REGINA RINKAUSKIENĖ

Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences

Research interests: dialectology, morphology, old writings.

TENDENCIES IN NOUN STEM ALTERNATION IN 19TH-CENTURY WRITINGS IN THE EASTERN AUKŠTAITIAN DIALECT

The Tendencies of Noun Stem Alternation in 19^thth-Century Texts Written in the Eastern Aukštaitian Dialect

ANNOTATION

The article examines aspects of the morphology of 19th-century writings composed in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect. It reviews the language of religious texts by several literary figures of the period: Mykolas Cerauskas, Laurynas Bortkevičius, Henrikas Balevičius, Mykolas Smolskis, Tadas Lichodzejauskas, Kazimieras Michnevičius-Mikėnas, Antanas Kitkevičius, and Andrius Benediktas Klungys. The greatest attention is devoted to issues of noun morphology. The article discusses tendencies in noun stem alternation. It is observed that many noun stem fluctuations are also characteristic of the contemporary Eastern Aukštaitian dialect.

KEYWORDS: 19th century, religious texts, Eastern Aukštaitian dialect, noun stems, mixing.

ANNOTATION

The article addresses issues of the morphology of 19^thth-century texts written in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect. It reviews the language of religious texts written by several authors of the period: Mykolas Cerauskas, Laurynas Bortkevičius, Henrikas Balevičius, Mykolas Smolskis, Tadas Lichodzejauskas, Kazimieras Michnevičius-Mikėnas, Antanas Kitkevičius, and Andrius Benediktas Klungys. The article focuses on issues in noun morphology and discusses tendencies in the alteration of noun stems. It has been observed

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that in the majority of cases substantive stem alterations are also characteristic of contemporary Eastern Aukštaitian dialect.

KEYWORDS: 19^th century, religious texts, Eastern Aukštaitian dialect, substantive stems, mixing.

The phenomenon of noun stem mixing is characteristic not only of all Lithuanian dialects but also of the standard language. The aim of this article is to survey instances of noun stem variation in 19th-century texts written in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect. The material was collected from Kazimieras Michnevičius-Mikėnas’s book Šventas Izidorius artojas (1859), Antanas Kitkevičius’s book of Lithuanian hymns Hymny ojców świętych (1848), Andrius Benediktas Klungys’s booklet Litanijos su maldomis (1842), Laurynas Bortkevičius’s book Giesmės apie keturiolika stacijų (1810), Mykolas Cerauskas’s booklets Senas katekizmas (1803) and Kozonis padėkavonės (1803), Mykolas Smolskis’s book Uovogos apie išganymą dūšios (1823), Tadas Lichodzejauskas’s sermon Gailus atminimas (1841), and Henrikas Balevičius’s booklet Keliavedys (1857)¹. Descriptive and comparative methods were used in analyzing the material.

STEMS OF MASCULINE DECLENSION

The masculine declension system includes the productive and stable a, ia, įa stems and the less stable u, iu stems, which tend to shift into other stems or mix with them.

¹ To determine the authors’ precise origins—that is, the specific Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect with which they might be associated—several sources were consulted (Biržiška 1963; Zinkevičius 1990; Vanagas 1996; LE 1954; LE 1963). By origin, Mykolas Cerauskas and Laurynas Bortkevičius were Eastern Aukštaitian Panevėžys speakers, Henrikas Balevičius and Tadas Lichodzejauskas were Eastern Aukštaitian Utena speakers, and Mykolas Smolskis and Antanas Kitkevičius were Eastern Aukštaitian Anykščiai speakers. It is difficult to say anything definite about Kazimieras Michnevičius-Mikėnas’s subdialect. Z. Zinkevičius’s indication that the aforementioned author came from the Anykščiai area is inconclusive, since the Anykščiai area may be home to speakers of the Anykščiai, Utena, or Širvintos subdialect. It is also difficult to determine precisely A. B. Klungys’s subdialect, since his birthplace is given only as somewhere near Latvia. In referring to places of study, the Alūkšta (Latvian Ilūkste) district is mentioned. It is possible only to speculate that A. B. Klungys may have been an Eastern Aukštaitian Utena speaker, since Utena-speaking enclaves still exist within Latvian territory today: around Aknīste and Subate, and in the western part of the Daugavpils area.

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In 19th-century texts written in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect, tendencies for stems of the masculine declension to mix with one another are illustrated in Figure 1 (see Figure 1).

a

a

įia

įa

įa

įia

u

įu

įu

įia

FIG. 1. Intermingling of masculine declension stems

Not only do unproductive and unstable stems readily shift to stable and productive ones, but the reverse processes have also been observed. Forms with an įia stem have been recorded for the a-stem nouns sapnas ‘dream’ and dugnas ‘bottom’: regėjos jog par sapni diedas 17₁₅ ABK; tumsiben inmes be dugnia 125₂₁ MS. The nouns sapnys and dugnys are characteristic of Eastern Aukštaitian dialects: in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (www.lkz.lt), both nouns are recorded in almost all Eastern Aukštaitian dialects. The reverse case has also been found: świeta paleyśtuwas 40₇ MS. The singular instrumental forms with a u stem found for a-stem nouns (Ju tarnum tawa 82₂ LB; buwa <...> Klabonum² tas bažniczias 19₁₈ TL) should be explained by the continuous alternation between a and u stems, characteristic of many Aukštaitian dialects. Not only in dialects but also in the standard language do u-stem nouns often take a-stem endings in the plural paradigm, for example: sūnai, sūnams, sūnais, turgai, turgams, turgais, etc. This is presumably why singular nominative forms of u-stem nouns also arose: da liji lietas³ 10₃ MC; žmogas⁴ unt Diewa ažmiršta 100₁₁ MS. In 19th-century texts, a-stem plural locative forms of the singular noun dangus ‘sky, heaven’ were found: kuris ira Danguosia 18₁₆ ABK; Ir dungúosna ataduótu 227₁₆ AK; kuris ira dangose 45₂ LB; jeygu nieturietu dunguosie ta Tiewa 15₂₃ TL. This noun means, in the beliefs of the faithful, the abode of God (or the gods), angels, saints, and the souls of righteous people; paradise, heaven. One a-stem plural nominative form is also recorded from ecclesiastical texts in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (Tesidžiaugia dangai, ir žemė tesilinksmina brš.).

Similar processes are also observed among ia, įia, and įu stems. Several nouns with an įu stem have been recorded with įia-stem forms. The įia-stem form amžis of the noun amžius ‘age’ (vienas umžis <...> mumis tieks 18₂₆ MS; per

² The same form is recorded in J. Basanavičius’s tales: Having become a parish priest, the priest Monkevičius blessed the fields in Šeduva after arriving in Raginėnai BsMtIII193.

³ In the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (www.lkz.lt) only the adjective lietas is recorded, meaning ‘rainy’.

⁴ The a-stem noun form žmogas is known from a manuscript Eastern Lithuanian glossary held in the Manuscript Repository of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore.

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wiffą umži musu 8₂₇ MC) is characteristic of only the Panevėžys subdialect among all Eastern Aukštaitian dialects⁵. In the 19th century, this noun may have been used more widely, as shown by forms used in the works of M. Cerauskas, M. Smolskis, and T. Lichdžejauskas⁶. The ia-stem form of the noun karalius iia was found only in M. Cerauskas’s book: ku Dowidas karalis rafza₈ MC. The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language provides an example from the Utena area Arelis, visų paukščių karalis, visa pundavojo (d.) (Užp.). Because of the continuous fluctuation among the ia, iia and iu stems, nouns with ia or iia stems acquire endings characteristic of iu stems: pagal parsiergeima Įžganitojaus₈ TL (cf. Įžganitois Jezus Kristus₁₈₃ TL); negale but mokitinium 73₂₀ LB; begdami nog viena križielous 84₂₅ MS. This is especially characteristic of nouns with the suffix -toj-: pamietiem Tiewu, palinksmintoi, wienatii apda-rytoi musu niedalas 10₂₅ TL; Įžganitojau mana 20₁₄ TL.

In 19th-century texts, the ia-stem form ia jaučias (tu nie jauczias ir nie ar-klis 95₁₁ MS) is found. Material published by Ž. Markevičienė shows that the noun jaučias is also used in the Anykščiai subdialect (Markevičienė 2001: 18). A form of the noun kraujas iia stem, characteristic of the Panevėžys subdialect, has been recorded: tikra kuna Jawa, ir Kraujj 86₉ LB.

STEMS OF THE FEMININE DECLENSION

All three stems of the feminine declension system ā, iā, ē are fairly stable and productive.

The following tendencies in the mutual mixing of feminine declension stems have been observed in 19th-century texts written in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (see Figure 2).

ā ↕ ē ē ↓ iā

FIG. 2. Mutual mixing of feminine declension stems

Very frequent reciprocal mixing occurs between the ā and ē stems: iszłasidawa del ju geriausiu ganikly 13₁₂ KMM; ing umžynų palaymę 14₉ MC; palaymes žmoniu iejzka 3₁₃ MC; aszmenies strielos ira asztesniey 80₃ MS. The nouns ganyklė, palai̇mė

⁵ Z. Zinkevičius dar mini keletą žemaičių tarmės punktų (Zinkevičius 1966: 255).

⁶ In T. Lichodzejauskas’s work, alongside one another, two forms of the noun amžius are used, belonging to the iia and iu stems; cf.: jaunam ir stipram umži ar pacziau senutuwiey 1318 TL; niežiuri <...> niey umžiaus 1423 TL.

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although they are not used in the Eastern Aukštaitian area, they are known from old texts. The noun strėlė may have acquired the a-stem form because of the consonant clusters le, lė, pronounced hard in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect. The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language gives a sentence by Jonas Biliūnas with an a-stem form (Having measured ten paces, I stopped, took the bow off my shoulders, nocked an arrow, and began to aim. J.Bil.). M. Smolskis is also of Anykščiai origin. Z. Zinkevičius also mentions Linkmenys, where the noun strėlė occurs as the a-stem form strėla (Zinkevičius, 1966: 229).

Daugelio autorių darbuose užfiksuotas ir šiuo metu plačiai rytų aukštaičių plote vartojamas iā kamieno daiktavardis eilia: té éjlos Mėrgėlu stoja 239₈ AK; ajlu <...> pasatatiti pa liepam 33₂ KMM; niepastatik mani wienoy eyloy 44₉ MS.

FEMININE → MASCULINE DECLENSION STEMS

When examining the language of 19th-century texts, it was observed that feminine-declension stems tend to merge not only with one another but also with masculine-declension stems (see Figure 3).

ā ↓ iā ↓ ē ↓ a (i)ia (i)ia

³ FIG. Mixing of feminine-declension stems with masculine-declension stems

Most nouns that fluctuate between ā and a stems are: pėda / pēdas⁷ (bus palayrninti piedey 10₁₅ HB; buczioł szwintus piedus 10₁₁ HB; užusżoka nietikietey pedus giwenima 14₁₅ TL; eytumem Jo pedeys 84₈ MS); pabaiga / pabaigas⁸ (pabeyguy priżadu 72₁₁ HB); żabangos / żabangai (užkludijim żabangus welnia 58₁₀ LB; żmoniu żabungus 236₁₃ AK; perk albe imaj ira kajp żab un gaj 29₂ KMM); narsa / narsas (korojj iżz nopikantos, iżz narła 3₆ MC). Several examples selected from M. Smolskis’s texts can probably be associated not with another noun

⁷ Z. Zinkevičius lists the masculine noun pėdas from many Eastern Aukštaitian locations (Zinkevičius1966: 214).

⁸ The masculine form Lietuvių kalbos žodyne is recorded only from Jonas Bretkūnas’s Postilė: Pabaige svieto sumišimai bus krūvoje bei geri, bei pikti BPI208.

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stems, but rather with reflections of the dialect’s phonetics in the spelling of that period⁹: Wisus dowanus nog Diewa 3₁ MS (cf. dowanom Tawi Diewas apweyzdi 12₉ MS)¹⁰; bedus ir wargus <...> kinczia 6₁₆ MS (cf. bedos ir wargey 28₂₂ MS); turi <....> giediszkus kalbus ir mislīs 22₂₄ MS; runkus ir kojas kapotu 46₁₁ MS; tas bedus, ligas ir suspaudimus 49₂₆ MS; par kitu maldus ir potierius 50₈ MS. This phenomenon may be supported by a form used alongside it; compare: runkus ir kojas kapotu 46₁₁ MS and runkus, koius apkoleczija 99₁₅ MS.

Cases of fluctuation between īa and īa and (i)ia stems should also be mentioned. The nouns marios / mariai (dideli Mariey kruta 8₁₀ MC); žarija / žarijas (žarijus ugnetus jukuopſi 22₂₄ MC) may be the result of translation, copied directly from one religious text to another, since, for example, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas gives the following sentence: Žarijus ugnėtus sukuopsi ant galvos (1680 catechism).

Only two instances of mixing ē̄ and (i)ia stems were found: arba su meliniejis unt kuna 46₁₂ KMM; efme dulkiéys ir pelenais 12₄ MC).

MASCULINE → FEMININE DECLENSION STEMS

The reverse process is also attested in 19th-century texts: masculine declension stems tend to merge with feminine declension stems. The tendencies of this merger are shown in the figure (see Figure 4).

a ↓ a ↓ (i)ia ↓ (i)ia ↓ ā ē iā ē

FIG. 4. Merger of masculine declension stems with feminine declension stems

Most commonly, nouns are attested that alternate between (i)ia and ē stems, for example: atsiartina unt Kunigu be gailestes 67₅ KMM; barnesų be perstogies 97₂ MS; warejas girditi unt czistas upeles 13₁₄ KMM; su didely rupiesty 64₃ HB.

⁹Vowels reduced in this way are more characteristic of the Širvintiškiai and southern Panevėžiškiai dialects (ŠT 2009: 35; RAP 2014: 29). According to Ž. Markevičienė’s data, on the border between the Anykščiai and Panevėžys dialects, clear or somewhat weakened vowels a, e may be pronounced word-finally instead of short u, i (Markevičienė 2001: 29).

¹⁰The a-stem noun dowanas is listed in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language only on the basis of B. Vilentas’s works (16th century).

¹¹Z. Zinkevičius cites the noun barnė with this stem from the neighboring Utena dialect, from the Užpaliai locality (Zinkevičius 1966: 219).

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Other cases of stem mixing were found only once each: nu̇stume galinus nog ʃoſtos 23⁹ LB; wienoy Leywiej¹² sedietu 74⁷ MS; kusciomis muſztas 17² LB. The nouns sosta and kumščia are not characteristic of Eastern Aukštaitian. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (www.lkz.lt) lists them from old writings or the Samogitian area. Since 19th-century writers did not write in a single pure dialect, it may be assumed that these nouns could have been adopted from other subdialects.

MIXED DECLENSION

The i and C stems belonging to the mixed declension are the least stable, tending to shift to the strong stems of masculine or feminine declension. The trends in stem mixing observed in 19th-century writings are shown in the figure (see Figure 5).

i_m ↓ | i_f ↓ | i_f ↓ | i_f ↓ | i_f ↓ | C_m ↓ | C_m ↓ | C_f ↓; iā | i̇ā | ē | ā | (i)i̇a | i_m | (i)i̇a | i_f

⁵ FIG. Trends in stem mixing in the mixed declension

Many nouns with an i stem have been recorded in forms belonging to other stems: širdis (szirdžiu nabażnu 10₉ HB; karsztu szirdžiu 59₁₈ MS; Netiktev žinksneys, bet [zirdziu 10₈ LB; ir asz suspaustas szirdžiu atsilepiu 10₂₆ TL; dekawoiu tau [zirždžia karſzcziausia 30₃ MC; Isz wisas szirdes sawa 4₃ KMM; wisu szirdžiu tikraj Jam tiki 36₂ KMM; atidodu szirdžiuy Tawa 113₁₈ MS; idant futrinta szirde <...> atrasciau 11₁₀ LB); tulžis (tilžiu <...> but girditu 70₉ HB; tulžiu pagirdžiau 120₅ MS; su tulži, pritaise gierima 76₉ LB); akis (po akiu tiek swieta 14₅ LB; po akiu wisa świeta 41₁₅ MS); viltis (džaugias tuo saldžiu wilcziu smertes 71₁₆ KMM); žvėris (wiſſi žwerey lauka giartu 8₁₆ MC; Wiſſi Žwerey unt Lauka 7₅ MC; tuos Žwerius giariausiey yžleyka Diewas 8₁₁ MC); ugnis (nog ugnies 81₇ LB; dega ugniu 81₉ LB; ne perła-jstu tawi <...> ładeis, ugni, liggu 60₈ KMM; dabar <...> karsztoy ugniey 45₁₂ MS); kandis (po tawim gules kundžios 101₁₉ MS); dalis¹³ (dala pirma 7₁ MC; kiatwirtą dalą meatu 10₂₄ MC); šaknis (daug runda [zakniu 11₂₁ MC); smegenys (diega smagienos 98₄ MS).

¹² According to Z. Zinkevičius, the noun laivė is attested in the Panevėžys, Kupiškis, and Utena areas (Zinkevičius 1966: 229).

¹³ Such a noun with an i̇ā stem, dalia (dalis), was already in use at the beginning of the 16th century in K. Sirvydas’s work Punktai sakymų (Zinkevičius 1966: 247).

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Similar processes also affect consonant-stem declension nouns; they most often tend to acquire forms of the strong stems of masculine or feminine declension: šuo (Szunies krauju wadina 34₇ KMM; keȳp nog szunia pasiutusia 21₂₁ MS); vanduo (unt wiena undienia 55₂₉ MS; idant undieniey <...> nieuzupiltu 20₁₁ HB); piemuo (pa waldziu wiena péménia 11₂₈ ABK); mėnuo (pirmuoasias menesis pagivenima sawa, wiras ir pati, karszcziausiu <...> turi mejly 41₅ KMM; du menesej perejna 41₈ KMM); ašmuo (aszmenies strielos ira asztresniey 80₃ MS); akmuo (ażukluwa naragas ažu akmenia 34₁₁ KMM; akmenies pliszta 112₁₇ MS); ruduo (ilgais rudenia wakarajs 28₁₄ KMM); sesuo (Izydorius ir ja sužadeta, giwena kajp brolis su seseri 39₁ KMM).

The reverse process is also observable, i.e. strong-stem nouns have merged with i-stem nouns: barnis (wilßos barnis rundas 16₁₃ MC); rūpestis (Keip didžiaujia ira, to mana rupeftis 1₁₅ MC; rupefties ne turi 24₂₈ MC); žmonės (burtiniku, žmonis wilojenti 8₇ ABK); malonė (taj ira malonis 68₈ KMM; malonis Jezusą <...> kas Tawi apsakis 13₂₃ MS); krikščionis (nepradieiey but Krikščionim 32₂₀ LB).

Nineteenth-century texts attest the feminine form of the noun žveris¹⁴ (bekim ir saugokimes, kaip nog pikto žalggczia ir žweries sztrosznos 64₂₂ MS); the nominative of the consonant stem of the noun geluonìs¹⁵ (gielo unt pacziu szirdi preyna 79₂₇ MS); and the masculine form of the i-stem noun avis (senas szuwa, jautrus awja sargas 16₁₄ KMM).

CONCLUSIONS

Nineteenth-century texts reflect a more archaic picture of the morphology of the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect. The recorded instances of noun-stem mixing are based primarily on facts from the authors’ native subdialects. As in the present-day Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect, non-productive stems readily shift to productive ones or acquire their forms (u → a, Cₘ → (i)ia, and so on), although reverse cases also occur (a → u; (i)ia → iu). Noun-stem variation is observed not only among nouns of the same gender (iu → ia, ā → ē), but also between masculine and feminine nouns (ā → a, ē → ia). A particularly rare case was found in the work of K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas: senas szuwa, jautrus awja (= avio) sargas 16₁₄.

¹⁴In the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (www.lkz.lt), feminine forms are given only from the Southern Aukštaitian area.

¹⁵ According to Z. Zinkevičius, this noun is not an old consonant-stem noun, but was formed later. It is attested in many Eastern Aukštaitian subdialects (Zinkevičius 1966: 266).

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ABBREVIATIONS

ABK – Andrius Benediktas Klungys

AK – Antanas Kitkevičius

HB – Henrikas Balevičius

KMM – Kazimieras Michnevičius-Mikėnas

LB – Laurynas Bortkevičius

MC – Mykolas Cerauskas

MS – Mykolas Smолskis

TL – Tadas Lichodzejauskas

LITERATŪRA

Biržiška Vaclovas 1963: Aleksandrynas: senųjų lietuvių rašytojų, rašiusių prieš 1865, biografijos, bibliografijos ir biobibliografijos 2. Čikaga: JAV LB Kultūros fondas.

LE – Lietuvių enciklopedija 2, red. Vaclovas Biržiška. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla, 1954.

LE – Lietuvių enciklopedija 28, red. Jonas Grinius. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla, 1963.

Markevičienė Žaneta 2001: Aukštaičių tarmių tekstai 2. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

LKŽ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002. Elektroninė versija, redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą www.lkz.lt.

RAP – rytų aukštaičiai panevėžiškiai, sud. Violeta Meiliūnaitė, Vida Marcišauskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014.

ŠT – Širvintiškių tekstai, sud. Žaneta Markevičienė, Valdimantas Markevičius, Aurimas Markevičius. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2009.

Vanagas Vytautas 1996: Lietuvos rašytojų sąvadas. Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija. Vilnius: Mintis.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 1990: Lietuvių kalbos istorija 4: Lietuvių kalba XVIII–XIX a. Vilnius: Mokslas.

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The Tendencies of Substantive Stem Alteration in 19^th Century Texts Written in the Eastern Aukštaitian Dialect

S U M M A R Y

The analysis of the texts of the 19^th century religious authors written in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect (the following little-studied authors were selected for the research: Henrikas Balevičius, Laurynas Bortkevičius, Andrius Benediktas Klungys, Mykolas Cer- auskas, Antanas Kitkevičius, Tadas Lichodzejauskas, Mykolas Smोलskis and Kazimieras Michnevičius-Mikėnas) reveals the following tendencies of substantive stem alteration: ā → a (bus palayminti piedev 10₁₅ HB; pabeyguy prižadu 72₁₁ HB; užkludijim žabangus welnia 58₁₀ LB); ā → ē (iszlasidawa del ju geriausiu ganikly 13₁₂ KMM; ing umžyną palaymę 14₉ MC); iā → ia (dideli Mariey kruta 8₁₀ MC); ia → iā (kusciomis mufztas 17₂ LB); ia → ē (atsiartina unt Kunigu be gajl estes 67₅ KMM; barnes be perstogies 97₂ MS; warejas girditi unt czistas upeles 13₁₄ KMM); a → ā (nuſtume galingus nog foſtos 23₉ LB); a → ia (regiejos jog par sapni diedas 17₁₅ ABK; tumsiben innes be dugnia 125₂₁ MS); ē → ia (arba su meliniejis unt kuna 46₁₂ KMM); ē → iā (té éilos Mérgélu stoja 239₈ AK); iu → ia (vienas umzīs <...> mumis tieks 18₂₆ MS; ku Dowidas karalis raſza 8₈ MC).

The nouns of non-productive stems often acquire the forms of productive stems, for example: szirdžiu nabażnu 10₉ HB; tilžiu <...> but girditu 70₉ HB; po akiu tiek swieta 14₅ LB; džiaugias tuo saldžiu wilcziu smertes 71₁₆ KMM; keep nog szunia pasiutusja 21₂₁ MS; su pilnu wilcziu 21₁₁ TL; pa waldziu wena pémenia 11₂₈ ABK; unt wena undenia 55₂₉ MS; ilgais rudenia wakarajs 28₁₄ KMM. Opposite cases were also identified, for example: łu tarnum tawa 82₂ LB; pagal parsiergieima Ižganitojaus 8₉ TL; buwa <...> Klabonum tas bažniczias 19₁₈ TL; aszmėnies strielos ira asztsreniey 80₃ MS; begdami nog wena križielous 84₂₅ MS.

Įteikta 2015 m. balandžio 2 d.

R E G I N A R I N K A U S K I E N Ė

Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas

Taraso Ševčenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius, Lietuva

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