Vokiškos kilmės drabužių ir apavo pavadinimai lietuvių kalboje

Danutė Sabaliauskaitė

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LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXV (1995)

LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOLOGIJOS TYRINĖJIMAI

Danutė SABALIAUSKAITĖ

CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR NAMES OF GERMANIC ORIGIN IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE

The Balts came into contact with Germanic tribes as early as before the Common Era. The earliest were the contacts between the East Germanic peoples and the Prussians, which left certain traces in the lexicon of the Prussian language.

The first borrowings from German entered Lithuanian, apparently, in the 13th–14th centuries.¹ At that time, a considerable number of German merchants and craftsmen came to Lithuania. Some official documents began to be written not only in Latin or in the chancery Slavic language, but also in German. And in the 16th–17th centuries, after the ideas of the Reformation reached Lithuania, German services began to be held in the Lutheran churches of Kaunas, Kėdainiai, and Biržai, and German was taught in some schools². Books on religious subjects by German authors began to be translated into Lithuanian.

All this could not but influence the Lithuanian language. The inhabitants of those parts of Lithuania that maintained close ties with German-colonized East Prussia experienced a strong influence from German. The Lithuanian spoken in this region, which was later completely Germanized, shows a particularly strong German influence.

K. Alminauskis (Alminas) conducted the most extensive research on Germanisms in Lithuanian. In his work “Germanisms in the Lithuanian Language”³, he presented about 2,800 borrowings from German. However, a large proportion of them are words used in Lithuania Minor, which had already become almost completely German-speaking, and in the press of that region.

J. Sehwers⁴, who studied borrowings from German in Latvian, lists about 2,750 Germanisms. Of course, only some of them entered standard Latvian.

Germanisms associated with various crafts, agriculture, and household life became the most widespread in Lithuanian. There are also quite a number of clothing and footwear names of German origin. This is not surprising, since clothing and footwear are among the realities that particularly reflect the ties between peoples and their material culture. Clothing and footwear names are exceptionally mobile: they travel from one language to another more often than other words. The Indo-European languages do not share common older

¹ Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai 2. Vilnius, 1959, 84—98; Sabaliauskas A. Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius, 1990, 257—259; Salys A. Raštai 3, Įvairūs straipsniai, Roma, 1985, 68—69; Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių kalbos istorija 2, Iki pirmųjų raštų, Vilnius, 1987, 115—117.

² Vengrienė E. Apie kalbų dėstymą senajame Vilniaus universitete (1579—1831). — Kalbotyra 10, 1964, 237—239.

³ Alminauskis K. Die Germanismen des Litauischen, Kaunas, 1935.

⁴ Sehwers J. Sprachlich- kulturhistorische Untersuchungen vornehmlich über den deutschen Einfluss im Lettischen, Berlin, 1953.

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of these realia. Thus, many loans of this type entered Lithuanian from German—sometimes directly, sometimes through other languages. In turn, other peoples, including the Germans, also borrow names for clothing and footwear from Lithuanian.

The following names for clothing and footwear of German origin were collected from various sources. The main sources consulted were K. Alminauskis’s work, mentioned above, and the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ) and its card index.

CLOTHING

alsdokas “neckerchief,” cf. Low German halsdōk “ditto.” This is a word of German origin, cf. modern German Halstuch< Hals “neck” + Tuch< (*dōka-) “scarf.”

Lith. alsdokas is a very rare form, mentioned in P. Ruigys’s 18th-century dictionary (R 189). More common are forms of this word that came through Slavic languages: álstrikas, álstūkas, gálstikas, gálstūkas, gálstūkas.

The Latvians also borrowed the German word alzduogs “ditto” (Sehwers 2, 245).

áncugas, áncūgas “suit,” cf. German Anzug “ditto.” A word of German origin, cf. German anziehen “to put on” (Kluge 26—27).

Lith. áncugas was known in Lithuania Minor, occurs in some parts of Suvalkija, and is used by western Samogitians (Janavičienė 83; Vaičiulytė 119).

Latvians also have this loanword, cf. Latvian ancuks “ditto” (Reķena 465).

aubė “women’s cap, bonnet,” cf. German Haube “ditto” (Alm 28). Haube is of Germanic origin and is associated with Polish kubek “cup,” Greek κῦφος “hump,” and Sanskrit kubhra- “humpbacked” (Kluge 292; Pfeifer 514).

Lith. aubė is a rare word, used in Lithuania Minor. See also haubė.

Latvian aube “ditto” entered Latvian in the first half of the 19th century; it is a standard-language word (Sehwers 4, 244; ME I 214; LLVV I 488).

bikšės, bikšvės, bikšvos, bikšios, bikšvės “trousers,” cf. Low German büxe and East Prussian German bekse “ditto” (Alm 31). A word of German origin, cf. German Buxe “ditto,” derived from buck-hose “goatskin trousers,” cf. English buckskin “deerskin trousers” (Kluge 115; Pfeifer 189).

In Lithuanian dialects there are also other words with an alternating v in the position between a consonant and a vowel: vapsvà//vapsà, lýsvė//lýsė. Loanwords were also adapted to forms of this kind: morkvà//morkà, buksva “bushing” //buksà (LD 199).

The word is widespread in the western part of Lithuania (LKŽ I 813, 814). It appeared in written language in the 19th century: the form bikšios occurs in the works of S. Daukantas and in “Aušra” (A 1885, 340), while bikšvės occurs in A. Juška’s dictionary and in “Lietuviškos dainos” (J I 207; JD 181).

Incidentally, the form bikšės also occurs in the vicinity of Biržai and Rokiškis (LKŽ I 813). It apparently entered this area from Latvian, cf. Latvian bikses “ditto.” The Latvian term is used not only in dialects but also in the standard language (Sehwers 11, 234; ME I 925; Karulis I 126; LLVV II 89). See also būksos.

Interestingly, this name for trousers spread across many countries of Central and Northern Europe; cf. Polish dialect buksy, Estonian püksid, Swedish byxor, Norwegian bukser,

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Icelandic buxur, Danish bukser.

binda, binta “neck tie, band,” cf. German Binde “same” (Alm 31).

A word of German origin; cf. German binden “to tie” (Kluge 78; Pfeifer 140).

The loanword was used in Lithuania Minor (BzF 100; LKŽ I 829).

bliože “vest,” cf. German Blase “blister” (LKŽ I 922). As a clothing term, this loanword is used in only a few places in Suvalkija. More common meanings are “blister; tobacco pouch; a certain kind of purse.” Lithuanian bliūžė, bliūžė may have influenced this change in meaning. Or perhaps it was sometimes used to refer to a wide, bulging vest.

bliūžė, bliūžė “short women’s bodice, short jacket,” cf. German Bluse “same” (Alm 33; FrnW 50). The Germans adopted it from the French in the early nineteenth century; cf. French blouse “robe, blouse.” Its further etymology is unclear; the French word may be related to Medieval Latin pelusia “garment from Pelusium.” Pelusium was an Egyptian city where this garment was made (Kluge 86; Pfeifer 152; Dauzat 94; Klein 181).

The Lithuanian bliūžė is widespread in the Klaipėda Region (KŽ 317; LKŽ I 932–933). The forms bliūžė, bliūžka, bliūžkė, which came via Polish, are more common in Lithuanian dialects; cf. Polish bluza, bluzka “blouse” (FrnW 50; LKŽ I 932).

Blūze “same” is a word in standard Latvian (LLVV II 105). It was also used by the Kursenieki of the Curonian Spit (Pietsch 78).

būksos, būksvos, būksvės “trousers,” cf. German Buxe “same.” The origin of this word is problematic. It has been thought to be a Polonism; cf. Polish buksy “same” (Skardžius 48). However, it is probably more likely that, like the loanword biksės, this word came directly from German, especially considering that it was used in Lithuania Minor and is recorded in its written sources from the early eighteenth century (Urbutis 6–7; Q 278; B; Kabelka 64; R 210; MŽ 280; K 63). In the second half of the nineteenth century, the name was still known in Lithuania Minor: In summer men wore woven trousers... In winter these were būksvos made of broadcloth (Kapeleris 346). Today it is used much less often than biksės, occurring only in the small area between Raseiniai, Jurbarkas, and Veliuona (JD 1375; LKŽ I 1144). See also biksės.

drožbantai, drūžbantės “suspenders,” cf. German dialectal dragband, German Tragband “the same” (Alm 46; Grimm XXI 1030). Tragband < tragen “to carry” + Band “strap.”

The phonetic changes in Lithuanian drožbantai apparently arose within Lithuanian. The word was used in Lithuania Minor and occurs in the Western Samogitian dialect (Vaičiulytė 119).

Latvian uses the loanwords trābantes, strābantes “same” (Sehwers 144, 235). The Kursenieki form drābantes, also meaning “suspenders,” was used on the Curonian Spit (Pietsch 76).

džėkė “ankle sock,” cf. East Prussian German žok “short sock” (LKŽ II 1010). It occurs in some parts of eastern Lithuania (it is unclear how it came to be used there). It is found in A. Juška’s dictionary (J I 383). See also žėkė.

élskis “bib,” cf. German dialect helske “bib, collar” (Alm 48). A word of German origin; cf. German Hals “neck.”

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Used in Lithuania Minor (KŽ 526; LKŽ II 1127; I. Simon.). filcas “hat,” cf. German Filz “felt; felt hat” (Alm 50). German Filz “felt hat” is a shortened form of German Filzhut (Kluge 197). Lithuanian filcas was used in Lithuania Minor. See also filcas “a shoe made of white felt and leather.”

fioras “veil,” cf. German Flor “crêpe (fabric), veil.” Recorded in P. Ruigys’ dictionary (R 144). See also plióras.

haubė “woman’s cap, coif,” cf. German Haube “same” (Alm 56). Found in some Lithuanian dictionaries (K I 190; LKŽ III 787). See also aubė.

jėkė, jākė, jāksas, jāksas, jākse “an old-fashioned woman’s garment; waistcoat,” jākas “jacket,” cf. German Jacke “(short) jacket,” Jäckchen “little jacket” (Alm 57; FrnW 189). It is not entirely clear how the form jakas came into Lithuanian. It is quite possible that it came via Polish, cf. Polish jak, jaka “short jacket, jacket” (LKŽ IV 290). It is also possible that the word was formed in Lithuanian itself: alongside the feminine form jėkės, meaning “waistcoat,” the masculine form jākas, meaning “jacket,” came into use. The Germans borrowed this name from French in the 15th century, cf. French jaque “short men’s jacket.” Linguists’ views diverge thereafter. Some believe that the French received the word from Arabic via Spanish, cf. Arabic šakk “armor” (Kluge 329; Dauzat 417, 418; Brückner 197; Oxford 490). Others argue that the name of the garment derives from the proper name Jacques (< Jacobus), used as a nickname for French peasants who wore this garment (Pfeifer 593; Klein I 823).

The word is first mentioned in written Lithuanian in the 19th century (J I 678; JV 718). Forms meaning “waistcoat” are used by the western Highlanders of Kaunas and the southern Highlanders, while the form jākas is used by the western Samogitians (DrskŽ 125; Mastonytė 181; LKŽ IV 290, 291, 292, 338, 339).

From German, the word entered Latvian and Estonian, cf. Latvian jaka (in some dialects jaks) “jacket, coat,” Estonian jakk, jake “same” (Sehwers 43, 233; ME II 95; EH I 558; Reķēna 462; LLVV IV 24). There it is used in the standard language.

jópė, jópkė, jópa “short woman’s jacket; waistcoat,” júopa “short jacket; blouse,” cf. German Joppe “jacket; waistcoat” (LKŽ IV 357, 423). Around 1200, the Germans borrowed this garment name from Old Italian, cf. Italian giuppa “jacket; undergarment,” which had received it from Arabic, cf. Arabic ġubba “long-sleeved outer garment” (Kluge 333; Pfeifer 599—600).

In Lithuanian written monuments, the form jópė is first mentioned in the early 18th century (Brand 95). The name was used in Lithuania Minor (K 159; KŽ 996; I. Simon.), and is still occasionally found around Klaipėda and Šakiai (LKŽ IV 357). Much more common are forms that came via Polish: jupà “such an outer garment; dress,” jupìkas, jupìkis “skirt,” jùpkis “jacket, coat,” cf. Polish dialectal jupa “long women’s garment; woman’s waistcoat,” jupka “old-fashioned wom-

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a garment; jacket; blouse” (LKŽ IV 430).

Latvian jupkins, jupks “women’s jacket” (EH I 567) is also of German origin. kamziolė, kamzūlė, kamzōlė, kamzōlis, kamzūlė, kamzūlė, kamzūlė, kamzūle, komzūlė “waistcoat.” The route by which this word entered Lithuanian is unclear; cf. Low German kamsol (Modern German Kamisol) “blouse, jacket, coat,” Polish kamzola, kamzula “a garment resembling a blouse,” Russian камзол, брус. камзол “waistcoat; blouse” (FrnW 214; Alm 61). Perhaps some forms came from German, and others from one of the Slavic languages. The name entered German and Slavic languages via French; cf. French camisole “blouse,” from Italian, cf. Italian camisiola < camicia “shirt,” derived from Latin camīsia “ibid.” (Sławski II 38—9; Brückner 215; Borejszo 14; ЭСБМ IV 223; Фасмер II 175; Kluge 343; Dauzat 132).

The Lithuanian name is mentioned in 19th-century and early 20th-century dictionaries and folklore collections. It was known in Lithuania Minor and is now used by Samogitians and Western Highlanders (LKŽ V 192; VI 327). Incidentally, Lithuanian dialects also have somewhat different forms of this word, transmitted through Slavic languages: kamizėlka, kamzėlka; cf. Polish kamizelka, Belarusian камзэлка “ibid.”.

Latvian and Estonian borrowed the name from German; cf. Latvian kamzolis, kamzulis, Estonian kamsul “ibid.” (ME II 153; Sehwers 46, 230; Karulis I 376).

kapė “a kind of women’s hat”; cf. Low German kappe, German Kappe “a kind of head covering, cap” (Alm 62; FrnW 216). The word entered German from Vulgar Latin; cf. Latin cappa “a kind of head covering; a cloak with a hood” (Kluge 349; Pfeifer 620).

Lithuanian kāpė was first recorded in written language in the 18th century (R 219). It was used in Lithuania Minor (MŽ 292; N 178; [K 166]; KŽ 1035; LKŽ V 230).

The loanword kape “cap” also occurs in Latvian (Sehwers 47).

kapūžas, kapūžė, kapūžinė “a large fishermen’s cap reaching the shoulders; an earflap cap”; cf. German dialectal kapūs, German Kapuže “a hood attached to a cloak” (Alm 63). The origin of this word is not entirely clear; it may also have entered Lithuanian through Polish; cf. Polish kapuza “hood,” which is itself a Germanism (LKŽ V 254, 255; Sławski II 63). German Kapuže came from Italian; cf. Italian cappuccio “cap, hood,” or from Vulgar Latin; cf. Latin caputium “monk’s hood.” It is ultimately related to Vulgar Latin cappa “a kind of head covering” (Kluge 350; Pfeifer 621).

The Lithuanian name was used in Lithuania Minor and in some parts of Samogitia (K 167; KŽ 1038; S.Dauk; JR 104).

katėkis, kartekis “veil, cloth for covering something”; cf. German Katek, Kartek “a skirt made of a certain kind of satin or silk” (LKŽ V 407). It is probably ultimately related to German Kardisz, Cartis, Cattis “a certain woollen fabric” (Grimm XI 211, 238—239, 274).

Both forms of the Lithuanian name are attested in the written language of Lithuania Minor: kartekis—in the 17th century (Lex 37)⁵, katėkis—from the 18th century onward (R 144, 193;

5 The meaning of kartekis is given there as “flea.” This is an error; cf. U r b u t i s V. “Lexicon Lithuanicum” (review). — Baltistica 26(2), 1990, 188.

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MŽ 189; [K 175]; KŽ 1061; TP 1881, 16; Kel 1881, 144; LC 1888, 27).

kedelỹs, kėdilis “skirt, petticoat; dress; short jacket,” cf. Low German keddel, East Prussian German kėdel “short coat; skirt” (Alm 64; K.Būg II 296; FrnW 234). This is a dialectal form of German Kittel “coat, jacket.” The word entered European languages from Arabic, cf. Arabic quṭun “cotton”; it reached German in the 13th century (Kluge 371; Pfeifer 658; Klein 848).

In Lithuanian, kedelỹs was first recorded in the 17th century (Lex 54 (meaning “jacket”); PrL XVII 19 (meaning “skirt”)). It is found in later dictionaries of Lithuania Minor and folklore collections, and occurs in the works of K. Donelaitis (B; R 294, 384; MŽ 298, 516; K 175; N 189; KŽ 1073; Jrk 12; KlvD 35; KlpD 19; Kabelka 109). It is also found in A. Juška’s dictionary and his folklore collections (J II 64; JD 258; JV 1022).

The name is used in one sense or another by Western Samogitians, the Highlanders of the Klaipėda region, and some Kaunas-area Western Highlanders (LKA I 115ž., 193; At Pp 12ž.; LKŽ V 480, 482). See also kitelis.

By the way, Latvians also borrowed the word from German, cf. Latvian ķedele, ķedelės “skirt”; the Curonians of the Curonian Spit, cf. Curonian ķedile “ditto”; and Poles, cf. Polish kiedel “blouse” (Sehwers 62, 232; ME II 359; Pietsch 78; Slawski II 179—180).

kitelis, kitlius “military-cut jacket; linen jacket, coat,” cf. German Kittel “(work) smock; blouse; jacket” (K. Būg III 672; LKŽ V 904). It is found in some dialects of Western Lithuania and in dictionaries (J II 134; KŽ 1130).

Kiteliš “smock” is used in standard Latvian (LLVV IV 549). See also kedelys.

kleidà, kleidė “dress,” cf. German Kleid “garment, dress” (Alm 67). A word of Germanic origin, cf. English cloth “garment,” Dutch kleed “ditto,” which in turn are tentatively linked to Old English clōðan “to fasten” (Kluge 375; Pfeifer 666; Klein 302).

The word was first recorded in Lithuanian written sources in the second half of the 19th century (Sch 164; K 189). It was used in Lithuania Minor (KlvD 43; I. Simon). Today it occurs in border areas of Lithuania that had connections with East Prussia (LKŽ VI 31). By the way, forms kleitã, kleitė “dress” and kleitos “trousers” are found in the vicinity of Joniškis and Pakruojis, but they came through Latvian, cf. Latvian kleita “dress.” The Latvian word is used in the standard language (Sehwers 50, 233; EH I 613; LLVV IV 258).

kozoliai “a priest’s liturgical garment, surplice,” cf. German Kasel “cape with a hood” (LKŽ VI 392). It entered German from Latin, cf. Latin casula “ditto” (Sanders I 873; Grimm XI 254). French chasuble “chasuble (a priest’s vestment for Mass)” also derives from the Latin form *casubula. These Latin words are ultimately related to Latin casa “small house” (Dauzat 165).

In Lithuanian, the loanword is recorded only in the so-called early 18th-century Krause dictionary (Q 110).

kūzas “short jacket; women’s vest; blouse,” cf. German dialectal

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kus “a poor garment” or East Prussian German kuz “short, small” (Alm 77; Fr I 450, 452). The loanword was known in Lithuania Minor (K 214; II 82; KŽ 1261; LKŽ VI 1016).

The word kuzijākas (kuzijōkas, kuziokas, kuzjakė), meaning the same thing, also occurs in Lithuanian. Some linguists consider it a Germanism; compare kūzas (German dialectal kuz, kus) and jākas (German Jacke “short jacket, coat”), or compare German dialectal kōz jāke “traveling cloak” (Alm 77; Janavičienė 83). However, the loanword probably entered Lithuanian from Polish; compare Polish kozyjaka, kazyjaka, kazyaka “an upper garment for men resembling a waistcoat.”

leiprokas “an outer garment worn by a clergyman”; compare German Leibrock “jacket; cloak; skirt; cassock,” < Leib “torso” + Rock “jacket; skirt” (Alm 78).

It is recorded in the Lithuanian written language from the 18th century (R 241; MŽ 322).

lýpkė, lýpkis “waistcoat”; compare German dialectal līfke “same.” This is a word of German origin; compare German Leibchen “same,” a diminutive form of German Leib “torso” (Fr II 19; Grimm XII 591).

The name is found in the 19th-century press of Lithuania Minor (K I 165; II 350; LC 1879, 21). It is now rarely used (Dov, Kv; LKŽ VIII 566).

It also occurs in Latvian; compare līvķis, lūbķens “same” (Sehwers 72, 73, 232). The form līvķe was used by the Curonians of the Curonian Spit (Voelkel 17; Pietsch 76, 78).

liùčius, liùčas, lìčas “a worn-out, poor-quality skirt.” This is a word of uncertain origin. E. Fraenkel derives it from German; compare German Litze “ribbon, edging” (FrnW 363). It may be possible to connect the word with Polish tyczak “sackcloth.”

The word appeared in Lithuanian written sources only in the 20th century; it is recorded in the area between Rokiškis, Kupiškis, Panevėžys, Pakruojis, Radviliškis, Raseiniai, and Kėdainiai (LKŽ VII 400, 597; LKA I 115ž., 193).

mandūra, mandūras, mandūrė “military jacket”; compare German Montur “same” (Alm 84; FrnW 405). The word entered German from French; compare French monture “a soldier’s uniform” (Dauzat 484; Фасмер III 9).

The loanword is found in 19th- and 20th-century Lithuanian dictionaries and folklore collections; it still occurs today in some parts of Samogitia (D 114; ND 346; KlpD 41; K 242; KŽ 1363; LKŽ VII 824, 825). Forms of this name that came via Russian are more common: mandaras, manderà, mandièra, mùndiera, mundìerius, mundyras, mundyrius. It is not entirely clear whether the forms mundūra, mundūras, mundùrs entered Lithuanian via Russian or German; compare Russian мундур “same” and German Montur.

màntelis, mentelis “cloak; jacket”; compare German Mantel and East Prussian German mentel “same.” The route by which this loanword entered Lithuanian is not entirely clear. Some sources distinguish the meanings of màntelio: it is thought that, in the sense of a traveling cloak, the form came from German, whereas in the sense of a garment worn over other clothes or a dust coat, it came from Polish; compare Polish mantel “cloak” (Alm 84; FrnW 409; Skardžius 127). The source of German Mantel is Latin mantum “short cloak” (Kluge 460; Pfeifer 836).

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In Lithuanian, it is first mentioned in 17th-century dictionaries (SD³ 298; Lex 60a). It is also found in later printed sources (R 251; MŽ 335; K 242; N 383, 393; J; KŽ 1365). Some sources record the form mentelis (N 393; Mit II 45 (Prk); KŽ 1396). The term is used by some Samogitians and Suvalkians (DūnŽ 508; LKŽ VII 845; VIII 18). See also menėdelis.

Latvians also have the loanwords maũntelis, mantels, mėntelis, meaning “coat.” Maũntelis is a word of the standard language (Sehwers 76, 79; ME II 601; EH I 782, 800; LLVV V 87).

meñdelis, “short women’s jacket, blouse,” cf. East Prussian German mentel, mantel, “coat; jacket” (Alm 86; FrnW 409, 436). It is used by people from Kretinga and is recorded in A. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (KŽ 1394; LKŽ VII 7). See also mañtelis.

mùčė, mùčė, mùčià, “hat; poor-quality hat; married woman’s cap,” cf. Middle High German mutze, mütze, “hat” (Alm 88; FrnW 467). The word entered German from Vulgar Latin, cf. Latin almucia, “clerical headwear; a hood of this kind covering the head and shoulders,” which had borrowed it from Arabic, cf. Arabic mustakah, “fur cloak with long sleeves.” The latter borrowed the word from Persian, cf. Persian muštā, “fur cloak” (Kluge 497). French aumusse, “headwear,” and Spanish almucio, “ditto,” also derive from Latin (Dauzat 60). Other researchers tend to believe that Latin almucia is of Germanic origin (Pfeifer 903–4).

The term is found in many Lithuanian written sources from as early as the 17th century (Lex 63; R 90, 192, 262; MŽ 173, 350; K 262; J; JV 676, 718, 1022; JD 19; KŽ 1435). It was used by K. Donelaitis (Kabelka 136). It is widespread across a considerable area of Lithuania that was connected with East Prussia (LKŽ VIII 377).

Latvians also have this Germanism, cf. Latvian mice, “tassel, hood, small knitted cap.” It entered Latvian in the late 16th or early 17th century from Low German, cf. Low German mütts(e). It is used in the standard language (Sehwers 79, 194, 243; ME II 622–623; LLVV V 200). The form mičė., found in northern Lithuania, derives from the Latvian word.

Incidentally, this term is also widespread in other countries of Northern and Central Europe, cf. Estonian müts, Swedish mössa, Norwegian møsse, Old Danish myts(e), and Dutch muts. In all these languages, it means “hat.”

mùfas, “muff,” cf. German Muff, “ditto” (Alm 89; FrnW 468). The loanword entered German via Middle Dutch, cf. Dutch moffel, muffel, “fur glove, muff,” from French, cf. French moufle, “large glove,” which in turn took the word from Vulgar Latin, cf. Latin muffula, “fur glove” (Kluge 490; Pfeifer 894; Dauzat 488).

Lithuanian mùfas is recorded only in F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (K II 70). The more common form is muflã, which came via Polish, cf. Polish mufka, “muff.”

The standard Latvian word mufe, “ditto,” also derives from German (LLVV V 280).

nýderis, “underskirt,” cf. German nieder, “downward.” It is found in the vicinity of Kuršėnai (DūnŽ 513).

pliòras, “veil,” cf. German Flor, “veil, crepe” (Alm 102). Into German

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The name entered the language in the 16th century from Dutch, cf. Dutch floers “crepe; velvet.” The origin of the Dutch word is not entirely clear; it is probably related to French velous, velours “velvet,” derived from Latin villōsus “hairy” (Kluge 208; Dauzat 743; Фасмер IV 199).

The name was used in Lithuania Minor (MŽ 189; KŽ 1914). See also flioras.

The word pluōre “ditto” is found in Latvian (Sehwers 93; ME III 364). Incidentally, Estonian has it too, cf. Estonian dialectal plōr “ditto.”

pliūštrokas “coat, overcoat,” cf. German Plüschrock “plush jacket.” German Plüschrock < Plüsch “plush” + Rock “jacket” (Grimm XIII 1949).

The loanword is known in some parts of Samogitia (LKŽ X 283).

raimantelis “short overcoat (usually padded with cotton wool),” cf. German Reitmantel “riding coat,” < reiten “to ride” + Mantel “coat.” It occurs in the vicinity of Pasvalys (LKŽ XI 54).

raitūžės, raitūžės “old-fashioned trousers; riding trousers,” raitūžai “a long coat without tails,” cf. German Reithose “riding trousers,” < reiten “to ride” + Hose “trousers” (LKŽ XI 86). It is used in some parts of Suvalkija and occurs in 19th–20th-century print (Tat; J II 72; KŽ 2052).

rėgenmantelis “raincoat,” cf. German Regenmantel “ditto,” < Regen “rain” + Mantel “coat.” It occurs in the Western Samogitian dialect (Vaičiulytė 122).

rūikis, rūikinės, rūikės, rūikinis “hempen skirt; underskirt,” cf. German Rock “skirt” (Alm 113; FrnW 746). In K. Būga’s view, the loanword entered Lithuanian through Curonian (K. Būg II 304). However, it was most likely borrowed directly from German. In some East Prussian German dialects, a transitional sound o[ə] was pronounced after o. Therefore, rūikis is derived from East Prussian German rook “skirt”⁶. The origin of German Rock is rather unclear. Some linguists try to connect it with Old Irish rucht “tunic, woollen undergarment for men”; others believe it to be a word of Germanic origin (Kluge 604; Pfeifer 1133).

This name for a skirt is used in some parts of Samogitia and is found in several dictionaries from the late 19th to the 20th century (J rūikinis in the sense of ‘poor-quality garment’; KŽ 2106; LKŽ XI 51, 911; LKA 115ž., 193).

rūlis “a type of fur garment,” cf. German dialectal rul “pulley, spool” (LKŽ XI 946). In Lithuanian, rūlis also means “shaft, spool.” Its use as a clothing term is recorded only in Šatės (Skuodas district). An adjective formed from this word is also found there, cf. rūliški kailiniai (LKŽ XI 946).

šv́ras “veil,” cf. East Prussian German schar “ditto.” It was used in “Aušra” and is found in several dictionaries (A 1885, 351; K 426; KŽ 2162; LKŽ XII 570). See also šūras.

⁶ Čepienė N. The origin of the diphthong ui in loanwords from German. — Abstracts of papers from the conference dedicated to the memory of Antanas Salys, Vilnius, 1992, 9.

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skīndelis “a piece of a torn garment, a rag; a tattered garment.” The origin of this word is not entirely clear. It could be suspected to be a Germanism; compare Lithuanian skīndelis, šīndelis “a moth-eaten garment,” derived from German Schindel “the same” (DūnŽ 328). Such a shift in meaning could have arisen already in Lithuanian. However, it is probably more likely to be a word of Lithuanian origin; compare skisti, skinda “to become threadbare, thin, fray”: The shepherds’ shirts and coarse woollen coats are already wearing thin, and the trousers have already worn through, i.e. broken, torn (J). Indeed, the less frequently used form škindelis “rag” is also attested. However, cases of s/š confusion occur in Lithuanian dialects (LD 147–148).

The term is used by the southern Samogitian Varniai dialect speakers (DūnŽ 328; LKŽ XII 898). spaneris “sweater, short cloak.” In K. Alminauskis’s view, it may have originated in German; compare German spannen “to stretch, to pull on” (Alm 117). Other sources do not attest the word.

strėplė, strėplė “stocking.” K. Būga derived it from a dialectal form of German Strumpf “the same” (K. Būg II 222; Alm 120; FrnW 921). However, F. Hinze’s explanation is more convincing: the source of this borrowing is a German word related to German streifen “to roll up, to pull on”; compare also German Streifling “footless stocking” (Hinze 34–36). This borrowing also exists in Polish; compare Kashubian strefla, Polish dialectal strefla “the same” (Karlowicz VI 452).

It is attested in the written language of Lithuania Minor from the 17th century (C II 1008; B; K 408; N 506; KŽ 2270; LKŽ XIII 953). See also strėplė.

šarcas “apron”; compare German dialectal šart, šorts “the same” (Alm 122). It has been used in dictionaries of Lithuania Minor since the 18th century (R 224; MŽ 298; N 513; K 421; KŽ 2389; LKŽ XIV 515). See also žiūrstas, šiurčas.

šerdokas “an old-fashioned sleeveless outer garment, a waistcoat.” The path by which this word entered Lithuanian is unclear. It may have come via Polish; compare Lithuanian serdōkas “the same,” from Polish serdak “a loose jacket, usually fur-lined” (LKŽ XII 424; XIV 647). However, it is also possible that this form entered Lithuanian directly from German; compare East Prussian German scherldok, scheldok “apron” (Fr II 267; Grimm XV 2071). These are dialectal forms of German Schurztuch.

Šerdokas first appears in written sources in the 18th century—in dictionaries of Lithuania Minor (R 274; MŽ 367). There, the phrase šerdokas geležinis means “armor.” It is used in the sense “waistcoat” in several 19th–20th-century dictionaries (N 519; [K 424]; NdŽ IV 473; KŽ 2397). See also šiurštōkas.

šerkai “apron.” Its origin is not entirely clear, but the word may perhaps be connected with names for aprons borrowed from German. It is attested in written monuments of Lithuania Minor from the 17th century (Lex 77a; C II 500; Q 466; [K424]; N 516; KŽ 2397; LKŽ XIV 655).

šerpė “band; scarf,” compare German Schärpe “the same” (LKŽ XIV 662). The word entered German via Middle Dutch from Old French in the 12th century; compare French escherpe “pilgrim’s bag.” The French borrowed it from Latin; compare Latin scirpea “a bag made of rushes.” Middle High German schirpe then also meant “pilgrim’s bag.” In the 17th century, the Germans once again

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borrowed this word from French, where it had already acquired a somewhat different form and meaning; cf. French écharpe ‘armband’ (Kluge 637; Pfeifer 1183; Klein 1393; Dauzat 262—3).

The Lithuanian designation is found in several dictionaries from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; it was used by J. Jablonskis and J. Balčikonis (KII 148; KŽ 2398). It occurs in some parts of Suvalkija.

This word is widespread throughout Europe; cf. English scarf ‘scarf’, Swedish scarf ‘same’, Dutch sjerp ‘scarf; armband’, Italian sciarpa ‘same’, Spanish charpa ‘armband’, Russian шарф ‘scarf’, Polish szarfa ‘band’⁷.

šydas ‘tulle for covering the face, veil’; cf. Low German sïde ‘silk’ (FrnW 979). It entered German from Vulgar Latin; cf. Latin sēta ‘silk’ (Kluge 699; Pfeifer 121).

Lith. šydas is found in some written sources and is used in the standard language (N 517; KŽ 2403; LKŽ XIV 733; DŽ¹ 811). The word has been used in written language since the seventeenth century, though at that time its meaning was ‘transparent, thin, sparse fabric’ (Lex 423; Q 292; MŽ 411; [K 426]).

This loanword also occurs in Latvian; cf. Latvian zīde, zīds ‘silk’, a standard-language word (Sehwers 165; ME IV 732; LWV 873). Incidentally, Estonian has it too; cf. Estonian siit ‘silk’.

šiōlė, šiōlė, šiōlė ‘scarf, neckerchief’; cf. German Schal ‘same’ (LKŽ XIV 833). The designation entered German from English; cf. English shawl ‘shawl, wrap’, and became widespread in the early nineteenth century. The word is of Persian origin; cf. Persian šāl ‘a wrap-around shawl’; it is named after the Indian city of Shāliat (Kluge 632; Pfeifer 1177; Klein 1432; Oxford 817).

Lith. šiōlė is a rare word, used in the areas around Jurbarkas and Šakiai; it is found in some twentieth-century dictionaries (KŽ 2409; Rtr 1166).

šyras ‘veil’; cf. East Prussian German schir ‘thin linen cloth; veil’ (Alm 126; FrnW 986). The German word acquired this meaning in the sixteenth century, when the adjective schier ‘light, swift’ became a noun (Kluge 647).

The designation was used in Lithuania Minor. It is recorded in written sources from the mid-nineteenth century onward (N 519; K 426; II 158; KŽ 2410; BsO 388; KlvD 201; LKŽ XIV 845). See also šyras.

šiurčas ‘apron’; cf. German dialectal šart, šorts and German Schürze ‘same’ (Alm 122; FrnW 995). It is found in J. Bretkūnas’s 1590 translation of the Bible (BB 1 Moz 3,7) and occurs in some linguistic works (BzB 330; LKŽ XIV 948). See also žiūrstas, šarcas.

šiuršis, šiurkšis, šiuršas, šiuršė, šiulšis ‘apron; long dress; warm waistcoat; brassiere; petticoat’; cf. German Schürze and East Prussian German šorz, šerts ‘apron’ (Alm 127; FrnW 995; Užpurvis 164). It is found in nineteenth- and twentieth-century folklore collections and dictionaries (LB 36; KlpD 4; Kos 35, 159; J; KŽ 2416; LKŽ XIV 952, 966). It is widespread in Samogitia. See also žiūrstas.

šiurštas, šiurštas, šiurkštas ‘apron’; cf. East Prussian German šorst, šerst ‘same’ (Alm 127; FrnW 995). It is found in nineteenth- and twentieth-century sources from Lithuania Minor

⁷ S a b a l i a u s k a i t ė D. Šerpė. — Kalbos kultūra 64, 1993, 83—85.

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a. in collections of folklore and dictionaries (RD 12; KlvD 249; MŽ 283, 348, 426; K 430; N 524; KŽ 2416; LKŽ XIV 953, 966). See also žiūrstas.

šiurštokas, šiurčiukas, šerštukas “apron, leather apron”, žerštūkas, žerstukas “skirt; skirt made of homespun fabric”, cf. East Prussian German šorštuch, šerštuch, German Schuztuch “same”. The German forms are compounds of two words: šoršt, šeršt, Schurz “same” + Tuch “kerchief, rag” (Grimm XV 2070).

The forms šiurštokas and šiurčiukas were used in Lithuania Minor and are attested in its written language as early as the 16th century (BB 1 Moz 3,7; N 524; K 430; BzB 330; KŽ 2416; LKŽ XIV 967). The geographical distribution of the forms šerštukas, žerštūkas, žerstukas is doubtful: they occur in eastern Lithuania and in isolated areas of southern and southwestern Lithuania (LKŽ XIV 667; LKŽ K; LKA I 193; LEB 344). They may have come via Polish; cf. Polish szorstuch “same”. See also žiurštokas, šerdokas.

Latvian skuōrtele, skuōtele “apron, artisan’s apron” is associated with Middle Low German schorteldōk “same” or with Middle Low German schōtvel (Sehwers 108; ME III 910, 911; Karulis II 220).

šiurštolius “apron, leather apron”, cf. East Prussian German šoršt “apron”. In K. Alminauskis’s view, it was formed with a Lithuanian suffix; cf. senōlis, senōlius (Alm 127; FrnW 995). It is found in some 19th–20th-century dictionaries (MŽ 283, 348, 426; N 524; KŽ 2416). See also žiūrstas, žiurštolius.

šlafrokas, šloprukas, šleprokas, šlepriokas “dressing gown; shabby, worn-out coat”, cf. German Schlafrock “dressing gown” (Alm 129). This is a word of Germanic origin; cf. Dutch slaaprok “same” (Kluge 652), and German Schlaf “sleep” + Rock “coat”.

It is used in the areas around Skuodas, Joniškis, Raseiniai, and Radviliškis. The form šlafrokas is recorded in several 20th-century dictionaries (NdŽ IV 509; LL 248; LKŽ XIV 993, 1046).

šlebe, šlebė, šlebė, šliobė “long, sleeved outer garment for women or children, pulled on over the head; short, sleeveless outer garment (usually warm, fur-lined), vest; skirt sewn together with a bodice; skirt”, cf. German dialectal schlabbe “(children’s) apron, bib” (LKŽ XIV 1031—1032, 1074; Fr II 277). This is a word of German origin; cf. German schlabbern “to slurp, to gulp” (Grimm XV 229, 230).

The Lithuanian name is found in many 20th-century dictionaries and is used in Suvalkija and western Samogitia.

šlejeris, šleieris “bridal head covering, veil”, cf. German Schleier “veil” (Alm 128). The origin of the German word is not entirely clear; it is sometimes tentatively linked with Middle Dutch slōien “to drag (the ground), to trail”, slōi, slōie “garment train” (Kluge 655; Pfeifer 1210).

This is a rare word in Lithuanian. It is used around Naujoji Akmenė and Šilutė and is recorded in F. Kurschat’s dictionary (K II 158; LKŽ XIV 1037). It was known in Lithuania Minor.

šliopmučia, šliopmicė “nightcap”, šliōpmučė, šliōkmučė “plain cap”, cf. German Schlafmütze, German dialectal šlopmezz “nightcap” (Alm 128; LKŽ XIV 1075, 1077). The German word originated in the 17th

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a.: Ger. Schlafmütze<Schlaf “sleep” + Mütze “cap” (Kluge 625; Pfeifer 1204).

The form šliopmicė is found in the so-called Krause dictionary of the early 18th century; šliopmučia appears in F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (Q 359; K II 156). The terms denoting a shabby cap are used in the Šakiai and Jurbarkas areas.

Latvians also have the loanword šļapmice, “nightcap” (Sehwers 134, 243; ME IV 59).

šlipna, “shabby cap”; cf. German dialectal schlibb, “old cap” (Alm 129). A rare word, recorded in some 19th–20th-century dictionaries and linguistic studies (K 433; LsB 366; NdŽ IV 519; KŽ 2423; LKŽ XIV 1080).

šlipsas, šlipsis, “tie”; cf. German Schlipps, “ditto” (Alm 129). This is a word of German origin (Kluge 658).

Lithuanian šlipsas is a loanword of more recent times, used in many dialects and found in the works of I. Simonaitvtė (LKŽ XIV 1080).

This term also occurs in Latvian; cf. Latvian šlipsts, “ditto” (Rekēna 467).

šliūcas, “skirt with a side slit”; cf. German Schlitz, “skirt slit” (Fr II 287; LKŽ XIV 1087). A word of Germanic origin (Kluge 659).

This is a very rare loanword in Lithuanian.

štrėplė, “stocking.” Found in dictionaries of Lithuania Minor from the 17th century onward (Lex 85; R 153, 345; MŽ 281, 461; [K 439]; N 530; KŽ 2440; LKŽ XV 306).

FOOTWEAR

filcas “a boot made of white felt and leather,” cf. German Filz “felt.” It occurs in Samogitia and in some parts of eastern Lithuania (LKŽ K). Also see filcas “hat.”

kárkė “shoe, slipper,” cf. German Korke “same” (Alm 63). It was used in Lithuania Minor (K 168; N 180; KŽ 1045; LKŽ V 290). See also kùrkė.

kliùrė, kliùrkė “slipper,” cf. East Prussian German klorre “same” (Alm 68; FrnW 274; LKŽ VI 128, 129, 185). It is found in the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor (R 229; MŽ 306; K 192; N 221; KŽ 1155).

klùmpė, klùmpa, klùmpas, klùmpis, klùmpė, klùmbė, klùmbis, klùmbis “a wooden shoe carved from a piece of wood; a shoe with wooden soles,” cf. East Prussian German klumpe, klompe “slipper, wooden shoe” (Alm 69; FrnW 275–276). German Klumpen is a word of Germanic origin, related to English clump “lump, clod” and Danish klampe “wooden shoe” (Kluge 379; Pfeifer 675; Klein 303).

This loanword is particularly widespread in Lithuania Minor, Samogitia, and Suvalkija; it is somewhat less common in Aukštaitija and Dzūkija (DūnŽ 143; DrskŽ 158, 159; LEB 368, 378, 380; LKŽ VI 169, 170, 171, 172). It occurs in the works of K. Donelaitis and in many dictionaries (Kabelka 115; R 209; MŽ 279; N 220; K 193; J II 172, 173). It is used in standard language (DŽ¹ 317). The loanword klùmpė was also used to form other Lithuanian footwear names, cf. klùmbatis, klumbòkas, klùmpbatis, klùmpkurpė, klumpòkas, klùmpsopogis, medklumpis. Latvians also have the word klumpas, klumbas “same” (Sehwers 52; ME II 234). Some Slavic languages borrowed this word from Lithuanian: Polish klompie, klumpie, Belarusian клумба, and Russian dialectal клумба, клумпы, клумбы “same,” among others (Лаучюте 30, 31, 36; Zinkevičius I 265; II 49; III 126, 129).

kùrkė “slipper,” cf. East Prussian German kork “same” (Alm 56; FrnW 316). German Kork was used in the sense “slipper” in East Prussian dialects (Trübner IV 236; Fr I 409). German Kork “cork” was borrowed from Dutch, cf. Dutch kurk “same,” which received it via Spanish, cf. Spanish corcho “cork oak,” from Latin, cf. Latin cortex “bark” (Kluge 394). The word was known in Lithuania Minor (R 229, 274; MŽ 306, 367; [K 212]; LKŽ VI 953). See also kárkė.

pantùpelis, patupelis “slipper,” cf. German Pantoffel “same” (Alm 95; FrnW 537). The word entered German from French in the 15th century, cf. French pantoufle “same” (also cf. Italian pantofola and Medieval Latin pantofla “same”). Its further origin is unclear; attempts have been made to connect it with Greek *παντόφελλος “cork bark, cork shoe.” Incidentally, this word is not attested in Greek texts (Kluge 529; Pfeifer 967; Klein 1121; Buck 430; Фасмер IV 127).

It is found in the written monuments of Lithuania Minor (Q¹ 7; N 280; K 292, [299]; LKŽ IX 620, 639). Forms that came via Slavic languages are more common: pantaflia, pantāflis, pantāple, pantāplis, pantēpelis, puntāplis, cf. Polish pantofla, pantofel “this kind of footwear,” Belarusian пантофель “slipper.”

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šklumpė, šliumpė “clog.” Used in some areas of Dzūkija (LKŽ XIV 988). This prothetic š occurs in Lithuanian dialects; cf. škiṅka, škiūna “nag,” škrūptelėti (LD 191). See also klumpė.

šliūrė, šliurkė, šliūrkė, šliurpė “light (usually indoor) footwear; everyday footwear with a wooden sole and leather or fabric upper, a shoe; worn-out footwear”; cf. East Prussian German šlore, Low German schlurre “slipper; worn-out shoe” (Alm 129; FrnW 1007). The German designation derives from the verb schlorren, schlurren, schlurfen “to walk dragging one’s feet, to shuffle” (Grimm XV 766; Buck 431).

This is a common word, especially widespread in the western part of Lithuania (LKŽ XV 2–3, 5, 6). It is used in standard language (DŽ¹ 819). It is found in many dictionaries and collections of folklore from the 18th century onward (R 229; MŽ 306; N 528; K 433; RD 154; KlvD 107; KlpD 81; J).

The Lithuanian Russian word шлоры “same” also derives from Lithuanian (Лаучюте 91). štyfelis “boot,” cf. German Stiefel “same” (Janavičienė 83). The German word was borrowed from Italian; cf. Italian stivale “same.” Some other Germanic languages also borrowed this designation from the Romance languages; cf. Norwegian støvel, Danish støvle, Swedish stövel “boot, shoe” (Kluge 749).

A rare loanword, occurring around Žemaičių Naumiestis (Janavičienė 83). zandālė “sandal,” cf. German Sandale “same” (Janavičienė 83). It entered German and some other European languages via Latin; cf. Latin sandalium “a certain kind of footwear,” from Greek; cf. Greek σανδάλιον < σάνδαλον “wooden shoe,” which was probably borrowed from Persian; cf. Persian sandal “shoe” (Kluge 623—624; Klein 1380; Oxford 786).

A rare form used around Žemaičių Naumiestis (Janavičienė 83). The more common form used in standard language is sandālas (DŽ¹ 681), which entered Lithuanian by a route other than German.

As already mentioned, K. Alminauskis lists about 2,800 German words that entered Lithuanian. Only a small proportion of them—about 80—are names for clothing and footwear. In reality, this number is even smaller. Some of the words discussed are very rare, used only in Lithuania Minor, and found neither in other dialects nor in written sources; cf. aubė, spaneris. There are also Germanisms recorded in written sources but unknown in Lithuanian dialects; cf. katėkis, sūras, kozoliai. Some words occur in individual subdialects but are exceedingly rare; cf. nyderis, pliūstro kas, šliūcas. The loanwords klumpė, šlipsas, šliūrė, žiūrstas are more widespread in Lithuanian dialects. They are found throughout almost all of Lithuania. Other Germanisms were or are used mostly in Lithuania Minor, Žemaitija, and Suvalkija. In eastern Lithuania, the same designations usually came through Slavic languages, and the Germanic form of a word is often much rarer than its Slavic form; cf. alsdokas — galstukas, bliūzė — bliūzė, bliuzkė, jūpa — jupė, mufas — muftā, pantūpelis — pantāplis, mandūra — mundėrius. It should also be mentioned that eight designations of uncertain origin were found, which may have entered Lithuanian through either German or Slavic; cf. būksos, strėplė, lūčiuos, among others.

Of all the discussed names for clothing and footwear of German origin in Lithuanian

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Only 4 are used in the standard language: klàmpe, šérpe, šỹdas and šliùre.

The situation is different in Latvian. Twenty-five Germanic-origin names common to Lithuanian and Latvian have been found (their phonetic forms may, of course, differ somewhat). As many as 12 of them are used in standard Latvian. These are names for basic items of clothing: bikses, blūze, mantelis, mice, etc.

In Lithuanian, these borrowings fall into several distinct lexical groups: words denoting a cloak, jacket or vest; apron; headwear; veil; stockings; necktie; and so on. The large number of borrowings denoting an apron is quite unexpected; cf. šarcas, širškai, šurčas, šiuršis, šiurkšis, šiuršas, šiuršė, šiurštas, šiurkštas, šiuštokas, šiurčtukas, šerštukas, šiurštolius, žiūrštas, žiurstė, žiurštas, žiūrštas, žiurkštas, žiurštokas, žiurštokas, žiurštolius. The names for veil and necktie, and apparently some others as well, came to Lithuania along with the objects themselves.

The very great variety in the phonetic forms of the same words is striking; cf. šlafrokas, šlioprukas, šleprokas, šlepriokas, etc. This variation arose mostly within Lithuanian, although sometimes these words were borrowed from several German dialects. For example, kedelys and kietelis, used as two different words, derive from the same source, but entered Lithuanian from separate dialects. There are more words of this kind. We borrowed most of them from the German dialects of East Prussia.

The first Germanic clothing names were recorded in the language of Lithuanian writings as early as the 16th century. These are šiurcas and šiurštokas. In 17th-century written monuments, we find 10 words from this lexical group, including, incidentally, žiūrštas; in the 18th century, there are 15.

About half of the clothing and footwear names borrowed from German are of Germanic origin. For some words, however, German was merely an intermediary. In this way, a considerable number of names of Latin origin entered Lithuanian; cf. mantelis, šérpe, šỹdas; several of Greek origin; cf. žėke, and perhaps pantūpelis. The source of three words—jópė, kedelys, kietelis—is Arabic; the words šiolė and perhaps mačė and zandālė are of Persian origin.

Some borrowings that entered Lithuanian are widespread in Northern and Central Europe; cf. bikses, mačė, šérpe, žėke.

Two Germanisms (klàmpe, šliùre) have already been adopted from Lithuanian by some Slavic dialects. Incidentally, it may be noted that several Lithuanian names for clothing and footwear have also entered German dialects; cf. German dialectal Kicke, Kicks, Kurp, Muturas, Moteres, Naginne (Fr I 357, 359, 449; II 74, 83, 88).

ABBREVIATIONS

Borejszo — B o r e j s z o M. Nazwy ubiorów w języku polskim do roku 1600, Poznań, 1990.

Brand — B r a n d J. A. Reysen durch die Marck Brandenburg, Preussen, Churland, Liefland, Plesscovien, Gross-Naugardien, Tweeren und Moscovien, Wesel, 1702.

Brückner — B r ü c k n e r A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Kraków, 1927.

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Buck — B u c k C. D. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages, Chicago, 1949.

Čepienė — Č e p i e n ė N. Germanisms in the 17th-century Western Aukštaitian dialect of Lithuania Minor (based on ”Lexicon Lithuanicum”).— Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 30, 1993, 37—46.

Dauzat — D a u z a t A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, Paris, 1954.

Duden — Duden. Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Herausgegeben und bearbeitet vom Wissenschaftlichen Rat und den Mitarbeiter der Dudenredaktion unter Leitung von Günther Drosdowski 1—6, Mannheim etc., 1976—1981.

EH — E n d z e l ī n s J., H a u z e n b e r g a E. Papildinājumi un labojumi K. Mūlenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīcai 1—2, Rīgā, 1934—1946.

Grimm — G r i m m J., G r i m m W. Deutsches Wörterbuch 1—33, München, 1984.

Hinze — H i n z e F. Zwei Deutsche Lehnwörter im Baltischen. — Baltistica 21(1), 1985, 33—36.

Janavičienė — J a n a v i č i e n ė J. Lithuanian-speaking residents of Žemaičių Naumiestis, Vilnius, 1992.

Kabelka — K a b e l k a J. Kristijono Donelaičio raštų leksika, Vilnius, 1964.

Kapeleris — K a p e l e r i s K. How the old Lietuvininkai lived. — Lietuvininkai, Vilnius, 1970, 339—454.

Karlovicz — K a r l o w i c z J., K r y ń s k i A., N i e d ź w i e d ź k i W. Słownik języka polskiego 1—8, Warszawa, 1900—1927.

Karulis — K a r u l i s K. Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca 1—2, Rīgā, 1992.

Klein — K l e i n E. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 1—2, Amsterdam etc., 1966—1967.

Kluge — K l u g e F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, Berlin, 1957.

KudN — Kudirkos Naumiestis, Vilnius, 1990.

LEB — Features of Lithuanian Ethnography, Vilnius, 1964.

Lex — Lexicon Lithuanicum, prepared by V. Drotvinas, Vilnius, 1987 (A 17th-century manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary).

LKŽ — Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 3—15, Vilnius, 1956—1991; 2nd ed. 1—2, 1968—1969.

LKŽ K — Card index of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.

LLVV — Latviešu literārās valodas vārdnīca 1—7, Rīga, 1972—1989.

LVV — Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, Rīga, 1987.

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Mastonytė — Mastonytė M. Women’s clothing in Dzūkija in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. — From the History of Lithuanian Culture 3, Vilnius, 1961, 173—189.

ME — K. Mühlenbach’s Dictionary of the Latvian Language. Edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelīns 1—4, Rīga, 1923—1932.

ND — Lithuanian Folk Songs collected, critically edited and translated metrically by G. H. F. Nesselmann, Berlin, 1853 (the numbers indicate song numbers).

Oxford — The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Edited by C. T. Onions, Oxford, 1985.

Pfeifer — Etymological Dictionary of German... revised and supplemented by Wolfgang Pfeifer 1—2, Berlin, 1993.

Pietsch — Pietsch R. Fischerleben auf der Kurischen Nehrung, Berlin, 1982.

Pokorny — Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern etc., 1959.

Rekēna — Rekēna A. Craft vocabulary in several southern Latgalian dialects and its relations to corresponding names in Slavic languages, Rīga, 1975.

Sanders — Sanders D. Dictionary of the German Language 1—2, Leipzig, 1860.

Schrader — Schrader O. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Antiquity 2nd ed., edited by A. Nehring 1—2, Berlin etc., 1917—1923.

SD3

— Dictionary of Three Languages... by Constantino Szyrwid... Third edition... Vilnius... 1642.

Sehwers — Sehwers J. Linguistic and cultural-historical studies, primarily on German influence in Latvian, Berlin, 1953.

Skardžius — Skardžius P. Die slavischen Lehnwörter im AltLita(u)ischen. — Nation and Word 7, 1931, 1—252.

Sławski — Sławski F. Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language 1—5, Kraków, 1952—1985.

Trübner — Trübners Deutsches Wörterbuch, ed. by A. Götze 1—8, Berlin, 1939—1955.

Urbanavičiūtė — Urbanavičiūtė Ž. Consonant hardening in the dialects of Prussian Lithuania. — Baltistica 6(2), 1970, 147—166.

Urbutis — Urbutis V. Slavisms in Old Lithuanian. — Baltistica 27(1), 1992, 4—15.

Užpurvis — Užpurvis J. Three linguistic studies (Drei sprachwissenschaftliche Studien) 1, Chicago, 1990.

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Vaičiulytė — Vaičiulytė O. Dictionary of the Klaipėda dialects (the everyday vocabulary of peasants). Vilnius State University diploma thesis. Supervisor: Dr. V. Vitkauskas, Vilnius, 1977.

Voelkel — Voelkel M. I. A. Die lettischen Sprachreste auf der Kurischen Nehrung, Heidelberg, 1879.

Zinkevičius — Zinkevičius Z. History of the Lithuanian Language 1—5, Vilnius, 1984—1992.

Ат Пр — Историко-этнографический атлас Прибалтики. Одежда, Рига, 1986.

Лаучюте — Лаучюте Ю. Словарь балтизмов в славянских языках, Ленинград, 1982.

Фасмер — Фасмер М. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language 1—4, Moscow, 1964—1973.

ЭСБМ — Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language. Ed. by V. U. Martynau 1—4, Minsk, 1978—1988.

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

Irish — Irish

Engl. — English

Arab. — Arabic

Aukštaitian — Aukštaitian

Belarusian — Belarusian

current — current

Dan. — Danish

dialectal — dialectal

Est. — Estonian

Goth. — Gothic

Gr. — Greek

Hitt. — Hittite

Indo-European — Indo-European

Icel. — Icelandic

Span. — Spanish

Italian

Kashubian

Curonian

Latvian

Polish

Lithuanian

Latin

Dutch

Norwegian

Dutch

Persian

compare

French

Russian

Sanskrit

Old

Swed. — Swedish

Toch. B — Tocharian B

ibid. — likewise

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Mid. — Middle

Ger. — German

map — map

Samogitian — Samogitian

Abbreviations not included in this list are the same as in LKK (the number given beside the dictionaries indicates the page).

NAMES OF GERMAN ORIGIN FOR CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR IN LITHUANIAN

Summary

The article discusses names of German origin for clothing and footwear in Lithuanian. About 80 were found (phonetic variants are not counted). Some of them were known only in Lithuania Minor and are no longer used today. Other Germanisms of this type are recorded in written monuments, but are virtually absent from the living language. Some Germanisms occur only in particular regions. There are few names of German origin that are widespread throughout Lithuania. They have mostly been or are used in Lithuania Minor, the Suvalkija region, and among the Samogitians. In eastern Lithuania, the same loanwords mostly entered via the Slavic languages; often the German word form is less common than the Slavic one. Of all the Germanisms discussed, only four are used in standard Lithuanian (klumpė “wooden shoe”, šerpė “sash”, šydas “veil”, šliaurė “gaiter”).

Twenty-five names of German origin common to Lithuanian and Latvian were found (although their phonetic forms may differ): Lithuanian bikšės, Latvian bikses “trousers”; Lithuanian blūzė, Latvian blūze “blouse”; Lithuanian jēkė, Latvian jaka “jacket”; Lithuanian kamziolė, Latvian kamzolis “camisole”; Lithuanian plioras, Latvian pluore “floral dress”, among others. Half of these are used in standard Latvian.

In Lithuanian, these words have divided into several lexical groups. They are Germanisms denoting aprons, coats, headwear, veils, stockings, ties, and so on. There are particularly many names for aprons.

The phonetic diversity of the same words is striking. This diversity mostly arose within the Lithuanian language. Sometimes the same word entered Lithuanian from different German dialects. Most loanwords came from the German dialects of East Prussia.

The first names of German origin for clothing and footwear were recorded in the Lithuanian language in the 16th century.

About half of the borrowings of this type are of Germanic origin. For some words, German was merely the intermediary. Thus, many words of Latin origin and some names of Greek, Arabic, and Persian origin entered the Lithuanian language. Some of them are widespread in Northern and Central Europe.

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