Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis „Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903“

Janina Švambarytė-Valužienė

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JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research areas: dialect analysis of written sources, dialect lexicography and lexicology, sociolinguistics.

MATO SLANČIAUSKAS’S MANUSCRIPT DICTIONARY = FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903

The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 – The Manuscript Dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas

ANNOTATION

The article presents to the scholarly community, for the first time, Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript Dictionary = from the encyclopedia. 1903, held in the History Department of the “Aušra” Museum in Šiauliai. The manuscript’s structure and loanwords from various languages (Latin, Greek, German, English, French, and Sanskrit) are discussed. A 1910 copy of this manuscript, bearing the note “K. Barauskė,” is compared with the 1903 dictionary. The differences between the two dictionaries are highlighted. Material from the manuscript Dictionary = from the encyclopedia. 1903 is presented in the appendices to the article.

ANNOTATION

The article presents the manuscript dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 to the public for the first time. The dictionary is stored in the department of History of Šiauliai museum “Aušra”. The structure of the manuscript is discussed as well as the loanwords from various languages (Latin, Greek, German, English, French, Sanskrit) are presented. The transcription of 1910 of the dictionary with postscript to K. Barauske is compared to a dictionary of 1903. The differences of both dictionaries are emphasised. The material from manuscript of The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 is presented in the annexes of the article.

KEYWORDS: history of lexicography, loanwords, biographies, sayings, copy of the dictionary.

KEYWORDS: history of lexicography, loanwords, personalia, expressions, a transcript of the dictionary.

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INTRODUCTION

Folklorist Norbertas Vėlius mentions in the collection Tales of Northern Lithuania that in 1903 Matas Slančiauskas had compiled a small dictionary of international words and personal names¹. It was found in the History Department of the Šiauliai “Aušra” Museum. The cover of the stitched notebook bears the inscription: “Small dictionary = from an encyclopedia. 1903. A B C D E F M.”². On the first page there is what might be called an addition to the title – A little dictionary of this and that³. The manuscript’s call number is ŠAM GEK 15819; the collection call number and inventory number are I–R 196⁴. One copy of the dictionary was also found in Slančiauskas’s manuscript folder, marked with the date 1910. The copy’s cover has no title, only a surname written at the top on the right-hand side: K. Barauskis, while the first page reads K. Barauskė⁵. The words “A little dictionary of this and that” are underlined on the first page and are presumably the title. At the end of the dictionary, Slančiauskas wrote: “Copied in 1910.” The copy’s call number is ŠAM GEK 15814; the collection call number and inventory number are I–R 130⁶.

The aim of this article is to discuss in greater detail Slančiauskas’s handwritten 1903 dictionary of foreign words and personal names and to compare it with the 1910 copy⁷. The following objectives were set to achieve this aim: a) to analyze and describe the structure of Slančiauskas’s manuscript Small Dictionary =from an encyclopedia. 1903 (hereafter Dictionary or Ž), also considering the structure of contemporary dictionaries of international words; b) to discuss foreign words according to the languages from which they entered the dictionary; c) to describe the methods used to explain foreign words; d) to compare the 1903 Dictionary =from an encyclopedia with the 1910 copy A little dictionary of this and that (hereafter Copy or P); e) to discuss the features of the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai subdialect reflected in both manuscripts.

¹ “In 1903 he himself compiled a small (28-page) dictionary of international words and personal names (prominent scientists, writers, etc. from around the world), which he later copied out several times” (Vėlius 1974: 27).

² The year 1903 mentioned in the title is the year the Dictionary was prepared, since the same date is also given on the last page of the Dictionary. The title Small Dictionary =from an encyclopedia may not actually be a title but rather a reference to some publication from which the material (lexicon) was collected. Identifying which encyclopedia (or encyclopedias) this might be remains a subject for the author’s further research.

³ It might be supposed that A little dictionary of this and that and A little dictionary of this and that are the actual titles of both the Dictionary and its Copy, since this is the only title written on the first page of each manuscript.

⁴ Because of the article’s excessive length, the author does not discuss possible extralinguistic data related to the origins of the Dictionary.

⁵ Slančiauskas probably made the Dictionary copy for the folklore informant Barauskis, who lived in the Bijeikiai bambalyne (now in Skaistgirys eldership), from whom Slančiauskas recorded beliefs, spells, superstitions, and other material in 1901–1910.

⁶ For now, the author has not set out to determine how these two (separate) manuscripts came to be held by the Šiauliai “Aušra” Museum, as she intends to examine other folders of Slančiauskas’s manuscripts kept at the museum and then establish how they all came to the museum.

⁷ So far, only this one copy has been found; therefore, it alone is compared with the Dictionary.

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JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

The publication of another early-20th-century manuscript and its transcription should be relevant not only to research on the history of language and dialectology, but also to problems in lexicology and lexicography.

The article employs descriptive, contrastive, comparative, and material-structuring methods.

OVERVIEW OF THE MANUSCRIPT GLOSSARY =FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903

Structure of the glossary. The words in the glossary are arranged alphabetically. The letters of the alphabet are set apart, for example: A., B., C., and so on. The letter Š is neither set apart nor marked separately at all. It appears under the letter S, after a longer dash. A total of 422 foreign words from various languages are listed in the glossary: Latin, Greek, French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, and Sanskrit⁸. Along with the words, it also includes word combinations and various sayings, and mentions certain people with references (their occupations and dates of life). Each page of the glossary contains between 11 and 15 words with explanations (the longer the explanation, the fewer words are listed on the page). After the words under each letter, a short or longer wavy line is drawn, or a longer dash is added, to separate the letters and the vocabulary listed under them. Words, word combinations, sayings, and personal names are underlined. Their origins are indicated in parentheses, either with abbreviations or in full, for example: (in Sanskrit), (in Italian), (Gr.) or (Greek), (Lat.), (Eng.), and so on. When the same origin is repeated, a comma and dash are used without parentheses:, –. The equals sign (=) is used to indicate word divisions and explanations. The abbreviation itt. has a dual function: it denotes both the abbreviation (in Italian) and the abbreviation meaning “and so on.” At the end of p. 26, the numbers 2–3 are written in pencil in someone else’s hand. On p. 27, four numbered words are set apart after three asterisks (*), arranged in a triangular shape. The numbering is more prominent than the text. On p. 28, the date, place, and author are given (23, X. 1903, in Reibenen), followed on the next line by “M. Slančiauskas,” and then by a traditional sentence characteristic of Slančiauskas alone. The glossary consists of 28 pages (30 with the binding). On the reverse of the cover are 19 German words—terms for measuring a garment. Some of them have barely legible numbers written in pencil beside them, for example: Taille 27, Vorderlänge 204, Brust-falten 1, Achselbreite 54, and so on⁹. The first page bears the inscription: A little something

⁸ “A loanword is understood as the imitation (reproduction) of a linguistic model in another language on two levels: external form and semantic content” (Lanza 2009: 15), cf.: “il prestito consiste nella riproduzione di un elemento linguistico alloglotto nel dupline, aspetto del significante e del significato” (Gusmani 1987: 94).

⁹ Slančiauskas was a tailor. He used scrap paper for the cover, on which he had written down the measurements of a garment sewn for someone.

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glossary. Only then are the foreign words, word combinations, sayings, or personal names under the letter A presented. The glossary is 9.5 cm wide and 17.3 cm high.

Glossary lexicon. Latin words. As many as 172 of the 422 words already mentioned are cited by Slančiauskas in parentheses as a word (in Latin) or abbreviation (Latin), and when several Latin words are given, a dash and comma (–) are used,¹⁰. Appendix 1 to the article lists 62 adapted words and 110 unadapted Latin words, word combinations, and sayings. The adapted forms, for example: Agitation, which Slančiauskas explains as “movement, stirring” (1); Egoism, “self-love” (7); Humanist, “humane, learned in every way—a perceptive person” (11); Opponent, “contradictor, objector” (15); Risk, “at the mercy of fortune, life or death” (21), and so on, are still used in Lithuanian standard language. Of the unadapted words, for example: Ego, “I” (6); Gaudium, “merriment, joy” (10); Licet, “it is permitted, allowed” (14); Pars, “part” (17); Scientia, “science, knowledge” (22); Studio, “learning, education” (23); Ultimus, “last, latter” (26); Vivat!, “long may it live!” (27)—about 40 are presented.¹¹ Most of the unadapted word combinations and sayings widely used in many languages of the world occur in the Glossary, for example: Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas, “Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer” (2); Errare humanum est, “to err is human” (7); Nolens volens, “willingly or unwillingly” (15); O tempora! O mores! “O times! O customs!” (15); P. s. = post scriptum, “an addition after any kind of writing” (19); Volens nolens, “whether one wants to or not” (27), and so on.¹²

Foreign words name various life situations (social exclusion, unity, interpersonal relations, distinction according to a particular characteristic, and so on); historical realities of the Roman people (Rome); terms relating to writing, science, and art; and various instructive sayings.

Greek words. The glossary under discussion contains many foreign words marked in parentheses as (in Greek), (Greek), (Gr.), or (Gr. myth.), while, when an abbreviation beside a word is to be repeated, a comma and dash are used (–). There are 69 such words with the indicated labels (see Appendix 2). It is worth noting that no sayings or Greek word combinations are included in the glossary. Examples of unadapted forms include: Kosmos “Earth, world, universe” (14), Panegirik “a speech, writing, or poem of praise” (16), Panoptikon “a collection of many things worth seeing” (16), Polypkon “many-voiced” (18), Pseudo “false, deceptive” (20), Zeus (= Dzeus) “the Greek god, father of gods and men, supreme ruler of all Creation; among the Romans worshipped under the name Jupiter; and also among the Lithuanians, Perunas, progenitor of the heavens, Earth, and so on” (28).

¹⁰ References to the origin of foreign words are also provided in contemporary dictionaries, cf.: Dictionary of International Words 2001: 6–7.

¹¹ The author does not address in the article whether the foreign word was transcribed authentically.

¹² Cf.: in the Dictionary of International Words, published in 1985, authentic sayings are listed separately, on pp. 522–527. As many as 17 of them coincide with sayings included in Slančiauskas’s glossary.

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All the other words are adapted; cf.: Epilogas ‘completion of a speech, poem, tale, etc.’ (7), Gramatika ‘the science of language’ (10), Kosmopolitas ‘one who considers the whole world his homeland’ (14), Pseudonimas ‘a signature using an invented, false name’ (20), Tyronas ‘cruel rulers—wicked among the ancient Greeks’ (25).

These are mainly terms from science, religion, art, and music. It is worth recalling that most foreign words in standard Lithuanian usually derive from Greek and Latin, or from combinations of words from both languages; accordingly, they are also the most numerous in Slančiauskas’s manuscript¹³.

French words. Slančiauskas marked the 26 words and expressions listed in the Glossary with the abbreviations: (franc.), (fran.), (fr.), (—,). Appendix 4 to the article includes the unadapted words Pardon ‘my beloved, forgiveness, please’ (17), Vis à vis ‘opposite, facing’ (27), and the adapted Charakteris ‘one’s own temperament’ (5), Šarlatanas ‘a charlatan, deceiver, impostor’ (24). Several word combinations and expressions are also included, for example: Qui vive? ‘who goes there? Who is that?’ (20), Qui vivra verra ‘whoever lives will see’ (20).

The French words are terms relating to trade and construction, words denoting human qualities, and one swearword¹⁴.

English, German, Italian, Spanish, and Sanskrit words. Fourteen words from other languages in the Glossary are labeled: (angl.) or (ang.), (vok.) or (vokiš.), (itališkai) or (itt.), and (sanskritiškai), (išpaniškai). Of the seven marked (angl.) or (ang.), two are personal names (Darvinas Erazmas ‘a learned zoologist, 1731–1802’ (5), and Darvinas Karalius Robertas ‘a naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882’ (5)); several individual words (Draperis ‘writer, 1811–1882’ (6), Flaga ‘flag, banner’ (9), Snob ‘one who does not know friendship’ (23)); and two expressions (God – dam ‘may God punish me’ (10), Tobe ar not to be ‘to be or not to be (Shakespeare, from Hamlet)’ (25) (see Appendix 5). Three German words are defined: Cypelis ‘a rocky promontory jutting into the sea’ (5), Feleris ‘mistake, error’ (9), Frei ‘for nothing, free of charge, free’ (9) (see Appendix 3). The abbreviation for a word combination and an expression are identified as originating in Italian: Etc (et ceter) ‘and so on’ (7), Se non è vero è ben trovato ‘if it is not true, it is at least well invented’ (22) (see Appendix 6). For one word Slančiauskas noted: (Spanish)—Uraga-nas, Orkanas ‘a terrible whirlwind’ (26); another is labeled: (Sanskrit)—Tri-murti ‘the Trinity, three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva’ (25) (see Appendix 7). The examples show that some individual foreign words are adapted and others are not, whereas word combinations and expressions are given in unadapted form.

Words from the languages mentioned denote household objects and natural phenomena, identify deities and scholars, and provide abbreviations and quotations from literature. Scholars have observed that German loanwords in the Lithuanian lan-

¹³ See: LKE 1999: 641.

¹⁴ Lietuvių bk esama internacionalizmų iš prancūzų kalbos. Žr.: LKE 1999: 641.

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guage account for only about 0.5%¹⁵. Researchers tend to think that Anglicisms did not come directly from English, but entered via intermediary languages¹⁶. It has been noted that standard Lithuanian also contains internationalisms from Spanish¹⁷.

Words without indications of origin. Most words in the Glossary have no indication of language of origin. There are 116 in all, including not only words but also word combinations and expressions (see Appendix 8). Some are adapted, and we could confidently mark them with the abbreviation ‘Lat.’; cf.: Specialista ‘someone best educated in and knowledgeable about a particular science’ (23), Projektas ‘an attempt’ (19), Patrijotas ‘a lover of one’s homeland’ (17), Filologas ‘a lover of learning’ (9), Autobiografija ‘an account of the course of one’s own life’ (3). Others are unadapted words from various languages (Latin, Greek, French, German), for example: Aceront ‘the underworld’ (1), Centrum ‘the central point’ (5), Novelle ‘a prose tale’ (15), Scurra ‘a poor inhabitant of Rome’ (22). Expressions and word combinations are listed in unadapted form; cf.: Capite censi ‘the poorest class of inhabitants in Rome’ (5), Panem et circenses! ‘bread and games (a cry of the Romans during the decline of humanity)’ (16), Per aspera ad astra ‘through thorns to the stars’ (17).

The vocabulary is predominantly from the social, domestic, and literary spheres. There are 95 individual words and 21 word combinations and expressions in all. Why Slančiauskas did not mark any indication of origin for them can only be speculated: perhaps the words were more frequently used and familiar, perhaps Slančiauskas simply forgot to indicate their origin, or perhaps there were other reasons for leaving a word’s origin unmarked. These foreign words are terms relating to war, music, theater, psychology, literature, history, and painting; parts of the universe; names of pioneers in medical science, inventors, and inventions; and various expressions.

¹ T A B L E. Foreign words with origin indicated (or not indicated) by Slančiauskas

Latin | Greek | French | English | German | Italian | Spanish | Sanskrit | Origin not indicated 172 | 69 | 26 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 116

Personal names. Glossary Slančiauskas mentions 30 notable figures (see Appendix 9)—writers, poets, travelers, philosophers, naturalists, and inventors. Among them are the following historians and philosophers of the East and West: Aristoteles ‘Greek philosopher and pupil of Plato, 384–322 BC’ (3), Bruno Giordoni ‘philosopher, 1550–1600; burned in Rome’ (4), Herodotas ‘father of history, the first Greek historian, 484–424 BC’ (10), Konfucas, Kong=Fu=Tse ‘that is, Chinese philosopher, 551–479 BC’ (13), Pytagoras ‘Greek philosopher, 540–500 BC’ (20), Xanthus of Lydia, ‘a famous Greek historian—

¹⁵ Plačiau žr.: Sabaliauskas 1990: 259.

¹⁶ See: LKE 1999: 214.

¹⁷ See LKE 1999: 641.

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who lived in the fifth and sixth centuries BC” (27). The most consistently described is Sokrates: “the most famous Greek philosopher, born in 470 BC; at the age of 69, while serving the state, was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth by the poet Meletus, the orator Lycon, and the tanner Anytus, and died after being poisoned. Sokrates is the creator of scientific dialectic and its scholarly method” (23). Among the writers, poets, and scribes mentioned are: Dante Alighieri “poet, 1265–1321” (5), Draperis “writer, 1811–1882” (6), Gibbons “English scribe, 1737–1794” (10), Homeras “great Greek poet of the ninth century BC” (11), Rousseau (Žan Žak Ruso) “man of letters, philosopher, 1712–1778” (21), Shakespeare “(Šekspiras Vilis), 1564–1616” (22), Tindalius “Anglican scribe, 1657–1738” (25), Volney “French writer, 1757–1820” (27), Voltaire “French writer, 1694–1778” (27), Vergilius “scribe, born in 1470” (27), Virgilius (Maro Publius), “Roman poet, 70–19 BC” (27). The following travelers and naturalists are mentioned in Slančiauskas’s Žodynėlyje: Darvinas Erazmas, “a learned zoologist, 1731–1802” (5); Darvinas Karalius Robertas, “naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882” (5); Humboldtas Frid. Henr. Alek., “traveler and naturalist, 1769–1859” (11); Huxley “English zoologist, born 1825” (11); Pytheas (Putejus) of Massilia, “at the beginning of the third century BC. He traveled around Europe; his writings and Lithuania reach [back to this period]” (20). Slančiauskas listed the most notable researchers and inventors: Galilejus, Galileo “physicist, 1564–1642. He was the first to understand the movement of the world. His words, ‘è pursi muove = and yet it moves’” (9); Gutenbergis Jonas “inventor of the printing press, 1397–1468” (10); Hippokrates “father of medicine of all time, 460–364 BC” (11). The Žodynėlį also includes scholars who were theologians: Husas or Gusas Jons, “1369–1415. Burned at the ‘holy Inquisition’” (11); Straussas Dovidas Fridr. “theologian; he wrote ‘The Life of Jesus,’ 1804–1874” (23). The personalities presented show that Slančiauskas was more interested in writers, philosophers, and travelers, and only then in inventors and religious leaders (see Table 2).

TABLE 2. Personalities by fields of activity and countries

Personalities

Number

Country affiliation

Scribes, writers, poets

Greeks, English, French, Romans

Philosophers

Greeks, Chinese, Romans

Naturalists, travelers

Not specified

Zoologists

English

Inventors

Americans

Historians

Greeks

Theologians

No reference

Physicist

No reference

Founder of medical science

No reference

Without identification

No reference

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Expressions. In the Glossary there are as many as 64 expressions (see Appendix 10). Latin expressions predominate; there is one Italian and one English example, e.g.: Tobe ar not to be “(pronounced: tu bi or not tu bi), but ar nebut (Shakespeare, from Hamlet)” (25), Se non è vero è ben trovato “if it is not true, it is at least well invented” (22). The expressions vary in length, from two words to longer sentences; cf.: Sapienti satis “a word is enough for a wise head—a word suffices for the wise” (22), Vita brevis, ars langa “life is short, art is long” (27), Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis “times change, and we change with them” (25). Two abbreviations can also be classed as expressions, e.g.: A. a. u. c. Anno ab urbe condita “in the years since the founding of the city (Rome)” (1), P. U. C. = post urbem conditam “after the founding of the city (Rome). 753 BC—Romans counted the years from that date” (20). Slančiauskas singled out quotations from Horace and Shakespeare as expressions and selected expressions that convey attitudes toward enslavement, the homeland, changes in customs and life, and the transmission of experience to others; cf. the expression: Verba volent, scripta manent “the spoken word flies away, the written word remains” (26).

Word combinations. Among word combinations are the 27 two-word combinations or abbreviations listed in the Glossary (see Appendix 11). Slančiauskas gives two of them in adapted form, e.g.: Absolutiška monarchija “unrestricted power of a monarch” (1), Ariškos kalbos “Indo-European languages” (2). All the others are listed in their original language; cf.: Nefasti dies “unlucky days” (15), Poste restante “an instruction written on a letter or parcel: for the addressee to come and collect it” (18), Sua sponta “of one’s own free will” (24). Four abbreviations can also be classified as word combinations, such as: P. s. = post scriptum “a note added after any kind of writing” (19), U. C. (urbis conditos, Latin) “date: from the founding of the city (Rome)” (25), U. i. (ut infra) “as below” (26), U. s. (ut supra) “as above” (26). Expressions reflect the enrichment of a person’s lived and spoken environment.

Structure of word explanations. It is worth discussing separately the explanation of the words given in the Glossary, to which Slančiauskas, as we can see from the examples presented above, devoted much attention so that a learner or user could understand one word or another (methods of explaining words are shown in Table 3). Foreign words are usually explained with one word, cf.: Anonymous, nameless. (2), Errata –, error. (7), Pars (Latin), part. (17), Sui generis –, peculiar (24)¹⁸. Such an explanation is uncommon. Slančiauskas favors a more detailed, synonym-based method of explanation, cf.: Apage, retreat, go away (2), Licet (Latin), it is permitted, allowed. (14), Qui vive? (French), who goes there? Who is there? (20), Vulgo (Latin), generally, together. (27). Most often, explanations are more detailed: using not only synonyms, but also phrases, cf.: Data or datum, the marking of the day=, month and year. (5), Improvisation, singing or chanting from memory without preparation. (12),

¹⁸ A loanword’s meaning may be retained wholly or in part, or may change, that is, it may be narrowed, broadened, or moved entirely away from the original. For more, see Lanza 2009: 74–80.

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Psychologija (gr.), dalis filosofijos, patyrimas ape dušę. (20), Vacat (lot.), trukst, laisvi vieta neužimta. (26). Aiškinimuose nevengiama išsakyti ir savo pažiūrų, pvz.: Pangermanizmas (gr.), susivienijimas visų vokiškų tautų skiličiu (– Panlietyvz=mas! Kada bus?) (16). Slančiausko mėgstama svetimžodį paaiškinti ir nusakomuojų būdu, pvz.: Autoritetas, pripažinimas sav aukšto mokslo. (3), Fonografas, išradimas Edisono dėl suturėjimo balso skambėjimo itt. (9), Kosmopolitas –, gyventojus laikas visą pasaulę už savo tėvynę. (14), Teka (lot.), tarba dėl poperiu ir knygu (25). Prie personalijų Slančiauskas pateikia daugiau informacijos: laiką, profesiją, asmenybės vertinimą, kartais nurodydamas ir sąsajas su Lietuva, plg.: Galilejus, Galileo, fizikas 1564 – 1642. Jis pirmasis suprato krutėjimą pasaules. Jo žodžiai „ė pursi muove=o bet gi ji kruta“. (9), Pytheas (Putejus) iš Massylijos pradžioj III. šimtmečio pr. Kristų. Jis apvažiavo Europą, jo raštai ir Lietuva siekias. (20), Zeus (=Dzeus, Dievas) (gr.), Dievas graikiškas, tevas dievu ir žmoniu, augščiausis valdy=tojus viso Sutverimo; pas romenus garbintas po vardu Jovišo; – ogi ir pas Lietuvius Perunas išperėjas dangu, Že=me itt. (28). Slančiauskas, aiškindamas svetimų kalbų žodžių junginius ir posakius, vengia plataus aiškinimo, stengiasi tiksliai atspindėti prasmę, tik ten, kur ji gali būti nesuprantama, aiškinimas būna kiek platesnis, pvz.: Per aspera ad astra, par erškėčius pas žvaizdes. (17), P. U. C. = post urbem conditam, Po už=dejimo miesto (Romo). 753 pr. Kristu, – nuo tos datos romenai skaite metus. (20); Si vis pacem parabellum –, jei nori ra=mybes, taisykis į kova (muši). (23) (žr. 3 lentelę).

³ TABLE. Methods of defining foreign words

Definition in one word | Definition by synonym(s) | Definition in a descriptive sentence | Definition mentioning profession, date, etc. | Mixed definition (in one word and a sentence, by a word, synonym and supplementary sentence, etc.) | 72 | 119 | 196 | 26 | 9

Word and expression definitions are given after abbreviations and a comma, or after a comma alone; the comma is used almost consistently everywhere, except on pp. 2, 6, 9, 10, and 15, where there is no comma after the abbreviation, and p. 27, where there is no comma after the word. Slančiauskas uses the equals sign = in two cases: as a word-division mark (e.g.: vargin=giause (5), ami=ca (2), apšvies=ta (12), pa=skirta (21)); and as a sign introducing a word explanation in parentheses, e.g.: hello! (=hello, alive) (26), Zeus (=Dzeus, God) (28). No word-division marks appear on pp. 10, 14, 15, and 17 for the words: pirmiau (this, carried over to the next line), nesupu (ves, carried over), tamsu (nas, carried over), už (auginima, carried over). The Glossary contains words whose letters are not all joined, that is, there are spaces between letters, e.g.: Problema tas (19), Pro paganda (19). There are corrections (21), deleted words

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(15), words written above the explanations (18, 21), added by Slančiauskas himself. The plus (+) sign (26) and the numbers 2–3 entered in pencil (26) may have been added not by the author, but by the user of the Žodynėlio (or a museum curator?).

After an explanation, Slančiauskas puts a period, but periods are absent on pages 1–4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 22, and 25–27.

It can be said that the methods used to explain headwords are traditional and do not differ greatly from present-day explanations of international words.

DICTIONARY = FROM AN ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903 AND THE 1910 COPY ŠIOKS, TOKS ŽODYNELIS: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY

The two manuscripts differ in size: the cover and inner pages of the 1903 Žodynėlio measure 17.3 cm in height and 9.4 cm in width, whereas the inner pages of the 1910 copy (hereafter Perrašas) are the same height—17.3 cm—but somewhat wider, at 11.6 cm. The cover is 17.4 cm high and 12 cm wide. The 1903 Žodynėlio has 28 pages, while the 1910 Perrašo has 24 pages. The cover of the 1903 Žodynėlio is pale yellowish gray, while that of the 1910 Perrašo is pale greenish. Slančiauskas stitched both dictionaries from paper. At the top right of the front cover of the 1910 Perrašo is only the surname K. Barauskis.; there is no title. On the first page of the Perrašo, before the words beginning with A, is the title Šioks, toks žodynelis (cf. the 1903 manuscript, where the first page of the dictionary also contains the entry Šioks – toks žodynėlis).

The copy omits five words (word combinations): Aut – aut, either—or. (3), Inkl iuzija, joining, annexation. (12), Qui vive? (French), who goes there? Who is there? (20), Socius ama-ris—friend in love. (23), Socius doloris—sharing another’s pain. (23).

In several places, two words are separated in the Perraše, whereas in the Žodynėlyje they are written together; cf.: Vide—look. Vidi, I saw. (27)—Vide—look. (22), Vidi (1.), I saw. (22).

In some places the explanations differ: instead of the 1903 entry Aceront, underground world, the 1910 version has underworld (1); Ad exemplum (Latin), as an illustration—in the manner of an example (1).

In the Perraše, word explanations are supplemented with synonyms; cf.: Apage, get back, go away—Apage, get back, go away, leave. (2). Such additions occur on pages 7 and 8.

The Perraše often corrects spelling and punctuation errors in the Žodynėlio; cf.: Altruizmas, a feeling opposed to egoism, kindness to one's neighbor (2)—Altruizmas, a feeling opposed to egoism, kindness to one's neighbor (1); aut Caesar, aut nihil, either Caesar or nothing (3)—aut Caesar, aut nihil, either Caesar or nothing (2); Bacterium, fungi, seed of disease (4)—Bacterijos, fungi, seeds of disease. (3). Such corrections occur on pages 3, 5–9, and 11–23 of the Perrašo.

In the Perraše, the Lithuanian rendering of explanatory words is noticeable; cf.: Darvinas Karalius Robertas, English naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882 (5)—Darvinas Karalius Ro-

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bertas, an English naturalist and traveller, 1809–1882 (4). Such cases of Lithuanization of words are noted on pp. 12, 16, 17, 19, 22.

The order of the explanatory words Transcribed is changed—some words are omitted altogether; cf.: Aristoteles, Greek philosopher, student of Plato, 384–322 before Kristu. (3) – Aristoteles, Greek philosopher, student of Plato, 384–322 before Kristu. (2). Such changes (reordering) of words occur on pp. 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16–19, 23.

Abbreviated words Transcribed are no longer abbreviated; cf.: Dante Alighieri, poet. 1265–1321. (5) – Dante Alighieri, poet 1265–1321. (4). This was noted on pp. 9 and 18.

Transcribed the explanation of a word is refined; cf.: Autobiografija, a description of the course of one’s life (3) – Autobiografija, a description of one’s life (2), Centrum, a central point (5) – Centras, a point, the middle. (4), Frantas, filintas, elegantas (9) – Frantas, filintas, elegantas. (pluš̌kis). (8). Such refinements of explanations occur on pp. Transcribed 4, 8, 9, 12, 14–16, 18, 21.

Kartais Perrašė yra ir aiškinimo papildymų, plg.: Edisonas, gimes 1847. Amerikojo. (6) – Edisonas, visų žinomas amerikietis gim. 1847. (5). Pastebėta 12 ir 19 psl.

Transcribed a more suitable form of explanatory words is sought; cf.: Egoista –, self-lover. (6) – Egoista, selfish person. (5). This was noted on pp. 9, 10, 15.

The abbreviation (1.) appears where Slančiauskas wrote –, instead of the repeated (Lat.), cf.: Agitacija –, movement, agitation – Agitacija (1.), movement, agitation (1).

In other instances Transcribed the (Lat.) itself is abbreviated, e.g.: Aksiomatas (Lat.), true proof, truth (2) – Aksiomatas (1.), true proof, truth (1). Noted on pp. 18, 19, 21.

Sometimes the abbreviation is expanded; cf.: Cypelis (German), a sharp point of a rock in the sea. (5) – Cypelis (German), a sharp point of a rock in the sea. (4). This was noted on pp. 14 and 20.

Transcribed abbreviations are often omitted, leaving only the definition; cf.: Egoizmas (Lat.), self-love. (7) – Egoizmas, self-love. (6). This was noted on p. 13.

Where the Glossary had a dash and a definition (or just a definition), Transcribed abbreviations appear; cf.: Kompas –, sundial and magnetic needle. (13) – Kompas (French), sundial and magnetic needle. (11). This was noted on pp. 12–15, 17, 18, 20, 21–23.

Pastebėta, kad Perrašė yra trumpinami kai kurie žodžiai, Kristų – Kr., augštu-mo – augšt., plg.: Hippokrates, tevas medicinos vi=sų laikų 460–364 prieš Kristų. (11) – Hippokrates, tevas medicinos visu laikų 460–364 prieš Kr. (9). Pastebėta 16, 21, 23 psl.

In some places Transcribed punctuation marks are added; cf.: Dictum factum, said, done, finished (6) – Dictum factum, said, done, finished (5).

Transcribed the dash and definition are absent, only the definition remains; cf.: Egoista –, self-lover. (6) – Egoista, selfish person. (5). Such cases were noted on pp. 6, 7, 9, 11–14.

The dash in the explanations is replaced by a definition, or omitted altogether; cf.: Epizoda (Greek), a diversion in speech, in a poem – in writings. (7) – Epizoda (Greek), a diversion in speech, in a poem, in writings. (6). Such a change was noted on pp. 14, 16, 18.

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Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903

The copy has no explanation inserted in parentheses, cf.: Pangermanism (Greek), the unification of all Germanic peoples (– Panlietyvz=mas! When will it happen?) (16) – Pangermanism, the unification of all Germanic peoples. (13).

Instead of the “=” mark the copy uses a colon, cf.: Radical (Latin), firmly=steadfastly adhering to one’s undertaking. (21) – Radical (Latin), firmly, steadfastly adhering to one’s undertaking. (17).

The copy uses a colon where the Glossary had a colon, cf.: Risk (Latin), at the mercy of fortune, life or death. (21) – Risk (Latin), at the mercy of fortune: life or death. (17).

The dash Rewrote is used where there was a typo, cf.: Trimurti (in Sanskrit), Trinity, three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva. (25) – Trimurti (in Sanskrit), Trinity – three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva. (21).

The copy gives the date and author, as does the Glossary: 23 Oct. 1903. On the next line: Reibeniai, M. Slančiauskas. A little lower, below a wavy line, it states: Copied in 1910. Below the wavy line is an inscription: I have received everything from you, “Gar.” And I received it yesterday. Further research is needed to determine to whom this inscription is addressed and what its purpose is. Perhaps this information is related to the folklore material received from Barauskis. The copy is not in Slančiauskas’s handwriting. The copy was probably made by Slančiauskas himself, but it may also have been done by someone else, since the copy’s handwriting is smaller, though very similar to Slančiauskas’s. The Glossary did not distinguish the letter Š; only a space and a wavy stroke separated the words from the letter S, whereas in the copy it is already marked (20).

At the beginning of the copy, an attempt was made to fit in as many words as possible, so the text is very compressed up to the third page. From the third page onward, an effort is made to write so that the text on a Glossary page fits onto a copy page. After each letter, the copy has a wavy stroke, as in the Glossary, and the asterisks separating the text have also been retained.

In both glossaries, the headwords are underlined.

RANKRAŠČIŲ ŽODYNĖLIS = IŠ ENCIKLOPEDIJOS. 1903 IR ŠIOKS, TOKS ŽODYNĖLIS 1910 M. RAŠYBA, TARMĖS ATSPINDŽIAI

Spelling. The spelling in both manuscripts is phonetic, cf.: labjausei (Ž 5, P 4), šviesas uždegjotas (Ž 12), šviesos uždegjotos (P 10), beprisitaisima (Ž 12), beprisitaisimo (P 10), knygas (Ž 14), knygos (P 12), aristokracijai (ponu valdžei) (Ž 6), aristokratijai (ponų valdziai) (P 5), and so on.¹⁹. A suitable example for illustrating phonetic spelling is the word

¹⁹ The abbreviation Ž and a number indicate an example from the 1903 Glossary and the page on which it appears; the abbreviation P and a number indicate an example from the 1910 copy and its page.

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word-final spelling, cf.: nežine (Ž 2, P 1), eik sav (Ž (2, 3), P 2), mažiause dalelė (Ž 3, P 2), vargingiause (Ž 5, P 4), linije (Ž 7, P 6), protingos dvases (Ž 9, P 8), vale (Ž 14, P 12), kodidžiausei (Ž 14), ko didžiausei (P 12), pagirenti (Ž 16, P 13), lyge (Ž 17, P 14), giara (Ž 17, P 15), Plebejei (Ž 18, P 15), Patricijeis (Ž 18, P 15), gudrei (Ž 22, P 18), panašei (Ž 23, P 18), taikei (Ž 23), geriausei (Ž 23, P 19), su jeis (Ž 25, P 20), priešpriešeis (Ž 27, P 22), bet taikiai (P 19). The examples show that there are more cases of morphological spelling in the 1910 Perrašė²⁰.

The manuscripts use all the letters of the Lithuanian alphabet except the vowel e and the voiceless fricative consonant ch. Admittedly, in the Žodynėlyje and Perrašė there are two words with a macron written above e—ē—for example: pasiėmimo, užsiėmimo (Ž 21, P 17), užsiėmimas (Ž 8), presumably marking a long vowel.

In the manuscripts, ė is not written in the roots of nominal words, cf.: menesio (Ž 5, P 4), melynuojas (Ž 7, P 6), užsiėmimas (P 7), šešpedes (Ž 10, P 9), tevas (Ž 10, 28; P 9, 23), Ideja (Ž 12, P 10), tevynę, tevyne (Ž 14, 17, 25; P 12, 14, 21), gerimas (Ž 15, P 13), pesčias (Ž 18, P 15), nuemimas (Ž 18, P 15), meginimas (Ž 19, P 15), uždejimo (Ž 20, 25; P 16, 21), Jezaus (Ž 23, P 19), susidejimas (Ž 24, P 19), suredimas (Ž 25, P 21), spekais (Ž 26, P 21), beda (Ž 26, P 22), Sutverimo (Ž 28, P 23), ištremimas (Ž 4, P 3), susedimas (Ž 22, P 18).

Ė is also omitted in the suffixes of nominal words, for example: atsiskyrėlis (Ž, P 2), rašėjas, rašėjis (Ž 4, 27; P 3, 23), užžymėjimas (Ž 5, 15; P 4, 13), kalbėjimas (Ž 6, P 5), del suturėjimo balso skambėjimo (Ž 9, P 8), krutejimą (Ž 9, P 8), išradejis (Ž 10, P 9), netikelis (Ž 12, P 10), užmetinetojis (Ž 15, P 13), mokejimas (Ž 16, P 13), susikalbėjimas (Ž 16, P 14), judejimas (Ž 18, P 15), romenu, romenus, romenai (Ž 20, 22, 28; P 16, 18, 23), pasikalbėjimas (Ž 22, P 18), pardavinėjimas (Ž 24, P 20), tverejų (Ž 23, P 19), paveikslėlis (Ž 24, P 20), išperėjas (Ž 28, P 23), primokejimas (Ž 24, P 19), myletojis (Ž 17, P 14), iškentejimas (Ž 25, P 21).

In the singular nominative, genitive and locative, and the plural nominative endings of nominal words, ė is usually not written, for example: laime, ant laimes (Ž 8, 21; P 7, 17), teisybe (Ž 2, P 1), senoves (Ž 2, 10, 13 14; P 3,), žemes, Žeme (Ž 7, 14, 18, 19; P 6, 12, 15), linksmybe (Ž 9, P 8), spaustuves (Ž 10, P 9), garbe (Ž 11, P 10), teisudarysteje (Ž 12, P 10), teisybe (Ž 12, P 10), senoveje (Ž 13, P 11), draugyste, draugystes, bendrove (Ž 13, 23; P 11, 19), saules (Ž 13, P 11), magnasine (Ž 13, P 11), pasaulė (Ž 14, P 12), raides (Ž 14, P 12), pavardes (Ž 14, P 12), žymes, žyme (Ž 15, 16; P 12, 13 14), nelaimes (Ž 15, P 13), eiles (Ž 16, 21; P 13, 17), gudryste (Ž 16, P 14), tobul ybe (Ž 17, P 15), puses (Ž 18, P 15), del laisves (Ž 18, P 15), šventes (Ž 19, P 15), malone (Ž 19, P 15), vertybe (Ž 21, P 17), degtines (Ž 21, P 17), tikrybe (Ž 21, P 17), neteisybe (Ž 22, P 18), ramybes (Ž 23, P 18), meiles, meile (Ž 23,

²⁰ In the manuscripts, individual lexical items are recorded in semi-phonetic spelling. Perrašė contains quite a few such cases.

Acta Linguistica Lituanica LXXI

Mato S lančiausko rankraštinis

Žodynėlis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903

24; P 19, 20), giesmes (Ž 25, P 20), kantrybe (Ž 25, P 21), dievystes (Ž 25, P 21), iš tos puses (Ž 26, P 21), drauge (Ž 27, P 23), veisles (Ž 27, P 23), nuomone (Ž 12, P 10), žyme (Ž 22, P 18).

In verbs, their forms, and adverbs, ė is likewise not written, for example: padare, pabaige (Ž 8, P 7), skaite (Ž 20, P 16), puole, prapuole (Ž 15, P 12), ner (Ž 15, P 13), derekimes, lažinkimes (Ž 17, P 14), girdetis (Ž 20, P 16), žiurek (Ž 21, 27; P 17, 22), numire (Ž 23, P 19), aprase (Ž 23, P 19), tylek (Ž 24, P 20), atejau, pargalejau (Ž 26, P 22), daturetas (Ž 26, P 22), sudetos (Ž 14, P 12), apmoketas (Ž 9, P 8), apseta (Ž 18, P 15), pasivelines (Ž 19, P 15), netiketai (Ž 8, P 7).

Del (Ž 19, 25; P 15, 20) is also written without ė.

Among the consonants, noteworthy is the spelling of the letter d as ∂ (in the Žodynėlyje), whereas in Perrašė d is already written consistently.

The word filozofas is used consistently (Ž 3, 20, 21, 23; P 2, 16, 17, 19), as is filozofija (Ž 8, 20; P 7, 16).

The manuscripts do not use the letter ch; k is used instead (epoka (Ž 17, P 15)), but the letter f is present (francuzu (Ž 27, P 23)).

The spelling of separate words together or separately differs between the Žodynėlyje and Perrašė, cf.: del to (Ž 7), delto (P 6); išnejučiu (Ž 8), iš nejučiu (P 7).

Dialectal features. Phonetics. Slančiauskas lived in the area of the northwestern Highlanders of Šiauliai, so his language is characterized by all the principal (and not only principal) features of the Šiauliai subdialect. First to be noted are the shortening of all unstressed long vowels, hardening of l before sounds of the e, ę, ei, ė type, use of an intrusive j between vowel clusters, šlėkiavimas, variation in grammatical genders and stems, and so on²¹. The long vowel ė has already been discussed.

A distinguishing feature of the Šiauliai subdialect—the retention of the diphthongs an, am, en em—is characteristic of both manuscripts, for example: amžino (Ž 1, P 1), brangesne (Ž 2, P 1), gyvenymo (Ž 3, P 2).

Among other dialectal features, noteworthy is the spelling of the vowels e and a in the roots of nominal words and words that substitute for them, for example: in the Žodynėlyje pavaizdan (1), and in Perrašė pavaizdan (1), aigiptenu (Ž 10, P 9), jai and jei (Ž 22, P 18).

In the Šiauliai subdialect, unstressed a in nominal endings is entirely dropped and therefore not written; cf.: budams (Ž 23, P 19), pasirodims, apsireikškins (Ž 24, P 19), Dievs (Ž 10, P 9), sveiks gyvs (Ž 26, P 22), pasirodims (Ž 24, P 20).

The singular accusative endings ą, ę, į of nouns are shortened, e.g.: į figura (Ž 14, P 12), gudra galvi (Ž 14), į viena dieva (Ž 14, P 12), Lietuva (Ž 20), viska (P 18), kova (Ž 23), poeta (Ž 23, P 19), Žemė (Ž 28), buvi (Ž 8). PerrašėThere are more instances in which long endings have been restored, cf.: gudragalvį (P 12), Lietuvą (P 16), viską (Ž 22), kovą (P 18), Žemę (P 23).

²¹ For a fuller account of the features of the Šiauliai subdialect of Western Aukštaitian, see: LLTCH, 2004; JŠPT, 2001, CD – 2005.

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In the manuscripts, e is sometimes diphthongized, e.g.: abiejoją (Ž 22), abiejojas (P 18), jaunuomenies (Ž 23, P 19)²². The reverse process is also observed—the monophthongization of the diphthong ie, e.g.: ape (Ž 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22; P 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18), pre (Ž 16, 19, 21; P 14, 16, 17), poperiu (Ž 25, P 20), vesulas (Ž 26, P 22)²³.

The spelling of the singular accusative and genitive endings of the pronoun aš varies, indicating shortening and lengthening of the endings, e.g.: manę (Ž 10, P 9), savę (Ž 14, 24; P 20), but nuo savęs (Ž 19, P 15), save (P 12).

In the manuscripts, the long y varies in derivatives formed with the suffix -ymas, cf.: sustatimo (Ž, P 1), išrodimas (Ž 2), aprašimas (Ž 4, P 3, 15), pastatimas (Ž 12, P 10), išmainimas (Ž 15, P 13), padarimas (Ž 15, P 13), matimo (Ž 16, P 14), pataisimas (Ž 14, P 12), išrodimas (Ž 23, P 19), sustatimas (Ž 25, P 20), suredimas (Ž 25, P 21), nurodimas (Ž 18, P 15), pasirodimas (Ž 24, P 20), but in isolated words the form also occurs as follows: aprašymas (Ž 18), išrodymas (P 1).

The short i also varies: in derivatives with the suffix -imas, it is lengthened, cf.: egoizmas (Ž 2), artymo (Ž 2, P 1), gyvenymo (Ž 3), Panlietyvymas (Ž 16), patrijotyzmas (Ž 24, P 20), but Perrašė such lengthenings are sometimes corrected (cf.: egoizmas (1), gyvenimo (P 2)).

The vowels y, i vary in verb forms or nouns, derivatives from verbs, adverbs, and nouns when y, i are stressed, cf.: maitynas “feeds itself” (Ž 16, P 14), apginimas (Ž 19), apgynimas (P 15), dykai (Ž 9), dikai (P 8), Idyjota (Ž 12), Kynu (Ž 13, P 11), suvienitomis (Ž 26, P 22).

The long y is represented by nasal į, whereas where į would be expected, long y is written, cf.: mokįtojai (Ž 10, P 9), Sudegitas (Ž 11, P 3), mysla (Ž 19, P 15).

The diphthong in is sometimes replaced by nasal į, e.g.: Sudegitas (Ž 11, P 3, 10), mokįtas (Ž 5, P 4, 10), mokįtinis (Ž 6, P 5), but inconsistently, cf.: sudegintas (P 9), mokintas (Ž 12).

i is lengthened in endings, e.g.: laikrodys (Ž 13, P 11), trukys (Ž 17, P 15), but kraujažindis (Ž 27, P 23).

In the manuscripts, the long root vowel ū is shortened in both inherited vocabulary and loanwords, e.g.: parlužis (Ž 12, P 10), budams (Ž 23, P 19), buvi (Ž 8, P 7), butis (Ž 8), kuno (Ž 14, 16; P 12, 14), skurinis (Ž 17, P 14), trukys (Ž 17, P 15), žiurek (Ž 21, 27; P 17, 22), žut but (Ž 21), žut, but (P 17), rukštadaris (Ž 25, P 21), but ar nebut (Ž 25, P 21), žutis (Ž 25, P 21), trukst (Ž 26, P 22), turbut (Ž 26, P 22), trusas (Ž 27, P 23), naturalista (Ž 5), but būtis (P 7).

²² It may be that writing e for ie is a Polish convention of using the letter i to soften a consonant.

²³ These words should be transposed: apė, pre, popėriu, vėsulas.

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Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903

The long vowel in the suffixes –(i)ūnas, –ūras, –ūra is shortened, e.g.: gyvūnas, gyvūnai (Ž 4, 16; P 3, 14), tamsunas (Ž 4, 15; P 3, 13), atskalunas (Ž 12, P 10), Karikatura (Ž 12, P 10), literaturas (Ž 21, P 17), į figura (Ž 14, P 12), galiuno (Ž 25, P 21).

Ū, ų are shortened in stressed and unstressed nominal endings, especially in the singular genitive and plural nominative and accusative, e.g.: baisus valdininkai (Ž 25, P 21), Kristu (Ž 3, 13, 18, 20, 23, 27; P 16, 19, 23), ligu (Ž 4), knygu (Ž 4, 10, 14, 25), miesčionu (Ž 4), turčiu (P 3), gyventoju (Ž 5, P 4), žmoniu (Ž 6, 7, 8, 15, 18, 19, 25, 28), poema-tu, pasaku (Ž 7), užsivedimu (Ž 7), menciu (Ž 10, P 9), anglu (Ž 10, P 9), aigip-tenu (Ž 10, P 9), visu (Ž 16; P 9, 13), graiku (Ž 11, 13; P 9), juoku (Ž 12, P 10), valdininku (Ž 13, P 11), padavimu (Ž 14), dievu (Ž 15, 28), vardu (Ž 15), rank-raščiu, ju (Ž 16), senu (Ž 16, P 13), žaislu (Ž 16), žaisliu (P 13), romiečiu (Ž 16), tautu skilčiu (Ž 16, P 13), vertu (Ž 16, P 14), daliu (Ž 16, P 14), pasiuntiniu (Ž 17, P 14), deputatu (Ž 17, P 14), namu (Ž 17, P 14), kokiu žiniu (Ž 19), ro-menu (Ž 22, P 18), metu (Ž 23, P 19), dvasišku uredysčiu (Ž 24), poperiu (Ž 25), francuzu (Ž 27, P 23), šikšnosparniu (Ž 27, P 23). Full endings, which are much more common, are marked in Perrašė; compare: Kristu (P 2), ligu (P 3), knygu (P 3, 9), žmoniu (P 5, 6, 7, 15, 21,), pasaku (P 6), užsivedimu (P 6), buvi (P 7), graiku (Ž 10), visu laiku (Ž 10), knygu (P 12), padavimu (P 12), dievu (P 13), vardu (P 13), rankraščių, jų (P 13), romiečių (P 13), kokių žinių (P 16), dvasiškų uredysčių (P 19), poperių ir knygų (P 20), dievų ir žmonių (P 23), laikų (P 9), turčių (Ž 4), mies-čionų (P 3), vokiškų (Ž 16, P 13), laikų (P 9).

The endings of the third-person subjunctive and the singular nominative forms of verbs (participles) are also shortened; compare: ateitu (Ž 18, P 15), gimes (Ž 6), prabeges (Ž 7, P 6), buves (Ž 8, P 7), išsigimes (Ž 9, P 8), apsigimes (Ž 12, P 10), išnešiojas ir parduodas (Ž 13, P 11), laikas (Ž 14), skaitas (Ž 14, P 12), nesupuves (Ž 14, P 12), pasivelines (Ž 19, P 15), abiejojas (P 18), gimes (Ž 23, P 19), išsi-lavines (Ž 23, P 19), išperejas (Ž 28, P 23). There is no consistency here, since in some places nasal letters are written; compare: sergąs (Ž 16, P 13), laikąs (P 12), abiejojąs (Ž 22).

The long vowel ų also varies: in the Glossary it is shortened (apskustas (Ž 23)), whereas in Perrašė it is retained (apskūstas (P 19)).

The Šiauliai dialect feature of hardening l before vowels of the e, ei, ė, ę type is also reflected in the manuscripts; compare: nelaista (Ž 15), atlaidimo (Ž 17), mysla (Ž 19, 21; P 15, 17), nulaidimas (Ž 21), atlaidimu (Ž 22, P 18), but neleista (P 13), atleidimo (P 14), nuleidimas (P 17).

Another feature is also noticeable—palatalization of l (meliodija (Ž, P 2), žaisliu (P 13)).

The manuscripts show the insertion of j before ie, e.g.: ieškinys (Ž 15, P 13), apjieškotojus (Ž 24), apjieškotojis (P 20), patriotyzmas (Ž 24, P 20), la-biausiai (Ž 5, P 4).

Shortened infinitive forms are most commonly used, e.g.: skaityt (Ž 2, 4, 10; P 1, 3, 9), rašyt (Ž 2, 10; P 1, 9), parskaityt (Ž 16), but parskaityti (P 13).

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JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

Morphological features. The manuscripts contain unreduced dialectal adverb forms, e.g.: geriaus (Ž 15, P 13), žemiaus (Ž 26, P 21), aukščiaus (Ž 26, P 22), niekuom (Ž 3, P 2), teip toliaus (Ž 7), but Transcribed teip toliau (P 6)²⁴.

Both the Glossary and the Transcription reflect variation in nominal stems; compare: rašytojus (Ž 3), rašytojis (P 2), valnas (Ž 9), valnus (P 8), išradejis (Ž 10, P 9), gyventojus (Ž 14, 22; P 18), gyventojis (P 12), užmetinėtojis (Ž 15, P 13), poperis (Ž 17, P 14), myletojis (Ž 17, P 14), žmonys (Ž 19, P 16), lengvi (Ž 23, P 18), suvedžiotojis (Ž 24, P 19), apieškotojus (Ž 24), apieškotojis (P 20), valdytojus (Ž 28), valdytojis (P 23). Superlative nominal forms consistently have the suffix –iausis, e.g.: pirmiausis (Ž 10, P 9), žinomiausis (Ž 23, P 20), aukščiausis (Ž 28, P 23).

The sources under study reflect not only variation in stems but also variation in the grammatical gender of words: miesto Romo (“Rome, masculine form” Ž, P 1), deviza (“deviza, masculine form” Ž 7, P 6), pasaules, pasaulė, pasaulę (“pasaulė, pasaulis” Ž 9, 14; P 8), poeta (“poeta, masculine form” Ž 11, 27; P 9, 23), Jurista (“jurista, masculine form” Ž 12, P 10), luoma (“luoma, masculine form” Ž 23, P 19), spekais, “spėkas, strength” (Ž 26, P 21), spekomis “spėka, strength” (Ž 26, P 21), smailuma (Ž 5), smailumas (P 4), klasa (“class” Ž 5, P 4).

The manuscripts also show variation in verb and adverb stems, e.g.: tures “turiasi, turisi” (Ž 15, P 13), tyle “tylia, tyli” (Ž 20, P 16), prigule “prigulia, priguli” (Ž 24, P 19), norent nenorent “noriant nenoriant, norint nenorint” (Ž 27, P 23).

An athematic verb form was also found (pasiliekta (Ž 26, P 22)).

Older nominal forms occur: žvaizdes (Ž 17, P 15), daugiesa “rule, dominion” (Ž 18, P 15).

The prefix (and preposition) par is used consistently in place of per, e.g.: par (Ž 11, P 10), parstatimas (Ž 12, P 10), parlūžis (Ž 12, P 10), parskaityt (Ž 16), parskaityti (P 13), parprašau (Ž 17, P 14), parvarta (Ž 21, P 17), parvertimas (Ž 21, P 17), parsimaino (Ž 25, P 20), pargalejau (Ž 26, P 22), partrauka (Ž 17, P 14).

Other dialectal forms worth noting include: suerzdinimas (Ž 13), suersdinimas (P 11), žengsniu (Ž 17, P 14), troba (Ž 17, P 14), teip (Ž 18, 19, 20, 22, 24; P 15, 16, 18, 20,), bele kokio (Ž 19), belekokio (P 16), kietai=tvirtai (Ž 21), kietai, tvirtai (P 17), tikras, gruntautnas (Ž 21, P 17), tarba (Ž 25, P 20), and so on.

The manuscripts also contain instances of assimilation, e.g.: uzbaigimas (Ž 7), aprasymas (P 6), sąryšis (Ž 9) P zmonijos 8), aprasas (Ž 11, P 10), grazus (Ž 18, P 15), išpaniškai (Ž 26, P 22), aukščiaus (Ž 26, P 22), but užbaigimas (P 6), aprašymas (Ž 7), sąryšis (P 7), Žmonijos (Ž 9).

²⁴ Plačiau žr.: JŠPT 2001.

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

Individual words augštas, daigtas are written with g, for example: augšto (Ž 3, P 2), daigtus (Ž 5, P 4), daigtas (Ž 7, P 6), augštumo (Ž 11, P 9), daigtu (Ž 16), daigtų (P 14), while the spelling of the word forms vienog (Ž 7) and vienok (P 6) varies.

The corrections in both the Glossary and the Copy also vary, for example: apaštolas (Ž 18), apostolas (P 15), Kas nauja (Ž 20), Kas naujo (P 16).

Word formation. Compounds in the Glossary and the Copy are formed without a linking vowel; compare: šešpedes eiles (Ž 10, P 9), dauggalvis (Ž 18, P 15), daugbalsis (Ž 18, P 15), saukalbis (Ž 6, P 5), saumyl yste (Ž 5), savmyl yste (P 5).

Derivatives with suffixes differing from those of present-day standard Lithuanian have also been noted, for example: gudryste ‘cleverness’ (Ž 16, P 14), keliauninkas ‘traveler’ (Ž 11, P 10), vargužis ‘pauper, needy person’ (Ž 17, P 14), savimylis ‘self-love’ (Ž 6), savimeilis (P 5).

Lexicon. The manuscripts show a process of neologism formation, for example: Dyskursas, saukalbis. (Ž 6, P 5), Egoizmas (Latin), saumyl yste (Ž 5), savmyl yste (P 5), laikmetas ‘period’ (P 6, 15), Fantazija (Greek), vaidintuvė. (Ž 8, P 7), netikšas (Ž 8), netišas (P 7), mokslamylis (Ž 9), moksla mylys (P 8), regratis ‘sight’ (Ž 11, P 10), apsakas ‘narrative’ (Ž 11, P 10), įturio, įturys ‘content’ (Ž 11, 25; P 10, 20,), išjuoka ‘irony’ (Ž 12, P 10), teisdarystėje ‘jurist, in jurisprudence’ (Ž 12, P 10), the word ‘exchange’ is explained by Notacija (Ž 15, P 13), ‘opposition’ is explained by Oponentas (Ž 15, P 13), ‘section’ is explained by Paragrafas (Ž 16, P 14), ‘preface’ is explained by Pole mika (Ž 18, P 15), ‘outcome’ is explained by Rezultatas (Ž 21, P 17), rašikas ‘one who writes, clerk’ (Ž 22, P 18), ‘herbalist’ is explained by Tlenas (Ž 25, P 20), rašė jis ‘writer’ (Ž 27, P 23), romiskas ‘Roman, of the Romans’ (Ž 27, P 23), ‘mushrooms, seed of disease’ are explained by Bacterium (P 4), Bacterijos (Ž 3).

There are also words that are difficult to explain, for example: ‘prydelis’ is explained by Paragramas (Ž 16, P 14).

Syntactic features. The manuscripts show the expression of the desiderative mood characteristic of the Šiauliai dialect, with lai and a present-tense verb form, for example: lai mane Dievs baudžia ‘may God punish me’ (Ž 10, P 9).

There are constructions with the preposition ant and others, still popular in Joniškis speech today, for example: žodynas ant daug kalbų (Ž 16, P 14), ant laimes (Ž 21, P 17), ant sveikatos (Ž 23, P 18).

To indicate a temporal limit, a construction with the preposition lig and others is used, for example: lig paskirtai dienai (Ž, P 1).

Constructions with the preposition par followed by the genitive predominate, for example: par erškėčius pas žvaizdes (Ž 17, P 15), par poeta Militozą (Ž 23, P 19).

The use of the preposition pas with the genitive also differs from standard Lithuanian, for example: par erškėčius pas žvaizdes (Ž 17, P 15), pas romenus garbintas po vardu Jovimo (Ž 28, P 23).

The use of the dialectal preposition po with the instrumental is also found, for example: pasidavimas po bauda (Ž 24, P 19), pas romenus garbintas po vardu Jovimo (Ž 28, P 23).

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CONCLUSIONS

Slančiauskas’s manuscript glossaries—Glossary = from the encyclopedia (1903) and its transcription, A Little Glossary (1910)—belong to the lexicographic history of foreign words in Lithuania, that is, to the lexicographic history of dictionaries of international words.

Glossary= from the encyclopedia (1903) contains 422 words. The transcription, A Little Glossary (1910), contains five fewer words (word combinations)—417—than the 1903 Glossary. For 172 entries, it is indicated that they are Latin words; for 69, Greek; for 26, French; and for 14, English, German, Italian, Spanish, or Sanskrit. 116 words have no indication of origin. The Glossary contains 30 biographical entries, 64 sayings, and 27 word combinations and abbreviations.

The structure of Slančiauskas’s Glossary = from the encyclopedia (1903) and its transcription, A Little Glossary (1910), resembles that of present-day dictionaries of international words: the lexicon is presented in alphabetical order, and the selected words are explained in various ways (with a single word, synonyms, a word combination, a more detailed explanation, or associations with Lithuanian words); most entries include indications of word origin (abbreviations such as Lat., Gr., Engl., Ital., Ger., etc.). The manuscripts also include prominent researchers from various fields of science (philosophers, literary figures [prose writers and poets], historians, theologians, travelers, inventors, and so on). They also contain abbreviations, word combinations, and literary sayings widely used among nations.

The manuscripts preserve features characteristic of the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai subdialect: an, am, en, em remain unchanged; the consonant l is hardened (before e, ę, ė, ei) and softened; unstressed word endings are shortened; the consonant j is added before e, ie, and so on. There are also various morphological features (nominal suffixes, athematic verb forms, adverb forms that have not been shortened, etc.) and a few syntactic features (especially the use of prepositional constructions). It is noteworthy that in the 1910 transcription, more words are written using morphological rather than phonetic or semi-phonetic spelling.

Slančiauskas’s Glossary = from the encyclopedia (1903) and its transcription, A Little Glossary (1910), show that conditions had emerged for the creation of a glossary of foreign words. The 1903 Glossary was probably transcribed for educational purposes (the author believes that there may have been more such transcriptions). These manuscripts reveal the need for systematic treatment of foreign words and paved the way for the Glossary of Foreign and Unintelligible Words, compiled by Jurgis Šlapelis in 1907. Thus, we could move the beginning of the early period in the history of foreign-word lexicography back by as much as four years and date it not from Šlapelis’s glossary, but from 1903 (up to 1936).

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903

APPENDICES

¹ APPENDIX. Foreign words (word combinations and sayings) marked (Lat.) or (−), or given in Latin

International words (from Latin)

Explanation

A. a..u. c. Year from the founding of the city

In the years since the founding of the city (Rome)

Absolute monarchy

unlimited power of the monarch

Accuratio

appeal

Ad exemplum

depicting

Ad feliciora tempera

for better times

Ad futuram memoriam

for eternal remembrance

Ad diem dictum

until the appointed day

Agitacija

movement, motion

Aksiomatas

a true proof, truth

Amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas

Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer

Arija

an opera melody, a hymn, a song

Concordia res parve crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur

Harmony makes small things grow; discord causes the greatest things to fall apart.

Denationalization

denationalization

Informer

spy, little spy

Ego

aš

Egoist

self-lover

Egoism

self-love

Element

element

Eo ipso

only, because of that

Ergo

in this way, one way

Errare humanum est

To err is human

Errata

error

Est modus in rebus

there is a measure in everything

former, formerly, some time ago

Ex abrupto

without preparation, suddenly, unexpectedly

Ex capite

from memory; from the beginning

Extra

quickly, very, separately

Fabula

a tale of nonsense

Facet

a funny person

Fachas

occupation, craft

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International words (from Latin)

Explanation

Factas

the truth, existence

Fanatikas

hypocrite

Fecit

made, finished

Federation

union, association of countries

Finis

end

Form

shape, form

Frater

brother

Gaudium

merriment, joy

Gratis

for nothing, free of charge

Homo

human being

Honoras

good name, honor

Humanist

humane, learned in many fields, an alert person

Humorist

a story or account of something amusing

In vino veritas

truth in wine.

Irony

mockery, reprimand

You

truth

exclamations

exclamation, voice

Collection

gathering

Complete set

complete collection

Communion

unity, union

Conflagration

burning

Conflict

dispute

Confusion

confusion, irritation

Congress

gathering, assembly of officials

Counterfeiting

counterfeit books

Contusion

bodily injury

Correction

correction of errors in printed books

Licet

permitted, allowed

Maximum, – minimum

as much as possible, as little as possible

Nec locus ubi Troja fuit

there is no trace of where Troy stood. – Whoever fell, perished.

Nec plus ultra

nothing beyond that

Nefas

untruth, falsehood

Nefasti dies

unlucky days

Nequam

worthless

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

International words (from Latin)

Explanation

Nolens volens

willingly or unwillingly

Nomenklatura

a claim to a name

Nomina sunt odiosa

changing one’s name is improper

Non licet

not permitted

Non plus ultra

nothing better

Nosce te ipsum

know yourself

Note

mark, notation

Notation

exchange

Obscurant

enemy of enlightenment, obscurantist

Opinion

rumor among people.

Opponent

adversary, faultfinder.

Original

first creation

O tempora! O mores!

O times! O customs!

Patient

one falls ill, depending on which pharmacist one will have

Pari possu

with equal steps, in equal measure

Pars

part

Patrija

homeland

Pauper

poor man, pauper

Perpetuum mobile

perpetual motion

Persona

quality, person

Planas

removal: an indication of how it ought to be

Plantacijė

cultivated land, a field, and sown or planted

Popular

human

Post festum

after the festivities, after everything, one who has fallen behind

Prima caritas ab ego

first love of oneself

Proclamation

an appeal to all people

Proletariat

people without property, without shelter, the poor

Pro memorija

for remembrance

Prose

as one speaks, so one writes

P. S. = post scriptum

an addition after any kind of writing

Publication

announcement, narration

Quantum satis

to satisfaction

Quod scripsi, scripsi

what I have written, I have written

Racija

true cause, certainty, allotted share, food

Radical

firmly=steadfastly holding to one's own undertaking

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International words (from Latin)

Explanation

Redde quod debes

give back what you owe

Referencia

assignment, recommendation

Reformacija

religious upheaval

Recreacija

refreshment, rest from an activity

Respice finem

look to the end

Risum tenentis amici

Do not laugh, friends. (From Horace’s poetry)

Rizika

at stake, come what may

With indulgence

with forbearance

Sapieti satis

a clever head needs but few words; a wise person needs but one word

Science

learning, knowledge

Writer; writing

writer; writing

Always the same

always the same

Session

meeting, conversation

Thus!

so! — a mark of astonishment in critical writings

Thus the fates decreed

so fate wished

Sic volo, sic jube

I want it so; so it appears

Si deis placet

if the gods allow

Si fibula vera

if this is true

Signum

sign

Simplex

simple, straightforward

Simplex servus Dei

a simple, unenlightened person

Similija similibus curantur

like cures like; one like heals another

Sit saluti

to your health

Sit tibi terra levis

May the earth lie lightly upon you

Si vis pacem parabellum

If you want peace, prepare for war (fighting)

Socius

friend, companion

Socius amaris

friend of love

Socius doloris

companion in sorrow

Status

rank, position

Studio

learning, education

Sua sponta

good will

Sub divo

under the open sky

Subjekcija

hardships, sufferings

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

International words (from Latin)

Explanation

Submisije

submission under penalty

Subskripcija

signing, subscription, additional payment

Sui generis

peculiar

Suum cuique

give each person what is due to them

Tace!

Be quiet! Keep silent!

Taliter – quoliter

like – so

Tantum – quantum

as much – as

Tarde venientibus ossa

Whoever is late harms himself.

Folder

a bag for papers and books

Text

the whole arrangement or content of a song, hymn, or other written work

Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis

times change, and we change with them

Tendency

aim, purpose

Oxygen

acid-forming — air — element

Tolerance

patience, endurance

Tradition

traditions

Treatise

scientific arrangement of people

Ubi bene ibi patria

where it is good, there is one's homeland

U. C. (urbis conditos lot.)

date: from the founding of the city (of Rome)

Ultimus

last, latest

Ultra

indirect, from that side

Unquibus et rostro

defending oneself with all one’s strength (with claws and beaks)

Unitis viribus

with united strength

U. s. (ut supra)

as above

Usque ad finem

to the end

Vacat

missing; the space is unoccupied

Vae!

woe

Vae victis!

woe to the vanquished

Vale!

farewell! (=farewell alive)

or, whether

Veni, vidi, vici

I came, I saw, I conquered

Verba volent, scripta manent

the spoken word flies away, the written word remains

Verbum nobile, debet essestabile

a promise made must be kept

Veritabilis

truthful

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International words (from Latin)

Explanation

Vide

look

Vidi

I saw

Vita brevis, ars longa

life is short, art is long

Volens nolens

willingly or unwillingly

Vulgo

commonly, together

Vivat!

long live!

² APPENDIX. Foreign words with references: (in Greek), (Greek), (Gr.), (Greek mythology), (–,)

International words (from Greek)

Explanation

Asceta

truly devout

Bibliopolis

bookseller

Dyalogas

speech, conversation among several people

Entuziazmas

ardor, fervor

Epigrafas

inscription, motto

Epilogas

conclusion of a speech, poem, tale, etc.

Epizoda

digression in a speech or poem—in writing

Epoka

a period of time elapsed in historical events

Epic poem, Epos

a gigantic poem

Era

a reckoning of an era

Aether

air, the blue sky

Ethnology

the science of human existence

Ethics

the science and philosophy of humanity

Etymology

the study of the origins and explanations of words

Fantasy

imagined things

Physics

science of nature

Geography

science and description of the earth

Geology

science about the earth’s crust

Geonomy

science about the earth’s surface

Grammarians

the first teachers of reading and writing

Grammar

linguistics

Hexameter

six-foot lines in poetry

Hieroglyphs

ancient Egyptian writings in symbols and pictures

Hyppokryta

deceiver

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From an encyclopedia. 1903

International words (from Greek)

Explanation

Hippsometrija

science of measuring altitude

Horizontas

regret {the covering of the sky

Hygiena

science of preserving health

Hypnotyzmas

sleep induced by magnetism

Idyjota

one born with an incomplete mind

Katastrofa

an unfortunate attack, a dramatic paralysis

Matas Slančiauskas’s handwritten

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

5 A P P E N D I X. Foreign words (word combinations, expressions, personal names) with the reference (English) or (Eng.)

6 A P P E N D I X. Foreign-word combinations and expressions with the reference (Italian) or (It.)

International words | Explanation | Etc. (et cetera): and so on | Se non è vero è ben trovato: if it is not true, at least it is well invented.

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7 APPENDIX. Foreign words with references (Sanskrit) and (Spanish)

International words

Explanation

Trimurti

Trinity, three deities: Brahma, Vishnu, and Giva.

Hurricane, whirlwind

terrible storm

8 APPENDIX. Foreign words (word combinations, expressions) without an indication of origin

International words

Explanation

Aceront

underworld

Altruism

a feeling opposite to egoism, the desire to do good

Analfabet

an ignoramus who cannot read or write

Anarchija

disorder

Anonimas

anonymous

Antagonista

opponent

Antropofagas

mankind

Apage

withdraw, go away

Apostata

hermit

Ariškos kalbos

Indo-European languages

Attack

assault

Atmosphere

air above the earth

Atom

indivisible, smallest particle

Audiatur et altera pars

let the other side also be heard

Auguries

scholars in ancient Rome

Aut Caesar, aut nihil

either Caesar or nothing

Aut – aut

either – or

Autobiografija

an account of the course of one’s own life

Autorius

creator, writer

Autoritetas

Recognition of one’s high learning

Nitrogen

gases, suffocating air

Bacterium

fungi, source of disease

Bacilli

microscopic animals

Banishment

exile, expulsion

Barbarian

among the Greeks: an enemy, a dark-minded person

Fiction writer

writer of tales

Bibliophile

one who loves to read books

Library

collection of books

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

International words

Explanation

Biography

description of a life

Buffon

scoundrel

Bourgeoisie

the estate of townspeople and the wealthy

Capite censi

the poorest class of inhabitants in Rome

Centrum

central point

Date or datum

notation of the day, month, and year

Delegate

dependent, envoy

Democracy

rule by the people, opposed to aristocracy (rule by the nobility)

Despotism

harsh, painful rule

Dictum factum

said and done, finished

Discipulus

student

Diet

food during illness

Disharmony

discord

Discourse

conversation

Equator

the line of the earth beneath the sun

Epic

a branch of poetry

Ethnography or Anthropology

a description of people's customs

Farmazonas (Freemason)

a mason, an unbeliever

Fate

fate, fortune

Fatyga

exhaustion

Philanthropist

a friend of humanity

Philologist

a lover of learning

Philosopher

first in the row

Physiography

description of nature

Phonograph

Edison's invention for preserving the sound of the voice, etc.

Frank

free, paid

Frant

polished, elegant

Genius

abnormal, of an intelligent spirit

Hypothesis

unverified truth

Idea

opinion

Illumination

a lamp that gives light

Illustrations

illustrated

Improvisation

singing or chanting from memory, without preparation

Inclusion

joining in

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International words

Explanation

Intelligentsia

humanity enlightened by learning

Jurist

trained in jurisprudence

Heretic

apostate, unbeliever

Caricature

depiction in a humorous manner

Clepsydra, or water clock

an ancient clock using sand or water

Classics

the most authentic writers of ancient Greece

Mummy

an embalmed, unrotted corpse

Novella

a prose tale

Paleography

knowledge of old manuscripts and the ability to read them

Bread and circuses!

bread and games (this was the cry of the Romans during the decline of humanity)

Parchment

parchment paper

Bet!

let us bet, let us wager

Parliament

assembly of the sovereign state's representatives, a parliament, a gathering of deputies

Patricians

Roman aristocrats, nobles

Patriot

lover of the fatherland

Pause

a break in music

Paidagogija

the science of the proper upbringing of humanity

Per aspera ad astra

through thorns to the stars

Perfection

perfection

Perpedes apostolorum

on foot, (like an apostle)

Planiglobus

a drawing of both hemispheres of the earth or sky

Plebejei

the lower class of people in Rome; in 494 BC they fought for freedom against the patricians

Pneumatology

the science of spirits

Polemics

prefatory note, dispute

Polytheism

belief in many gods

Poste restante

an inscription on letters or parcels: for the addressee to come and collect them in person

Practice

any kind of attempt

Pro domo sua

self-defense

Pro forma

for fashion’s sake

Progress; regression

movement forward, backward

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From an encyclopedia. 1903

International words

Explanation

Project

attempt

Pro paganda

dissemination of some news

Pro publico bono

for the public good

Prostitution

giving oneself over to promiscuity for profit—whoredom

Private

domestic, neither governmental nor public

P. U. C. = after the founding of the city

After the founding of the city (Rome). 753 BC, from which date the Romans counted the years

Quid novi?

What news is there?

Qui tacet concentire videtur

Who is silent agrees.

Quod capita tot sensus

As many heads, so many minds.

How long, then, will you abuse our patience?

How long will this go on? How long will it last?

Discount

a reduction in the price of purchased goods

Ratafia

a type of sweet liquor

Realnas

real, substantial

Rebus

a picture puzzle

Revolution

overturning

Rhythm

a metrical line

Scurra

the poor inhabitants of Rome

In solidarity

peacefully, agreeably

Specialist

someone who is best educated in and understands a particular field of study

Performance

the presentation of a play

Sketch

an unfinished picture; a plan indicated; a marked point

U. i. (ut infra)

as below

Vampire

bloodsucker, species of bat. (mythical)

APPENDIX 9. Biographical entries

Name of the biographical entry

Explanation

Aristoteles

Greek philosopher, Plato’s pupil, 384–322 BC

Bruno Giordoni

fil. 1550–1600. sudegintas Romoje

Dante Alighieri

poet, 1265–1321

Darvinas Erazmas

learned zoologist, 1731–1802

Darvinas Karalius Robertas

naturalist and traveler, 1809–1882

Str aipsniai / Articles

JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

Name of personality

Explanation

Draperis

writer, 1811–1882

Edisonas

gimęs 1847. Amerikoji

Galilejus, Galileo

physicist 1564 – d. 1642. He was the first to understand the motion of the world. His words: “e pur si muove= and yet it moves”

Gibbons

English writer, 1737–1794

Gutenbergis Jonas

inventor of the printing press, 1397–1468

Herodotas

father of history, the first Greek historian, 484–424 BC

Hippokrates

father of medicine of all time, 460–364 BC

Homeras

great Greek poet of the 9th century BC

Humboldt Friedrich Heinrich Alexander

traveler and naturalist, 1769–1859

Hus or Gus Jan

1369–1415. Burned at the “holy Inquisition”

Huxley

English zoologist, born 1825

Confucius, Kong=Fu=Tse

he was a philosopher of China, 551–479 BC

Wilhelm Liebknecht

born 1826

Pythagoras

Greek philosopher, 540–500 BC

Pytheas (Puteus) of Massilia

at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. He circumnavigated Europe; his writings also mention Lithuania

Rousseau (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)

literary figure, philosopher 1712–1778

Shakespeare

(William Shakespeare) 1564–1616

Sokrates

The most famous Greek philosopher, born in 470 BC, at the age of 69 was accused before the authorities of impiety and corrupting the youth by the poet Meletus, the orator Lycon, and the tanner Anytus, and died after being poisoned. Socrates is the founder of scientific dialectic and its scholarly method.

Straussas Dovidas Fridr.

theologian; he wrote “The Life of Jesus” 1804–1874

Tindalius

Anglican writer 1657–1738

Volney

French writer 1757–1820

Voltaire

French writer 1694–1778

Vergilius

writer, born 1470

Virgilius (Maro Publius)

Roman poet, 70–19 BC

Xanthus of Lydia

A famous Greek historian who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries BC

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynelis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903

APPENDIX 10. Sayings

Saying

Explanation

A. a. u. c. Anno ab urbe condita

In the years after the founding of the city (Rome)

To happier times

toward better times

Ad futuram memoriam

for eternal remembrance

Ad diem dictum

until the appointed day

Plato is my friend, but truth is a greater friend

Plato is dear to me, but truth is dearer

Concordija res parve crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur

Concord grows small things, discord brings down the greatest.

Errare humanum est

To err is human.

Est modus in rebus

There is a measure in everything.

In vino veritas

Truth is in wine.

Audiatur et altera pars

Let the other side also be heard.

Aut Caesar, aut nihil

Either Caesar or nothing.

Aut – aut

Either – or.

Dictum factum

Said and done; finished.

Nec locus ubi Troja fuit

There is no trace of where Troy stood. – Whoever attacked perished.

Nec plus ultra

nothing beyond that

Nolens volens

willingly or unwillingly

Nomina sunt odiosa

changing one’s name is inauspicious

Non plus ultra

nothing better

Nosce te ipsum

know yourself

O tempora! O mores!

O the times! O the customs!

Panem et circenses!

bread and games (this was the cry in Roman times of humanity’s decline)

Pari possu

with equal steps, in equal measure

Per aspera ad astra

through thorns to the stars

Perpedes apostolorum

on foot, (like an apostle)

Perpetuum mobile

perpetual motion

Prima caritas ab ego

the first kindness is toward oneself

Pro domo sua

self-defense

Pro publico bono

for the public good

P. U. C. = after the founding of the city

After the founding of the city (Rome). 753 BC, — from that date the Romans counted the years

Qui tacet concentire videtur

Silence gives consent

Straipsniai / Articles

JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

Saying

Explanation

Quod scripsi, scripsi

What I have written, I have written

Quod capita tot sensus

As many heads, so many minds

Quo usque tandem, abutere patientia nostra?

How long will this last? How long will you endure?

Qui vivra verra

Those who live will see

Redde quod debes

Give back what you owe

Respice finem

Look to the end

Risum tenentis amici

Do not laugh, friends. (From Horace’s poetry)

Salva venia

with pardon

Sapienti satis

a word is enough for a wise mind – for the wise, a word suffices

Semper idem

always the same

If it is not true, it is at least well invented

if that is not true, at least it is well made up

Sic fata tulere

thus fate willed

Sic volo, sic jube

thus I will, thus I command

Si deis placet

if the gods allow

Si fibula vera

if this is true

Simplex servus Dei

an ordinary, uneducated person

Similija similibus curantur

like cures like; one like cures another

Sit tibi terra levis

may the earth lie lightly upon you

Si vis pacem parabellum

if you want peace, prepare for war (fight)

Taliter – quoliter

as – so

Tantum – quantum

as much – as much

Tarde venientibus ossa

whoever is late harms himself

Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis

times change, and we change with them

Tobe ar not to be

(pronounced: tu bi or not tu bi), but whether to be or not (from Shakespeare's Hamlet)

Ubi bene ibi patria

where it is good, there is one's homeland

Unquibus et rostro

defend oneself with all one's strength (with claws and beak)

Unitis viribus

with united forces

Usque ad finem

to the end

Vae victis!

woe to the conquered

Veni, vidi, vici

I came, I saw, I conquered

Words fly away, writings remain

the spoken word flies away, the written word remains

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

Expression

Explanation

A noble word ought to be steadfast

a promise given is surely rarely broken

Life is short, art is long

life is short, the work is long

Whether willing or unwilling

whether willing or unwilling

11 APPENDIX. Word combinations

Word combinations

Explanation

Absolute monarchy

unlimited power of the monarch

Ad exemplum

illustrating

Ex abrupto

unprepared, suddenly, unexpectedly

Ex capite

from memory; from the beginning

Masculine languages

Indo-European languages

Capite censi

the poorest class of inhabitants in Rome

Nefasti dies

days of misfortune

Non licet

not permitted

Poste restante

an inscription on letters or a parcel: so that the addressee comes to collect it in person

Post festum

after the festivities, after everything, belatedly

Pro formo

for fashion’s sake

Pro memorijai

for remembrance

P. S. = postscript

an addition after some piece of writing

Quantum satis

to one’s fill

Quid novi?

What news is there?

Qui vive?

What is being said? What’s going on there?

Sit saluti

to your health

Socius amaris

friend in love

Socius doloris

sharing in sorrows

Sua spontā

of one’s own free will

Sub divo

under the open sky

Sui generis

unique

Suum cuique

give back to whom what is due

U. C. (ab urbe condita, Latin)

date: from the founding of the city (Rome)

U. i. (ut infra)

as below

U. s. (ut supra)

as above

Vis à vis

opposite, facing

Straipsniai / Articles

JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

LITERATŪRA

DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, red. Vytautas Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994.

Gusmani Roberto 1987: Interlinquistica. – Linguistica storica. Roma: NIS., 87–114.

JŠPT – Joniškio šnektų pratimai ir tekstai, ats. red. Janina Švambarytė, Šiauliai: K. J. Vasiliausko įmonė, 2001. CD – Šiauliai: Dipolis, 2005.

Križinauskas Juozas, Smagurauskas Stasys: Vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 1–2. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1992.

Lanza Stefano: Italų kilmės žodžiai (italizmai) ir jų adaptacija Lietuvių kalboje. Daktaro disertacija. Kaunas, 2009.

LKE – Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija, par. Kazys Morkūnas, red. Vytautas Ambrazas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1999.

LKTCH – Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatija, sud. Rima Bacevičiūtė, Audra Ivanauskienė, Asta Leskauskaitė, Edmundas Trumpa, mokslinė red. Laima Grumadienė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2004.

Sabaliauskas Algirdas: Lietuvių kalbos leksika. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1990.

Svetimų ir nesuprantamų žodžių žodynėlis. Skaitytojams palengvinimas, sudarė Jurgis Šlapelis. Tilžė: E. Jagomasto spaustuvė, 1907.

Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, ats. red. V. Kvietkauskas. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1985.

Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, ats. red. Algimantas Kinderys. Vilnius: Alma Littera, 2001.

Vėlius Norbertas 1974: M. Slančiauskas – folkloro rinkėjas. – Šiaurės Lietuvos pasakos. Surinko Matas Slančiauskas. Vilnius: Vaga, 22–30.

The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 – The Manuscript Dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas

SUMMARY

The manuscript heritage of linguistic subjects by Matas Slančiauskas (21/02/1850 – 11/03/1924) devoted to scientific community and society is not yet known to its full extent. The article presents the manuscript The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis [Some Dictionary] 1910 which are both stored in the department of History of Šiauliai museum “Aušra”. The code of the dictionary is ŠAM GEK 15819, the code of

100

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXI

Mato Slančiausko rankraštinis Žodynėlis = Iš enciklopedijos. 1903

the collection and inventory number is I–R 196. The code of the transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis is ŠAM GEK 15814, the code of the collection and inventory number is I–R 130.

422 words are presented in The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 The transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 contains five words (word combinations) less (417 words in total). In the Dictionary of 1903 the following references are made: 172 words are referred to be of Latin origin, 69 words are referred to be of Greek origin, 26 words are referred to be of French origin and 14 words are referred to be of English, German, Italian and Sanskrit origin; 116 words have no reference to the origin. 30 personalia, 64 expressions and 27 word combinations and abbreviations are provided in the dictionary.

The composition of The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 by Slančiauskas stands the same as the one of the contemporary international word dictionaries: the words are presented in alphabetical order, emphasised words are defined in different ways (by one word, synonym pairs, word collocations, relations to Lithuanian associations); the majority of words contain an origin reference (abbreviations: lot., gr., angl., itt., vok. and etc.). The manuscripts contain names of famous researchers of various scientific areas (philosophers, writers (prose and poetry), historians, theologists, travellers, inventors, and etc.); the abbreviations of widely used words, collocations and sayings are also present in the dictionary.

The manuscripts maintain the features typical to subdialect of West highlanders around Šiauliai (immutable an, am, en, em; hardening of consonant l (in front of e, ę, ė, ei) and palatalization; shortening of unstressed ending; adding j in front of e, ie and etc.; various morphological instances (suffixes, athematic verb forms, full adverbial forms, and etc.) and some syntactic subjects (especially concerning the use of prepositional constructions).

The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 can be attributed to the lexicographic history of loanwords in Lithuania i.e. to the lexicographic history of international word dictionaries. The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 and its transcript Šioks, toks žodynėlis 1910 demonstrate the conditions for the occurrence of the dictionary of loanwords. The transcription of the Dictionary of 1903 could have served as the aim of learning (the author presupposes that there might be more transcripts). The manuscripts reveal the necessity to systematically arrange the loanwords and the instigation to compile Svetimų ir nesuprantamų žodžių žodynėlis 1907 by Jurgis Šlapelis [the Dictionary of Loanwords and Unknown Words]. Thus, the early period of the lexicographic history of loanwords could be dated earlier in four years and start not with a Dictionary by Šlapelis, but with the Dictionary of 1903 (from 1903 to 1936).

Įteikta 2014 m. rugsėjo 4 d.

JANINA ŠVAMBAR YTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5., LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva

[email protected]

Straipsniai / Articles

101

MATO SLANČIAUSKAS’S MANUSCRIPT DICTIONARY = FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903

The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 – The Manuscript Dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas

ANNOTATION

ANNOTATION

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF THE MANUSCRIPT GLOSSARY =FROM THE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903

DICTIONARY = FROM AN ENCYCLOPEDIA. 1903 AND THE 1910 COPY ŠIOKS, TOKS ŽODYNELIS: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY

RANKRAŠČIŲ ŽODYNĖLIS = IŠ ENCIKLOPEDIJOS. 1903 IR ŠIOKS, TOKS ŽODYNĖLIS 1910 M. RAŠYBA, TARMĖS ATSPINDŽIAI

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

CONCLUSIONS

APPENDICES

Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

Mato Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From an encyclopedia. 1903

Matas Slančiauskas’s handwritten

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

7 APPENDIX. Foreign words with references (Sanskrit) and (Spanish)

8 APPENDIX. Foreign words (word combinations, expressions) without an indication of origin

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From an encyclopedia. 1903

APPENDIX 9. Biographical entries

APPENDIX 10. Sayings

Matas Slančiauskas’s manuscript

Glossary = From the encyclopedia. 1903

11 APPENDIX. Word combinations

LITERATŪRA

The Dictionary = From Encyclopaedia. 1903 – The Manuscript Dictionary of Matas Slančiauskas

SUMMARY

Document details