KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA

Vilnius University, Centre for Polish Studies

Research interests: the functioning and stratification of Polish dialects in Lithuania, interaction between Lithuanian and Polish dialects, lexical Lithuanianisms in Polish, folk customs in the borderland; problems of bilingual Polish–Lithuanian lexicography.

LITHUANIAN LOANWORDS IN POLISH DIALECTS OF LITHUANIA¹

Lithuanian borrowings in Polish dialects in Lithuania

ABSTRACT

The article examines lexical Lithuanianisms used in Polish dialects in the Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian border area of Lithuania. The lexical Lithuanianisms are characterized according to the period of borrowing and the ways in which these words entered the Polish dialects. The analysis leads to the conclusion that most Lithuanian loanwords that entered Polish came from Belarusian, which may indicate that Belarusian provided the foundation for the formation of Polish dialects in the Vilnius region.

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with lexical Lituanisms functioning in Polish dialects on the Polish-Lithuanian-Belorussian borderland. Lithuanian lexical loanwords are characterized with regard to time and the ways of filtering of these words into Polish dialects. The conducted analysis shows that the majority of Lithuanian borrowings penetrated into Polish by the mediation of the Belorussian language, which can be an evidence of the Belorussian background of Polish dialects in Vilnius and its area.

¹ The article was prepared as part of the international project “Język polski pogranicza litewsko-łotewsko-biało-ruskiego na tle innych odmian polszczyzny północnokresowej” (The Polish language of the Lithuanian-Latvian-Belorussian borderland in comparison with other variants of the Polish language in north-eastern Polish), funded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW – Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego), now the National Science Centre (NCN – Narodowe Centrum Nauki; an. Ministry of Science and Higher Education, currently National Science Centre); contract number: N104 056038.

KEYWORDS: Polish dialects in Lithuania, interaction between dialects, Lithuanianisms, Vilnius region.

KEYWORDS: Polish dialects in Lithuania, interaction between dialects, lituanisms, the Vilnius region.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

The borderland region of Polish, Lithuanian, and Belarusian is characterized by multiculturalism and multilingualism, which shaped complex ethnolinguistic relations in the distant past, reaching back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). The initial division into Baltic and Ruthenian lands, as well as the influx of people from the Crown and neighboring states, meant that during the Union of Lublin (1569) and the attack by the Moscow army (1655), as many as seven ethnolects were in use in this territory: Lithuanian, Belarusian, the Polish of the northeastern region, the language of the Lithuanian Tatars, the Trakai Karaim language, the dialect of Lithuanian Jews, and the “speech of the pagan Narew” (Bednarczuk 1994: 109–124). Over time, the number of different ethnolects in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania only increased. Following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the influence of Russian began to grow in these lands, and the status and boundaries of other languages that had long been in use changed (Grek-Pabisowa 1997: 145–179).

To date, descriptions of the linguistic situation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania based on analyses of historical sources, as well as studies of the dialects of these borderland territories, have provided us with little knowledge about the boundaries of spoken Belarusian² in the past and the use of Lithuanian dialects in the Slavic territories of Lithuania’s neighbors. As a result, the genesis of Polish dialects in Lithuania remains a subject of debate.

Using linguistic data, this article analyzes phenomena that may help establish the linguistic basis on which the Polish dialect of the Vilnius dialect region developed. The subject of description is Lithuanianisms used in these dialects. Lexical Lithuanianisms are characterized according to the diversity of their chronological strata (and the associated differences among thematic groups) and their distribution across various dialect areas. In addition, given the frequent overlap with corresponding words used in Belarusian dialects, the article seeks to substantiate the route by which these words entered Lithuanian Polish dialects via an intermediary language.

This article will not be limited solely to presenting borrowings from Lithuanian recorded in the Vilnius region (Pol. Wileńszczyzna)³. It will also consider territories located away from the Vilnius region but characterized by similar features of the sociolinguistic situation, both in the past and at present. The Lithuanianisms presented below-

² Today, this issue is discussed in only a few articles. Belarusian researcher Anatolij Aksamitov writes about the numerical predominance of Belarusians in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the widespread use of Belarusian (northwestern Belarusian dialects) in contact among Lithuanians, Poles, and Belarusians, and the functioning of this dialect in other, smaller communities (Jewish, Karaim, and Tatar) settled in the vicinity of Vilnius and Trakai (Аксамитов 2000: 91–92).

³ The name for this dialect area was proposed by Halina Turska, who studied and described Polish in territories north of Vilnius, extending widely from Kernavė to Naujuju Švenčionių. Distinguishing the Vilnius area from the two other Polish-speaking territories in Lithuania—Smalvos and Kaunas—she studied only the localities that belonged to Poland before the war (Turska 1995). Today, a new classification of Lithuanian Polish dialects is needed, since all the areas in which these dialects are spoken have now been studied. I would also propose defining the boundaries of the Vilnius dialect region somewhat more broadly.

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Lithuanianisms were recorded in Vilnius District and in certain localities in Širvintos and Molėtai Districts, that is, in territories outside the Vilnius region, since these localities were within the territory of the Republic of Lithuania until 1939. Material collected in Trakai District is also used; today, Polish is the dominant language there, and the linguistic situation is very similar to that of the Vilnius region. Thus, the localities under consideration are those in which Polish performs (and once performed) the function of a first (primary) language. The vocabulary selected for the study was provided by informants who, for the most part, do not know Lithuanian at all and do not use it in everyday life⁴.

The need to record and study lexical Lithuanianisms in Lithuanian Polish dialects arose in 2001, when the collection of material for a Polish dialect dictionary began. An initial analysis of the vocabulary gathered for the dictionary⁵ revealed a fairly large stratum of Lithuanian-origin vocabulary (about 10 percent). Using a questionnaire compiled on the basis of the dictionary, the material was checked during each summer field expedition (i.e., from 2007 to 2012). The body of vocabulary continued to grow: new lexemes were discovered, and morphonological variants of previously recorded vocabulary and phraseological expressions were documented. At present, my card index contains more than 700 lexical Lithuanianisms. It is likely that new words or variants can still be found in unstudied Polish dialect areas, especially along the Polish–Belarusian border (for example, in Šalčininkai District). Words recorded during this year’s field expedition demonstrated this clearly.

The length of the article did not allow all the Lithuanianisms recorded in the study area to be presented. To substantiate the thesis, words were selected that reflect the lexical diversity of each group, are well documented in the dialect of the area under study, and have many morphonological variants. The words were analyzed on the basis of the work of Lithuanian, Belarusian, and Polish linguists. To date, most attention has been devoted to Lithuanianisms widespread in Belarusian dialects of the borderland (Urbutis 1969: 43–68; 1969a: 149–162; 1984: 30–38; 1984: 255–275; 1987: 46–52, 61–68; Гринавяцкене, Мацкевич, Романович, Чеберук 1975: 163–195; Grinaveckienė 1983: 182–204). Lithuanian borrowings in Polish have been examined by the following authors: Otrębski 1931: 79–85; Zdaniukiewicz 1972; Zinkevičius 1974: 207–214; Grinaveckienė 1977: 133–142; 1991: 47–64; Tekielski 1980: 62–73; Smoczyński 2001: 445–460; Rutkowska 2006: 73–108, 2007: 487–502, 2010: 342–348. In writing this article, important works of a more general nature were also consulted: Мартынов 1965; Чекман 1972: 147–156; Лаучюте 1973:155–164, 1975: 145–161; Zinkevičius 1984: 255–275, 1987: 46–52, 61–68; Laučiūtė 2007: 85–102; Grek-Pabisowa 1993: 54–60; Smułkowa 2002: 272–283, 2002a: 242–257⁶.

⁴ The linguistic situation in these territories is discussed in greater detail in several publications by the author of this article (Rutkowska 2008: 345–366; 2008a: 53–68).

⁵ The dictionary, which presents vocabulary from all the areas in Lithuania where Polish dialects are spoken, was published in Warsaw in 2006 (see SPGL).

⁶ Lituanizmų tyrinėjimų apžvalga pateikta mano studijoje (Rutkowska 2006: 73–108).

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

GROUPS OF LITHUANIAN LOANWORDS

An analysis of Lithuanian loanwords, based on historical dictionaries, available descriptions of the lexicon of languages in the northern region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and contemporary dictionaries of Slavic dialects, makes it possible to distinguish four groups of loanwords⁷.

1. The first group of Lithuanianisms

A fairly large part of the lexicon consists of old loanwords documented in the era of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; these lexemes are found in old sources written in Polish or Old Belarusian. Recorded in the 16th–18th centuries, these words are widely used and have generally survived in several Slavic languages (Polish, Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian). They form several thematic groups.

Physiographic names

dyrsa ‘a plant of the grass family growing in woods and fields, a weed in winter crops (Bromus); its stem, grain’: There is a lot of dyrsa in the rye; it grows like oats, a kind of bentgrass, just like that, similar to oats Šv. Well, that’s dyrsa, the same żytnica, żytnica in Polish, but simply dyrsa; it’s also dyrsa in Belarusian. Well, it’s just that it has no grains, only little husks; it has no grains. And they say: żytnica, bread’s helper, because you grind it and mix it into the bread. [And what did they call it here?] We have both dyrsa and żytnica; one person says dyrsa, another says żytnica Lent. [And there wasn’t any dyrsa?] There was dyrsa, of course; it grew like little bentgrass in the rye Vid. Dyrsa grows, if you let it, it flowers too Mież. I don’t know where that dyrsa came from. It came from the ground, or from some kind of air Intur. The word dyrsa was recorded by Grinaveckienė in the Buivydžiai area (Grinaveckienė 1991: 50); dzırsa: Dzırsa or džyrsa, probably something like that, something that harmed the grain Virš; dirsa: Dirsa is very old-fashioned, harmful. Well, it flowers, sort of yellow; it sends out sharp little spikes, so it’s very harmful to crops too Šiaul. In old written sources it is documented in the forms: dyrsa, dyrsouaty (Jabl 65); recorded in Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish dialects (Białystok, Sejny) (CB 11); it is also found in Belarusian dialects: дьірса, гірса (CBF); Lithuanian dirse⁸;

⁷ In this article, the term Lithuanianism is used broadly in describing Lithuanian loanwords: Lithuanian loanwords are understood to include words with Lithuanian roots and loanwords from other languages that entered Polish through Lithuanian. Lexemes that entered Polish dialects through another language (in this case, Belarusian) are also considered Lithuanianisms. This descriptive approach, which arises from the so-called process of lexicalization in the study of loanword etymology, is considered the most accurate. (Cf. Walczak 1982: 172–194).

⁸ Variants corresponding to Lithuanian words in other languages were selected using the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language: LKŽe. More complex cases in determining the Lithuanian origin of words were analyzed on the basis of etymo-

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fallow land ‘abandoned, uncultivated, overgrown soil’: Well, only cows graze on fallow land; what can you do on fallow land? There, on fallow land, only grass grows, and nothing else The Holy Farmer neglected this land so much, let it become fallow Virš. There used to be fallow fields; even within my memory, I still took the cow farther to the fallow fields; there was only clover, the land stood fallow. Now they don’t let it lie abandoned Vid. There were fallow fields, but here only that hill was fallow, while everything else was cultivated STarp. There used to be no fallow land; there were meadows Dub. If some fallow land remained for a while, well, then rye grew better Karv. Where I live, the soil was good—dry, fallow Kern. In the Vilnius region, the word fallow land was recorded by Turska, Ničas, and Šveikovska (TurNiSzw 138, 173), and by Dwilewicz in Buivydžiai: fallow land (Dwil 115); fallow land was recorded in the areas around Buivydžiai and Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 137; 1991: 50); patch of fallow grass ‘grass’: Well, later they have a big party at some little fallow patch, a May celebration Šv; left fallow ‘of land: uncultivated’: Well, it was left fallow like that [land] Šv; fallow-field (SGP). These forms are documented in ancient writings from the 16th century onward: dyrvan (dervan, dirvan), dirvanec, dyrvanik, dyrvanowy, in the territory of Lithuania (Jabl 47, 66, 67, 117, 234, 311); Zofia Kurzowa gives the word fallow land and treats it as a Lithuanian loanword that has been used in Polish since the 17th century; in Old Belarusian, the form dzirwan occurs from the 16th century onward (Kurz 353); it is also documented in ГСБМ in the forms дүрванъ, дерванъ, дървонъ, дърва, is used in Polish dialects in the areas around Pskov, Smolensk, and Sejny (СБ 29), as well as in Belarusian borderland dialects (СБГ); Urbutis (1969 (1): 58) analyzed this word in Belarusian dialects; Lithuanian dirvónas;

dumblo ‘settled sediment, wet, churned-up mud’: But there are places with dumbło, where if you stumble, you can stumble and sink in there Lent. And there can be dumbło in the water too; sometimes it is firm there, and sometimes it is still so soft that your legs sink in, that it is still such dumbło Šv. [Such mud in a lake?] Dumbło Rud. I could barely pull my legs out of that dumbło. The fish is big, but it smells of dumbło WilJaszcz. The word is documented in old writings from 1671 (Raseiniai) (Jabl 295), and also as a name for a bog, Думбль, from 1596 (Ukmergė) (Jabl 121); it is not found in ГСБМ; it is used in Belarusian borderland dialects: дъмбла (СБГ), as well as in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 54); Lithuanian dum̃blas;

krusznia 1. ‘a pile of stones, a stone heap’: Well, they called such a heap of stones a krusznia; the stones were hauled together, piled up in a heap, and they called it a krusznia Šv. And there can be a krusznia of stones; the birds also make nests among the stones and sit there (chicks) Lent. There used to be a manor farm; they would gather stones and throw them onto that krusznia Padv; chruśnia: When stones were piled up somewhere, they called it a chruśnia Karv; 2. ‘a heated bathhouse hearth built of piled stones’: There was a krusznia, and they burned fuel there, burned it in that krusznia; it was like an oven, that

with lexicographic dictionaries: Belarusian (ЭСБМ), Russian (ЭСРЯ), Polish (SEJP, SEJPSł), Slavic (ЭССЯ), and Lithuanian (SEJL); see the abbreviations at the end of this article.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

the stove was made of stones and it was called a krusznia Šv; kruśnia: And that stove, the stove made of piled stones, when water was poured over it to make steam, was called a kruśnia; you splash water onto the kruśnia Šv. In the bathhouse, the stove is called a krusznia; when it has burned through, only the stones crumble there Rud. In the bathhouse, the floor and a kruśnia like that were made of stones, and water was carried from the house Intur. There was a chruśnia in the bathhouse, and they poured water over the stones Pab. In the bathhouse there were chruśnias made of stones, little stoves like that; they heated them up, the stones got very hot, and then they poured water onto those stones, steam rose, and so we washed Arn. In the area around Aukštadvaris: Kruśnia (Grinaveckienė 1977: 139), kruśnia (SGP). Kurzowa gives this word as a Lithuanian borrowing in Old Belarusian from the 16th century, citing Bulyka⁹ (Kurz 378); the first meaning is also documented in ГСБМ; in present-day Belarusian dialects (and similarly in Polish), it is used with both meanings: кру́шня, кру́сня ‘(stone) heap, stone pile; bathhouse hearth’ (СБГ); also in the Sejny dialects (СБ 46); Lithuanian krūšné ‘(stone) heap, stone pile’; krósnis ‘a heated bathhouse hearth built of piled stones’;

kudra, mžb. kuderka ‘a small pond overgrown with plants’: It is a place like that where the water stands; there is no water there anymore now. It may just be water, like that pool, but the place is already muddy, and some bush grows there, so they called those places kuderki. More of these names have remained from Belarusian Rud; When you drive from Vilnius, on the left there is a place like that beside a marsh, a little lake; it was called kudra, kudra, and they called it bizulka STarp; kudra, kuderka, kudżiarka mžb. (SGP). The words kudra, kuderka are documented in old writings from the 17th century in the territory of Lithuania (Jabl 108, 313, 332); CBM gives the Belarusian equivalent kỳdзерка ‘thickets, a small wood’ (documented in the Vilnius, Kaunas, and Grodno governorates); it is widespread in Belarusian borderland dialects (СБГ); it is also recorded in Ukrainian (СБ 37; Urbutis 1969 (1): 62); Lithuanian kūdpa;

lun ‘a quaking marsh, bog’: There was a lun like that in the forest; there is a lake there, and beyond it is a lun. It is boggy, like porridge, and it sways a lot. If a creature falls into that lun, it will not get out Pab. We had a meadow like that, they called them luns, but you could not say it was very wet there. In some years, you could not ride there on horseback, but grass grew there Karv. There were luns, only they were beside rivers; as you walk, the lun tilts, and you could fall into it. Those luns were beside the rivers Lent; lun:When you stand and it sways, that is a lun [Kar]. The word is documented in old writings in the territory of Lithuania from the 16th century (Jabl 121); also in Belarusian borderland dialects: люн, лю́на, лю́ні, лу́ні (СБГ), and in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 32); Lithuanian liūnas;

rojst, plural rojsty ‘a quaggy marsh overgrown with bushes or trees, a marsh, wet meadow’: There was a rojst like that; you can sink your foot into it Pab. There was such a rojst, then it dried out a little

⁹ Бу́лыка А. М. 1972: Даўнія запазычанні беларускай мовы, Мінск (cit. pagal Kurz 378).

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they were sowing, reclamation came through Mież. Further over that way is marshland; we gather cranberries there. There are such bogs there; if you stand there, you can sink in Padv. Meadows, marshland, there used to be such marshes. There were marshes in the field, with water like in some pond Karv. Oh, by our house, there was a marsh right here. There were no meadows here at all, just marshes STarp. Nowadays they’ve drained the marshes here with reclamation Pal. Marshes are found mostly in the forest Kras. There were lots of them in our marsh, those bogs Lent. Well, it’s usually wet in the marsh, well, when the year is very dry, then there’s nothing there, but when it’s wet, the cranberries are in the water, and there’s no way through without rubber boots Šv. Cranberries grew in the marshes Virš. Our fields, marshes—very wet here, alder trees; they called such places marshes, because elsewhere in Poland they call them something else, or in books, tundra, or whatever, but here we call them marshes, perhaps in Lithuanian Vid. There used to be a little lake there, quite small, and then it gradually, gradually dried up and flowed into another little lake; there’s a little lake in Zapolce, and when it receded, a marsh formed there Paež. Go to the marshes ‘literally: go to the bog’: You can certainly say this to someone’s face: “Go to the marshes, what have you come up with?” Šv. Our marshes are wet like that, so they would say [go, you, to the marshes] Vid. Turska recorded the form rojścik mšb. (TurNiSzw 176). Grinaveckienė cited the following from the areas around Buivydžiai and Aukštadvaris: rojste czek mšb. (Grinaveckienė 1977: 143), rojstowy ‘marshy’ (Grinaveckienė 1991: 52). Jablonskis documents the forms roist, raist, reist, roisto, roistro, roistuo from the 16th century, in the territories of Lithuania and Belarus (Jabl 206–208, 323, 349); Kurzowa, citing Bulyka, documents it in Belarusian from the 15th century (Kurzowa 422); forms of this word počm, počma are documented in Belarusian borderland dialects (СБГ) and are also found in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 33); Lithuanian raistas;

szlina ‘sticky clay suitable for kneading’: They made good pots, the kind you couldn’t buy, shaped from szlina—not clay, but the gray mud found in lakes; those pots were very good Mież; szlin. Grinaveckienė recorded the word szlin in the Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 144). In old sources written in Belarusian, only the form of the word ślina is documented in the territory of Lithuania, from the late 16th century (1591) (Jabl 233); Belarusian dialects use шлин (СБГ); Lithuanian šlyna, šlynai;

wikswa ‘a tough, coarse, inferior fodder grass of the sedge family (Carex)’: Well, this wikswa grows too. Well, it is mown, the animals eat it, the cows eat it Šv, Lent. They mowed wikswa and dried it as straw for the cowshed, for bedding. Mież. Wikswa grows in marshes; it’s good grass. The cows ate it a lot Intur; wiksztwa:That’s a kind of grass that grows in mud; it’s tough, not good. Some of it blooms, but it’s an inferior grass called wiksztwa. And the good grass was once called mur`ok, szarýniak; that’s even worse Paež. Jablonskis finds it documented in historical sources as vikswa, viksovaty (of meadows) (Jabl 263); in contemporary Belarusian dialects бік(е)а (СБГ); it is also found in the Sejny dialects and in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 28); Urbutis discusses this word (1969 (1): 52); Lithuanian viksva.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

Names for people based on their activity or occupation, and names for tools and devices

bitnik ‘someone who jointly owns bees with others’: He didn’t know how, but that bitnik knew how; he had no money to buy bees, so the other man bought him two log hives, one for himself and one for him, and he looked after both Lent. In Lithuanian, biczoli, and in Polish, bitniki Rud. There were bitniki; they would wind the honeycombs from this honey Dub. A bitnik is someone who contributes to the beekeeper; they may put up a few hives together, and that person is then called a bitnik. They say he has bitniki there too—the ones who pooled their resources Vid; bitnikowski ‘belonging to a bitnik’: Those are the bitnik’s bees STarp; bitnikować ‘to be a bitnik’ (SGP). In old written sources, the meaning ‘beekeeper; someone who jointly owns bees with others’ is documented only in the territory of Lithuania, from the 17th century (Jabl 5, 303, 329); it is not documented in ГСБМ, СБГ; recorded in Polish dialects (Augustów) (СБ 27); Lithuanian bitininkas;

bucz ‘a net for catching fish’: And buc[z]y are for ponds; they even set buc[z]y by the lake, and pike go into them Mież. Bucz Most. And tench—always tench; they set out buc[z]y, and they’d be full of them, but now there aren’t any Lent. A bucz was made on a single stick, with something like a net stretched on a little hoop, and I think that was called a bucz Šv. They set these buc[z]y in the river near the bank and tied them there; they would be full of crayfish Pal. They made these buc[z]y with a crochet hook, then bent hazel rods into hoops and threaded them through, and that made a bucz STarp. They made these buc[z]y, something like miroży; there used to be a lot of fish Intur. Bucz in the Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 137); Buiv (Dwil 114), in the Buivydžiai dialect: bucz (Grinaveckienė 1991: 50); buczki plural (SGP); buczanka ‘a net for holding hay’: They also used to make buczanki like a net, tied together. The meshes were large; you stuffed hay into those buczanki, and when you were travelling and needed to feed the horse, you laid it down, and the horse could reach the hay through the mesh and eat Karv. In old writings, the word buč is documented from the 17th century (Jabl 19–20, 308–309; ГСБМ); it is also found in modern Belarusian dialects: буч (СБГ); Urbutis provides an analysis of the word (1969 (1): 51–52); Lithuanian būčas;

skierdź ‘head shepherd’: Skierdź Šv, Lent. They kept cows and hired a skierd[z], someone who had no land or means to work; he would be a skierd[z], and they would agree on how much to pay him, paying in grain. When it was someone’s turn, if they had two cows, they would feed the skierd[z] for two days Kar. The skierdź blows his horn, then all the women are out in the pasture and we drive the cows out STarp. Skierdź was what the herdsman was called; that’s considered a Russian word Kras; skierdžiała ‘a hired shepherd’ (TurNiSzw 156); skierdziewy ‘of the skierdź’ in the Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 143). In old sources written in Old Belarusian, the following forms are attested from the 17th century: kerd, kerdz, only in the territory of Lithuania (Jabl 323, 358); in the 16th century the meaning ‘slaughterer, butcher’ was in use (Jabl 212); it is documented in the Sejny dialects and in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 33); also in Belarusian borderland dialects: скѐрдъ, скѐрув (СБГ); Lithuanian kėrdžius, skėrdžius ‘head shepherd’; also skėrdžius ‘slaughterer, butcher’;

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sklut ‘an axe with a broad blade for hewing logs’. They used a sklut more for splitting wood. There would also be a thick log, so they would prop it up with a saw and chop it with the sklut; it would make a thick splinter. Then they would finish it with an axe Karv. Sklut in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 143). The forms skliut, skłut, škliut are documented in historical sources, in writings in Belarusian (in the territory of Lithuania from the late 16th century – 1599) and in Polish from the 17th century (Jabl 298); the word is documented in Russian and Ukrainian dialects (СБ 22–23); also in Belarusian borderland dialects: склюд, склют (СБГ); Urbutis (1969 (2): 152–153) also provided a verbal form in Belarusian dialects: склютаваць; Lithuanian skliūtas.

Names for meat (smoked meat) and bread

The names of food products that served as a means of payment are documented in written sources, i.e. food products that formed part of a tax or remuneration for work:

kumpiak ‘thigh, leg (usually of a pig); thigh or leg meat’: Well, guests have arrived; we have to cut up the kumpiak. They call hams kumpiaks Karv. They salted the kumpiaks, smoked them, and they hang until autumn Most. When they slaughtered a pig, we had kińdziuks and kumpiaks Kern. As long as there is a kumpiak, they smoked and salted it Padv. We salt our own kumpiaks Pal. Hams, yes, they left them whole as kumpiaks Lent. Kumpiak in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 139); kumpiaczek:And they had already taken the bones out of the kumpiaczek, then salted it Lent; kump:They used to make these kumpi; nowadays they make those winiotini, but in the past it was simply kumpi. They were smoked in the bathhouse, well, they smoke them there Intur. There were these smokehouses; they would hang the kumpi there, all juicy. We kept them in the smokehouse most of all Alion. The word is dated from the 16th century in historical writings, in the following forms: kump, kęp, komp, kunp, in the territories of Lithuania and Belarus (Jabl 109, 212, 275, 313); Kurzowa notes it in Polish writings from the 17th century (Kurz 380); a rich variety of morphological variants is documented in ГСБМ; it is in use in present-day Belarusian dialects: кумпяк, кумпячок (СБГ); Urbutis analysed this word (1969 (1): 63); Lithuanian kùmpis;

ragojsza 1. ‘buckwheat-flour bread’: They bake ragojszy on All Saints’ Day, on All Souls’ Day; everyone goes to the graves and puts candles there; whoever goes takes this ragojsza along. Our mother didn’t bake it. Ragojsza is rye flour, then they add ground buckwheat flour; it’s dark and is called ragojsza Kar. They baked ragojszy from ground buckwheat flour, leavened it like bread and then baked loaves from ground buckwheat flour. They baked ragojszy from ground buckwheat flour Pal. They baked this kind of ragojsza: they made a kind of sweetened mixture by scalding rye flour, then put it into a bread trough and added to it; they kneaded in buckwheat flour and mixed it— it was made from two kinds of grain Rud; 2. ‘rye bread’: Ragojsza was wheat flour ground in a hand mill. We called it ragojsza [bread] because it was such coarse flour Alion. They baked ragojszy, grinding the grain at the mill; otherwise they ground it in hand mills for ragojszy Dub; rogojsz (SGP). It has been documented in sources since the late 17th century (1692), the form rogoiš only

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in the territory of Lithuania (Jabl 297, 353); in present-day Belarusian dialects pagòùu, pagòùx СБГ; Urbutis analysed this word (1969 (2): 149); Lithuanian ragaišis ‘bread made from coarse wheat or barley flour, ragaišis’;

skilandž ‘a smoked product made of chopped or minced meat stuffed into a pig’s stomach’: They kept the skilandzi until the harvest, and then they ate them Nem; skilandžia in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 143). Forms documented in sources written in Old Belarusian from 1506 and in Polish from 1615 in various parts of Lithuania include: skilond, skilàdz, skiliond, skilondja, skilondz, škilàdz (Jabl 65, 109, 212); in Belarusian dialects скілўндзі in the territory of Lithuania (Ignalina) (СБГ); also in various dialect areas in Belarus and in Polish dialects (СБ 35); Urbutis analysed this word (1969 (2): 156); Lithuanian skilándis.

Names for vehicles, farm implements, and equipment

razginie plural ‘a rope net with two bows for carrying fodder’: In summer, we carried things in razginie; people used to carry them this way and still do. You load them up; the barn isn’t nearby, and you carry hay or straw, bedding; it’s easier for me with them. I have three pairs of razgini, even older ones, from the old days; I’m well-off. Razgini are made of hazel branches, bent like a bow at both ends; mostly hazel, and they wove them. You carry one razginie; we still have these rezgini here. They wove razgini with cords, and you carry things in these razgini. We had made some here too, but they fell apart and were thrown away Alion; rezginie:When you’ve mown it, well, if you can’t carry it across such a bog because it’s very heavy, then you make something like rezgini, put it on, and with horses you haul it to the bank Lent. Rezginie in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 143). Rez gini Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 52); rézginie:Rézgini were like this: a little bow on one side and on the other, and cords like these; then they carried hay Padv. Rézgini (TurNiSzw 155); rozginie (SGP). The word is documented in historical writings as rezgrini in 1779 (Jabl 194), and in the СБМ dictionary as рѐзгины; the word is recorded in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Polish; in present-day Belarusian dialects рэзгіны (СБГ); Urbutis analysed this word (1969 (2): 150); Lithuanian rėzginės;

szłaje ‘work sleighs for hauling timber and firewood’: They hauled wood on szłaji Pol. Szłaje (SGP); szłaji (TurNiSzw 157); szłajki:They were wooden, with runners, and then reinforced with iron, including the sides; those szłajki were nicely made for winter Most. Szłajki (SGP); szłajka ‘sleigh for carrying people’: At our place there used to be this kind of wide one, and it is still down there; three people sit at the back, where the seat is made. What a seat it was—a large mattress sewn and stuffed full of hay or something, and that was the seat; sometimes there is also a little bench at the front, and if not, they put some kind of sack there too. If the sleigh isn’t small, five or six can sit in it comfortably, in that szłajka In Polish writings, forms śłaje, śłajki predominate from the mid-18th century onward (Jabl 233, 325); it is not documented in ГСБМ; in Belarusian dialects: шляі, шляйку, шлянки (СБ 35); Lithuanian šlajos.

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Names of buildings and their parts

świren ‘a building where grain is poured; a larger granary’: Now the grain is in the świrnia, flour, you know. When someone had a lot of land, they had big świrny Lent. There were bins in the świrnia; they poured everything into the bins, rye separately, barley and oats separately Kar. They had such świrny, those kurnpi hanging there, so juicy. We kept most things in the świrnia Alion. My husband had two świrny Vid; świron: The more prosperous farmers had one like that, a świron, with bins, and they poured grain into them Bars. Świron (TurNiSzw 176); świran Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 52); świreń, świrna (SGP); świronek dialectal: Wherever there were świronki, they took them away Pal. There used to be świrny, and now here we have a świronak, a little one, but once there was a big świron Ūta. Świronek (SGP). Sources written in Old Belarusian and Polish document the forms: svīren sveren, svieren, sviron, svirzen, švieren, šviernia, švirenec, svirenok (numerous similar words), from the 16th century onward, in the territories of Lithuania and Belarus (Jabl 217–229, 270, 370–371); Kurzowa presents it as a 17th-century loanword (Kurzowa 439); СБМ documents the Belarusian forms свіронь, свіронок, also found in borderland Belarusian dialects: свірan, свіронak (СБГ); this word was analyzed by Urbutis (1969 (2): 152); Lithuanian svī̄rnas.

torp ‘a side compartment in a threshing barn for storing grain or hay’: In a threshing barn there could be two torps along one side, with hay stored in this torp and straw in the other torp Šv; Dad fell out of the torp, but didn’t hurt himself Kern. You had to tread down the torps, you had to tread it down with your feet (the hay) Bars. They put grain in the torp Padv. Torp Buiv (Dwil 123). Torp Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 53); torpa: Torpa (WilJaszcz, SGP); torf: There were torfy; in those torfs was a threshing floor, an empty space like that. They threshed there on that floor Ūta; 2. ‘the amount of grain or hay that fits in a side compartment’: A torp is a load of grain Paež. The word is documented in written sources from the beginning of the 16th century (Jabl 238–240, 325); also in Russian and Belarusian dialects mopn (СБГ, СБ 33–34); this word was analyzed by Urbutis (1969 (2): 153–154); Lithuanian tárpas.

A person and their appearance

Historical sources document isolated words describing a person’s appearance, more precisely, emphasizing a person’s disability. In our material, one such example is the word kliszawy, whose meaning has changed in contemporary dialects:

kliszawy ‘bow-legged, crooked’: Kliszawy means that the legs are carried like this; the feet are turned away from each other, outward like that, the toes like that. The legs may be straight, but kliszawy makes them stand at an angle Šv. Kliszawy means legs that are crooked like that; sometimes people get them from angielka, children get angielka when they’re ill, from lack of care Vid. Kliszawy Šiaul. Kliszawy is when someone throws their legs about as they walk Kras. And kliszawy is someone who walks kliszawie; that person walks kliszawie. They have a straight leg; there’s nothing under the foot, that’s just how it is Lent. Kliszawy Buiv (Dwil 117).

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Kliszawy Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51). Formą kłyszawy ‘luošas; šlubas; luošys’ nuo XVI a. antros pusės pateikia Kurzowa (Kurz 371); žodis dokumentuojamas ukrainiečių ir Seinų apylinkių lenkų tarmėse; baltarusių tarmėse: клыша́вы, клы-шава́ты, кліша́вы, клішава́ты ‘klisis’ (СБГ); lie. klìšas.

2. The second group of Lithuanian loanwords

Words making up this large group of Lithuanian loanwords are documented neither in ancient written sources nor in historical dictionaries, making it quite difficult to determine the precise period when they entered the Slavic languages (including Polish). Some lexemes are widely used and occur not only in borderland Belarusian dialects but also in Polish dialects bordering Lithuanian-speaking areas. Linguistic geography data would be particularly helpful in determining the period of this abundant but poorly documented Lithuanian vocabulary¹⁰. It is assumed that most of these loanwords entered Polish dialects in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Belarusian variants of these words are found in the modern dictionary of northwestern Belarusian dialects. The collected lexicographic data suggest that most of these words are not documented more broadly in the Polish spoken in the northern region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They may be indirect borrowings that entered Polish dialects through Belarusian, or a small group of direct borrowings whose morphonological structure differs from that of the corresponding borrowings in Belarusian.

These words describe somewhat different areas of rural people’s lives and activities.

A person’s appearance and behavior

and actions characteristic of them¹¹

baladać się ‘to dangle, wobble’: Tak zaczepio i pociągneli po wyśpie, tyko głowa balada sie Lent. Baladać sia, zabładać się in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977 137). In Karlovičius’s dictionary of Polish dialects: baladać się ‘to dangle, wobble’ (SGP). The word is found in the Polish dialects of Seinai: baldać, baldać śe ‘to knock, bang; to walk;’

¹⁰ Linguistic geography data are also used in the work of Zigmas Zinkevičius, who describes the distribution of lexical Lithuanianisms in East and West Slavic languages (more precisely, in the dialects of these languages); see Zinkevičius 1984: 256–274, 1987: 46–52, 61–68.

¹¹ Words in this thematic group make up about 25 percent of all Lithuanianisms used in Polish dialects in Lithuania. This vocabulary has been examined from ethnolinguistic and semantic perspectives (Rutkowska, Sawaniewska-Mochowa 2012: 99–117). Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa provided interesting material from Antanas Juška’s manuscript dictionary for the article.

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to wander about, roam’, as well as baldyga ‘a hulking, bulky person, a clumsy thing’ (СБ 75); Lithuanian baldóti, baladóti ‘to knock, bang’; balbotáć 1. ‘to chatter, prattle’: Nu to on tylko sam mówi i mówi, czy tam prawda, czy nie prawda, ale on sam mówi, nu to już na takiego mówio, że bałbaťun, przyjdzi i bałboczy, nu bo on bałboczy i bałboczy, jedno nie kończył, drugo zaczyna Šv.; 2. ‘to speak indistinctly’: Bałbotać, nu to znaczy bałboczy, że zrozumieć nie można, co on mówi Virš; 3. ‘of a turkey: to make a sound’: Indyki takim głosem bełboczo Lent; bałbat`un ‘someone who talks a lot, a chatterbox’: Nu bałbat`un to ten, co dużo mówi Šv. The word is found in the Polish dialects of Seinai and Białystok (СБ 74); in Belarusian dialects балбата̀ць (СБГ); Lithuanian balbatúoti; balbatũnas ‘chatterbox’; kropsztać się ‘to putter around doing this and that, get ready slowly, put things in order’: Monž tu kropszcy się i kropszcy się przy tej altance Jon; krapsztać ‘to pick at (one’s nose)...’ (Otrębski 1931: 82); krapszta pejor. ‘someone who takes a long time to get ready, is slow at work’: Krapszta ty, nadojadło już czekać, kiedy ty już zrobisz Arn. The word is documented in Belarusian borderland dialects: кропумацьца (СБГ); Lithuanian krapštyti(s); kuciniáć ‘to lightly touch sensitive parts of the body, tickle’; pokuciniáć: Aj zbierali sie też tam, jak młode, to jak widzo, że chto boji sie tych łaskotkow, kuciniać, to jak pokucinia, czy tam pod pachy, czy podeszwy i to nazywali, że kucinia Šv; zakuciniáć: Bywa chto bardzo boji sie, a tak z wielkich żartow czuć nie zakuciniajo, czuć aż nieżywy robi sie Šv. The word is documented in Belarusian dialects куйняць (СБГ); Lithuanian kuténti, kutinėti; kurstać ‘to urge, encourage someone to do something, to act’: Kurstać tak jego podjudzać, popędzać Maiš. Kurstać (SGP). The word is documented in Polish borderland dialects (СБ 47); also in Belarusian dialects: курстать (СБГ); Urbutis analyzed this word (1969 (1): 64); Lithuanian kùrstyti; łepaty pejor. ‘with thick lips’: Łempaty Paež. Łempaty człowiek Kras (TurNiSzw 147); łampaty Šiaul; łupaty: Łupaty mówią, że to już duże ma usta takie Lent. Łupaty (TurNiSzw 147); łupy ‘thick lips’: Łupy vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 139), Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51); łupacz ‘a person with thick lips’ (TurNiSzw 147). The word łupa is recorded in Polish borderland dialects, СБ 31, as well as in Belarusian dialects лупа́ты (СБГ); Urbutis analyzed this word (1969 (1): 64–65); Lithuanian lū́pa ‘lip’, lūpótas ‘with thick lips’; sznirpać ‘to whimper’: Jak zaczyna płakać tak ot, może to będzie sznirpać. Nie, on nie płaczy, tylko sznirpi Paež. A bywa i popłakać [...] popłaczy też sznirpi, czego sznirpisz, na dzieci mówią: czego sznirpisz, przest`ań sznirpieć Šv. Czego tam sznirpisz? Lent. Sznirpać Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 53), sznirpotać (TurNiSzw 157); Jaščanino’s glossary lists the word sznirpy ‘pejor.: nostrils’ (WilJaszcz). The word is used in Belarusian dialects шниршли ‘nostrils’; Lithuanian šnìrpti, dialectal šnirpóti ‘to snort’; šnìrpšlės ‘nostrils’.

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Names of everyday foods

brzyzgły, zbrzyzły ‘sour, turned sour (of milk)’: Jeszcze do kwaśnięcia jeszcze nazywała sie brzyzła, brzyzła mleka, to trocha jak skwaśnijeji, ni to słodka, ni to kwasna. Nie nadaji sie, zbrzyzła mleka, prawda, że to ona ni tawo ni tamu ni nada Šv; brzyzgły: Brzyzgle mleko Rud; obrzyzły: Obrzyzłe mleko Pab; obrzygyły: Obrzygyła mleka to troszeczka jak ona tylko zacznie kwaśnieć Karv; obryzszy: Taka obryzszy, taka niasmaczna jeszcze mleka Alion; brzyły: Brzyłe mleko, to nigdzie nie jidzie takie, póki nie skwaśniej Padw; brzyznąć ‘to sour (of milk)’: Jak ciepło, to mleka bardzo prendko brzyźni Šv; zbrzyznąć ‘to turn sour, become over-sour’: Zimo to para dni trzeba czekać, żeby ona [mleko] zbrzyzła Šv. The word is documented in Belarusian dialects брызлы, абрызлы, абрызглы (СБГ); Lithuanian brìgzti, apibrìgzti;

burložka, burloha 1. ‘unappetizing soup’. Mówili: a jaka tu dzisiaj zupa, tam buraczki czy kapusta, burlożka jakaść zgotowali Šv. Burloha, jak niesmacznie, to nazywajo: o, burlożka jakaści zrobiła Lent. Burloha na zupa nazywali, to taka jakaś nieudana zupa, za gęsta może była, może jakaś niesmaczna, nu słowem nieudana jakaś zupa, nieudanie zgotowali, to mówili, nagotowali burlohi Virš; burlunga: Tam jeden chłopak przychodzi starszy do mamy, mama, nie piecz żadnych tu blinow, bo ja cały dzień suchim jedzeniem, choć jakiej burlungi zgot uję zamiast zupy Vid; burluha: Ta zacirka bez niczego, pogotuje sie, wtenczas burluha i wydzie Rud. Czyż to kwasna mleka? Toż to burluha. Prędzej top jakaści burluha, a nie zupa (WilJaszcz). burluga 2. ‘porridge’ in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 137). The word is used in Belarusian dialects бурлага, бурлёга, бурлёнга (СБГ), cf. СБ 139; Lithuanian burliùgà, burliùngė.

Names of plants, trees, and their parts

atožėla ‘a young twig, shoot, or sucker growing from a tree trunk or root’: And grass, and there, having gone around the plum trees, such atożęły, and from the apple tree, and this weed, and burdock, and whatever you want there Šv. The tree puts out atożyny Padw. The word is documented in Belarusian dialects as ато́жыла (СБГ), cf. СБ 62; Lithuanian atžalà, dialectal Lithuanian atãžala;

brunduk ‘a nut, kernel’: Brunduki are there at the end, nuts, squirrels [carry them] to their hollow nests Rud. The word is found only in Belarusian dialects брунду́к, брунду́ль (СБГ), cf. СБ 99; Lithuanian brándulas;

jurginia, jurginja ‘a garden plant of the daisy family with large flowers of various colors (Dahlia variabilis)’: Jurginia, yes indeed. Oh, we had so many jurginii, modern ones. They are very troublesome, those jurginii, because you have to keep the little potatoes Vid. In the past, jurgini were yellow and red, and they planted various kinds there Šiaul. Jurginja Padv. They planted jurginia and peonies Kras; jurgina: At my place the jurgini have died out; others still have them Intur; jorginia: [What flowers were usually planted by the house?] Well

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various, and jurgini, oh various, various colors, probably various colors, red, pink, white, and those, well, salmon-colored, and yellow, and even black, various colors Šv. The word is documented in the surrounding area and in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 35), as well as in Belarusian dialects юргіня, вягіня СБГ; Lithuanian jurginas;

łębiaki, diminutive łębiaczki plural ‘a juicy vegetable, a herb leaf with a thick stem; a leaf stem’: There are no potatoes; only the łembiaki have grown Virš. In turnips they are called łambiaki, and in beets, łambiaczki Pal. And while they are still breaking off, these are łembiaki, while they are still growing (beets), these are łembiaki, well, they feed them to pigs and people—to pigs, rabbits, hens, they give them to everyone Lent. The word is found only in Belarusian dialects ламбы (СБГ); cf. СБ 69; Lithuanian lañbas;

okot ‘an awn, a small bristle on an ear of grain’: Okot, they’re so tiny, you know, like little whiskers. They’re very clingy, from barley. And when it gets all over you, that’s called okot Vid; akoty, koty. Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 50). The word is documented in Belarusian dialects as akambl (СБГ); Lithuanian akúotas;

stabar ‘a plant stem without leaves; a thick stem’: They cooked those stabary, when leaves aren’t needed and such; they break off those stems and cook them, that raspberry plant Intur. The word is found only in Belarusian dialects стабарок (СБГ); Lithuanian stãbaras;

žagary plural ‘brushwood, a dry branch, a twig’: Those dry žagary, branches that have already dried out—well, those are the kind of dry žagary you burn in the stove; in the old days they burned all the žagary in the stove Šv. To clean out the flue, I put in a žagar and remove the soot Intur. There’s only a little wall, but they don’t carry žagarow, only logs Lent. There used to be fords here, so they laid down such žagary to cross, right here at the crossing STarp. Žagar (SGP). The word is found in Belarusian dialects жага́ры (СБГ); cf. СБ 45; Lithuanian žãgaras;

žylwuci plural ‘gray willow switches’: They wove baskets from žylwuci, those are willow rods, from žylwuciów; they still make baskets from such rods STarp; žylbuciki Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 53); žylgucie (SGP). The word is found in the Sejny dialects (СБ 110) and in Belarusian dialects жългбу́ць, жългэйць (СБГ); Lithuanian žilgas.

Agriculture and animal husbandry

gil ‘a double-winged insect, gadfly, horsefly’: It bothers the farmers most (they annoy them) these flies, mosquitoes, and for the animals it’s gili, blind flies and mosquitoes too, and midges; I think gili suck the most Šv. Gili Virš. Gili would settle [on cows], as big as bumblebees Padv. Those gili, those big flies would attack cows Karv. Gil Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 137). There were hornets, they were like those gili Rud. Gili suck blood, and if they bite a person, they swell up. Now there aren’t any; those gili have disappeared Kar. That gil is even bigger than a bonk. Bonki are big too; now I don’t see those bonki, but once, when there was a forest clearing, there were lots of those pests Lent. Gil Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51); gilować, zagilować ‘to bother a herd of animals: run around in the pastures’: The cow is giluje, tail up

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up Virš. Yes, when it’s hot and the gili are sucking blood, the cow starts gilowing and bolts, and comes running, tail up, gilowing; they say, “The cows are gilowing.” Mostly the cows gilow when it’s going to rain; when cows are gilowing, they say, “It’ll rain tomorrow.” Šv. They gilow when bonki are sucking blood, or flies, I’ve forgotten Vid. They used to gilow the cows; now it’s hot too, but they don’t gilow Karv. The cow gilows Раб. Gilować, Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 138). They gilow as the gili[cows], when the giliLent. When it’s summer, they raise their tails and get agitated; the cows gilow Rud. When those bonki bite, the cows gilow then, they run STarp. Gilować, Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51). The word is found in the Bals-togė area and in Russian dialects in the territory of Lithuania (СБ 29, 44); also in Belarusian dialects: гіль, гіляваць (СБГ); Lithuanian gylỹs, gyliúoti;

grambul ‘beetle’: They crawl on trees, reddish, yellowish ones, grambuli Kar; grumbal: Grumbali are often found in buckwheat; when buckwheat is sown, there are these yellowish little beetles. They might call almost any beetle a grumbal Rud. The word is documented only in Belarusian dialects егамбўль (СБГ, cf. СБ 65); Lithuanian grambuolỹs;

gułda ‘a place in the straw where a sow lies before farrowing’: That’s what a pig makes for itself, like a nest, a gułda; it lays straw Lent. The word is found in Belarusian dialects гӯлма (СБГ); cf. СБ 65; Urbutis (1969 (1): 54) analyzed this word in Belarusian dialects; Lithuanian gùlta, gùltas;

margajka ‘a piebald cow’: People call it whatever comes to mind (the cow): jodajka, margajka, czarniucha, dwilajka. They didn’t name them by color Pab. They called a spotted one margajka there; a margajka is a reddish one Intur; margojka: Margojka is a little star, a spotted cow Alion. Margojka or dwilojka is a rather dark cow Kern; margocha: A cow is sometimes called czarnulka, krasulka, or margocha Lent. I remember they called a cow margocha Kras. They called cows łysocha, margocha, when they had patches like that STarp. Margocha means a black cow; they called cows different things Lent; margula: Krasula, margula, czarnulka STarp; marga Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51); margiuk ‘a name for a piebald dog, calf, or bull’ Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51). The following word forms are documented: margojka, margiala, margialka in the Vilnius area (СБ 80), and in Belarusian dialects only the form маргёль ‘a piebald bull, a piebald’ (СБГ); Lithuanian margė ‘a piebald cow’;

pejsować ‘to thresh barley again so that the awns fall off’: They pejsujo the barley; it has awns, and he beats it over the grain, knocks off those awns, and then pours it Rud; pojsować, wy- pojsować, dialect. (SGP); pejsać Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 142); pojsać Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 52); pejsany ‘threshed again’ Aukštadvaris area (Grinaveckienė 1977: 142). The word is documented in local Polish dialects (СБ 48); also in Belarusian dialects: нёцкаў, ноўцаваць, нзйцау (СБГ), Lithuanian paisýti;

žaginie plural ‘two fences made of poles, set against each other, for drying hay or grain’: [What did they use to dry lupins on in the past?] Well, there were żagini; when the summer was wet, they dried hay on them too Karv. They set up a potato-drying rack on fences, on these żagini, while the rye they set up in

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snopki Jon. Once they would put potatoes on the žągin and dry them for the cows Šiaul. They would make a žągin out of poles from clearings; if it was not possible to dry (the hay), they would lay it on those žągin. Kaniuszyna, you used to dry it on žągins Pal. Žągini Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 530). The word is documented in Russian dialects in Lithuania (СБ 30) and in Belarusian dialects жагіні (СБГ); on the distribution of this word in Belarusian dialects, see Urbutis 1969 (1): 59–60; Lithuanian žaginys ‘a log with untrimmed branches; a branched pole resembling a ladder’, cf. other meanings in LKŽ.

Traditional folk customs

skwierstula ‘fresh meat given to neighbors or acquaintances after a pig is slaughtered; a communal feast after slaughter’: When you slaughter a piglet, it’s called skwierstula; people say, invite someone, well, come over to my place today for skwierstula. Once, my husband’s father-in-law invited people to his daughter’s, saying, come for skwierstula, we’ll be slaughtering at such and such a time Paež. When they slaughter it, well, that’s skwierstula; if they give some to someone, they fry it up for them, and give it when there’s skwierstula Lent; skwarstula: The person who helped the farmer kill the pig, well, then he made dinner, just by himself, but they still called it getting skwarstula. Skwarstula means they gave him a piece of meat, some of that pork Virš; skierstuli plural: Well, this kind of treat is called skierstuli; you have to send some skierstuli over there for your sister or your neighbor Šv. Skierstuli Buiv (Dvil 121). Skierstuli Lent; skwierstula: They come for skwierstula, well, then they make that blood soup from it, fry things up, and treat people to the meat STarp; skierstuwi plural: They take skierstuwi (to the neighbors), a little piece of meat Rud. Skierstuvi environs of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 143); skwierstuny plural Buiv (Dwil 121); skwiarsty, skwir stuli plural Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 52); świarstuny plural: My people were at the neighbor’s for świarstuny Padv. Laučiūtė recorded the word skierstuny from Polish dialects in the environs of Vilnius (СБ 84); it is found in Belarusian dialects: скарстуля, сквярсту-ля (СБГ); Lithuanian skerstuvės;

ważyniać się ‘to sled downhill during Shrove-tide’: You have to ważyniać during Shrovetide; then the flax will grow long. They say the flax needs to be stretched Mež. Well, we had sleds like that; when five or six of us sat on them and went downhill on those sleds, then during Shrovetide we would ważyniać Lent. Ważyniać sia Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 53). Laučiūtė documents the word in Belarusian and Polish dialects, СБ 43; in Belarusian dialects in Lithuania, важаняцца is attested (СБГ); Lithuanian važinėtis;

wircinka ‘a string of things threaded together, a cluster, sold at the Kaziukas Fair’: Well, she brings these ring-shaped pastries, perhaps threaded onto a string, onto that wiercina; so it must have been called wiercinka, that kind of string Vid. Wiercina. They mostly call them ring-shaped pastries. Oh, when they used to go to the Kaziukas Fair, there were so many of them; she says, “I bought a wiercina,” and my aunt went to Vilnius and bought a wiercina of those ring-shaped pastries, and there were lots for St. Casimir’s Day

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mud, the string broke and that wiercina of ring-shaped pastries fell into the mud Paež. I bought a wiercina of ring-shaped pastries Bez. They had bigger ring-shaped pastries, so that wiercina was bigger STarp. The word is also found in Belarusian dialects: біпуіна (СБГ), Lithuanian virtinė ‘something hung together or threaded onto a string’.

3. Third group of Lithuanian loanwords

The words in this last group are not widely used—they are documented only in Lithuania. These words are not found in Belarusian dictionaries; they can be interpreted as direct borrowings from Lithuanian into Polish dialects. Based on the data collected on dialect vocabulary in Lithuania and on informants’ recollections, it is assumed that the borrowings entered the dialects in the early twentieth century. They form the same thematic groups as the words in the groups discussed above.

Animal husbandry

dźwiły ‘dark reddish, dun (e.g., said of cattle)’: Once the cows were reddish and dźwile, their coat was so dark, dark Most; dwihy (TurNiSzw 138); dwilajka ‘a dun cow’: When the horn comes, that is what they call it [the cow]. And jodajka, and margajka and czarnucha, and dwilajka. They didn’t name them for their colour Pab. Dwilajka (TurNiSzw 138); dwilojka: Margojka or dwilojka is a somewhat darker cow Kern. Dwilojka (TurNiSzw 138). Viežbovskis found the word in Belarusian and Polish dialects of the Vilnius region: Belarusian дзвілі, Polish dviły (СБ 45); Lithuanian dvỹlai; inksžtyr ‘a larva of cattle parasites beneath the skin’: There used to be lots of these inksztyry. They’re big lumps, some kind of flies, like when they sting Pab. They said Ugr’y when someone said inksztyry. They said a butterfly lays those eggs Karv. They used to squeeze out the inksztyry; it’s a kind of worm, you pull it out; those flies, little buzzing things, fly around and sting, and then a lump forms, and there’s a worm like that inside the lump Ūta; jinksžtyr (TurNiSzw 143). Jinksztyr in the vicinity of Aukštadvaris (Grinaveckienė 1977: 138), Buiv (Grinaveckienė 1991: 51); inksztir: Inksztiry occur most often when the animal is thin. And inksztiry still occur now. Once they used to squeeze them out; there were inksztiry in Alion. Well, here they called them inksztiry; they would swell up by themselves and these white things would come out, and later they bought some medicine and smeared it on, and they would come out Intur; inkszczur: They called them inkszczury, such lumps; they had to be smeared with something, and squeezed out, those worms in a calf, or in a cow Kras; inkszczyr: They used to remove the inkszczyry with a fork or something, whatever one had; if you squeezed hard, they were found in very thin cows, those inkszczyry Rud. СБ gives a form recorded in Turska’s Polish dialects (СБ 78); Lithuanian inkštìras;

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kukula ‘pig’: Kukula, kukula, and the piglet calls softly. It knows its master by his voice Pab. Otrembski documents the words kukucia, kukut’ka, kukcia in Polish dialects of the Vilnius region (СБ 80); Lithuanian kukùlė; szemy ‘of a horse’s coat colour: grey’: Grey horses were called siwe Jon; szamowaty ‘of a horse’s or cow’s coat colour: grey’: Well, one like that is neither grey nor bay, just like that, szamowaty, in my opinion that’s the sort. Well, there are such ones, szamowaty; it’s like that, and its coat can be whitish and dark, a greyish colour Lent. Cows like that, grey, szamowate Kras. A grey, sort of szemowata cow [was] STarp; szamocha ‘of a cow’s coat colour: grey’: Szamocha, that’s a dark, burgundy-like colour; we had one like that in our collective farm STarp. There’s a szamowata cow like that, well, it has shades, that’s what they called szamocha Lent; also szemka: Szemka is grey, a cow that’s sort of szemowata STarp; szemajka (TurNiSzw 157). Laučiūtė documents it in Polish dialects in Lithuania (СБ 84); Lithuanian šėmas.

Names of plants and atmospheric phenomena

paparč ‘a spore-bearing plant with large, lobed leaves (Dryopteris)’: I’m going to look for ferns in the forest Intur; paporciowy ‘of a fern’ (TurNiSzw 150); Lithuanian papartis; pušnia ‘a drift of piled-up snow’: There were such snowdrifts, such puśni, that the drifts piled as high as the house, and opposite the house there was another house made of snow. There are puśni, a snowstorm, you can’t get out. It happened that they would go all around the village with the horses Intur; Lithuanian pusnìs; warnalėszy ‘a plant in the daisy family with broad, round leaves and large burrs (Arctium)’: Warnalėszy, warnalėszy, those are the same as those burrs Šv; warnaleszy: Warnaleszy is a plant whose things like buttons cling to your hair Jon; Lithuanian varnalėša.

Names of dishes

łapienia ‘soup made from leaves (beet or other leaves)’: As Grandma used to say, there was łapienia soup and szupienia soup. Łapienia was made from beet leaves, well, with a few potatoes added; some people fried it, some whitened it, and some ate it plain Rud. Well, łapienia is made from beets, from the leaves. In our language it’s botwinka. Sorrel soup is also łapienia Dub. Laučiūtė gives the Belarusian lexeme лапеня from the vicinity of Vilnius (СБ 47); Lithuanian lapiẽnė; szupienia ‘a porridge made from grains and served sweet’: They boiled oats, then dried them, then ground them in a hand mill, and then they became little pieces, and you shake them like this, shake them, all those husks, the husk comes off, and then you boil them, pour sweet water with sugar over them, and that was szupienia Rud; szupienie (SGP). Laučiūtė documents it only in Polish, relying on Polish dictionaries: szupienia, szupienie, szuponia (СБ

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84); Kurzowa documents the word in Polish dialects of Lithuania (Kurz 437); Lithuanian šiupinỹs ‘a porridge cooked from peas, beans, groats, potatoes or rye flour, meat, etc.’; szwilpiki plural ‘a dumpling rolled from bread dough’. Szwilpiki are also made from this bread dough. You take out the dough, dust it with a little flour so it can be rolled out, cut it into little pieces, and boil them in boiling water; then add fat or butter—that’s what they called szwilpiki, bread-dough szwilpiki 2. ‘small pancakes made from boiled potatoes and flour, with or without filling’. Szwilpiki aren’t bondy; here they spoke more Belarusian, and those were kakory. You boil the potatoes, mash them, add a little flour, then fill them with mushrooms, or whatever meat, or some liver; shape them and put them in the oven to bake, then fry them in butter or cream; some filled them with carrots Rud. And they baked them (those pancakes) plain, thin like that; you bake them, szwilpiki Kras. They called them szwilpiki and kakory; bake them on a baking sheet STarp. Szwilpiki (Wilłaszcz); Lithuanian švilpūkai; švilpikiai.

4. The fourth group of Lithuanianisms

A fairly large group of direct borrowings also consists of the most recent loans, which arise from the active influence of Lithuanian on Polish. They emerge spontaneously in informants’ speech, are used irregularly, and describe recent phenomena; these lexemes are only partially adapted into the language. Here are some examples: aukletoja ‘educator, child-care worker’ – Lith. áuklėtoja; duje pl. ‘gas’ – Lith. dùjos; łajda ‘television programme’ – Lith. laidà; plant ‘highway, road’ – Lith. pléntas; sklip ‘plot of land for building a house’ – Lith. sklẏpas; połapinia ‘tent’ – Lith. palapinė.

CONCLUSIONS

An analysis of lexical Lithuanianisms functioning in the Polish dialects of the Vilnius, Trakai, Širvintos, and Molėtai regions showed that: 1) a small group of borrowings dating from the 16th–18th centuries has been preserved (in the dialects, borrowings predominate in altered meanings), and 2) the largest group of borrowings functioning in Belarusian and Polish dialects within Lithuania consists of so-called contact Lithuanianisms (Мартынов 1965: 90). They form semantic categories different from those of lexemes found in written sources and attest to frequent contacts among multiethnic communities in economic and cultural activities (these are words describing a person’s appearance and characteristic actions and behavior, as well as lexemes denoting livestock breeding, agriculture, spiritual and material values, and names of dishes).

Lithuanian borrowings functioning in Polish dialects reveal the centuries-long influence of Lithuanian and Belarusian on the Polish spoken in the areas under study. The majority

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of Lithuanianisms used in Polish dialects are widely documented in Belarusian dialects, which may indicate that these borrowings entered Polish via Belarusian dialects¹². On the basis of the linguistic data presented, it may be assumed that Belarusian linguistic foundations shaped the Polish dialects in the area under study¹³. The analysis of lexical Lithuanianisms presented here shows that the borrowings first entered Belarusian dialects formed on a Lithuanian substratum¹⁴, and only later passed into Polish.

Perhaps more detailed research—if it were still possible to conduct it today—on the functioning of Old Belarusian during the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, especially on defining the spread of its spoken variety among rural inhabitants, as well as on establishing the boundaries of the Belarusian ethnic group within Lithuania, would make it possible to characterize the significance of Belarusian in the Polonization of Lithuanian peasants in the mid-19th century.

ABBREVIATIONS OF PLACE NAMES

Alion – Alionys, Širvintos District

Arn – Arnionys, Molėtai District

Bars – Barskūnai, Širvintos District

Bez – Bezdonys, Vilnius District

Buiv – Buivydžiai, Vilnius District

Dub – Dubingiai, Molėtai District

Intur – Inturkė, Molėtai District

Jon – Joniškis, Molėtai District

Kar – Karaižiškės, Trakai District

Karv – Karvys, Vilnius District

Kern – Kernavė, Širvintos District

Kras – Krasnapolis, Trakai District

Lent – Lentvaris, Trakai District

Maiš – Maišiagala, Vilnius District

Mež – Mežionys, Vilnius District

Most – Mostiškės, Vilnius District

Nem – Nemenčinė, Vilnius District

Pab – Paberžė, Vilnius District

Padv – Padvarionys, Vilnius District

Paež – Paežėriai, Vilnius District

Pal – Paluknys, Trakai District

Rud – Rūdiškės, Trakai District

STarp – Senasis Tarpupis, Trakai District

Šiaul – Šiauliai, Širvintos District

Šv – Šventininkai, Vilnius district.

Ūta – Ūta, Molėtai district.

Vid – Vidugiriai, Molėtai district.

Virš – Viršuliškės, Vilnius district.

¹² Vincas Urbutis made observations of this kind in his article examining Lithuanianisms in contemporary Belarusian; he also drew attention to the uneven chronological distribution of Lithuanianisms and their varied areal spread (Urbutis 1969 (2): 159–160).

¹³ Such conclusions were reached in Valerijus Čekmonas’s articles (the references here are only to publications devoted to discussing the linguistic situation in the Vilnius region and adjacent territories (Чекман 1982, 1995; Čekmonas 1999). The Polish scholar Janusz Rieger has repeatedly expressed the view that the Belarusian linguistic substrate shaped Polish dialects in the Vilnius and Trakai territories (Rieger 2006: 39). Leszek Bednarczuk, a proponent of this hypothesis, maintains that in historical times the territorial boundaries of the Belarusian language were much broader and extended beyond the Vilnius and Trakai territories (Bednarczuk 1999: 103).

¹⁴ The question of the Lithuanian substrate in Belarusian territory is now no longer a matter of serious doubt; see the articles on this problem by Lithuanian, Belarusian, and Russian scholars and the extensive bibliography in the publication: Судник Т. М., ed., 1980: Балто-славянские этноязыковые контакты. Moscow: Nauka.

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ŠALTINIAI

Jabl – Jablonskis Konstantinas 1941: Lietuviški žodžiai senosios Lietuvos raštinių kalboje 1: Tekstai. Kaunas: Lietuvos istorijos draugija.

Kurz – Kurzowa Zofia 1993: Język polski Wileńszczyzny i kresów północno-wschodnich XVI–XX w. Warszawa-Kraków: PWN.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, elektroninis variantas, redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. red.), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt.

LKŽK – Lietuvių kalbos žodyno kartoteka su papildymais.

SEJL – Smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Wilno: Uniwersytet Wileński.

SEJP – Boryś Wiesław 2005: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie.

SEJPSŁ – Sławski Franciszek 1952–1982: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego 1–5. Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego.

SGP – Karłowicz Jan 1900–1911: Słownik gwar polskich 1–4. Kraków: Nakł. Akademii Umiejętności.

SPGL – Rieger Janusz, Masojć Irena, Rutkowska Krystyna 2006: Słownictwo polszczyzny gwarowej na Litwie, Warszawa: DiG, 119–455.

TurNiSzw – Zasób leksykalny polskiego dialektu ludowego Wileńszczyzny okresu międzywojennego utrwalony w pracach H. Turskiej, K. Nitscha i H. Szwejkowskiej (opracowała I. Grek–Pabisowa). – Acta Baltico–Slavica 26, 129–177.

Tur – Regionalne słownictwo Wileńszczyzny okresu międzywojennego utrwalone w pracy H. Turskiej Język polski na Wileńszczyźnie (opracowała I. Grek–Pabisowa). – Acta Baltico–Slavica 26, 121–129.

WilJaszcz – Rieger Janusz 1996, 1999: Słownictwo „wileńskie“ ze zbioru Leonarda Jaszc zanina. – Język polski dawnych Kresów Wschodnich 1, Warszawa: DiG, 79–109; tęsinys: Słownictwa „wileńskiego” ze zbiorów Leonarda Jaszc zanina ciąg dalszy. – Język polski dawnych Kresów Wschodnich 2, Warszawa: DiG, 57–77.

Dwil – Dwilewicz Barbara 1997: Język mieszkańców wsi Bujwidze na Wileńszczyźnie, Warszawa: DiG.

ГСБМ – Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы: выпуск 1–32, рэд. А. М. Булыкі, А. І. Жураўскага. Мінск: Беларуская навука, 1982–2012.

СБ – Лаучюте Юрате Алоизовна 1982: Словарь балтизмов в славянских языках. Ленинград: Наука. Ленинградское отделение.

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СБГ – Слоўнік беларускіх гаворак паўночна-заходняй Беларусі і яе пагранічча 1–5, рэд. Юзэфа Фларьянаўна Мацкевіч. Мінск: Навука і тэхніка, 1979–1986.

СБМ – Насовіч Іван І. 1983: Слоўнік беларускай мовы. Мінск: Беларуская Савецкая Энцыкляпэдыя.

СГБ – Сцяшковіч Таццяна Піліпаўна 1972: Матэрыялы да слоўніка Гродзенскай вобласці. Мінск: Навука і тэхніка.

ЭСБМ – Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы 1978–2007: выпуск 1–12, рэд. Віктар Уладзіміравіч Мартынаў, Генадзь Афанасьевіч Цыхун. Мінск: Навука і тэхніка.

ЭСРА – Фасмер Макс 1964–1973: Этимологический словарь русского языка, Москва.

ЭССЯ – Этимологический словарь славянских языков 1974–2003: выпуск 1–30, ред. О. Трубачев, Москва: Наука.

LITERATŪRA

Bednarczuk Leszek 1994: Stosunki etnolingwistyczne na obszarze Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. – Acta Baltico-Slavica 22, 109–124.

Bednarczuk Leszek 1999: Litewsko-słowiańskie pogranicze językowe w pierwszej połowie XX wieku w świetle badań Olgierda Chomińskiego. – Acta Baltico-Slavica 24, 95–106.

Čekmonas Valerijus 1999: O bilingwizmie polsko-litewskim i litewsko-polskim na Dence (czyli na północno-wschodnich obszarach Wileńszczyzny). – Sytuacja językowa na Wileńszczyźnie. Warszawa: Elipsa, 28–39.

Grek-Pabisowa Iryda 1993: O charakterze związków języka litewskiego z gwarami rosyjskimi i polskimi. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 30, 54–60.

Grek-Pabisowa Iryda 1997: Językowa rzeczywistość na Kresach północno-wschodnich. – Kresy – pojęcie i rzeczywistość. Warszawa: SOW, 145–179.

Grinaveckienė Elena 1977: Lietuviškos kilmės leksika Aukštadvario lenkų šnektoje. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 17, 133–142.

Grinaveckienė Elena 1983: Lietuviškos kilmės leksika Lietuvos paribio baltarusių šnektose. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 22, 182–204.

Grinaveckienė Elena 1991: Buivydžių apylinkių (Vilniaus r.) lenkų šnektos lituanizmai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29, 47–64.

Laučiūtė Jūratė 2007: Baltiškos kilmės vardadžodžių galūnių likimas šiaurės slavų kalbose. – Res humanitariae 2, 85–102.

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Otrębski Jan 1931: Litunizmy słownikowe w dialekcie polskim na Wileńszczyźnie. – Język Polski 16, 79–85.

Rieger Janusz 2006: Polszczyzna gwarowa na Litwie. – Janusz Rieger, Irena Masojć, Krystyna Rutkowska. Słownictwo polszczyzny gwarowej na Litwie. Warszawa: DiG, 11–48.

Rutkowska Krystyna 2006: Lituanizmy leksykalne w gwarach polskich na Litwie. – Janusz Rieger, Irena Masojć, Krystyna Rutkowska. Słownictwo polszczyzny gwarowej na Litwie. Warszawa: DiG, 73–108.

Rutkowska Krystyna 2007: Z zagadnień chronologii zapożyczeń litewskich w gwarach polskich z terenu Litwy. – Prace Filologiczne 53, 487–502.

Rutkowska Krystyna 2008: Świadomość narodowa a język ludności wiejskiej na pograniczu polsko-białorusko-litewskim. – Prace Filologiczne 54, 345–366.

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Rutkowska Krystyna 2010: O pojemności semantycznej zapożyczeń leksykalnych z języka litewskiego funkcjonujących w polszczyźnie gwarowej na Litwie. – Językowe i kulturowe dziedzictwo Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Księga jubileuszowa na 1000-lecie Litwy, red. J. Mędelska i Z. Sawaniewska-Mochowa. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, 342–348.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

Lithuanian borrowings in Polish dialects in Lithuania

SUMMARY

The subject of the description in this article is a large amount of lexical borrowings from the Lithuanian language which function in Polish dialects in Lithuania. The expressions recorded in the dense areas where the Polish language is primary, that is in the Vilnius and Trakai regions as well as in parts of the Širvintos and Molėtai regions, have been analysed. The comparative chronological analysis of lithuanian borrowings as well as the analysis on the transfer of the Baltic lexis into the Slavic dialects have been made. The verification of the historical dictionaries and vocabulary collected in the lexical studies of dialects shows that these expressions form several chronological layers (from the sparsely used 16th century borrowings till the latest borrowings that continue penetrating). The thematic comparison may indicate the variety of inter-ethnic relations on the former lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The indirect borrowings dominate due to the fact that a lot of borrowings penetrated into the Polish dialects through Belarusian. This fact may be used as a linguistic evidence confirming the thesis about the Belarusian origins of the new Polish dialects in Lithuania.

Įteikta 2012 m. rugsėjo 3 d.

KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA

Vilniaus universitetas, Polonistikos centras

Universiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lietuva

[email protected]

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