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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica

LVII (2007), 99 – 122

Names of Residential Places in Marijampolė County

Dalia Sviderskienė

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

The article deals with unofficial names of inhabited spots in the Marijampolė district, recorded from living speech in the interwar period. It offers a discussion and analysis of their derivational features, based on the mechanisms of toponymisation, transtoponymisation and transonymisation. These oikonymic derivatives are thus examined from several points of view. The conclusions offered at the end of the article enable an assessment of the general tendencies concerning origin and derivation of the class of place names under discussion.

The analysis offered here will subsequently be integrated in an overall analysis of the tendencies in origin and derivation of oikonyms in the area under examination.

0. INTRODUCTION

The derivational and etymological tendencies of many residential place names (oikonyms) still functioning in official usage have been discussed in Lithuanian toponymic studies. Derivatives formed with suffixes were systematically and comprehensively investigated in Marija Razmukaitė’s doctoral dissertation (Razmukaitė 1998), while two further layers of secondary place names—compound and complex oikonyms—were analyzed in detail in separate scholarly articles (Razmukaitė 2002a: 121–130; 2003a: 63–80). Much information on the origins and formation of the names of Lithuanian cities and towns can be found in Aleksandras Vanagas’s posthumously published monograph Names of Lithuanian Cities (Vanagas 1996; prepared for publication by Vitalija Maciejauskienė). Articles by the same author address several types of oikonym formation (Vanagas 1967: 111–116; 1990: 381–388).

Also noteworthy are studies of the formation and origins of residential place names in individual Lithuanian rural districts—Kvėdarna, Lygumai, Raguva, Seredžius, and Stačiūnai—pub-

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lished as separate articles in volumes prepared and published by the Versmė publishing house (Razmukaitė 2001a: 589–593; 2001b: 788–792; 2003b: 929–931; 2004: 865–869), as well as analyses of the formation and origins of residential place names in the Šilalė and Viduklė areas (Razmukaitė 2002b: 1062–1071; 2006: 617–620).

Among more specialized studies of residential place names, Ilona Mickienė’s doctoral dissertation (Mickienė 2001) may also be mentioned. In it, alongside other classes of toponyms, areal oikonymy is examined from a derivational perspective, and the most productive types of residential place-name formation are identified (ibid., pp. 59–80). The author discusses not only oikonyms officially used in Telšiai District, but also minor residential place names, on the premise that such a division of oikonyms is meaningful because it reveals features of formation and origin characteristic of certain subgroups within this class of toponyms.

Residential localities—villages, single homesteads, estates, manors, farmsteads, and parts thereof—are old, perhaps even the oldest, territorial community units (cf. Kavoliūtė 2004: 26). Their number, as recorded in the Marijampolė County questionnaires1, is 589. Some (296 oikonyms) remain in official usage2 and, as already noted, have attracted researchers’ attention. A comprehensive analysis of the formation and origins of the remaining 293 residential place names3 has not yet been undertaken.

The aim of this article is to broaden research on areal toponymy by analyzing unofficial residential place names. This is the first publication to investigate residential place names recorded from spoken language during the interwar period.

The place names under discussion are studied from a derivational perspective using the structural-grammatical classification that Aleksandras Vanagas selected for the analysis of hydronyms and that can readily be adapted to the study of other classes (subclasses) of place names (Vanagas 1970: 21–27). In the article, place names are divided into primary and secondary; the latter are further divided into derivatives (formed with endings, suffixes, or prefixes), compounds, and complex formations. In assessing them from an etymological perspective, the study likewise follows the principles formulated by Vanagas—

1 Plačiau apie tarpukario Lietuvos anketų duomenis žr. Sviderskienė (2005: 91).

2 The forms and status of place names were verified against Dictionary of the Administrative-Territorial Division of the Lithuanian SSR (vol. 2, Vilnius, 1976; hereafter ATSŽ); Dictionary of Place Names (Vilnius, 2002; hereafter VŽ).

3 Compared with data from the first general census of the population of Lithuania, Populated Places of Lithuania (Kaunas, 1925; hereafter LAV).

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These principles for assessing the origins of Lithuanian place names understand the origin of a place name as the source from which the toponymic lexeme itself arose, rather than as the genetic etymology of its root (cf. Vanagas 1980).

In the article, unofficial names of inhabited places are divided into groups according to the base words from which they are derived: common nouns (appellatives), other place names, personal names and appellative designations of persons, and possible dual origins, where two possible explanations of origin, in the author’s view, are set out. All sources4 used to explain the base words are given in two ways: some in parentheses after the base word being explained, and others in the list of abbreviated sources, to avoid repetition.

Common or proper words from other languages, frequently used to explain the origins of oikonyms, are taken from dictionaries and lists; historical personal names, when needed, are taken from the Historical Personal Names File (IAK). These sources are also included in the list of abbreviations at the end of the article.

Data on the frequency of names of inhabited places with identified suffixes, as well as the determined number of onyms belonging to individual formation types, are presented in tables in the appendix (see Tables 1, 2, and 3). The various abbreviations (for objects and localization references) used in the article are taken from the Instructions prepared by the LKI Onomastics Department for compiling the Dictionary of Lithuanian Place Names.

In accordance with other principles set out by the author in earlier publications (cf. Sviderskienė 2005: 92–94; 2006: 51–52), the study of areal toponymy begins with an analysis of primary and plural place names.

1. NAMES OF INHABITED PLACES DERIVED FROM COMMON WORDS (APPELLATIVE LEXEMES)

1.1. Primary

Būklės garden settlement Jrgž: Lithuanian būklės ‘a place where there used to be homesteads, a settlement’; Buktà cf. ŪtN: loanword buktà ‘a plot of land surrounded on three sides by water or forest’; Cegėlnė cf. Iš: Slavic cegėlnė ‘brick kiln’; Čigėlnė cf. Ldvn: Slavic *čigėlnė, cf. Slavic cegėlnė; Išmata village Ss: Lithuanian išmata ‘the total area of village land’; Gõjus part of a village Brb: Lithuanian gõjus ‘a small, attractive grove’; Griebtùvas part of a village Klvr: Lithuanian

4 Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language; Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames; Dictionary of Lithuanian Place Names; Dictionary of Lithuanian Hydronyms; Dictionary of Lithuanian Settlement Names…

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griebtùvas ‘a sickle-shaped iron hoop used for gathering grain (taking it from the swath)’; Kelmýnas part of a village, Iš; Kelmýnė village, Šil.: Lithuanian kelmýnas, kelmýnė ‘a place where many stumps were left after trees were cut down’; Láužas settlement, KzR: Lithuanian láužas ‘an old, rickety farmhouse, a shack’; Naujienà village, Šil, Vv: Lithuanian naujienà ‘something new, a novelty’; Navynà meadow, village, Alš: Slavic navynà, cf. Polish nowina ‘newly cleared land, news (newly ploughed land)’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 334); Okòtna village, Ss: Slavic *okòtna, cf. Polish ochotny, ochotno ‘well prepared, adapted’ (SJP₃ 548); Pagirỹs part of a village, KlvR: Lithuanian pagirỹs ‘edge of a forest’; Padaržìnė part of a village, Šil: Lithuanian padaržìnė ‘a place near a barn’; Panska part of a village, Iš: Slavic *panska, cf. Polish pański ‘noble-like; belonging to a lord, lords; manorial; belonging to a manor owner, manor owners’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 411); Paulianka part of a village, Šil: Slavic *paulianka, cf. Polish pohulanka ‘drinking bout, revelry, feast’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 469); Podlėsė village, BrB: Slavic *podlese, cf. Polish podlesie ‘land at the edge of a forest’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 455), also cf. Belarusian надлецце (SBM 487), Russian подлесъе ‘land at the edge of a forest, forest outskirts’ (RLKŽ₃ 188); Pópiernė manor, PrN: Slavic *popiernė, cf. Polish papiernia ‘paper factory’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 411); Pūstýnė village, KzR: Slavic pūstýnė ‘a devastated, ruined, abandoned place’; Santakà village, Igl: Lithuanian santakà ‘the confluence of two rivers’; Senóvė garden settlement, MrJ, Šn: Lithuanian senóvė ‘a field long since left fallow’; Slabadà part of a village, Vv: Slavic *slabada, cf. Polish stoboda ‘a small inhabited rural settlement <…>’ (SJP₆ 209); Smálnyčia village, Ššt: Slavic *smalnyčia, cf. Slavic smálnyčia ‘tar distillery, tar works’; Stanaviskas part of a village, KlvR: Slavic *stanaviskas, cf. Polish stanowisko ‘post, place’ (WSPR 1002).

Pluralia tantum forms: Barsukai village, LdvN: Lithuanian barsūkas ‘a carnivorous animal with coarse fur; the badger (Ursus meles)’; Būdos village, Vv: Slavic būdà ‘tent, shelter, small house (for a guard, shepherd, etc.)’; Durbės village, Lbv – associated with Lithuanian durbė ‘a branch’, Lithuanian durbis ‘a hollowed-out tree’, also cf. Lithuanian durbti, -sta, -o ‘to become hollow, to rot’; Galai part of a village, Ig: Lithuanian gãlas ‘edge, boundary’; Griebtùvai part of a village, LdvN: Lithuanian griebtùvas ‘a sickle-shaped iron hoop used for gathering grain (taking it from the swath)’; Išlandžiai village, KrsN: Lithuanian išlanda ‘a hole, an opening for entering or exiting, a passage’; Kazėrmės part of a village, Ššt: borrowed word *kazermė, cf. borrowed word kazármė ‘barracks’; Pagiriai part of a village, Šn: Lithuanian pagirỹs ‘edge of a forest’; Piliakalniai village, Lbv: Lithuanian piliakalnis, piliãkalnis ‘a hill where a castle stands or stood, a castle hill’; Revai village, BrB: Lithuanian rėvas ‘ravine, hollow, gully’; Sãlos village, LdvN: Lithuanian salà ‘a patch of ploughed land or soil between meadows’, cf. Lithuanian saloj (MrJ) ‘impassable, difficult to access’; Sodybos village, Guob: Lithuanian sodýba ‘a place where farmhouses once stood, a former homestead site’; Zasłonai village, BrB: Slavic *zaslonas, cf. Polish

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zastona,uždanga, uždangalas, užuolaida‘ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 956); Žarijos k. AšmN: liet. žarija,išdaga, anglis‘; Žūklės k. Vv: liet. žūklė,žuvų gaudymas, žvejyba‘.

1.2. Derivatives

1.2.1. Suffixal derivatives. A total of 24 are recorded; they are formed with Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes -ėlė, -ėlis, -ėlis, -ėliai, -ėliai, -ija, -ynas, -inė, -inis, -iniai, -iškiai, -(i)ukai, -utė and the Slavic suffix -ka.

-ėlė: Naujien-ėlė meadow, village, Alš: Lithuanian naujiena ‘something new, a novelty’;

-ėlis, -ėliai: Murg-ėliai garden settlement, Guob: Lithuanian mùrgas ‘a land measure’; Trak-ėliai part of a village, Klvr; Trak-ėlis part of a village, KzR: Lithuanian trãkas ‘an enclosure’;

-ėlis, -ėliai: Norag-ėliai manor, village, Ss: Lithuanian norãgas ‘a plough; a plough part fitted onto the handles’; Tabūn-ėlis village, MrJ: Lithuanian tabūnas ‘a troop, a group’;

-ija: Mandabūr-ija part of a village, Trkš: Lithuanian mandabūris ‘a group, a company, an assembly’;

-ynas: Kraujut-ynas part of a village, KzR: Lithuanian kraujūtis ‘great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)’;

-inė: Liep-inė village, Krsn: Lithuanian liepa ‘a tree with serrated leaves, honey-bearing flowers and a broad crown (Tilia)’; Pagir-inė garden settlement, Vv: Lithuanian pagirė, pagirys ‘edge of a forest’; Pamalv-inė part of a village, PdvN: Lithuanian *pamalvė, *pamalvys or similar, cf. Lithuanian malva, malvė ‘a plant of the mallow family, mallow (Malva)’; Paraist-inė part of a village, PdvN: Lithuanian paraistė, paraistys ‘edge of a bog, a place alongside a bog’; Pašil-inė part of a village, Šil: Lithuanian pašilė ‘a place near a pine forest or small wood’; Patrak-inė garden settlement, Klvr: Lithuanian patrakė, patrakys ‘a place alongside a trak, clearing, or field edge’; Vidur-inė part of a village, Šil: Lithuanian vidurys ‘a place equally or approximately equally distant from all sides or from two sides’;

-inis, -iniai: Gir-inis part of a village, Trkš: Lithuanian giria ‘a large forest’; Kamar-iniai village, Alš: borrowed word kamarà ‘a room in a peasant’s house or granary for storing various products and items; a cabinet, storeroom; an opening, cavity’;

-iškiai: Molýn-iškiai part of a village, Šn: Lithuanian molýnas ‘clayey, clay soil’; Triob-iškiai village, Trkš: Lithuanian triobà ‘a dwelling house, a cottage’;

-(i)ukai: Peč-iūkai garden settlement, Prn: Slavic pěčius ‘a stove for heating a room and cooking or baking food; a bread oven’;

-ka: Būd-ka village, Guob: Slavic būdà ‘tent, shelter, small house (for a guard, shepherd, etc.); a haystack’; Slabad-ka part of a village, Klvr: Slavic *slabada, cf. Polish stoboda ‘small

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inhabited rural locality <...>’ (SJPVI 209); cf. also Belarusian слабодка ‘part of a large village’ (SBM 746);

-utė: Jaun-utė cf. KzR: Lithuanian jaūnas, -à ‘young, having lived few years, recent.’

Table 1 (see appendix) highlights the suffixes used to form unofficial names of inhabited places in Marijampolė County from common nouns. The table shows that the overwhelming majority are derivatives with Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes (~92%); only a couple of oikonyms are formed with the Slavic suffix -ka.

The most productive Lithuanian (Baltic) suffix in this group of derivatives is -inė (~29% of derivatives); less productive suffixes are -elis, -ėliai, ėlis, -ėliai (~13% of derivatives), -ėlė, -inis, -iniai, -iškiai (~8% of derivatives), and the occasional -ija, -(i)ukai, -ynas, -utė.

1.2.2. Prefixal derivatives.

Two prefixal derivatives have been recorded, with the prefixes at- and pa-.

at-: At-stulpỹs part of the village of Šil.: Lithuanian stūlpas ‘a log driven upright into the ground’;

pa-: Pa-dėgsnė part of the village of Brb.: Lithuanian dėgsnė ‘burning, a burned-out place’.

1.3. Compound habitation names (compounds)

Their first component is a noun in all recorded cases. The second components include both physiographic and topographic terms⁵ and names of objects associated with the human environment: Alksn-iā-kaimis part of the village, ŪtN: Lithuanian ālkšnis ‘a tree of the birch family (Alnus)’, káimas; Čỹk-a-kalnis vs. MrJ: Lithuanian čỹkas ‘formerly porcini mushrooms were called čykai’, kálnas; Gal-ā-sodė part of the village, Krsn: Lithuanian gālas ‘the edge part of an object (beginning, end)’, Lithuanian sōdas ‘an area of land where fruit trees and bushes grow’; Kiaul-iā-pievė vs. ŪtN: Lithuanian kiaũlė ‘a domestic animal raised for meat and fat (Sus domesticus)’, piéva; Klev-a-kalnis village, Šil.: Lithuanian klėvas ‘a tree of the maple family with broad lobed leaves, a sycamore maple (Acer)’, kálnas; Lìn-margis village, Ss: Lithuanian linā, línas ‘a fiber and oil plant (Linum)’, Lithuanian márgas ‘a land measure’; Svirn-a-viečiai village, Ss: Lithuanian svir̃nas ‘a building where grain is stored; a large granary’, Lithuanian vietà ‘an area, space in which something is or takes place’.

One place name is recorded whose two components are both Slavic borrowings – Star-a-po-

5 The article does not discuss the origin of second components and elements formed from frequently recurring geographical nomenclature terms and their diminutive forms, which are widespread throughout the Lithuanian language.

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lė || Marijámpolė (official) town, MRJ; the first component is associated with Polish stary, Russian старый ‘old’, the second with Belarusian and Russian поле, Polish pole ‘field’.6

1.4. Multiword names

1.4.1. One genitive-form habitation name is recorded in this group: Duobių Kalnas settlement, GDL. Its first constituent derives from Lithuanian duobė ‘a dug or otherwise hollowed-out place in the ground’, the second from the geographical nomenclature term kalnas.

1.4.2. Qualifying habitation names form the majority (9). Their first constituents are expressed by a simple or pronominal adjective lacking a polar pair, although an opposition is perceptible. In these compounds, the adjective serves to emphasize a particular characteristic. The second constituents of the oikonyms in question are physiographic or topographic terms, names of inhabited objects or places, and the like: Karališkas Darželis settlement, JRGŽ: Lithuanian karališkas, -a, ‘very large’ and Lithuanian darželis ‘a small plot of land by a dwelling for flowers’; Nauja Valià village, LBV: Lithuanian naujas, -à, the second constituent is associated with Polish wola ‘tax exemption; a locality granted such an exemption’ (SJPVII 684–686); Naujas Kaimas village, LBV: Lithuanian naujas, -à and Lithuanian kaimas ‘a peasant settlement, village, hamlet’; Naujas Miestas part of a town, KLVR: Lithuanian naujas, -à and Lithuanian miestas ‘a large inhabited locality <...>’; Naujoji Klebonijàsettlement, ŠŠT: Lithuanian naujoji, cf. Lithuanian naujas, -à and Lithuanian klebonija ‘the parish priest’s residence; the parish priest’s land’; Pànska Ūlyčia part of a village, KŽR: Slavic *panska, cf. Polish pański ‘noble; belonging to a lord, lords; manorial; belonging to a manor owner, manor owners’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 411) and Slavic *ūlyčia, cf. Slavic ūlyčia ‘village, hamlet’; Senòji Klebonijà settlement, ŠŠT: Lithuanian senóji, cf. Lithuanian senas, -à ‘having existed for some time, having appeared long ago <...>’ and Lithuanian klebonija ‘the parish priest’s residence; the parish priest’s land’; Sodybinė Linija part of a village, PDVN: Lithuanian sodybinis, -ė ‘belonging to a homestead, located on a homestead site’ and Lithuanian linija ‘a boundary of a strip or field; a wall, boundary ridge’; Svìnska Ūlyčia part of a village, KLVR: Slavic *svinska, cf. Polish świński ‘of pigs; pig’s; porcine’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 786) and Slavic ūlyčia ‘village, hamlet’; Užbažnytinė Linija part of a village, PDVN: Lithuanian *užbažnytinė (located beyond the church), cf. Lithuanian bažnytinis, -ė ‘belonging to a church (place of worship)’ and Lithuanian linija ‘a boundary of a strip or field; a wall, boundary ridge’.

6 In this case, the interpretation given by Vanagas is followed, according to which the place name Star-a-polė is a compound (see Vanagas 1996: 143–146 for further details).

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Some of the oikonyms mentioned might be considered transferred names, since they probably originally denoted not a residential place but another object, and only later may have been transferred to name residential places.

2. NAMES OF RESIDENTIAL PLACES DERIVED FROM OTHER PLACE NAMES

2.1. Primary

A slightly larger number of them (5 of the 9 recorded) in this group are derived from hydronyms rather than from other place names: Álica village part of Brb: Álica river Brb (LHEŽ 39); Dobrovõlė village Trkš – a transferred village name, associated with the Polish place name Dobrowola (SMPRL 227); Drubėngis || Drubìnga river Prn: Drubėngis || Drubìnga river Prn (LHEŽ 92); Jaruzolìmas village part of Klvr, KzR – a transferred form of the name of the Palestinian city Jerùzalė (Hebrew Jerušalaim), used in colloquial speech (LEIX 388; Saly s 1983: 221); Karõsbalė village part of Jrgž: Karõsbalė hamlet Jrgž; Kiaulỹčiariver, village Ššt: Kiaulỹčia, Kiaulỹčia river Smn (LHEŽ 155); Lamžà farmstead Ldvn – a transferred farmstead name, associated with the Polish place name Łomża (SMPRL 635), cf. Polish tomić ‘to break’ (SJPII 812); Marvenka village part of KzR: Marvenka || Marvėlė (official) river Kn (VK; LHEŽ 206).

2.2. Derivatives

2.2.1. Suffixal derivatives. These are derivatives formed with the Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes -elė(s) and -ėliai from names of other residential places.

-ėlė(s): Dūmišk-ėlės village part of ŪtN: Dūmiškės village ŪtN (ATŠŽ 68); Naujien-ėlėfarmstead Vv: Naujienà farmstead Vv (VK);

-ėliai: Mardos-ėliai village Brb: Mãrdosai village Brb.

2.2.2. Prefixal derivatives. Four have been recorded. Most are formed with the prefix pa- from hydronyms and from the name of another residential place: Pa-judrỹs village part of KzR: Jùdrė, Judrė river KzR (LHEŽ 137); Pa-verksnỹsfarmstead Prn: Verksnė || Verksnià river Prn (LHEŽ 373); Pa-dambavàfarmstead Trkš: Dambavà village Trkš (ATŠŽ 53).

One unofficial residential-place name is formed with the Slavic prefix pod-: Pod-pakusìnė garden Šn: Pakusinė village Šn (ATŠŽ 219).

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2.3. Compound

2.3.1. Genitive-based settlement names. Three are recorded. In all of them, the first constituent is an oikonym and the second is a common noun denoting a place: Navasodų Navynà village, Trkš: Navasodai village, Ss (ATSŽ 198); the second constituent is related to Polish nowina ‘clearing, new land (newly ploughed land)’ (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 334); Tārtupio Pamurgys cf. Brb: Tārtupis village, ŪtN (ATSŽ 313), and Lithuanian *pamurgỹs, cf. Lithuanian mùrgas ‘unit of land measurement’; Žydaviškio Raštas cf. Būd: Žydaviškis village, Guob (ATSŽ 360), and raìstas ‘marsh’.

2.3.2. Qualifying settlement names. These compounds (two are recorded) consist of simple adjectives (first constituents) and oikonyms (second constituents), agreeing and expressed in the nominative case: Naujās Būdviètis cf. Šil: Lithuanian nauj̃as, -à ‘newly emerged <...>’ and Būdviètis (official) village, SkRd (ATSŽ 42); Naujì Prienai cf. Prn: Lithuanian nauj̃as, -à and Prienai town (ATSŽ 249). They have no polarizing pair, although the opposition is perceptible. In these cases, adjectives (as in other cases, cf. 1.4.2.) most likely serve not to establish an opposition but to emphasize a particular characteristic.

3. SETTLEMENT NAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL NAMES AND APPELLATIVE DESIGNATIONS OF PERSONS

3.1. Primary

In Marijampolė County, one recorded settlement name is derived from a suffixed anthroponym (by transonymization): Damaračkas cf. KzR: personal name Damaračkas. Vanagas cites this case, as one admitting no doubt, alongside other clearer examples and several more settlement names suspected of deriving from a singular personal name (cf. Vanagas 1967: 111–116).

The other 54 cases are plural-only forms: Antanėliai village, Vv: personal name Antanėlis; Bendoriai vs. Mrj: personal name Bendorius or similar, or Lithuanian cooper ‘barrel maker’; Bereckai part of a village, Ššt: personal name Berečkas; Bižai vs. AlšN: personal name Bižas; Būbniai village, Vv: personal name Būbnys; Danieliai vs. Alš: personal name Daniėlius; Daržininkai (also Daržinykai) part of a village, PdvN: Lithuanian smallholder ‘small landowner, plot-holder’; Daunorai part of a village, Brb: personal name Daunoras; Garsickai (also Garsiskai) village, KzR: personal name Garsickas; Gataveckai village, Vv: personal name Gatavėckas; Gyvūkai part of a village, Iš: Lithuanian lively child ‘lively, active child’; Griškai vs. Trkš: personal name *Griškas or similar, cf. nickname Griškà; Gudai vs. Vv: personal name Gùdas or Lithuanian gùdas ‘Belarusian (sometimes Pole or Russian)’; Jankauskai village.

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section, Vv: personal name Jankáuskas or the like; Jaraĩ village, Alš: personal name Jãras; Kačerakai estate, ŪtN: personal name *Kačerakas, cf. nicknames Kačeráuskas, Kačerėvskis, also cf. Polish nickname Kaczerek (SNPIV 423); Kamičiãi farms, village, Klvr: personal name *Kamičius or the like, cf. Polish nickname Kamicz (SNPIV 461), also cf. nickname Kamičáitis; Karaliai village, Vv: nickname Karãlius or Lithuanian karãlius ‘title of a ruler or monarch in some countries’; Karončikai village, Klvr: personal name *Karončikas, cf. Polish nickname Karończyk (SNPIV 509); Katiliai village section, Šn: personal name Katilius or Lithuanian katìlius ‘maker, repairer, or seller of cauldrons’; Kižiai village section, Vv: personal name Kižys or the like, cf. Lithuanian kižas ‘a person who gets angry over trifles’; Koliončikai settlement, Brb: Slavic *koliončikas (one who lives in a colony), cf. Slavic kolònija ‘isolated farmstead, single homestead; farm’; Kuklai village, Trkš: personal name *Kuklas, cf. Polish nickname Kuklas (SNPV 397); Kvalitai cf. Alš: personal name *Kvalitas, cf. nickname Kvalità; Ledai village section, KzR: personal name Lėdas; Melekai village section, Vv: personal name *Melekas, cf. Polish nickname Melek (SNPVI 284), also cf. nickname Melekáuskis; Melninkai (also Melnykai) village, Guob: borrowed mélninkas ‘miller’; Migliai village section, Šn: personal name Miglỹs or the like, or Lithuanian mìglis ‘one who knows little; a blockhead, half-wit’, Lithuanian mìglius ‘sleepyhead’; Mikai village section, Šn: personal name Mikas; Mikuliaĩ settlement, Šn: personal name Mikūlis or the like; Mozūrai village section, KzR: personal name Mozū̃ras or Lithuanian mozū̃ras, -ė ‘a member of the Mazurian ethnic group’, cf. Polish mazur ‘from Masuria; an uncultured person, commoner’ (SJPII 907); Naginioniai village, Ss: personal name Naginiónis; Nemurai village, Šn: personal name Nėmuras; Olekai village section, KzR: personal name Òlekas; Pasãuliai cf. Šil: personal name Pasãulis or the like; Pastarnãkai cf. Alš: personal name *Pastarnãkas, cf. nickname Pastarnõkas; Pečkiai village, KzR: personal name Pečkỹs or the like; Pieškai cf. Vv: personal name Piẽkas; Rauskai (also Rauckai) cf. Vv: personal name *Rauskas, cf. Polish nicknames Rauck, Raucki (SNPVIII 53); Reškiniai cf. Šil: personal name *Reškinis or the like, cf. Polish nickname Raszkin (SNPVIII 48), also cf. nickname Reškėvičius; Ringiai village section, Vv: personal name Ringis or the like; Ruseckai cf. Vv: personal name Rusėckas; Skirkai village, Guob: personal name Skirka or the like; Skučai cf. Vv: personal name Skučas; Spūdžiai cf. Guob: personal name Spūdis or the like; Šiauliai cf. Šil: personal name Šiaulis or the like; Šverakai estate, ŪtN: personal name *Šverakas, cf. nickname Šverỹs, also cf. Polish nickname Swierak (SNPIX 174); Terlezai cf. Vv: personal name *Terlezas, cf. Polish terlarz ‘carpenter, joiner; roofer’ (SJPVII 49); Urbonai cf. Vv: personal name Ūrbonas; Urnevičiai village, KzR: personal name Urnėvičius; Varteliai cf. Šn: personal name *Vartelis or the like, cf. Polish nickname Wartel (SNPX 101); Zelberiai village, Krsn: personal name *Zelberis or the like, cf. German personal name Selber (Gottschald 1954: 535); Žilinskai village section, Vv: personal name Žilińskas.

On the other hand, some settlement names, for example: Griškai cf. Trkš,

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Kvalitai vs. Alš or Skirkai village Guob may also be treated as suffixal derivatives formed from the personal names Gr iškai, Kvalitai, or Skirkai.

3.2. Derivatives

3.2.1. One ending derivative is recorded in this group: Simnišk-ė homestead. Trkš: personal name Simniškis; compare Polish surname Simniszko (SNPVIII 420)7.

3.2.2. Suffix derivatives. 97 are recorded. They are formed both with Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes -aitis, -inė, -ynė, -inis, -iniai, -iškė(s), -iškis, -iškiai, -otas and with Slavic suffixes -avas, -čižna, -enka, -ina, -ka.

-aitis: Šark-aitis village. Lbv: personal name Šarka, Šarkus or similar;

-avas: Mikalaj-ãvas village. Guob: personal name *Mikalajus or similar; compare first name Mikalõjus; Ulan-avas village. Krsn: personal name *Ulanas; compare Polish utan, ulõnas (Vaitkevičiūtė 1979: 824); also compare Lithuanian ulõnas ‘a rider armed with a spear, light cavalryman’, surname Ulanãvičius;

-čižna: Barkau-čižna village. Lbv: personal name Barkáuskas or similar; Kazlau-čižna village. Ss: personal name Kazláuskas or similar; Mitrau-čižna vs. Klvr: personal name Mitrãuskas; Palen-čižna village. Klvr: personal name Palenčius; Petrau-čižna village. Ldvn: personal name Petráuskas or similar; Samau-čižna village. Klvr: personal name Samáuskas or similar; Šarkau-čižna village. Klvr: personal name Šarkáuskas or similar;

-enka: Kòm-enka vs. Lbv: personal name Kòmas;

-ina: Anel-inà village. Mškč district: personal name Anėlė or similar; compare surname Aneláuskas, Aneliūnas;

-inė: Cimbol-inė homestead. Klvr: surname Cimbolà or similar; Radžiūn-inė village. Šn: personal name Radžiūnas;

-ynė: Abrom-ynė homestead. Šn: personal name Abrõmas; Balaik-ynė homestead. Jrgž: personal name Balaikà; Baln-ynė homestead. KzR: personal name Balnỹs or similar; Ban-ynė homestead. KzR: personal name Banỹs or similar; Batait-ynė vs. KzR: personal name Batáitis; Berlišk-ynė homestead. Šn: personal name *Berliškis or similar; compare surname Berlickas; also compare personal name Antonius Berliž 1729–1771 (IAK); Bisk-ynė homestead. Šn: personal name Biškis or similar; Civinsk-ynė homestead. Šn: personal name Civìnskis or similar; Čepansk-ynė homestead. Šil: personal name Čepánskis or similar; Čibirk-ynė vs. KzR: personal name Čibirka; Daugėl-ynė homestead. Šn: personal name Daugėla or similar; Dielk-ynė homestead. Jrgž: personal name Dielkus; Duob-ynė vs. Vv: surname Duõba; Duobin-ynė vs. Šn: personal name Duõbi-

7 On the other hand, the homestead name may be considered a derivative with the suffix -išk- from the personal name *Simnys or similar; compare Polish surname Simniak (SNPVIII 420).

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and so on or the like; Girn-ynė homestead, Ss: surname Girnys or the like; Huf-ynė homestead, Jrgž: surname Hūfas; Jankausk-ynė homestead, KzR: surname Jankáuskis or the like; Jar-ynė homestead, Ss: surname Jāras; Jasait-ynė homestead, Ss: surname Jasáitis; Kail-ynė single homestead, Šn: surname Kaĩlius or Lithuanian kaĩlius ‘furrier, furrier, leatherworker, tanner’; Klein-ynė single homestead, Šn: surname Kleinýs; Kubil-ynė homestead, KzR: surname Kubìlius or Lithuanian kubìlius ‘maker of wooden tubs; tub seller’; Kumšt-ynė homestead, Ss: surname Kumštýs, Liauk-ynė homestead, Ss, Šn: surname Liaũkus or the like; Litvait-ynė homestead, Šn: surname Litváitis; Mač-ynė single homestead, Šn: surname Mačýs or the like; Majausk-ynė homestead, Šn: surname Majáuskis or the like; Maliausk-ynė part of a village, KzR: surname Maliáuskis or the like; Monik-ynė homestead, Šn: surnames Mònika, Mònikas; Morkait-ynė homestead, KzR: surname Morkáitis; Palaik-ynė homestead, Šn: surname Palaĩkis or Lithuanian palaĩkis ‘poor, inferior; weak, worn-out, old; needy, ordinary; immoral, contemptible; a scoundrel, rascal’; Paskin-ynė homestead, Šn: surname *Paskinis or the like, cf. surnames Paskà, Paskėvičius, and also Polish surname Paskiński (SNPᵥᵢᵢ 214); Pečiul-ynė homestead, Šn: surname Pečiùlis; Pečiok-ynė homestead, AlŠ: surname Pečiòkas; Pišk-ynė single homestead, AlŠ: surname Piška; Ragick-ynė homestead, KzR: surname Ragickas; Revinsk-ynė homestead, Ss: surname Revinskis or the like; Rudžiavič-ynė homestead, KzR: surname Rudžiāvičia; Rukštel-ynė homestead, Jrgž: surname Rukštėlė or the like; Sidabr-ynė single homestead, Šn: surnames Sidabra, Sidabras or the like; Šat-ynė homestead, Ss: surname Šātas; Šim-ynė single homestead, Šn: surname Šìmas; Venclov-ynė homestead, KzR: surname Veñclova or the like; Virbaš-ynė part of a village, KzR: surname Virbāšius; -inis, -iniai: Dulsk-inis (also Dulcki’nis) homestead, Ldvn: surname Dùlskis or the like; Kunigi-iniai part of a village, KzR: Lithuanian kù nìgas ‘clergyman; lord, master; leader’ or surname *Kunigas, cf. surnames Kunigáitis, Kunigėlis; -iškė(s): Abok-iškė single homestead, Ašmn: surname *Abokas or the like, cf. surname Abokáitis; Árman-iškė homestead, Jrgž: surname Ármanas or the like; Bieżin-iškė homestead, KzR: surname *Bieżinis or the like, cf. surnames Bieżà, Bieżė; Bliumk-iškė homestead, Klvr: surname Bliumkys or the like; Broc-iškės single homestead, Ldvn: surname Brocas or the like; Bulbūn-iškė homestead, Šil: surname Bulbūnas; Degut-iškės single homestead, Klvr: surname Degùtis or the like, or Lithuanian degùtis ‘one who burns tar, works in tar production’; Dziubin-iškė homestead, Brb: surname *Dziubinis or the like, cf. surname Dziubinskas; Grabauč-iškė part of a village, Klvr: surname *Grabaučius or the like, cf. surname Grabáuskas; Grig-iškė homestead, Ldvn: surname Grìgas or the like; Grüb-iškė single homestead, Ldvn: surname *Grübis or the like, cf. German surnames Grübel (Brechenmacher 1960: 600), Grüber (Gottschald 1954: 302); Jurkyn-iškė homestead, Jrgž: surname Jurkýnas; Kaltūn-iškė part of a village, Ss: surname *Kaltūnas or the like, cf. Polish surname Kattun (SNPᵢᵥ 456), and also the personal name Kaltūnas (Butkus 1995: 247); Kazlauč-iškės homestead, Ss: surname *Kazlaučius or the like, cf. surname Kazlaučiūnas; Laik-iškės part of a village, Vv: surname

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*Laikis or the like, cf. Polish surname Laik (SNPv 505), and also surname Laikáuskas; Milūnč-iškės single homestead, KLVR: surname Milūnčius; Možūr-iškės homestead, SKRD: surname Možūras or the like, or Lithuanian možūras, -ė ‘a member of the Možūr ethnic group’, cf. Polish mazur ‘originating from Mazuria; an uncultured person, commoner’ (SJPII 907); Prank-iškė single homestead, PRN: surname Pránka; Ràč-iškė homestead, JRGŽ: surname Račỹs or the like, or Lithuanian ràčius ‘maker of wooden cart parts and wheels’; Rùdval-iškė part of a village, LDVN: surname Rùdvalis; Skār-iškė single homestead, KLVR: surname Skārius or Lithuanian skāris ‘one who is ragged, tattered’; Šlein-ynė single homestead, ŠN: surname Šleinỹs or the like; Šmit-iškės homestead, PRN: surname Šmitas; Vytur-iškė homestead, ŠIL: surname Vyturỹs;

-iškis, -iškiai: Beliūn-iškiai village, IGL: surname Beliūnas; Būdav-iškis village, KLVR: surname Būdava or the like; Cimbal-iškiai single homestead, Vv: surname Cimbalis or the like; Geldor-iškiai part of a village, PDVN: surname *Geldoris or the like, cf. Polish surname Geldarski (SNPIII 301); Kizil-iškiai single homestead, Ss: surname *Kizilis or the like, cf. surname Kizilēvičius; Komin-iškis part of a village, AŠMN: surname *Kominas or the like, cf. Polish surname Komin (SNPV 99); Tešl-iškiai single homestead, TRKŠ: surname Tešlà, cf. Polish surname Teszler (SNPIX 525); Vengl-iškis homestead, single homestead, Ss: surname *Venglys or the like, cf. surname Vęnglikas, and also Polish surname Węgler (SNPX 176); Žąsin-iškiai single homestead, ALŠ: surname Žąsinas;

-k-: Karadun-k-ai part of the village Karadun-k-ai ŠIL: *karadunas or similar; perhaps cf. Polish korodon ‘stump, tree trunk, fool, dunce, simpleton, blockhead’ (SJPII 478); Marìn-k-a village BRB: personal name Marinà, Marìnas;

-otas: Aleks-ótas homestead, PRN: surnames Aleksà, Ãleksas.

Table 2 (see appendix) highlights the derivational affixes—the suffixes—of unofficial oikonyms formed from personal names and appellative designations of persons. It shows that 5 Lithuanian (Baltic) and 5 Slavic suffixes are used to form the aforementioned oikonym derivatives in Marijampolė County. The former were used to form 84 oikonyms (~86%), while considerably fewer—the latter—formed 13 oikonyms (~14%).

The most productive Lithuanian (Baltic) suffix in this area is -ynė (~46% of derivatives); other fairly productive suffixes are those with -išk- (-iškė(s), -iškis, -iškiai), accounting for ~34% of derivatives. Among the Slavic suffixes, the most productive is -čizna (~7% of derivatives). Only one or two derivatives were formed with each of the other Lithuanian (Baltic) and Slavic suffixes.

3.2.3. One derivation with the prefix už- is recorded: Ùž-juodė single homestead, JRGŽ: surname Juòdis or the like, cf. Lithuanian juódis, -ė ‘a dark-haired, dark-skinned person’.

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3.3. Compound settlement names (compounds)

There are 10 recorded; their first components are personal names and appellative designations of persons: Baln-a-margis garden plot Ss: personal name Balnys or similar, márgas8; Karō-laukis (< *Karol-laukis) vs. Mrj: personal name Kārolis or similar, laūkas; Kev-iā-daržis garden plot Guob: personal name *Keva or similar, cf. surname Kievà, daržas; Kūpr-a-kaimis part of a village Jrgž: personal name Kūpras or similar; Kuin-a-kampis part of a village Vv: personal name Kuinys or similar, or Lithuanian kūnas ‘with hair cut short; poor, bald; wretched, thin; awkward, clumsy’, kãmpas; Žyd-girė part of a village Guob: Lithuanian žydas, -ė, a person of Jewish ethnicity’, forest; Palč-ia-balė village Klvr: personal name *Palčius or similar, cf. surnames Palčiauskas, Palčevskas, swamp; Palūc-murgiai vs. Lbv: personal name *Paluca or similar, cf. Polish surnames Paluc, Paluca (SNPVII 172), also cf. surname Palùckas, mùrgas; Pिपir-miestis part of a village Iš: personal name Pipìras or Lithuanian pipìras ‘colloq. of a small child, of a short person’, miėstas; Zemk-a-kaimis part of a village Šn: personal name *Zemka or similar, cf. Polish surname Zemka (SNPX 480), also cf. surname Zemkàuskas, kãimas.

The second components of the recorded unofficial settlement names are of two types: 1) physiographic and topographic terms balà, girià, kãimas, laūkas, miėstas; 2) names of objects and other designations related to the human environment, activities, etc. (Lithuanian daržas ‘a plot of land near a homestead for growing vegetables’, Lithuanian kãmpas ‘edge, side; half’, Lithuanian márgas, mùrgas ‘a unit of land measurement’).

3.4. Composite names

3.4.1. The first components of settlement names in the genitive are derived from personal names and appellative designations of persons, while the second components are derived from common nouns and diminutive forms of geographic nomenclature terms (kãimas): Beldauskiūčių Sōdas vs. Ššt: personal name *Beldauskiūtė, cf. surname Beldaũskas and Lithuanian sōdas ‘a plot of land where fruit trees and shrubs grow’; Daržininkų Ūlyčia (also Daržinykų ūly’čia) part of a village Iš: Lithuanian daržininkas ‘smallholder, allotment holder’ and Slavic ūlyčia ‘village, hamlet’; Parkaʊskų Kaimelis part of a village Guob: personal name *Parkauskas, cf. surname Parkáuskis and Lithuanian kaimẽlis, cf. kãimas; Žilinskų Senynė homestead Šn: personal name Žilinskas, Žilinskas and Lithuanian *senynė, cf. Lithuanian sėnas, -à ‘existing for some time, long-established <…>’. These settlement names can be interpreted as—

8 The second components in this group are discussed after the settlement names have been examined according to their first components.

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terpreted as transferred names, since they most likely previously denoted another object and were later transferred to name settlements (cf. 1.4.1.).

3.4.2. One qualifying settlement name is recorded: Nauja Treiza vs. Vv, which consists of Lithuanian naũjas, -à ‘recently established <...>’ and personal name *Treiza, cf. German personal name Treis (Gottschald 1954: 576).

4. PLACE NAMES OF SETTLEMENTS WITH POSSIBLE DUAL ORIGINS

These oikonyms may be associated either with an appellative or with an appellative-based personal designation or a personal name derived from an appellative. From the perspective of word formation, three groups can be distinguished in Marijampolė County: primary, suffixal, and compound forms.

4.1. Primary forms (pluralia tantum)

Graužai village, part of Brb: personal name Gráužas (see also surname Gruužėlis) or Lithuanian graužas ‘a component of gravel, gravel, grit’; Kraujučiai village, Vv: personal name Kraujūtis (see also surname Kraujutaitis) or Lithuanian kraujūtis ‘medicinal burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis); common yarrow, sraujanosis, straviklis (Achilea millefolium)’.

4.2. Derivatives

Derivatives with the suffixes -inė, -iškės:

-inė: Gryb-inė vs., Iš: personal name Grỹbas or Lithuanian grỹbas ‘a limp, soft spore-bearing plant; mushroom’; Lepš-inė village, part of Šil: personal name Lepšỹs or similar; Lithuanian lẽpšė ‘a slack, spineless, spoiled person’; Lithuanian lẽpšis, lepšỹs ‘a weakling, lout’ or Lithuanian lẽpšis, lepšỹs ‘an edible mushroom of the bolete family (Boletus scaber)’; Žiurk-inė village, part of Guob, Ss: personal name Žiurkùs, byname Žiurkė (Butkus 1995: 460), or Lithuanian žiùrkė ‘a large rodent of the mouse family, larger than a mouse (Rattus)’;

-iškės: Vanag-iškės village, part of Klvr: personal name Vãna­gas (see also surname Vanagáitis) or Lithuanian vãna­gas ‘a species of the hawk subfamily, a bird of prey with a short hooked beak and sharp talons’.

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4.3. Compound names

Cack-a-vietė village. From: personal name *Cacka or the like, cf. Polish surname Cacka, Cacko (SNP 6), or Slavic cackà, čačkė ‘toy, trinket, knickknack’, Lithuanian vietà ‘area, space where something is or happens’; Garn-a-būdis village, Lbv: personal name Garnỹs (see also surname Garnėlis) or Lithuanian garnỹs ‘stork, white stork (Ciconia)’, Lithuanian būdà ‘tent, shelter, small house (for a guard, shepherd, etc.)’; Mešk-ã-būdis village. From: personal name Meškà, Lithuanian meškà ‘awkward, clumsy, heavy, sluggish person’ or Lithuanian meškà ‘bear’, Lithuanian būdà; Žiùrk-a-kaimis village, Šil; part of the village ŪtN: personal name Žiùrkus or Lithuanian žiùrkė ‘a large rodent of the mouse family, larger than a mouse (Rattus)’, kãimas ‘village’; Žiùrk-miestis town, Vv: personal name Žiùrkus or Lithuanian žiùrkė, miẽstas ‘town’.

The study of unofficial settlement names in Marijampolė County concludes with Table 3 (see Appendix). It shows that the most numerous place names examined are suffixal formations. A total of 130 were recorded, i.e. about 44% of all the oikonyms examined. There were 111 primary oikonyms, i.e. about 38% of all the onyms of this class examined. The other types of settlement-name formation are distributed by frequency as follows: compounds – 24, i.e. about 8%; multiword names – 21, i.e. about 7%; prefixal derivatives – 7, i.e. about 2%; ending derivatives – 1, i.e. about 0.3%.

By the lexical status of their base word, the settlement names examined are distributed as follows: 169, i.e. about 58% of all the oikonyms examined, are derived from personal names and appellative designations of persons; 88, i.e. about 30%, from common nouns (appellatives); 23, i.e. about 7.5%, from other place names; and 13, i.e. about 5%, have a recorded possible dual origin.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Summarizing the analysis, in terms of formation and origin, of unofficial settlement names in Marijampolė County recorded from spoken language during the interwar period, several conclusions can be drawn.

5.1. Formation patterns

5.1.1. In the formation of unofficial oikonyms, as is customary in all classes of toponyms, secondary place names with derivational features are more characteristic (∼62%).

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5.1.2. The most productive type of formation for unofficial settlement names in this area is suffixation (~44%) (unlike in official Lithuanian oikonymy, where the most productive method of formation is represented by pluralia tantum forms).

The Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes -ynė (45 oikonyms) and derivatives with -išk- (-iškė(-s), -iškis, -iškiai) (35 oikonyms) are distinguished by their productivity.

Derivatives with the suffix -ynė are formed from personal names and appellative designations of persons, and generally denote places where people live or have lived. Suffixes with -išk-, which serve a possessive function, are used to form oikonyms from personal names and appellative designations of persons, as well as from appellatives. Among these, unofficial settlement names derived from personal names and appellative designations of persons are particularly numerous (33 of 35 oikonyms).

Alongside the dominant patterns, settlement names are also formed with other Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes -aitis, -ėlis, -ėliai, -ėlė(s), -ėlis, -ėliai, -ija, -ynas, -inė, -inis, -iniai, -(i)ukai, -otas, -utė and Slavic suffixes -avas, -čizna, -enka, -ina, -ka, which are more varied than frequent in this area.

5.1.3. Primary oikonyms are also abundant in Marijampolė County (~38%); most of them (70 of the 111 recorded) are pluralia tantum forms, belonging to a relatively late stage in the formation of oikonymy. These plural settlement names are most often formed here from the singular form of a personal name or an appellative designation of a person (54 oikonyms). They are formed much less frequently from the singular of the corresponding appellatives (16 oikonyms).

Unofficial oikonyms are rarely formed by compounding, accounting for ~8% (24 oikonyms).

In every case, the second components of oikonyms derive from common nouns. In 58% of all compound oikonyms, the second components are names of objects associated with the human environment, activities, or the like: būda, daržas, giria, kampas, márgas, miestas, mūras, sodas, vietà; 42% have second components drawn from various physiographic and topographic terms describing the geographical setting of a location in the studied area: balà, káimas, kálnas, laũkas, piéva.

In Marijampolė County, compounds with the lexeme káimas as the second component are the most productive (~21%); other lexemes—būda, kálnas, márgas, miestas, vietà—are rare (~8%), while still others—balà, daržas, giria, kampas, laũkas, mūras, piéva, sõdas—occur only sporadically.

The first component is most often a personal name or an appellative designation of a person (in more than half of the compounds studied), and less often an appellative. The first com-

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Among their components, compound unofficial oikonyms in this county never contain another place name.

5.1.5. Unofficial oikonyms in Marijampolė County are even less often formed by compounding, at approximately 7% (21 oikonyms).

Compound oikonyms may be either genitive-based (approximately 38%; 8 oikonyms) or qualifying (approximately 62%; 13 oikonyms). The numerical preponderance of the latter most likely attests to the specificity of the place-name class under investigation and its tendency to expand in favor of compound qualifying oikonyms (unlike in other toponym classes, such as hydronyms or oronyms).

5.1.6. Suffixal and prefixal derivatives are not characteristic of the oikonymy of this territory. They are very rare and/or occur singly.

About 2% of all the oikonyms in Marijampolė County that were studied are derivatives with the prefixes at-, pa-, and už-. The base word of derivatives with the prefix at- may be a common noun; with the prefix pa-, it may be either a common noun or another place name (a hydronym or another settlement name); the base word of derivatives with the prefix už- is a personal name.

5.2. Origin tendencies

5.2.1. The vast majority (approximately 95%) of the studied oikonyms in Marijampolė County are of clear origin. Approximately 5% of the studied onyms may have either of two possible origins.

More than half (approximately 58%) of the unofficial oikonyms of clear origin in Marijampolė County were formed from personal names and appellative designations of persons.

Approximately one third (30%) of these oikonyms were formed through toponymization, as an appellative passed into the class of toponyms.

Spoken oikonyms derived from other place names through transtoponymization account for less than one tenth of all the studied onyms in Marijampolė County (approximately 7.5%). Most of these were formed from other place names (15 oikonyms), rather than from hydronyms (8 oikonyms).

These are the word-formation features and origin tendencies of unofficial settlement names in Marijampolė County; their discussion will be incorporated in the future into an overall analysis of word-formation types and origin tendencies in the oikonymy of the entire area under study.

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APPENDIX

Table 1.Suffixes of settlement names derived from appellatives

Suffixes | Settlement names 1. Lithuanian (Baltic) | Quantity | Percentage -elis, -eliai | 3 | 13 -ėl- | -ėlė | 2 | 8 -ėl- | -ėlis, -ėliai | 3 | 13 -ija | 1 | 4 -ynas | 1 | 4 -in- | -inė | 7 | 29 -in- | -inis, -iniai | 2 | 8 -iškiai | 2 | 8 -(i)ukai | 1 | 4 -utė | 1 | 4 Total | 23 | 92 2. Slavic -ka | 2 | 8 Total | 2 | 8

Table 2.Suffixes of settlement names derived from personal names and appellative designations of persons

Suffixes | Settlement names 1. Lithuanian (Baltic) | Quantity | Percentage -aitis | 1 | 1 -in- | -inė | 2 | 2 -in- | -inis, -iniai | 2 | 2 -ynė | 45 | 46 -išk- | -iškė(s) | 23 | 24 -išk- | -iškis, -iškiai | 10 | 10 -otas | 1 | 1 Total | 84 | 86

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Continuation of Table 2

Settlement names 1. Lithuanian (Baltic) | Quantity | Percentage 2. Slavic

-avas | 2 | 3 -ičzna | 7 | 7 -enka | 1 | 1 -ina | 1 | 1 -ka | 2 | 2 Total | 13 | 14

Table 3. Settlement names of Marijampolė County by formation and origin

Settlement names by origin | Settlement names by formation | Primary | Derivatives: endings | suffixes | prefixes | Compounds | Compound formations | Total

From common nouns | 42 | – | 25 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 89 (~30%) From other place names | 11 | – | 3 | 4 | – | 5 | 23 (~7.5%) From personal names and appellative designations of persons | 55 | 1 | 97 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 169 (~58%) Possibly of twofold origin | 2 | – | 5 | – | 6 | – | 13 (~5%) Total | 111 (~38%) | 1 (~0.3%) | 130 (~44%) | 7 (~2%) | 24 (~8%) | 21 (~7%) | 293

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ABBREVIATIONS FOR LOCATION REFERENCES

AlŠ – Alšėnai (Kaunas district)

AšMn – Ašminta (Prienai district)

BrB – Balbieriškis (Prienai district)

Būd – Būda (Prienai district)

GdL – Gudeliai (Marijampolė municipality eldership)

Guob – Guobai (Kazlų Rūda municipality eldership)

Ig – Igliáuka (Marijampolė municipality eldership)

Igl – Igliškėliai (Marijampolė municipality eldership)

Iš – Išlaužas (Prienai district)

Jrgž – Jūrgežeriai (Kalvarija municipality eldership)

Klvr – Kalvarija (Marijampolė municipality eldership)

Kn – Kaunas

Krsn – Krosna (Lazdijai district)

KzR – Kazlų Rūda

Lbv – Liubāvas (Kalvarija municipality eldership)

Ldvn – Liudvinavas (Marijampolė municipality)

MrJ – Marijampolė

Pdvn – Padovinys (Marijampolė municipality)

Prn – Prienai

Skrd – Skriaudžiai (Prienai district)

Smn – Simnas (Alytus district)

Ss – Sasnava (Marijampolė municipality)

ŠlL – Šilavotas (Prienai district)

Šn – Šunskai (Marijampolė municipality)

Ššt – Šeštokai (Lazdijai district)

Trkš – Trakiškiai (Marijampolė municipality)

ŪtN – Naujoji Ūta (Prienai district)

Vv – Veiveriai (Prienai district)

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

avd. – personal name

b. – swamp

brus. – Belarusian

dv. – manor

gyv. vt. – inhabited place

hebr. – Hebrew

k. – village

k. dalis – part of a village

lenk. – Polish

liet. – Lithuanian

mst. – town

mst. dalis – part of a town

of. – official, officially

pan. – similarly

plg. – compare

plv. – manor farm

prk. – figuratively

prvd. – nickname

pvd. – surname

rus. – Russian

skol. – loanword

sl. – Slavicism

sod. – homestead

t. – says

up. – river

vok. – German

vs. – single homestead

vv. – place name

žr. – see

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ABBREVIATIONS OF SOURCES

ATŠ – Directory of the Administrative-Territorial Division of the Lithuanian SSR 2, compiled by Z. Noreika, V. Stravinskas. Vilnius: Mintis, 1976.

IAK – Index-card file of historical personal names of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s Department of Onomastics.

LAV – Lietuvos apgyventos vietos. Kaunas, 1925.

LE – Lithuanian Encyclopedia 1–28. Boston: Lithuanian Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1953–1966.

LHEŽ – A. Vanagas, Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981.

LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–20. Vilnius, 1956–2002.

LPŽ – Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames 1–2, ed. A. Vanagas. Vilnius: Mokslas.

LVKŽIII – K. Kuzavinis, B. Savukynas, Dictionary of the Origin of Lithuanian Names. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2003.

RLKŽ – Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary 1–4. Vilnius, 1982–1985.

SBM – Dictionary of the Belarusian Language. Minsk: Petrus Broŭka Belarusian Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1987.

SJP – Jan Karłowicz, Adam Kryński, Władysław Niedźwiedzki, Dictionary of the Polish Language 1–8. Warsaw: published by subscription, 1902–1927.

SMPRL – List of Localities of the Polish People’s Republic. Warsaw: Communications and Transport Publishing House, 1967.

SNP – Dictionary of Surnames Currently Used in Poland 1–10, published by K. Rymut. Kraków: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Polish Language, 1992–1994.

VK – Index-card file of place names collected from spoken language, Department of Onomastics, Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

VŽ – Vietovardžių žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2002.

WSPR – Great Polish-Russian Dictionary. Warsaw-Moscow: Wiedza Powszechna, Sowietskaja Encyklopiedija, 1967.

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LITERATŪRA

Brechenmacher, J. K. 1960: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Familiennamen 1. Limburg a. d. Lahn: C. A. Starke Verlag, 1957–1960.

Butkus, A. 1995: Lietuvių pravardės. Kaunas: Æsti.

Gottschald, M. 1954: Deutsche Namenkunde. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Kavoliute, F. 2004: Senieji kultūriniai arealai ir jų pėdsakai Žemaitijos kraštovaizdyje. Geografija 40 (1), 24–29.

Mickiene, I. 2001: Telšių rajono toponimų daryba. Daktaro disertacija, Kaunas.

Razmukaitė, M. 1998: Lietuvos priesaginiai oikonimai. Daktaro disertacija, Vilnius.

Razmukaitė, M. 2001a: Gyvenamųjų vietų vardai. In: Lygumai. Stačiūnai. Vilnius: Versmė, 589–593.

Razmukaitė, M. 2001b: Ragu vos apylinkių gyvenamųjų vietų vardai. In: Raguva, Vilnius: Versmė, 788–792.

Razmukaitė, M. 2002a: Lietuvos sudurtinių oikonimų darybos bruožai. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 46, 121–130.

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Razmukaitė, M. 2003a: Sudėtiniai Lietuvos oikonimai. Baltų filologija 12 (2), 63–68.

Razmukaitė, M. 2003b: Seredžiaus apylinkių gyvenamųjų vietų vardai. In: Seredžius. Vilnius: Versmė, 929–931.

Razmukaitė, M. 2004: Kvė दarnos apylinkių gyvenamųjų vietų vardai (kilmė ir daryba). In: Kvėdarna. Vilnius: Versmė, 865–869.

Razmukaitė, M. 2006: Šilalės apylinkių gyvenamųjų vietų vardai (kilmė ir daryba). In: Šilalės kraštas. Vilnius: Margi raštai, 617–620.

Salys, A. 1983: Raštai 2. Roma: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija.

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Sviderskienė, D. 2005: Marijampolės apskrities Marijampolės valsčiaus vietovardžių darbų ir kilmės polinkiai. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 52, 91–118.

Sviderskienė, D. 2006: Marijampolės apskrities drimonimų darybos ir kilmės polinkiai. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 54, 49–62.

Vaitkevičiūtė, V. 1979: Lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas.

Vanagas, A. 1967: Lietuvos gyvenamųjų vietų vardai, kilę iš vienaskaitos asmenvardžio. Baltistica 3 (1), 111–116.

Vanagas, A. 1970: Lietuvos TSR hidronimų daryba. Vilnius: Mintis.

Vanagas, A. 1980: K. Būga – lietuvių onomastikos pradininkas. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 20, 7–35.

Vanagas, A. 1990: Ойконимы Литвы с суффиксами славянского происхождения -ava, -avas. In: M. Kondratiuk, red., Balto-słowiańskie związki językowe. Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, 381–388.

Vanagas, A. 1996: Lietuvos miestų vardai. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Dalia Sviderskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected]

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