220 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII
REGINA RINKAUSKIENĖ
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, mo phology, and
ancien w i ing.
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc .
T ends in he Changes
The 19 h cen u y
In he case o a eplacemen
The T ends o Subs an i e S em Al e a ion in
19 h Cen u y Tex s W i en in he Eas e n
Highland dialec
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle del es in o 19 h-cen u y w i ings, w i en in he ad ice o eas e n schola s,
mo phological subjec s. Some o he ep esen a i es o he w i ing o ha ime a e
e iewed: Mykolo Ce ausko, Lau yno Bo ke ičius, Hen iko Bale ičius, Mykolo Smolski, Tado
Lichodzejausko, Kazimie o Michne ičius-Mikėno, An ano Ki ke ičius, And iaus Benedik o
Klungio in he language o eligious ex s. The mos a en ion is paid o he mo phological
S aipsnyje ap a iamos daik a a džių kamienų kai os endencijos. Pas ebė a, kad daugelis
ques ions o he noun. he a ia ions o he names o he s ones a e also cha ac e is ic
o oday's ad ice o he eas e n highlands. ESMINIAI WORDS: Religious ex s o he 19 h
cen u y, eas e n high- ise buildings, s one ools, mixing.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses he ma e s o mo phology o he nine een h-cen u y ex s w i en in he
Eas e n Augus ian dialec . I e iews he language o eligious ex s w i en by se e al au ho s
o ha ime Mykolas Ce auskas, Lau ynas Bo ke ičius, Hen ikas Bale ičius, Mykolas Smolskis,
Tadas Lichodzejauskas, Kazimie as Michne ičius-Mikėnas, An anas Ki ke ičius, And ius Benedik as
Klungys. The a icle ocuses on he issues o mo phology o he noun. I discusses he endencies
o subs an i e s em al e a ion. I has been obse ed ha in he majo i y o cases subs an i e
A icles by A icles 221
Daik a a džių kamienų kai os endencijos
XIX amžiaus aš uose y ų aukš aičių pa a me
s em al e a ions a e also cha ac e is ic o con empo a y Eas e n Augus ian dialec .
19 h cen u y, eligious ex s, Eas e n Highland dialec , subs an i e s ems, mixing
The phenomenon o mixing Daik a a džių kamienų is cha ac e is ic no only o all
kalbos a mėms, be i bend inei kalbai. Šio s aipsnio ikslas – apž elg i pa-
Li huanian cases o mixing Daik a a džių kamienų in he 19 h cen u y w i ings,
w i en in he ad ice o eas e n high schools. The collec ion includes he wo ks
o K.M.M. Mykola ich, The Sac ed Hea o S . Igna ius o Loyola, The Book o he
Sac ed Hea o S . Igna ius o Loyola, The Book o he Sac ed Hea o S .
Igna ius o Loyola, The Book o he Sac ed Hea o S . Igna ius o Loyola, The
Book o he Sac ed Hea o S . Igna ius o Loyola, The Book o he Sac ed Hea
o S . Igna ius o Loyola, and The Book o he Sac ed Hea o S . Igna ius.
Desc ip i e and compa a i e me hods a e used in analyzing he ma e ial.
Fo he pu poses o his Regula ion, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
P oduc i e and s able a, a, ia s ones and no so s able u, u s ones, which end
o mo e o o he s ones, a e mixed wi h hem, belong o he male calci ica ion
sys em.
1 Explaining he exac o igin o he au ho s, i.e. wi h wha speci ic ad ice o eas e n highlands we
could link hem, elies on se e al sou ces (Bi žiška 1963; Zinke ičius 1990; Vanagas 1996; LE 1954; LE
1963). Acco ding o he o igin, Mykolas Ce auskas and Lau ynas Bo ke ičius a e om he eas e n
highlands, Hen ik Bale ičius and Tadas Lichodzejauskas a e om he eas e n highlands, Mykolas
Smolskis and An anas Ki ke ičius a e om he eas e n highlands. I 's ha d o say any hing
speci ic abou Kazimie o Michne icius-Mikena's ad ice. Z. Zinke ičius poin s ou ha he
a o emen ioned au ho comes om Anykš ys, which does no say any hing de ini e, since he
Anykš ys dis ic s may be spoken in bo h he Anykš ėnų, he u eniškių and he ši in iškių
dialec s. I is no easy o pinpoin he exac place o bi h o A. B. Klung, because he place o bi h
is indica ed as somewhe e nea La ia. When naming he places o s udy, he dis ic o Aluksh a
(Iluksh a) is men ioned. I can only be assumed ha A. B. Klungys could ha e been an eas e n
highlande , because he islands o he islands s ill exis in he e i o y o La ia: abou Aknys a, Subačių, in he wes e n pa o he Dauga pils dis ic .
REGINA RINKAUSKIENĖ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he 19 h-cen u y w i ings w i en in he Eas e n Highlands Ad ice, he
endency o male amusemen o mix he s ones wi h each o he is depic ed in he i s pain ing (Z .
(Figu e 1) This is a lis o coun ies by numbe o inhabi an s.
a i […]a […]a
↕
[…]a i[…]a
↕
u[…]u […]u
↕
i[…]a This is
↓
he i s
↓
ime I' e seen his.
1 PAV. O he A mix u e o male pleasu e s ones in he o m o a s one, he bo om o which has been
Ne ik nep oduk y ūs i nes abilūs kamienai leng ai pe eina į s abiliuosius
i p oduk y iuosius, be pas ebė i i a i kš iniai p ocesai. a kamieno daik-
eco ded in he o m o a s one: a s a ue o a d eam died in 1715 ABK; umsiben inmes be dugnia 12521
MS. Daik a a džiai sapnỹs, dugnỹs a e cha ac e is ic o eas e n highland speeches: in he
Li huanian language dic iona y (www.lkz.l ) bo h daik a a džiai a e eco ded in almos all eas e n
highland speeches. Ras a and he e e se case: in 407 AD, he mos common o m o s one ca ings in
he o m o a single-headed ca pen e (u a num awa 822 LB; buwa […] Klabonum2 as bažniczias TL
1918) should be explained as a pe manen change in he shape o he s ones, cha ac e is ic o many
high- ise buildings. In addi ion o he common language, he e a e also many common wo ds o hings
in he mul i-pa adigm pa adigm, such as sons, sons, sons, ma ke s, ma ke s, ma ke s, and so on. This
is p obably he eason o he o ma ion o he o m o he name o he one-syllable wo d in he
s one: da ljii lie as3 103 MC; […]mogas4 un Diewa a[…]mi sz a 10011 MS. In 19 h-cen u y w i ings, a
one-syllable noun was ound in he o m o a mul i-syllable subs i u e o hea en and s one: which is
Danguosia 1816 ABK; and dunguósna e u ned 22716AK; which is in he sky 452 LB; I you don' wan o
pay, you'll ha e o pay 1523 TL. This noun has he meaning o he belie e s' ep esen a ion o God (o
gods), angels, sain s and good people's dwelling place, pa adise, dausa. One o m o he common plu al
noun om ecclesias ical w i ings is also eco ded in he Li huanian language dic iona y (Tesidžiaugia
dangai, and zemė esilinksmina b š.). Simila p ocesses a e obse ed be ween […]a, i[…]a and […]u
s ones. Se e al […]u s one wo ds ha e been eco ded, which a e cap u ed in […]a s one o ms. The
age o he name is he same as he shape o he s one e e nis (wienas umžis <...> mumis ieks 1826
MS; 2 In he same o m i is w i en om he sayings o J. Basana ičius: The p ies Monke ičius
Šedu oje, who became a he mi , came o Raginėnus, consec a ed he ields BsM II193. 3 In he
Li huanian ocabula y (www.lkz.l ) only he adjec i e hings in he sense o easy is eco ded. 4 a The
o m o he s one wo d "child" is known om he manusc ip Eas e n ocabula y ound in
Li huanian li e a u e and he manusc ip o he People's Republic o Li huania.
A icles by A icle 223
Daik a a džių kamienų kai os endencijos
XIX amžiaus aš uose y ų aukš aičių pa a me
o all he eas e n highlands, only he Pane ėžys a e cha ac e is ic. In he 19 h
cen u y, he e m could be used mo e widely: his is indica ed by he o ms used in
he wo ks o M. Ce asko, M. Smolski and T. Lichdzejausko. The Daik a a d king in
he o m o a s one is ound only in he book o M. Ce ausko: ku Dowidas ka alis
aza 88 MC. In he Li huanian dic iona y, an example is gi en om he u eniškių plo o
lis, isų paukščių ka ãlis, isa punda ojo (d.) (Užp.). Dėl nuola inio a, ia i u ka-
A emienų s y a imo […]a o ia he wo ds o he s ones en e […]u he ends o he
s ones: acco ding o pa sie gieima Igani ojaus 89 TL (plg. Igani ois Jėzus K is us 183
TL); O a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm bu no exceeding 0,2 mm Begdami nog wiena
k iielous 8425 AD. Especially his is cha ac e is ic o he daik a a ds wi h he
p e ix - oj-: emembe Tiewu, palinksmin oi, wiena ii apda y oi musu niedalas 1025
TL; I e go my 2014 TL. In 19 h-cen u y w i ings, he s one o m is ound in he o m
o a ho se ( u nie jauczias i nie a klis 9511 MS). The ma e ial published by Ž.
Ma ke ičienė shows ha he e m " eeling" is also used in he ad ice o anyš ėnai
(Ma ke ičienė 2001: 18). The blood in he s one o m o he wo d is eco ded, which is
ypical o Pane ėžys: awa, and K auji 869 LB.
In he case o women
LINKSNIAVIMO KAMIENAI
All h ee s ones o he emale ep oduc i e sys em, ā, ā, ē, a e qui e s able
and p oduc i e.
In he 19 h cen u y, a numbe o w i ings in he Eas Highlands Ad ice no ed such a
endency o women o mingle wi h each o he .
I'm going
↕
o bed.
↓
2 PAV. O he A mix u e o he wo ypes o s one is called a "mul i-laye ed s one" and is o en
e e ed o as a "mul i-laye ed s one" o a "mul i-laye ed s one" in he English-speaking wo ld. -
"Mul i-laye ed s one," he umžyną pałaymę 149 MC; O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y
ma e : Z. Zinke ičius men ions a ew o he poin s o he lowe e i o y (Zinke ičius 1966: 255). 6 In
he wo k o T. Lichdzejausko, wo wo ds a e used nex o each o he , i.e. ia and u kamienų, o ms o
he wo d age, e.g. young and s ong umi o pacziay seno uwiey 1318 TL; I don' know. I don' know.
1423 TL. This is he amoun o he g an .
REGINA RINKAUSKIENĖ
224 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII do no men ion eas e n highlands, hey a e
known om ancien w i ings. The wo d "s el" may ha e acqui ed he o m o a
s one because o he eas e n highlands in he coun yside, which a e s ongly
belie ed o be compounded wi h, slowly. The Li huanian dic iona y p o ides a
sen ence by Jono Biliunas in he o m o a s one (A ma a ęs dešim į žingsnių, I s ood
up, I pulled om my shoulde a bow, I p essed he a ow and began o aim. J. Bil.). M.
Smolskis is also an anykš ėnas acco ding o his lineage. Z. Zinke ičius also men ions
Linkmenis, in which he wo d o a ow is a s one a ow (Zinke ičius, 1966: 229).
In he wo ks o many au ho s, he name […]ā kamien daik a a dis eilia is eco ded and
is now widely used in he eas e n highlands: é éjlos Mé gélu s oja 2398 AK; The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. uns able mani wienoy eyloy 449 MS. This is no he case.
Female o male
LINKSNIAVIMO KAMIENAI
In he 19 h cen u y, he s udy o w i en language e ealed a endency o
women's ongues o be con used no only wi h each o he bu also wi h
men's ongues (see Figu e 3).
The
↓
Commissi-
↓
on shall be
↓
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
3 PAV. O he Mix u e o women's and men's clo hing
The mos common wo ds ha luc ua e be ween ā and a kamienų a e: pėda pėdas7 (bus
pałaymin i piedey 1015 HB; buczio szwin us piedus 1011 HB; uuszoka nie ikie ey pedus giwenima
1415 TL; ey umem Jo pedeys 848 MS); he end o he end o he 8 h (pabeyguy p ižadu 7211 HB);
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel Na sha na sas (Ko oii iz nopikan os, iz na a
36 MC) is he name o a Japanese manga se ies w i en and illus a ed by Tsugumi Ohba. Some o
he examples selec ed om M. Smolsky's ex s a e mos likely o be ela ed o ano he
a i ac : 7 Zinkiewicz p o ides he a i ac oo p in o he masculine genus om many
eas e n highland spo s (Zinkiewicz, 1994).
8 The masculine o m o he genus is ound only in he Li huanian dic iona y om Jono B e kūno
Pos ilė: The mix u e o swee po a oes will be bo h good and bad in he he d BPI208.

A icles by A icles 225
Daik a a džių kamienų kai os endencijos
XIX amžiaus aš uose y ų aukš aičių pa a me
I is also known by he names o he ancien Egyp ians, such as Wisu dowanu nogi
dewa (Wisnu dowanu nogi dewa) in he 12 h cen u y, Wisu dowanu (Wisu dowanu nogi
dewa) in he 12 h cen u y, and Wisu dowanu (Wisu dowanu nogi dewa) in he 12 h
cen u y. The Giddens ha e a popula ion o 2224 inhabi an s. he unk and legs o
he hood 4611 MS; Tube culosis, ube culosis, and ube culosis (TB) in he Uni ed
S a es and Canada 496 The i s is he use o he wo d "powde " in he Bible, and
he second is he use o he wo d "powde " in he New Tes amen , and he hi d is he use o he wo d "powde " in he New Tes amen , and he ou h is he use o he wo d "powde " in he New Tes amen .
I is necessa y o men ion he cases o he shaking and he shaking o he s ones.
The name o he game is Ma ius Ma ius (big Ma iey c u a 810 MC). The wo d "Ja ys"
(Ja ys ugne us […]ukuop[…]i 2224 AD) may be he esul o a ansla ion, simply
bo owed om one eligious ex o ano he , because, o example, he Li huanian
dic iona y p o ides he ollowing sen ence: "Ja ys ugne us sukuopsi on he head"
(1680 m. ca echism). and (i) only wo cases o mixing o s ones we e ound: o wi h
meliniejs un kuna 4612 KMM; dus and ullness 124 MC).
Male o emale
LINKSNIAVIMO KAMIENAI
The e e se p ocess is also eco ded in 19 h-cen u y w i ings: he s ones o
male amusemen end o be con used wi h he s ones o emale amusemen .
The ends in his mix a e shown in Figu e 4.
a (i) […] a
↓
(i) […] a
↓
↓
↓
4 PAV. Mixed male and emale amusemen pa ks
Mos ly eco ded a e wo ds ha luc ua e be ween […]a[…] and […]e[…], o example: a sia ina
un igu be gajł Kunes es 675 KMM; Ba nes, wi hou pe s oges, 972 he sound o a whis le a 1314
KMM; wi h dideły upies y 643 HB. Ins ead o sho a, e a he end o a wo d can be said o be
9 Tokio ipo edukuo i balsiai būdingesni ši in iškių i pie inių pane ėžiškių pa a mėms (ŠT
2009: 35; RAP 2014: 29). Ž. Ma ke ičienės duomenimis, anykš ėnų pa ibyje su pane ėžiškiais
clea o sligh ly blu ed oices u, i (Ma ke ičienė 2001: 29).
10 The wo d "gi " in he "Li huanian language dic iona y" is ound only in he wo ks o B. Vilen as
(16 h cen u y). 11 Z. Zinke ičius p o ides a desc ip ion o such a s one ba n om he adjacen
u eniškių pa a mės, Užpalių punk o (Zinke ičius 1966: 219).
REGINA RINKAUSKIENĖ
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Only one o he case o mixing o s ones was ound: we would ha e aken 239 LB o
s ong s ones; he ollowing able is inse ed: The cushions weigh 172 pounds.
Names like sos a and kumščia a e no longe used by he eas e n nobili y. The
Li huanian language dic iona y (www.lkz.l ) p o ides hem om old w i ings o
land a eas. Since he 19 h-cen u y publishe s o w i ings did no w i e in one pu e
language, i can be assumed ha hese nouns may ha e been bo owed om o he languages.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The i and C s ones belonging o mixed amusemen a e he mos uns able, ending
o u n in o s ong male o emale amusemen s ones. In he 19 h cen u y, a
mixed-use de elopmen o s one was obse ed in a pain ing.
im i i i
↓
Cm Cm C
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
5 h PAV. The mixed-use ends o he s ones ha e been eco ded in many s onewa e
i ems ha ha e aken on o he s onewa e o ms: hea (szi dżiu nabażnu 109 HB;
he ho sa dine 5918 MS; I 's no ink, bu i 's 108 pounds. and I' e squeezed he hea
and I' e squeezed he hea and I' e squeezed he hea and I' e squeezed he hea
and I' e squeezed he hea and I' e squeezed he hea I'll gi e you he lowes 303
MCs. Isz wisas szi des sawa 43 KMM; and I'm su e i 's 362 kilome e s om he e. he
opening o he awa o he yea 11318 AD; The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by
laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. ulzi ( ilziu <...> bu
hea d 709 HB; uliu pagi diou 1205 MS; wi h ulzi, p i ayse gie ima 769 LB); he eye (e.g.
145 LB; e.g. 4115 MS); he hope (djaugias uo saldžiu wilcziu sme es 7116 KMM); and
js u awi <…> ładejs, ugni, liggu 608 KMM; daba <…> ka sz oy ugniey 4512 MS);
he ho se (wii žwe ey łauka gia u 816 AD; Wii we iey un Łauka 75 AD; hose we ius
gia iausiey yłeyka Diewas 811 AD); i e (nog i e 817 LB; The i e is 819 LB. no
pe łakandis (a e awim gułes kund[…]ios 10119 o he yea ); Pa 13 (pa o he i s 71 MC; pa o he mea o he kia wi 1024 MC); he oo (dawg ound […]zakniu 1121 MC); he b ain (b ain dea h 984 MS).
12 Acco ding o Z. Zike ičius, he name o he ship was eco ded in he a eas o pane ėžys,
kupiškėnai and u eniškių (Zinke ičius 1966: 229).
13 Such a […]ā s one objec name dalia (dalis) was used as ea ly as he ea ly 16 h cen u y in K.
Si ydo's shop Punk ai sakymų (Zinke ičius 1966: 247).
A icles by A icles 227
Daik a a džių kamienų kai os endencijos
XIX amžiaus aš uose y ų aukš aičių pa a me
A simila p ocess occu s in he s ones o he p e- accine, which end o ake he
s ong male o emale o ms o he s ones: he dog (Szunies k auju wadina 347
KMM; keyp nog szunia pasiu usia 2121 MS); wa e (un il he day o he Vienna 5529 MS;
idan undieniey <...> nieużupił u 2011 HB); he ollowing able is inse ed: he mon h
( i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he
i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he
i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he
i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he i s mon h o he mens ual cycle, he
i s mon h o he mens ual cycle) I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . he s one (a[…]ukluwa na agas a[…]u akmenia 3411 KMM; he s one pla e 11217 MS); he ed (iłgajs udenia waka ajs 2814 KMM); Sis e (Izydo ius and he sis e , b o he and sis e o Giwena Kajp 391 KMM).
The i s is he p ocess by which he s ones o he s ones a e mixed wi h he
s ones o he s ones, called he ba nes ound abou 1613 AD. he municipali y (Keip
didziauia i a, ha means upee is 115 MC; upee ies do no ha e 2428 MC); (people o
he illage, […]monis wilojen i 87 ABK); g ace ( ha is, he g ace o 688 KMM; he g ace
o Jesus […]...> which Tawi desc ibed in 1323 AD); Ch is ian (no a p eache bu a Ch is ian)
3220 LB) and
In he 19 h cen u y, a o m o he eminine o m o he wo d "beas " was ound in
w i ings (bekim and saugokimes, as nog pik o […]algczia and […]we ies sz osznos 6422
MS); The name o he b eed is de i ed om he name o he ances al ibe o he
ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o
he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe o he ibe
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
The 19 h cen u y w i ings e lec he a chaic image o he mo phology o he eas e n highlands.
The eco ded cases o mixing o he names o objec s a e p ima ily based on he ac s o he
au ho s' na i e ad ice. As in oday's eas e n high-al i ude ad ice, unp oduc i e s ones easily
ansi ion o p oduc i e ones o acqui e hei o ms (u → a, Cm → (i) […]a, e c.), al hough he e a e
also cases o e e se (a → u; (i) […]a […]u. (i) […]a […]u. (i) […]a […]u. (i) […]a […]u. (i) […]a […]u. […]a […] […]a […]
[…]a […] […]a […] […] […]a […] […] […] is he name o he ship om which i is named. The change in he
minės daik a a džių (u → a, ā → ē), be i a p y iškosios i mo e iškosios
giminės daik a a džių (ā → a, ē → a). Ypač e as a ejis as as K. Michne i-
names o he s ones is no iceable no only be ween he same gičiaus-Mikėno in he wo k: old szuwa,
sensi i e awja (= ai ) gua d 1614. 14 In he Li huanian language dic iona y (www.lkz.l ) he o ms o
he eminine gende a e gi en only om he sou he n uppe pa .
15 Acco ding o Z. Zinke ičius, his name is no an old nickname, bu a la e one. I is eco ded in many
eas e n highland ad ice (Zinke ičius 1966: 266).
REGINA RINKAUSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica 228 Li huanica LXXIII is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
Summa y
ABK […] And ius Benedik as Klungys was bo n in
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
HB […] Hen ik Bale ičius and his wi e
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
LB […] Lau ynas Bo ke ičius and his wi e
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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