a, 33), Jowidis (1a, 29), Iuntkun (1a, 6), Ka-paris (1a, 48), Kapazono] (1a, 20), Karziupanas (1b, 2), Kaziponas (1b, 13), Kazaponas (1a, 52), Kibalda (1a, 12), Kibinkle (1a, 56), Kiebil|kis (1a, 27), Kieblinkis (1a, 42), Kiedunelis (1a, 23), Kieska (1a, 52), Kluwenas (1b, 14), Koloezka (1b, 4), Kontygaylo (1a, 12), Kropiwnicki (1a, 27), Kupna (1a, 46), Kusmas (1a, 24), Ligmiskis (1a, 43), Ligumiskielis (1a, 49), Ligumiskzis (1b, 15), Lingumiskielis (1b, 4), Linguni|zkis (1b, 7), Lynkazintis (1a, 47), Litis (1b, 6), Lucifer (1a, 5), Maranowski (1a, 53), Medginis (1a, 53), Medzginas (1b, 14), Medzginis (1b, 16), Mer|kis (1a, 6), Merszkis (1a, 21), Migiejtis (1b, 5), Moyciunas (1a, 18), Montyġaylo (1a, 52), Namca (1a, 1), Nawkiela (1a, 21), Nukiele (1b, 5), Padak|za (1a, 11), Pakajzkis (1a, 23), Paraniz (1a, 22), Pawawartelis (1a, 5), Purpa (1a, 13), Purpela (1b, 12), Rarala (1a, 22), Reyner (1a, 22), Reyszbynis (1a, 18), Ryk (1a, 40), Rombalski (1b, 5), Rofkow|ki (1b, 3), Sikida (1a, 13), Skatmedus (1a, 28), Skinagun (1a, 21), Skircis (1a, 23), Skrinik (1b, 4), |piewakielis (1b, 1), Spiewokas (1a, 34), Stadlanis (1a, 15), Stangretonis (1a, 26), Staupeyka (1a, 5), Szakapilwis (1a, 19), |zesuta (1a, 50), |zykil|da (1a, 52), Szymaki|zunas (1a, 19), Szmelenas (1a, 27), Szolale| (1a, 14), Tereyra (1b, 12), Terera (1a, 11), Tril ipis (1a, 12), Udelonis (1a, 46), Waykniunas (1a, 14), Wayszwidis (1a, 47), Wayrudis (1a, 15), Warakale (1a, 10), Waszwidis (1b, 6), Wegminas (1a, 8), Wienazetis (1a, 23), Wizdewas (1a, 54), Wortibis (1b, 6), Wowa (1b, 4), Zagura (1a, 22), Zaguras (1a, 14), Zarnaytel (1b, 4), Zegundis (1a, 19), Zmekas (1a, 31), Zmekas (1a, 11), Zwieglis (1a, 54), Zvilunas (1a, 24), Zwunkieta (1a, 46).

Some of these personal names may also have been heavily distorted by scribes. Therefore, it is impossible to reconstruct them precisely and compare them with the forms in the source and with present-day surnames. Incidentally, reconstruction was abandoned for 37 personal names from the first church register. They are heavily Slavicized or distorted in some other way, and determining their authentic form without a substantial margin of error is practically impossible. Such personal names make up 3.5% of all distinct ones.

The second church register contains 1,077 distinct personal names. Of these, 687, i.e. 63.7%, have exact equivalents among present-day surnames. This register was written in 1691–1719. Thus, one might have expected more personal names from this period to have already become surnames. Nevertheless, comparison with the data from the first church register reveals certain changes — there, such personal names made up 56.3%.

Of the 687 personal names mentioned, 325 (i.e. 30.1%) have an exact equivalent among present-day surnames that are also found, among other places, in the Kriaunai parish

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or near it (in the first register, such personal names made up 22.5% of all distinct ones). Here are some of them (those already mentioned, which occur in the first register, are not repeated): Adamenas (2a, 42) — Adomėnas, Andruszkiewicz (2a, 68) — Andruškevičius, Araminas (2a, 165) — Araminas, Alkaciunas (2a, 58) — Alkočiūnas, Auk-sztolis (2b, 127) — Aukštuolis, Awgustinas (2a, 68) — Augustinas, Awksztakais (2a, 43) — Aukštakojis, Balciunas (2a, 88) — Balčiūnas, Baliulis (2b, 135) — Baliūlis, Baltrunas (1a, 48) — Baltrūnas, Baranowſki (2a, 152) — Baranauskas, Barſzis (2a, 162) — Baršys, Bartkus (2b, 137) — Bartkus, Borowſki (2a, 163) — Baráuskas, Braga (2a, 94) — Brogą, Brazelis (2a, 21) — Brazėlis, Brazunas (2a, 148) — Bražiūnas, Buteykis (2b, 125) — Buteikys, Butkus (2a, 146) — Butkus, Czelkis (2b, 130) — Čelkis, Czernis (2a, 95) — Černys, Czernius (2a, 97) — Černius, Czypas (2a, 98) — Čypas, Dąbrowski (2a, 74) — Dambrauskas, Danis (2a, 159) — Danys, Dapkus (2a, 152) — Dáṗkus, Devenis (2a, 92) — Devėnis, Dyszris (2a, 36) — Diržys, Dogis (2a, 42) — Dagys, Dulkie (2a, 147) — Dulkė, Gacionis (2a, 8) — Gacónis, Grygalunas (2a, 30) — Grigalūnas, Iakowicz (2a, 39) — Jakavičius, Jankowſki (2a, 155) — Jankauskas, Iawoyſz (2a, 25) — Jovaiša, Iodele (2a, 160) — Juodelė, Iokubaitis (2a, 29) — Jokūbaitis, Iuchna (2b, 114) — Juknà, Iurkiewicz (2a, 39) — Jurkėvičius, Iurkowſki (2a, 95) — Jurkauskas, Iuſzkiewicz (2a, 162) — Juškevičius, Kabwelis (2a, 35) — Kalvėlis, Kaminſki (2a, 144) — Kaminskas, Karnacżius (2a, 161) — Karnočius, Karpowicz (2a, 166) — Karpavičius, Kawalunas (2a, 73) — Kavaliūnas, Kazławskiſ (2a, 26) — Kazlauskas, Keleczius (2b, 142) — Kelėčius, Keſilis (2a, 143) — Kešylis, Kierſzulis (2a, 40) — Keršulis, Kiestutis (2a, 52) — Kęstutis, Kriwickas (2a, 77) — Kriwickas, Kuzma (2b, 134) — Kuzmà, Kwederas (2b, 130) — Kvedėras, Leykas (2a, 63) — Leikus, Lelis (2a, 14) — Lėlis, Loszynſki (2a, 2) — Lašinskas, Lukaſziunus (2a, 147) — Lukošiūnas, Mackiewicz (2a, 39) — Mačkevičius, Magila (2a, 77) — Magylà, Maiewski (2a, 76) — Majauskas, Mainele (2a, 151) — Mainėlis, Maletas (2a, 104) — Maletà, Markiewicz (2a, 86) — Markevičius, Maſilewski (2a, 144) — Masiliàuskas, Matulenas (2a, 17) — Matulėnas, Matulewicz (2a, 103) — Matusevičius, Mazielis (2a, 24) — Mažėlis, Meytus (2a, 23) — Meilus, Mekſzenas (2a, 144) — Mekšėnas, Meſzkiete (2a, 98) — Meškėlė, Mickunas (2b, 111) — Mickūnas, Mierkis (2a, 26) — Mierkis, Mierkys, Mikėnas (2a, 52) — Mikėnas, Mikſżis (2a, 99) — Mikšys, Mitaknis (2a, 156) — Milāknis, Miſiaunas (2a, 105) — Mišiūnas, Namaiuszka (2a, 149) — Namajuška, Narkunas (2a, 91) — Narkūnas, Nieniſzkis (2a, 158) — Neniškis, Puknius (2a, 81) — Pūknìus, Pumputis (2a, 165) — Pumputis, Puteykis (2a, 15) — Puteikis, Putra (2a, 2) — Putrà, Rogiński (2a, 11) — Ragińskas, Romanowski (2a, 46) — Ramanauskas, Jeraſin (2b, 128) — Serapinas, Skreb (2a, 147) — Skrebà, Skrebyś, Skrupſki (2a, 90) — Skrupskis, Stankiewicz (2a, 100) — Stankevičius, Stasiukelis (2a, 67) — Stasiūnėlis, Staſzelis (2a, 164) — Stašelis, Staſzys (2a, 5) — Stašys, Staſzkiewicz (2b, 139) — Staskevičius, Streẏkus (2a, 143) — Streikus, Swilus (2a, 101) — Svìlas, Szab.ſki (2a, 150) — Šabānskas, Szakalys (2a, 148) — Šakalys, Szydtowski (2a, 103) — Šidlauskas, Szyleykis (2a, 94) — Šilei-

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kis, [zymkunas (2a, 148) – Šimkūnas, [zypas (2b, 139) – Šipas, [zruk]ztulis (2a, 166) – Šiukštulis, [zupinis (2a, 102) – Šiupinys, Tarwidz (2b, 136) – Tarvydis, Tawele (2b, 136) – Taurėlė, Tiunas (2a, 95) – Tiūnas, Towian]ki (2a, 161) – Taujūnskas, Tumonis (2b, 115) – Tumōnis, Urbanowicz (2a, 156) – Urbanavičius, Wayciūnas (2a, 99) – Vaičiūnas, Waykutis (2b, 129) – Vaikutis, Waynius (2a, 143) – Vainius, Wanagas (2a, 100) – Vānagas, Wo[li]w[ki (2a, 153) – Vasiliauskas, Waszkielis (2a, 65) – Vaškėlis, Werfzelis (2a, 16) – Veršelis, Wilutis (2a, 151) – Vilūtis, Witkow[ki (2a, 155) – Vitkauskas, Wittan (2a, 7) – Vitonis, Woyciakowski (2a, 108) – Vaicekauskas, Woytkiewicz (2b, 139) – Vaitkevičius, Wol[ki (2a, 166) – Valskys, Wroblew[ki (2a, 153) – Vrubliáuskas, Zawisza (2b, 127) – Zaviša, Zgrunda (2a, 144) – Zgrūnda, Žukas (2a, 22) – Žūkas, Żukow[ki (2b, 139) – Žukáuskas, Zurza (2a, 42) – Zurza.These source personal names had already become surnames by 1691–1719. Thus, the period in which the aforementioned present-day surnames took shape was the late seventeenth century.

There are 353 personal names with exact counterparts among present-day surnames, although these surnames are common in various other parts of Lithuania. They make up 33.6% of all the distinct personal names in the second church register.

A total of 390 (i.e., 35.9%) personal names in the second church register have no counterparts among present-day surnames. Some of them may be identified with surnames of the same origin but different formation. The latter are also common in the Kriaunos parish or nearby. There are 104 such personal names, i.e., 9.6%. Among them, too, there are quite a few diminutive or patronymic derivatives that later apparently lost these suffixes. This is evidenced by surnames currently common in the parish and nearby, e.g.: Augustinas – Augustinėlis (2a, 25), Augustinienas (2a, 51), Augustinonė (2a, 36), Baliūlis – Balulenas (2a, 8), Bražiūnas – Bražiūnelis (2a, 27), Daratėnas – Daratenelis (2a, 3), Daunys – Daunimas (2a, 97), Drisiūnas – Dryšiūnas (2a, 148), Girčys – Girczelis (2a, 147), Karnōčius – Karnaczun (2a, 59), Laukis, Laukūkas – Laukiena, Palivonas – Palivonelis (2a, 20), Plepiš – Plepkas (2a, 153), Skardinskas – [skardynskielis (2a, 5), Staniulis – [staniulelis (2a, 23), Streikus – Streykunas (2a, 59), and so on.

Among other things, such parallels between personal names attest that surname formation was still under way in the Kriaunos parish in the early eighteenth century, and that the development toward the stabilization of their final forms was ongoing.

There are 128 personal names (i.e., 11.8%) whose counterparts among present-day surnames, recorded farther from the Kriaunos parish, are of the same origin but formed differently.

There are 126 personal names (i.e., 11.6%) in the second church register that can be called extinct, e.g. (the personal names from the first source mentioned above are not repeated): Ble[zkus (2a, 150), Blij[zkus (2b, 133), Boni[zko (2a, 154), Brinczis (2a, 145), Butra (2a, 73), Buza (2a, 7), Dabunis (2a, 105), Derpskas (2a, 81), Dilawga (2a, 107), Eybudis (2a, 42), Gawza (2a, 149), Gera[zenow[ki (2b, 136), Gubtaris (2a, 57), Gito[zman (2a, 48), Kaparelis (2a, 22), Kasianacki (2a, 71), Kazieponelis (2a, 73), Kiawrunas (2b, 129),

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Kuitis (2b, 126), Kutaukis (2a, 60), Kuparis (2a, 77), Kupciunzyntis (2a, 6), Medginelis (2a, 46), Midegunas (2b, 110), Minginanis (2b, 131), Minkštautis (2b, 137), Murklis (2a, 54), Mužyra (2a, 163), Niaukie (2a, 41), Osmolški (2a, 96), Pabaras (2a, 101), Pakerčis (2a, 54), Pekariūnas (2a, 70), Pietnikas (2a, 164), Plagie (2b, 122), Prowadzeviča (2b, 139), Purpsis (2a, 105), Pustnikas (2a, 106), Reymelis (2a, 94), Rytnebis (2b, 135), Ruckowski (2b, 136), Skybildo (2b, 117), Skirunas (2a, 47), Smegis (2a, 52), Spiewakganas (2a, 47), Suvin[k]tė (2a, 161), Szapowal (2a, 102), [zjupe]lis (2a, 7), [zju]rzulas (2a, 157), [zmej]zelis (2a, 147), Tūnožintis (2a, 90), Tokaldis (2b, 138), Wagniunas (2a, 1), Wayszwidelis (2a, 1), Wejbutis (2b, 118), Weykierys (2a, 25), Werbekas (2b, 131), Wiratelis (2a, 161), Wisdėwas (2a, 24), Wiwulski (2a, 54), Zelasko (2a, 144), Zmekielis (2a, 106).

Thirty-two (i.e., 2.9%) of the personal names in the second source, whose forms are very unclear, were not compared with present-day surnames.

Concluding remarks

1. An examination of the anthroponymy in two church registers from the parish of Kraujai, written in 1676–1719, shows that during this period the two-part naming of men had become the norm. Of the 6,800 men mentioned in both sources, only 40 are identified by fewer than two personal names. The first element of a two-part name is a given name. At this time, only Christian given names were in use. The second element is a surname or another personal name that has taken its place.

Women were named in a more varied manner. This was determined by the nature of the sources, that is, church registers. Apparently, a particular formula for entries was customary in them. Consequently, the mothers of baptized infants were usually identified only by their baptismal name. In the first church register, 75% of mothers were recorded in this way, and in the second, 83.96%. Their other forms of identification are two-part.

Godmothers were most often recorded by two personal names, as were brides and female witnesses when marriages were registered. In both church registers, approximately 98% of these women were identified in this way.

2. The formation of personal names in the church registers shows that men’s personal names are essentially no different from present-day surnames. All the Lithuanian and Slavic patronymic and other suffixes known today occur.

The frequency of the Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -onis, -ūnas, and -ėnas in both church registers indicates that they were widespread precisely in the northeastern part of Lithuania. Among other things, this also confirms the results of earlier studies³⁹.

The diminutive suffixes -ėlis, -ė, -ėlis, and -ė are unusually frequent in personal names. The fact that most derivatives formed with these suffixes in both sources also have counterparts without the suffix could indicate that the formation of some surnames in this parish had not yet been completed, or that their final forms had not yet become established.

The formation of women’s personal names differs essentially from that of their present-day sur-

39 Cf. Maciejauskienė V. The distribution of Lithuanian personal-name suffixes in the 17th century // Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1977. Vol. 17. P. 159–168.

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formation. Today, the Slavic suffixes -ova, -ovna, which are very common in both church books, are no longer used at all (as is known, men’s personal names have “brought” into present-day usage all the elements of Slavic formation acquired over several centuries).

The Lithuanian suffixes -yčia, -ūčia and others, also common in both sources, are not used in the standard language either. Today, they are known only in dialects.

The Lithuanian suffix -ienė (and, very rarely, -užienė) used in the church books links the formation of women’s personal names in the 17th–18th-century Kriaunos parish with that of the present day.

The meaning, use, and frequency of the suffixes indicate that the personal names of married women (godmothers and witnesses) were more often formed with Slavic suffixes, whereas those of unmarried women (mothers of infants, who are usually identified by their fathers, and brides) were formed with Lithuanian suffixes.

In the second church book, Slavic suffixes became more frequent: the -sk- type for men’s personal names and -ova for women’s. This most likely bears witness to the intensifying Slavicization of Lithuanian personal names.

3. An analysis of the origins of personal names shows that 44.44% of the personal names in the first church book and 40.38% in the second are of Lithuanian origin. It is believed that such surnames account for 30% today.

Among personal names of non-Lithuanian origin, the most common are those derived from baptismal names. They make up 21.55% of all distinct personal names in the first book and 25.06% in the second. Most of the others are derived from appellatives in various Slavic languages. These account for 9.48% of personal names in the first source and 12.34% in the second.

The origins of some personal names are unclear or open to various interpretations.

4. Linguistic and, more often, evidently extralinguistic circumstances determined the variation in personal names. Discussion of the various forms found in both sources convincingly attests to the influence of this phenomenon on the authenticity of the gender forms of most Lithuanian surnames. Admittedly, the nature of church books makes it impossible to determine precisely whether the forms presented really arose from the same personal names referring to the same individual. Therefore, when assessing the study of variants, a certain possible margin of error should also be borne in mind.

5. The anthroponymy of the church books also attests to certain phenomena of the Slavicization of Lithuanian personal names during this period.

The various forms of phonetic Slavicization are noteworthy. However, this process is not regular. Personal-name forms with and without endings vary. Some personal names in both sources are recorded without endings. There are also Slavicized Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -ūnas, -onis, -aitis. They have been replaced by -uniec, -anis and -aniec, -oyc.

The overall context of the church-book anthroponymy made it possible to regard some personal names in the sources bearing the suffixes -ovič, -evič or containing -sk- as having been Slavicized relatively recently through the use of those suffixes. In addition, a dozen or so possible cases of Slavicization through translation of personal-name roots and stems were observed.

6. A comparison of the distinct personal names in both church books with present-day surnames shows that in the first source 56.3% and in the second, written later, 63.7% of personal names have exact counterparts among present-day

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surnames. Thus, some of the personal names used in the Kriaunai parish in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries may already have become surnames. Others were merely temporary, non-hereditary forms and, it seems, often reflected the unofficial naming of persons recorded in the church books. This is especially true of the relatively frequent derivatives with the diminutive and endearing suffixes -elis, -ė, -ėlis, -ė. Some personal names used during the period under discussion have disappeared completely. The results of the aforementioned comparison of the personal names in the sources with present-day surnames lead to the conclusion that surname formation and the final stabilization of surname forms in the Kriaunai parish had not yet been completed in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

PERSONAL NAMES IN THE PARISH OF KRIAUNAI

Abstract

Following an analysis of the anthroponymy in two church books from Kriaunai, written in the years 1676–1719, the article presents the following principal findings:

1. During this period, two-part naming became the norm. In both sources, out of 6,800 persons, only 40 men are named with a single name. The first component of a two-part name is the given name; the second is a surname or another personal name serving in its place.

The naming of women was more varied. This was determined by the nature of the sources, i.e. the church books. Mothers of infants are recorded with one name, while godmothers are recorded with two personal names. In marriage register entries, the names of brides and witnesses are two-part.

2. The formation of personal names in the church books shows that male personal names differ little from present-day surnames.

The formation of female personal names, however, differs fundamentally from the present-day formation of female surnames. Today, the Slavic suffixes -ova, -ovna are no longer used at all, although they occur frequently in both church books. In the standard language, Lithuanian suffixes -yčia, -ūčia, -aičia, among others, which occur frequently in the sources but are known only in dialects, are no longer used. The Lithuanian suffix -ienė (very rarely -uvienė) used in the church books links the formation of female personal names in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Kriaunai parish with the present day.

3. An examination of the origins of personal names shows that 44.44% of the personal names in Book 1 and 40.38% in Book 2 are of Lithuanian origin. Today, about 30% of surnames are of this kind.

4. Linguistic, and often extralinguistic, factors determined the variability of personal names. The different variants found in the two sources certainly affected the authenticity of the forms of most Lithuanian surnames.

5. The church books exhibit certain instances of the Slavicization of Lithuanian personal names. The varied phonetic Slavicization is noteworthy, but it is not consistent. Personal-name forms with and without endings vary. Slavicized Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -ūnas, -onis, -utis occur; they have been transformed into -uniec, -anis or -aniec, -oyc.

The overall anthroponymic context of the church books allows some personal names in these sources with the suffixes -ovič, -evič or -sk- to be regarded as recently Slavicized names. Some cases of the Slavicization of names were identified

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noted where Lithuanian roots were translated.

6. Comparing the various personal names in both church registers with present-day surnames, one can observe that 56.3% of the personal names in the 1st source and 63.7% in the 2nd source have exact counterparts among current surnames. It can be concluded that so many personal names in the parish of Kriaunos at the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century could have become surnames. Other personal names were provisional, not inherited, and did not constitute an official designation of persons in the church registers. Consequently, the formation and final stabilization of surname forms in the parish of Kriaunos had not yet been completed during this period.

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