Vokiškos kilmės drabužių ir apavo pavadinimai lietuvių kalboje

XXXV (1995) LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY STUDIES Danutė SABALIAUSKAITĖ LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE NAME OF CLOTHES AND FOOTWEAR OF GERMANY ORIGIN The Baltic peoples met the Germanic tribes already before our era. The earliest were the contacts between East Germans and Prussians, which left some traces in the Prussian vocabulary. The first borrowed words from German came into Lithuanian in the 13th-14th centuries! At that time, many German merchants and artisans came to Lithuania. Some official documents were written not only in Latin or in the Slavic chancellery language, but also in German. In the 16th and 17th centuries, when the ideas of the Reformation reached Lithuania, Lutheran churches in Kaunas, Kėdainiai and Biržai began to hold services in German, and German was taught in some schools*. The translation of religious books by German authors into Lithuanian has begun. All this could not fail to affect the Lithuanian language. The strong influence of the German language was felt by the inhabitants of those places in Lithuania that maintained close ties with the German-colonized East Prussia. The influence of the German language is particularly strong in the Lithuanian language of this later completely Germanized region. The most extensive study of Germanism in Lithuanian was done by K. Alminauskis (Alminas). In his work "Germanisms of Lithuanian language" he presented about 2800 borrowed words from German. However, a large part of them are words used in the almost Germanized Lesser Lithuania, in the press of this region. J. Sehweris- *, who studied the German borrowings of the Latvian language, lists about 2750 Germanisms. Of course, only a part of them have entered the common Latvian language. Germanisms related to various crafts, agriculture, and household terms were the most widespread in Lithuanian. There are also many German names for clothing and shoes. This is not surprising, after all, clothing and footwear are one of those realities that reflect the relationships of nations, their material culture. Clothing and shoe names are extremely mobile: they travel from one language to another more often than other words. The Indo-European languages have no common older LB if a K. Selected works found: 2, Vilnius, 1959, 84—98; Sab aliauskas A. Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius, 1990, 257—259; Salys A. Raštai 3, Įvairūs straipsniai, Roma, 1985, 68—69; Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių kalbos istorija 2, Iki pirmųjų raštų, Vilnius, 1987, 115—117. Ven griene E. On the teaching of languages at the old Vilnius University (1579—1831). —Kalbotyra 10, 1964, 237—239. Alminauskis K. The Germanisms of Lithuanian, Kaunas, 1935. i YSehwers J. Linguistic and Cultural Historical Investigations on the German Influence in Latvian, Berlin, 1953. 100 the names of these realities. Thus, many of these borrowed words came into Lithuanian from German, sometimes directly, sometimes through other languages. In turn, other nations, including the Germans, borrowed names of Lithuanian clothes and shoes. The following names of clothing and shoes of German origin have been collected from various sources. The main references were K. Alminauskas’s work and the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽ), its cartography. Clothes alsdokas "tie", cf. german. Jam. halsdok "t.p. "“. It is of German origin, pg. Halstuch< Hals "neck" + Tuch (< *doka-) "scarf". Lietuv. alsdokas — very rare form, mentioned in the 18th century P. Ruigius dictionary (R 189). More common are the forms of this word that came through the Slavic languages: alstrikas, alštukas, galstikas, galstukas, galštukas. From the German word alzduogs "e.g.: got and Latvians (Sehwers 2, 245). ancugas, dncugas "kostiumas", plg. vok. Anzug "t.p.”. A word of German origin, cf. anziehen "apvilkti" (Kluge 26—2T7). Lithuanian dncugas was known in Lesser Lithuania, occurs in some places of Suvalkia, it is used by western Samogitians (Janavičienė 83; Vaičiulytė 119). The Latvians also have this debt, cf. lat. ancuks "e.g. " (Rekena 465). aubė "women- 's hat, kykas”, cf. german. Hood "t.p. " (Alm 28). The name is of Germanic origin, and is related to the Germanic language. kubek "cup", gr. KŪYOS "hump", sanskr. kubhra-"- kuprotas" (Kluge 292; Pfeifer 514). It is a rarely used word in Lithuania. See also haubé. Lat. aube "t.p. " came into the Latvian language in the first half of the 19th century, it is a common language word (Sehwers 4, 244; ME I 214; LLVV I 488). bikšės, biksvės, biksvos, bikšios, bikšvės "trousers", cf. Jam. East Prussia. bekse "t.p. " (Alm 31). The German word for the bridge, plg. Lips "t.p. ", derived from buck-hose "goat skin pants", cf. buckskin "deer skin pants" (Kluge 115; Pfeifer 189). In Lithuanian dialects, there are more words with a fluctuating v in position between consonant and vowel: vapsva//- vapsa, lysvė//liysė. Borrowings were also adapted to such forms: morkva//- morka, buksva "sleeve" //buksa (LD 199). The word is common in the western part of Lithuania (LKŽ I 813, 814). In the written language it appeared in the 19th century: the form bikšios —S. In the works of Daukanto, "Aušroje" (A 1885, 340), the bitches —A. Juška's dictionary and "Lithuanian songs" (J I 207; JD 181). By the way, the form bikšės is also found in Biržai and Rokiškis neighborhoods (LKŽ I 813). Here it, apparently, came from the Latvian language, cf. lat. bikses "etc. ". The Latvian name is used not only in dialects, but also in common language (Sehwers 11, 234; ME I 925; Karulis I 126; LLVV II 89). See also state. The name has been widely used in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe. dial. buksy, est. piiksid, swedish. byzor, norv. pants, boots, and. 101 isl. Trousers. binda, binta "neck tie, ribbon", cf. vok. Bind "t.p. " (Alm 31). German language, plg. vok. binden "rišti" (Kluge 78; Pfeifer 140). The loan was used in Lesser Lithuania (BzF 100; LKŽ I 829). Blythe "vest", cf. vok. Blase "bladder" (LKŽ I 922). In the sense of clothing, this loanword is used only in a few places in Suwałki. More common values are "bladder; a bag of tobacco; a certain wallet." This change of meaning may have been influenced by lit. Blues, blues. O maybe sometimes it was called a wide, puffy vest. blouse, blouse "short women's waist garment, shortie", cf. vok. Blouse "t.p. " (Alm 33; FrnW 50). The jį Germans got XIX pr. a. iš French, plg. fr. blouse "blouse". Further origin is unclear, possible thing that the French word is related to the medieval Latin pelusia "clothing su iš "Pelusium". Pelusium — The city in Egypt where this garment was made (Kluge 86; Pfeifer 152; Dauzat 94; Klein 181). Liet. blues widespread in Klaipeda region (KŽ 317; LKŽ I 932—933). The most common forms in Lithuanian dialects are bluūzė, bluuzka, bluūzkė, which came through the Poles, e.g. left. blouse, blouse "blouse" (FrnW 50; LKZ 1 932). Close "t.p. " is a Latvian common language word (LLVV II 105). It has been used ir The Curonian Spit Kurzians 78). ; (Pietsch Būksos, Būksos, Būksos "trousers", cf. vok. Buze "t.p. ". The origin of the word is controversial. It was thought to be a polonism, plg. left. buksy "t.p. " (Carcases 48). However, it ko is more likely that, as a loan word, this word was directly ir taken from the German language, especially considering that it was iš used in Lithuania Minor and recorded in its writing monuments from the 13th century. XVIII pr. a. (Urbutis 6—7; Ą 278; B; Kabelka 64; R 210; MŽ 280; K 63). XIX a. II on the side this title Mažojoje In Lithuania it was also known: Men wore weaving underpants in summer... in winter they were made of mil (Capella) 346). Now it is used much less often than bikšės, occurs only in the area between Raseinių, Jurbarko ir Veliuonos (JD) 1375; LKŽ I 1144). See also Trousers. drožbantai, drūžbantės "petnešos", plg. vok. dial. dragband, vok. Carrier belt "t.p. " (Alm 46; Grimm XXI 1030). Carrying < a strap "carry" + Band "tissue". Liet. drožbantai phonetic changes appeared, apparently, in the Lithuanian language soil. The word is used in Lesser Lithuania, occurs in the West Samogitian dialect (Vaičiulytė 119). In Latvian, the borrowed verbs trabantes, strabantes "etc." are used. (Sehwers 144, 235). In the Curonian Spit, the Kurian form drabantes, also meaning petnešas (Pietsch džekė 76). "pusokinė", plg. Eastern Prussia. jock "short sock" (LKŽ II 1010). Occurs in some eastern In Lithuania (it is not clear how he got there). Randamas A. In the dictionary of Yushka (J I 383). See also a stingray. ėlskis "chest", cf. vok. dial. helske "bust, collar" (Alm 48). German language, plg. vok. Hals "neck". 102 a ——n žias Sh ios adi jeke, jake, Tr A A Tr pa Sl LSE Ran is It was used in Lithuania Minor (KŽ 526; LKŽ II 1127; I. Simon.). Felt "hat", cf. German. Filz "felt; felt hat" (Alm 50). Vok. The "Filz fetrine Mütze" is abbreviated as "Filz". Felzhut form (Kluge 197). Lithuanian felt was used in Lithuania Minor. See also felt "shoes of white felt and leather". "Fleur-de-lis", pg. Flor "crepe (fabric), veil". "Recorded in P. Ruigi's dictionary (R 144)". But Mr. pltoras. hood "women- 's hat, hat", cf. German. Hood "t.p. " (Alm 56). It is found in some Lithuanian dictionaries (K I 190; LKŽ III 787). See also aub. jaksas, jukksas, jaksé "an ancient female garment; liemene”, jikas "švarkas”, cf. vok. Jacke (short) jacket, Jackchen "jacket" (Alm 57; FrnW 189). It is not clear how the form jakus came into the Lithuanian language. It is very possible that it came through the Polish language, cf. jak, jaka “short blouse, jacket" (LKZ IV 290). It is also possible that this word has already been made in Lithuanian: next to the feminine gender jėkė, meaning vest, the masculine gender form jakas, meaning jacket, has been used. The Germans borrowed this name from the French in the 15th century, see French jague "short men's jacket". The opinions of linguists differ further. Some believe that the French received the word from the Arabs through Spanish, cf. Arabic shakk "armor" (Kluge 329; Dauzat 417, 418; Brūckner 197; Oxford 490). Others argue that the name of the garment comes from the real name Jacques (< Jacobus), by which the French peasants who wore this garment were nicknamed (Pfeifer 593; Klein I 823). The word was first mentioned in Lithuanian writings in the 19th century (J I 678; JV 718). The forms denoting vest are used by the western Highlanders of Kaunas and the southern Highlanders, and the form yukas — by the western Žemaites (DrskŽ 125; Mastonytė 181; LKŽ IV 290, 291, 292, 338, 339). From German the word came into Latvian and Estonian, cf. lat. jaka (in some dialects jaks) "blouse, jacket", est. jacket, jacket "t.p. " (Sehwers 43, 233; ME II 95; EH I 558; Rekena 462; LLVV IV 24). There it is used in common language. jope, jopke, jopa "short women's jacket; vest“, joopa ”short jacket; "Blu-ray". pg. Joppe "jacket; liemenė" (LKŽ IV 357, 423). The Germans borrowed this name of the garment from the Italian language about 1200 years ago, cf. it. giuppa "coat; undergarment", having received it from the Arabs, cf. arab. gubba "outer garment with long sleeves" (Kluge 333; Pfeifer 599—600). In Lithuanian writing monuments the form jėpė is first mentioned in the 18th century (Brand 95). The name was used in Lithuania Minor (K 159; KŽ 996; I. Simon.), now it is still used about Klaipėda and Šakiai (LKZ IV 357). Significantly more common forms that came through the Polish language: jupa "such an outer garment; suknelé”, jupikas, jupikis "sijonas- ", jūpkis "striukė, švarkas", plg. lenk. dial. jupa "long feminine garment; women's vest", jupka "antique women's clothing; jacket; blouse" 103 (LKŽ IV 430). German origin is lat. ir jupkins, jupks "women's jacket" (EH I 567). kamzidlé, kamziulé, kamzėlė, kamzolis, kamzūlė, kamzūlė, kamzūlė, komzūlė "vest". The meaning of this į word is not clear in the English language. vok. Jam. kamsol (dab. vok. "Blouse, Jacket, Pants". kamzola, kamzula "clothes, similar to į blouse”, rus. xam304, noise. xam301 ‘vest; blouse’ (FrnW 214; Alm 61). Perhaps some forms came iš from the German language, others — iš of which Slavic languages. Į German and Slavic languages the name came through French, cf. French. camisole "cable", iš Italian language, plg. it. shirt<shirt "shirt", derived from iš lot. Who is this guy? (Slawski II 38—9; Brūckner 215; Boreysho 14; BCBM IV 223; Vacmep II 175; Kluge 343; Dauzat 132). Liet. name mentioned XIX bei a. XX a. pr. in dictionaries, folklore collections. He was known Mažojoje In Lithuania, now used by Žemaičiai and Western Highlanders (LKŽ V 192; VI 327). By the way, in Lithuanian dialects ir there are some different forms of this word, which came through Slavic languages: kamizélka, kamzélka, plg. left. vest, brush. xam331»xa "t.p." Iš The German name was borrowed by Latvian and Estonian, cf. lat. ķīlis, ķīlis, est. kamsul "t.p. " (ME II 153; Sehwers 46, 230; Karulis I 376). kapé "such a feminine hat", cf. vok. Jam. Cap, wool. Kappe "such a headdress, hat" (Alm 62; FrnW 216). Į German language word entered iš the popular Latin language, cf. lot. cappa "such a headdress; clothed in a hood" su (Kluge 349; Pfeifer 620). Liet. kupe written language first recorded XVIII a. (R 219). Consumed Mažojoje In Lithuania (MŽ 292; N 178; [K 166]; KŽ 1035; LKŽ V 230). The grave loan "hat" occurs in ir Latvian (Sehwers 47). cabbage, hood, hood "large, reaching to the shoulders fisherman's hat; "Headphones", pg. vok. dial. Kapūs, vok. Hood "hood, joined by a su cloak" (The 63). origin of this word is not entirely clear, it į may have entered the Lithuanian ir language through the Polish, cf. left. Hood "cap", which in turn is a Germanism (LKŽ V 254, 255; Slawski II 63). Vok. The hood came iš from the Italian language, plg. it. cappuccio "hood, hood" or popular iš Latin, cf. lot. caputium "monk's hat". It is closely su related to the folk lot. "cappa "such a headdress" (Kluge 350; Pfeifer 621). Liet. name used in Lesser Lithuania in some places ir of Žemaitija (K 167; KŽ 1038; S. Dauk; JR 104). katėkis, kartekis "šydas, audeklas kam pridengti“, plg. vok. Kalek, Kartek “skirt of iš a kind of satin silk" ar (LKŽ V 407). It is likely to be related su to. Kardisz, Cartis, Cattis "a certain wool fabric” (Grimm XI 211, 238— 239, 274). Both forms of the Lithuanian name are recorded in the rasty of Lesser Lithuania: kartekis — XVII a. (Lex 37), kitten — from XVIII a. (R 144, 193; 5 There is a quote meaning "flea". This is a siege, plg. Urbutis V. ; "Lexicon Lithuanicum" (review). — Baltistica 26(2), 1990, 188. 104 i Li Lada Ka E House a I, I) Be ATR Fe Ai MŽ 189; [K 175]; KŽ 1061; TP 1881, 16; Kel 1881, 144; LC 1888, 27). chair, chair "skirt, bottom skirt; dress; pussvarkis’, cf. Jam. Keddel, East Prussia. chair "short cloak; skirt" (Alm 64; K.Būg II 296; FrnW 234). It is a dialect of the German. Kittel "coat, jacket" form. The word came into European languages from Arabic, cf. Arabic gutun "cotton- ", and reached German in the 13th century (Kluge 371; Pfeifer 658; Klein 848). In Lithuanian, kedelijs was first recorded in the 17th century (Lex 54 (in the meaning of a coat); 1917) 1979 – Siegfried (b. It is found in later dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, in folklore collections, in the works of K. Donelaitis (B; R 294, 384; MZ 298, 516; K 175; N 189; KZ 1073; Jrk 12; KIvD 35; KlpD 19; Kabelka 109). There is also in A. Juška's dictionary and in his folklore collections (J II 64; JD 258; JV 1022). In one way or another, this name is used by the Western Samogitians, the Highlanders of Klaipėda region and some of the Western Highlanders of Kaunas (LKA I 115ž., 193; Ar Ip 12ž.; LKŽ V 480, 482). See also kitel. By the way, the Latvians also borrowed the word from the Germans, cf. lat. kedele, kedelis "skirt", the Curonian Spit residents, cf. kuršinink. kedile "t.p. ", and Poles, cf. polk. kiedel "corded" (Sehwers 62, 232; ME II 359; Pietsch 78; Slawski II kitelis, kitlius "military cut jacket; canvas jacket, cloak”, cf. Kittel 179-180). "(working) robe; blouse; Jacket" (K. Bug III 672; LKŽ V 904). Found in some Western Lithuanian dialects, dictionaries (J. 1130; d. The word "chalatas" is used in the common Latvian language (LLVV IV 549). See also buck. "Dress", cf. Kleid "clothes, dress" (Alm 67). Germanic word, cf. engl. cloth "clothes- ", oland. kleed ‘t.p. ", which in turn are tried to be linked to the s. angl. cli@an "attach" (Kluge 375; Pfeifer 666; Klein 302). in The word was first recorded in Lithuanian writing monuments in the second half of the 19th century (Sch 164; K 189). It was used in Lesser Lithuania (KlvD 43; I. Simon). It is now found in the outskirts of Lithuania, which was connected with East Prussia (LKŽ VI 31). By the way, in the surroundings of Joniškis and Pakruojis, the forms kleita, kleitė "dress", kleitos "pants" are found, but they came through the Latvian language, cf. lat. kleita "dress". The Latvian word is used in common language (Sehwers 50, 233; EH I 613; LLVV IV 258). kozoliai "priest's ceremonial garment, kamza”, cf. Kasel "clothed with a cape" (LKZ VI 392). In German it came from Latin, cf. casula "t.p. " (Sanders I 873; Grimm XI 254). From the Latin form * casubula came the French chasuble, meaning "arnot (priest's mass garment- )". These Latin words are further related to the Latin casa "little house" (Dauzat 165). In the Lithuanian language, the loanword is recorded only in the so-called 18th c. In the dictionary (O 110). coat "short jacket; a female vest; "Blu-ray- ". pg. dial. 105 kus "bad clothing" or East Prussian wk. kuz "short, small" (Alm 77; Fr I 450, 452). The loan was known in Lithuania Minor (K 214; II 82; 1261–1266) and the 1266–1271 (r. In Lithuanian there is also the word kuzijūkas (kuzijokas, kuziokas, kuzjakė), meaning the same. Some linguists consider it to be Germanic, e.g. kūzas (German dialect kuz, kus) and jukkas (German Jacke "short jacket, jacket") or e.g. dial. koz jake "travel cloak" (Alm 77; Janavičienė 83). However, this loanword probably came into Lithuanian from the Polish language, cf. kozyjaka, kazyjaka, sisyaka "outer men's garment resembling a vest". leiprokas "the upper garment of a priest", cf. German. Leibrock "jacket; the jacket; skirt; sutana" < Leib "collar" + Rock "coat; skirt" (Alm. 78). In Lithuanian writings it is recorded in the 18th century (R 241; MŽ 322). lypke, lypkis "vest", cf. German. dial. lifke "t.p. " (Alm 81). It is of German origin. Bodysuit "t.p. It is a small-scale miner. Leib "hem" form (Fr II 19; Grimm XII 591). The name can be found in the 19th-century press of Lesser Lithuania (K I 165; II 350; LC 1879, 21). It is now rarely used (Dov, Kv; LKŽ VIII 566). It also occurs in Latvian, e.g. lžvkis, libkens "etc. " (Sehwers 72, 73, 232). The form Livke was used by kurinininkai (Voelkel 17; Pietsch 76, 78). liūčius, liūčas, ličas "worn, poor skirt". It is of unclear origin. The German language is spoken by the German-speaking population of Germany, the Germans. Litze "strip, border" (FrnW 363). The word may have been derived from the Polish. lyczak "bag canvas". The word appeared in the Lithuanian written language only in the 20th century, it is recorded in the area between Rokiškis, Kupiškis, Panevėžys, Pakruojis, Radviliškis, Raseiniai and Kėdainiai (Ibid., pp. 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127). mandiira, mandūras, mandūrė "kareiviskas švarkas- ", plg. vok. Montur "t.p. " (Alm 84; FrnW 405). The word came into German from French, cf. French monture “war clothing” (Dauzat 484; ®acmep III 9). The loanword is found in 19th-20th century Lithuanian dictionaries, folklore collections, and is still found in some places in Žemaitija (D 114; ND 346; KlpD 41; K 242; KŽ 1363; LKŽ VII 824, 825). More common are the forms of this name that came through the Russian language: maridaras, mandera, mandiera, mundiera, mundiērius, mundijras, mundyrius. It is not quite clear whether the forms mundūra, mundūras, mūnduris, cf. rus. mynudyp "etc. came into Lithuanian through Russian or German. ", vok. The assembler. cloak, spatula "cloak; "Jacket" pg. Mantel, East Prussia. mentel "t.p. The path of this loanword into the Lithuanian language is not entirely clear. Some sources distinguish the meanings of martel: it is believed that the meaning of travelling cloak this form came from the German language, and the meaning of clothing, cloak from dust - from the Polish language, cf. mantel "cloak" (Alm 84; FrnW 409; Skardžius 127). Vok. Mantel is derived from the Latin mantum "short cloak" (Kluge 460; Pfeifer 836). 106 In Lithuanian it is first mentioned in 17th century dictionaries (SD* 298; Lex 60a). It is also found in later prints (R. 251; MŽ 335; K 242; N 383, 393; J; KZ 1365). Some sources record the form mentelis (N 393; Mit II 45 (Prk); 1396). The name is used by some of the Žemaites and Suvalkians (DanZ 508; LKZ VII 845; VIII 18). See also Meridiani Planum. The Latvians also have borrowed manitelis, mantels, meritelis "cloak". Mantelis is a common language word (Sehwers 76, 79; ME II 601; EH I 782, 800; LLVV meiidelis "short women's jacket, blouse", cf. East Prussia. mentel, mantel "cloak; jacket" (Alm 86; FrnW 409, 436). It is used by the people of Kretinga, found in the dictionaV 87). ry of A. Kuršaitis (KZ 1394; LKZ VII 7). See also the coat. muce, muce, mucia "hat; poor hat; "Married Woman's Hat", pg. a. mutze, mitze "hat" (Alm 88; FrnW 467). The word came into German from popular Latin, cf. almucia "headdress of clerics; such a hood covering the head and shoulders", which took it from the Arabs, cf. arab. mustakah "coat of fur with long sleeves". They borrowed the word from the Persians, cf. pers. musta "fur coat" (Kluge 497). The French word aumusse, "headdress," comes from Latin. almucio "t.p. " (60 pages). Other scholars are inclined to believe that Latin almucia is of Germanic origin (Pfeifer 903—4). The name is found in many Lithuanian script monuments from the 17th century (Lex 63; R 90, 192, 262; MZ 173, 350; K 262; J; JV 676, 718, 1022; JD 19; KZ 1435). "K. Donelaitis (Kabelka 136)". It was spread in a considerable area of Lithuania, which was connected with East Prussia (LKZ VIII 377). The Latvians also have this Germanism, cf. lat. mice "hat, hood, small knitted hat". It was introduced into the Latvian language in the late 16th or early 17th century from the German Samogitians, cf. Jam. memory(- s). Used in common language (Sehwers 79, 194, 243; ME II 622—623; LLVV V 200). The word came from the Latvian word mace, which occurs in northern Lithuania. This name is also used in other countries of Northern and Central Europe, cf. est. mits, swedish. mossa, norv. mgsse, see dan. myts(e), oland. Mute. Everywhere it means a hat. muffler "mova", cf. Muff "t.p. " (Alm 89; FrnW 468). In the German language, it is a loanword from Dutch. moffel, muffel "fur glove, sleeve", came from French, cf. French moufle "large glove", which received this word from popular Latin, cf. Latin muffula "fur finger" (Kluge 490; Pfeifer 894; Dauzat 488). The word mufas is only recorded in the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis (K II 70). The most common form is mufta, which came through Polish, cf. polk. "move" switch. The German word mufe "t.p." also originated in the Latvian language. (Lllvv nyderis "underskirt (skirt)", cf. German. down "žemyn". Found in Kuršėnai area V 280). (S.P.A.P.- 513). E., pp. 10). Flor "veil, crepe” (Alm 102). The name came to German in the 16th century from 107 Dutch, nl. floers "crepe; aksomas- ”. The origin of the Dutch word is not entirely clear, probably it is related to the French velous, velours "velvet", derived from the Latin willosus "hairy" (Kluge 208; Dauzat 743; dacmep IV 199). The name was used in Lesser Lithuania (MZ 189; KZ 1914). But Mr. flowers. The word pluére "t.p.: found in Latvian (Sehwers 93; ME III 364). Beje, turi ji ir estai, plg. est. dial. plor "t.p.”. pliistrokas "coat, cloak", cf. German. Plischrock "plus $varkas- ". Vok. Plischrock < Plisch "plus" + Rock "jacket" (Grimm XIII 1949). The loan is known in some places of Žemaitija (LKZ X 283). raimantelis "short cloak (i.e., wool)," cf. German. Reitmantel "riding cloak" < reiten "to ride" + Mantel "cloak". It occurs in the Pasvalio district (LKZ XI 54). riders, riders "vintage trousers; "Knight's Pants", "Knights' Pleasure Without Skverny- ", cf. Reithose "riding trousers" < reiten "to ride" + Hose "trousers" (LKZ XI 86). It is used in some places in Suwalki, it appears in 19th-20th century press (Tat; J II 72; KZ 2052). régenmantelis "raincoat", cf. Raincoat ”t.p.” < Regen "rain" + Mantel "cloak". It occurs in the western Samogitian dialect (Vaiciulyte rūikis, rūtkinis, raikis, raikinis "packed skirt; "Silver-plated", pg. Rock "skirt" (Alm 113; FrnW 122). 746). According to K. Būga, the loanword entered the Lithuanian language through the Curonian language (K. Būg II 304). However, it is likely that the word was borrowed directly from German. In some East Prussian German dialects, the transitional sound ai] was pronounced after o. It is located on the east bank of the East River. roak "skirt"*. The origin of German Rock is rather unclear. Some linguists try to link it to s. air. rucht "tunic, men's woollen undergarment", others think it is a Germanic word (Kluge 604; Pfeifer 1133). This name of the skirt is used in some places of Žemaitija, found in many dictionaries of the late 19th — 20th centuries (J rūikinis in the meaning of bad clothing; KŽ 2106; LKŽ XI 51, 911; LKA 115ž., 193). j rūlis "such a kind of fur", cf. German. dial. rul "fly, reel" (LKŽ XI 946). Anyway, in Lithuanian language rūlis means shaft, coil. It is only recorded in Šatės (Skuodos r.) as a clothing. This is also the case for the adjective made from this word, cf. rūliški kailiniai (LKŽ XI 946). in cheese "veil", cf. East Prussia. schir "t.p. Used in "Aušra", found in several dictionaries (A 1885, 351; K 426; KZ 2162; LKŽ XII 570). See also. 6. Če 2 iene N. The origin of the diphthong ui in German borrowings. —Thesis of the conference in memory of Antanas Salis, Vilnius, 1992, 9. 108 sklumpe, škliūmpē "klumpē- ". It is used in some places in Dzūkija (LKŽ XIV 988). Such adjective š occurs in Lithuanian dialects, cf. škinka, škūina "kuinas", šrūptelėti (LD 191). See also buckling. : šliūrė, sliurke, šliurkė, šliūrpė "light (e.g. indoor) footwear; everyday footwear with a wooden sole and a leather or fabric upper, shoe; worn shoes", cf. East Prussia. Shlore, vok. Jam. schlurre "slipper; worn shoe" (Alm 129; FrnW 1007). Vok. the name derives from the verb schlorren, schluren, schlurfen "to go by dragging legs, to slur” (Grimm XV 766; Buck 431). It is a common word, especially in the western part of Lithuania (LKZ XV 2—3, 5, 6). Used in common language (DZ! 819). It is found in many dictionaries and folklore collections from the 18th century (R 229; MŽ 306; N 528; K 433; RD 154; KlvD 107; KlpD 81; J). From Lithuanian language came the Lithuanian Russian wawpun "t.p. " (Jlayuzore 91). "Spider-- Man: Far From Home". Boots "t.p. " (83th ed.). Vok. word derived from Italian, cf. it. stivale "e.g. ". From the Romance languages, this name has also been adopted by some other Germanic languages, cf. nor. Well, then. stovle, swedish. stovel "aulinis batelis, batelis” (Kluge 749). Rare loan occurring about Žemaičių Naumiestis (Janaviciené 83). zandale "basutė- ", cf. German. Sandal "t.p. " (83th ed.). In German and some other European languages it came through the IGtynian, cf. Latin sandalium "a certain shoe", from the Greek, cf. gm cavéadiorv < cavdadov "wooden shoe", which probably derived from the Persian, cf. pers. sandal "shoe" (Kluge 623—624; Klein 1380; Oxford 786). A rare form, used about Žemaičių Naumiestis (Janavičiienė 83). The most common form used in common language is sandalas (DZ! 681), which came into Lithuanian language not through German. As already mentioned, K. Alminauskis lists about 2800 German words that have entered the Lithuanian language. Only a small part of them — about 80 — are clothing and footwear names. In reality, this figure is even lower. Some of the discussed words are very rare, used only in Lithuania Minor, not found in other dialects or in writing monuments, cf. aubé, spaneris. There are also Germanisms that are recorded in the writing monuments, but not known in Lithuanian dialects, e.g. katėkis, syras, kozoliai. Some words occur in individual conversations, but are extremely rare, e.g. nyderis, pliūstrokas, slūcas. The most common in Lithuanian dialects are klūmpė, šlipsas, šliūrė, žiūrstas. They are found almost all over Lithuania. Other Germanisms were or are mostly used in Lesser Lithuania, Žemaitija and Suvalkia. In eastern Lithuania, the same names came mostly through Slavic languages and often the Germanic form of the word is much rarer than the Slavic one, e.g. alsdokas —galštukas, bluūzė —bluūzė, bliuzka, jūopa —jupa, mūfas —mufta, pantūpelis —pantaplis, mandūra —mundiérius. By the way, it should be mentioned that 8 names of unclear origin were found, which could have entered into the Lithuanian language through both German and Slavic languages, e.g. būksos, streplė, liūčius and others. Of all the clothing and shoe names of German origin discussed, Lithuanian 115 only 4 are used in common language: klumpe, šėrpė, sūdas and šliūrė. In Latvian, the situation is different. 25 common names of Germanic origin in Lithuanian and Latvian were found (of course, their phonetic expression may differ slightly). Of these, 12 are used in the common Latvian language. And these are the names of the main clothes: pants, blouse, coat, mice, etc. In Lithuanian, these borrowings are divided into several distinct lexical groups: words meaning coat, jacket or vest; an apron; headgear; a veil; socks; tie, etc. Such a large number of borrowed words denoting apron is quite unexpected, e.g. šarcas, šėrkai, šiurčas, šturšis, šūrkšis, šiūršas, šiūršė, šturštas, Siurkstas, šiuštokas, šiurčtukas, šerštūkas, Taz>ositiiai šiurštolius, žiūrstas, Ziurste, ziurstas, žiūrštas, žiūrkštas, zZiurstokas, Ziurstokas, žiurštolius. The names of the veil and tie, like some others, came to Lithuania along with the realities. * It is noticeable that there is a great variety of phonetic expressions of the same words, e.g. šlafrokas, šlioprukas, šlėprokas, šlėpriokas, etc. This variation is mainly due to the Lithuanian soil, but sometimes these words are borrowed from several German dialects. For example, kedelis and kitelis, used as two different words, originated from the same source, but came into Lithuanian from separate dialects. There are such words and more. We received most of the borrowings from the East Prussian German dialects. The first Germanic names of clothing in Lithuanian script are recorded as early as the 16th century. They are siuréas and swurstokas. In the 17th-century writing monuments we find 10 words of this lexical group, among them, by the way, Ziurstas, 18th-15th centuries. About half of the clothing and shoe names borrowed from German are of Germanic origin. For some words, however, German was only an intermediary. In this way, a number of names of Latin origin came into the Lithuanian language, e.g. mantelis, šėrpė, šūdas, several of Greek origin, e.g. žėkė, perhaps pantūpelis. Three words — jépé, kedel, kitel — are Arabic, the words šztolė and perhaps mūčė and sandalė — Persian. Some of the borrowed words in Lithuanian are common in Northern and Central Europe, e.g. biksės, mūčė, šėrpė, žėkė. Two Germanisms (klūmpė, šliūrė) have already been adopted from Lithuanian by some Slavic dialects. Among other things, it could be mentioned that several Lithuanian names of clothes and shoes have also entered into German dialects, cf. dial. Kicke, Kicks, Kurp, Muturas, Moteres, Naginne (Fr I 357, 359, 449; II 74, 83, 88). SUTRUMPINIMAI Borejszo —Borejszo M. Names of clothing in Polish until 1600, Poznan, 1990. Brand —Brand J. A. Reysen durch die Marck Brandenburg, Preussen, Churland, Liefland, Plesscovien, Gross-Naugardien, Tweerien un Moscovien, Wesel, 1702. Brūckner —Brūckner A. Dictionary of the Polish Language, Krakow, 1927. 116 Buck Dauzat Duden EH Grimm Hinze The Kapeleris Karlowicz Karlowicz Karulis Klein Kluge e, KudN LEB Lex LKZ K LLVV LVV cipal Buck C.D. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the PrinČepienė Indo-European Languages, Chicago, 1949. Čepienė N. Germanisms in the 17th-century West Highland dialect of Lesser Lithuania (based on "Lexicon Lithuanicum").— Lithuanian Linguistics Issues 30, 1993, 37—46. Dauzat A. Dictionnaire ėtymologigue de la langue francaise, Paris, 1954. Duden. The Grofie Dictionary of the German Language. Published and edited by the Scientific Council and the staff of the Duden editorial office under the direction of Gunther Drosdowski 1—6, Mannheim etc., 1976 —1981. Endzelins J, Hauzenberga E. Addendums and corrections to K. Mulenbach's Latviešu valodas vārdnīca 1—2, Riga, 1934—1946. Grimm J, Grimm W. Deutsches Worterbuch 1—33, Minchen, 1984. Hinze F. Zwel German loanwords in the Baltic languages. - Baltistica 21(1), 1985, 33-36. Lithuanians of Žemaičių Naumiestis, Kabelka Vilnius, 1992. Kabelka J. Kristijono Donelaičio raštų leksika, 1964. Vilnius, Kapeleris K. Kaip senieji lietuvininkai gyveno. — New York, 1970, pp. 339—454. J,Krynski A.,Niedžwiedżki W. Stownik języka polskiego 1—8, Warsaw, 1900—1927. Karulis K. Latviešu etymoloģijas vardnica 1—2, Riga, English 1992. Klein E. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Language 1—2, Amsterdam etc., 1966 —1967. Kluge F. Etymological Dictionary of the German LanguagBerlin, 1957. New York: HarperCollins, 1990. Lithuanian Ethnography, Vilnius, 1964. Lezicon Lithuanicum, prepared by V. Drotvinas, Vilnius, 1987 (Handwritten 17th-century German-- Lithuanian dictionary). Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 3—15, Vilnius, 1956—1991; II ed. 122, 1968—1969. Lithuanian language dictionaLatvian literary language dictionary 1—7, Riga, 1972—1989. ry. Latvian language dictionary, Riga, 1987. 117 Mastonytė ME ND Oxford Pfeifer Pietsch Pokorny Worterbuch, Rekena Sanders nischen Altersp? Sehwers Skardzius Slawski Urbutis Užpurvis 118 Mastonytė M. Dzūkijos women’s clothing in the second half of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century. —From the History of Lithuanian Culture 3, Vilnius, 1961, 173—189. ‘K. Miilenb ach a Latvian verb. Redigėjis, papildinajis, turpinajis J. En d z e 1 1 n s 1—4, Riga, Litauische Volkslieder gesammelt, kritisch bearbeitet und metrisch ubersetzt von G. H. F. 1923-1932. Ness el mann, Berlin, 1853 (numbers indicate song numbers). The Ozford Dictionary of English Etymology. Edited by C. T. O ni ons, Oxford, 1985. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen... reviewed and completed by Wolfgan Pfeifer 1—2, Berlin, 1993. Pietsch R. Fishing life on the Curonian Spit, Berlin, Bern etc., 1959. 1982. Pokorny J. 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Uzpur vis J. Three Linguistic Studies (Drei sprachwissenschaftliche Studien) 1, Chicago, 1990. Vaičiulytė Voelkel Zinkevičius Ar Ilp JlayuyioTe dacmMmep 3CBM of water. English. arab. highland dab. dan. dial. is. got. Article 10 ImmediaHittite ide. isl. isp it. if. course. lat. left. lot. nl. nor. an oland. pers. plg. French. Russian. sanskr. g; Swedish. tochar. B t.p. —Vaiciulyte O. The Klaipėda Schneck Dictionary (People's Buttic Lexicon). Vilnius State University Diploma Thesis. Vad. dr. V. Vitkauskas, Vilnius, 1977. Voelkel M.I. A. The Latvian language remains on the Curonian Spit, Heidelberg, 1879. Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian Language History 1—5, Vilnius, Hemopuxo-amnozpaguvecxuū amaac Ilpudarnmuxu. Odexncoa, Pura, 1986. 1984—1992. Jia yuzo re O. Caoeaps barmusmose e cnaesncruz A3bLKAT, Jlenuxurpajn, 1982. ®acmep M. Jmunmodznozuveckuū caos8apb pyccxkozo A3bLKaG I—4, MockBa, 1964—1973. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. Pan. B.Y. MapTsIHay 1-4, Mincx, 1978-1988. Other abbreviations Irish English Belarusian Danish dialect arab a. brus. Estonian Gothic current Greek Indo-European Spanish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Latin Dutch tely. compare French Icelandic Sanskrit Old Swedish Tocharian Kashubian kuršininkų also vid. - middle Polish lit. voice. —German Žž. = map below. —žemaičių NorwegiDutch Persian Abbreviations not included in this list Russian are the same as LKŽ (the number given in the dictionaries B indicates the page). . THE 119 LITHUANIAN DESIGNATIONS OF CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR OF GERMANY ORIGIN Summary The article deals with the Lithuanian designations of clothing and footwear of German origin. About 80 were found (phonetic variants are not paid). Some of them were known only in Lithuania Minor, but nowadays they are no longer used. Other Germanisms of this type are fixed in the written monuments, but they do not occur in the living language. There are Germanisms that only occur in certain areas. There are few names of German origin that are common throughout Lithuania. They are or were used mostly in Lesser Lithuania, in Suvalkian region and į in the Žemaitija region. To Eastern Lithuania the same lend-words came mostly through the Slavic languages, often the German word form is more rare than the Slavic one. Of all the Germanisms discussed, only four i are used in standard Lithuanian (klumpe "wooden shoe", šėrpė "sharp", šūdas "veil", škūrė "slur"). 3 There were found 25 common names of German origin for Lithuanian and Latvian language (though their phonetic form may differ): lit. bikšės, lett. pants “Hosen”; Lit. blitizé, lett. blaze ‘Bluse’; lit. jėkė, lett. jacket | ” Jacke”; lit. kamziolė, lett. a shirt "Kamisol"; lit. plidras, "Jett. pluore ‘Flor' u.a. Half of them are used in the standard Latvian language. In Lithuanian, these words are divided into several lexical groups. These are Germanisms, which mean skirts, coats, headgear, veils, stockings, ties, etc. There are particularly many names for Schūrzen. | The phonetic diversity of the same words is striking. In most cases, this diversity has already been created in the Lithuanian language. Sometimes the same word has come into Lithuanian from different German dialects. Most of the borrowed words came from the German dialects of East Preußen. The first names for clothing and footwear of German origin are in Lithuanian language in the 16th century. Jh. fixed. | About half of the borrowings of this type are of Germanic origin. For some worders, the German language was only an intermediary. Thus, many words of Latin origin, some names of Greek, Arabic and Persian origin have come into the Lithuanian language. Some of them are common in northern and central Europe. | 120