S aipsniai / A icles 89
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas include mo phosyn ax, ypology,
alency, and seman ics.
In he wo kplace
In Li huanian
Dėka in Con empo a y Li huanian Language
ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is used in a de oga o y and p e e en ial way. Based on
he ma e ial o he cu en Li huanian language ex book (DLKT), hanks and i s
cons uc ions wi h he kilmininku lexical composi ion and seman ics a e discussed. The
complemen o a deck is conc e e and abs ac nouns o nouns ha eplace hem. In addi ion,
o he pu e o sync e ic meanings o ci cums ances o objec s a e con eyed by
cons uc ions h ough p e e ence. Taking in o accoun he slopes o he slope, he e is a
basis o assessing he s uc u es as new; o expand, o e ine he no m o language.
Essen ial wo ds: a wo d because, a p e e ence because, because o he meaning o
cons uc ions, he no ma i e aspec o language.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o he a icle is he use o hanks as a noun o a p eposi ion. Wi h e e ence o he
ma e ial om The Co pus o Con empo a y Li huanian Language (CCLL), he a icle add esses
he lexical composi ion and seman ics o i s cons uc ions wi h he geni i e case. Conc e e
and abs ac nouns o p onouns subs i u ing o hem a e used as he complemen o hanks.
In addi ion o he causal meaning, he cons uc ions wi h he p eposi ion also exp ess o he
pu e o sync e ic meanings o ad e bial modi ie s o objec s. Taking in o accoun he usage
ends, he e a e g ounds o e-e alua e hanks cons uc ions in a new ligh ; o expand and
e ise he linguis ic no m. KEYWORDS: noun hanks, p eposi ion hanks, meanings o hanks
cons uc ions, aspec o linguis ic no m.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
90 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
1. DEFINITION o he wo d
In he G ea Li huanian Dic iona y (LKŽe) 1, hanks is gi en as a eminine gende
noun, used in wo meanings: (1) ‘padėka2, hanksgi ing (see sen ence 1) and (2)
‘malonė3 (usually used as a polynx o he sen ence ma ked) (see sen ence 23).
Simila ly, i is desc ibed in he Dic iona y o Mode n Li huanian Language (DLKŽe).
In his case, he meaning o he noun " hanks o (1) " is associa ed wi h he noun
eiškimas, padėkojimas’. Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne (BŽe) daik a a džio dė-
" hank you" which does no exis . Thanks is gi en as a polinksnio4, which is used
o indica e he cause o a a o able ac ion o a a o able s a e, de ini ion5.
me ma y i, kad daba inėje kalboje dėka a ojamas ik kaip monoseman iškas
You' e elying on B.J., maybe you' e elying on me. Is i eal? The answe s o
pagal Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks yno ( oliau DLKT), suda y o Kauno VDU
hese and o he ques ions can be ound in a selec ion o ma e ial om he Cen e o Compu e Linguis ics (see sec ion 4 o mo e in o ma ion).
(1) I would like o lea e a no e o hanks o P. Vaič.
(2) I 's no you aul his happened.
(3) I do, bu no om you G's.
Dėka is an abs ac o he e b (pa-)dėko i ‘(pa-) eikš i padėką, o say hank you, o med wi h
he su ix -a (p z. Thank you o he le e . Thank you o you help. he ollowing able is added:
Thank you e y much o you le e and help. The e b o hank indica es he ela ionship
be ween he subjec and he add essee, exp essed o he use . The i s edi ion o he second
olume o he Li huanian language dic iona y (CF) was published in Vilnius in 1969. I s
edi o -in-chie is Jonas K uopas.
2 Acco ding o he LKŽ, g a i ude is he exp ession o a eeling o g a i ude o a good done
(excluding my […] L. V.-S.). He doesn' say any hing o M s. Simon. 3 Plg. o he The kindness shown by
LK means goodness, kindness; displayed a ou abili y […] (p z. Then we le he i ks go and handed he
wa es o e o J. Balch. ; You' e ha ing a g ea ime, bu you don' know how much un you' e going o
ha e. shade […] de e mines he en i onmen , happiness, goodness, o example. I 's a pi y ha Anna
doesn' speak Do . ; I 's a pleasu e o see ha I' e been able o do ha . Acco ding o he DLC, he
wo d "pleasu e" has he ollowing meanings: (1) compassion, compassiona e beha io ; a ou is
shown and (2) a gi , a good deed, is gi en ou o a ou .
4 h loo I'll see you la e . he p e ix dank, used wi h he p e ix and he use , meaning […]au g und,
in olge, du ch[…], i.e. […]pag indu, pasekme, pe […], e.g. Thanks o a coincidence, one o he coincidences
was disco e ed. e gewann das Rennen hanks o his g ea expe ience; Thank you o you punc uali y.
We' e no going anywhe e. The 19 h. The cen u y en s anden aus de Wendung […]Dank sei [...][…] (quo ed
om h p: www.duden.de/ ech sch eibung-/dank) is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld.
5
Dėka also de ines and Elena Valiuly ė in he g amma o he Li huanian language (Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 590).
A icles by A icles 91
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
598) […] mo i e6, which is wo hy o ag eeing wi h Elena Valiuly e (Ul ydas, ed., 1971:
646 […] 647, […]pin e w apped in a blanke […]7.
2. PRIELINKSNIS8 DĖKA
GRAMATIKOS DARBUOSE
E. Valiuly ė, in he cu en g amma o he Li huanian language (Amb azas, ed., 2006: 441)
discusses he p e equisi e, claiming ha he second p e equisi e is due o he eiškiano. […]
mas „ eigiamo eiksmo, būsenos a min ies pag indas, p iežas is“ (išski a ma-
L. V.-S. […] This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o
junginius, ji ašo, kad „daik a a džio kilmininkas joje [kons ukcijoje su dėka]
Medicine. Fu he mo e, in conside ing he meaning o he cause, e bs e e o a pe son o
his posi i e a ibu e (excluding my […] L. V.-S.) […] (Amb azas, ed., 2006: 546; simila opinion see
(4) Ligonis pas eiko gydy ojų dėka. (ci uojama pagal Amb azas, ed., 2006: 546)
also Valiuly ė 1986: 140; 1998: 396), e.g. (5) Vic o y h ough he Fo ce is e il. (Ci ed by Amb azas,
ed., 2006: 546) (6) He achie ed so much h ough his alen s. (ci ed by Amb azas, ed., 2006: 441) 6
F om he poin o iew o alency heo y, he back wi h he end co esponds o he unc ion
o mo i a ion […] mo i e [M], which is cha ac e is ic o hings, phenomena, which a e
pe cei ed as he basis o ac ion o s a e (Sližienė 1994: 22).
7 E. Valiuly ė w i es: The p e equisi e o a gallows is used [...] o say a ewa d, wi h which a eason
is o en in e wined [...], e.g. And o him, o he ace, I hank he unknown soldie , o he silence
o he summe nigh s, he hi s o good deeds. [...] The adjec i e o seman ically con e ges wi h
he adjec i e o when hey a e used o exp ess a cause-and-e ec ela ionship[…] (Ul ydas, ed.,
1971: 646[…]647). 8 In his a icle, he e m p i ilege is used in a b oad sense. I is also aken in o
accoun ha he i le is used bo h as an adjec i e and as a noun. F om he poin o iew o
language cul u e, he use o hanks as a p e e ence is seen as a seconda y (pa ial) a ian o he
no m (Šukys in Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003: 34).
[…] Links ha e no independen lexical meaning. Thei meaning is e ealed only in he wo d
combina ions in which hey a e used. The same p e e ence in di e en lexical-syn ac ic
en i onmen s can be used o e e o di e en ela ionships, e.g. wo d combina ions: o un
away om he o es ( he meaning o he ea h ela ion), o un away om he mo ning ( he
meaning o he ime ela ion), o un away om ea ( he meaning o he p ide ela ion) […]
Plg.: „P ielinksnis – a nybinė kalbos dalis, ku iai p iklausan ys žodžiai junginyje su
(Valiuly ė in Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 577). The indi ec conjuga ion o nouns o wo ds ha pe o m hei
unc ions implies a ious syn ac ic ela ionships wi h o he independen wo ds, compound
wo ds, o sen ence wo ds. The syn ac ic ole o he sel -con aine does no emain, does no
change (Gai enis, Keinys 1990: 158 […] 159). 9 An iniai (newspape s) a e so-called p e ixes ha can be
linked o wo ds om o he pa s o he language, mos ly wi h p e ixes (Valiuly ė in Amb azas,
ed., 2006: 438). Plg.: […]New wo ds a e so called because hey e ain clea e ymological connec ions
su ais sa a ankiškais žodžiais, iš ku ių jie kilę“ (Valiuly ė in Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 580).
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
92 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXV
Jonas Shukys (1998: 545) belie es ha he singula […] exp essing a speci ic cause […]
hanks o […] wi h a ca pe indica es he cause o a good deed o a s a e o a o
o he ac o , mo e p ecisely […] he pe son whose e o s, ca e, and me i ha e
palanki eiksmo baig is a būsena a si anda (išski a mano. – L. V.-S.), p z.: D au-
sa ed him […]11. He a gues ha " he cause o he s a e o emp iness is he pe son",
and sugges s ( . p. 546; see Shukys in Miliūnai ė, ed., 2003: 35) ha i is mo e
app op ia e o use such sen ences, "whe e he cause o he s a e o emp iness in
he cons uc ion is some phenomenon o hing": such "cons uc ions a e be e no
o be used, [...] i is no usually used only o he pe son".12 Gi en ha , hanks o
cons uc ion, when an ac ion o a s a e is caused no by a pe son, bu by a hing o a
phenomenon, in he language o "compa a i e equency", J. Shukys (p. 547) hinks
kad g iež ai aisy i jas ne ikslinga, p z.: Gal da kokio s ebuklo dėka išplauks i
ha ou Julius; I 's only h ough g amma ha we can exp ess ou hough s in
„dėka a ojimo s e a is labiau plečiama“ i jis sakomas „i su ki okiais, pap as-
language. E. Valiuly ė (1986: 141; 1998: 397), o example, has p e iously poin ed ou in he
wo ks ha i is p e e able o use abs ac wo ds. The handw i ing was no
damaged by a lucky coincidence; I is hanks o hese monog aphs ha he g amma
o he hi d edi ion has been aligned and e ised. (Valiuly ė Ji 1986: 141) says: "Al hough
hese sayings a e a emo ed om he use o a aminių minimo cons uc ions [i.e.
hose whe e cons uc ions a e made wi h nouns, deno ing pe sons], he common
ac o is ha hey also help o exp ess he basis o posi i e, posi i e in o ma ion,
and can he e o e be jus i ied".
J. Shukys (1998: 547) ea s ha " his kind o cons uc ion would no elimina e li ing and
sel -exp ession", and says ha "i is o en p e e able o p o ide a means o epai (which
should e en be epai ed) [simila o his opinion. Shuki's opinion in his 1978 book The Use o P elims
(1978: 129): "One eason is due o pollina ion. I indica es he cause o he end o a good deed o a
10 Panašią nuomonę da ž . Gi denienė (2005: 96).
a o able s a e o a ai s o he ac o . Fo example: Thanks o he wo k o Did y iško [...],
he i s i e-yea anni e sa y was celeb a ed ahead o schedule. 12 Plg. o he Vi o Labucio
(1998: 294) opinion: "The eason gi en by Polinsky is ela ed o g a i ude, so i applies when a
pe son does some hing o he sake o he na a o 's cha ac e ".
13 F om he poin o iew o he no m o language, J. Šukys (Miliūnai ė, ed., 2003: 35) conside s ha
when a cause is caused by a phenomenon o a hing and no by a pe son, i is conside ed o be
e asi e ( ng .). This shows ha he e m unde assessmen is no legi imized as a common
pe spek y os a ba da neno minis, nepakankamai iš i as i pan.“ (Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003: 9).
language no m: i is a oided as al eady unpleasan and lacking Plg. Kniūkš a, pa ., 2000: 75: […]dėka […]
did no change he eason o he ac ion and he way o say: Thanks o g ea e o s (Didelėmis pas angomis; Labai s engdamiesi) we inished he wo k on ime[…].
A icles o he 93 d
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
sen ences] [see Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003: 3514], he eason o he in oduc ion [see
sen ences 11-12], he eason o he dismissal o he p e e ence o he
cons uc ion [see sen ences 13-14], he eason o he in luence o he eason
o he dismissal o he p e e ence o he cons uc ion [see sen ences 15-16],
he non-signi ican e b o ms [...] [see sen ences 17-18], and some imes i is no
app op ia e o choose any o hese exp essions. (7) All human wo k was done by
means o muscles ([…] muscles). (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547)
(8) Whe he i is possible o in luence beha iou wi h medicines and ho mones ([…]
medicines and ho mones). (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547)
(9) Because o his beau i ul appea ance and his handsome s a u e (plg. Beau i ul
appea ance and handsome s a u e) he a ac ed e e yone. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547)
(10) Sa a ankiško da bo dėka (plg. Sa a ankišku da bu, di bdami sa a ankiškai) i sil-
Pnesni s uden s can climb o he i s . (Ci ed by Shukes 1998: 547) (11) The buildings
we e sa ed only h ough g ea e o s (plg. g ea e o s, oo g ea e o s). (Ci ed
by Shukys 1998: 547) (12) A school was es ablished hanks o his ca e ([…] ūpesčiu
ūpinimusi). (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547)
(13) Because o i s long neck and legs (Dėl ilgo kollo i kojų; ha ing a long neck and legs),
he gi a e is he alles mammal. (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547) (14) Thanks o hese
measu es (see Because o hese measu es; […]musis/kai ook hese measu es) he
numbe o acciden s has dec eased. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547) (15) Thanks o he
acciden (plg. Acciden ally, h ough he acciden ) I was le unha med. (ci ed by
Shukys 1998: 547)
(16) Th ough acquain ance, she go in o a wa m place. (quo ed om Shukys 1998:
547)
Thanks o he inno a ions, we' e al eady made a p o i . (quo ed om Shukys)
1998: 547)
(18) Wo king oge he has helped us o o e come many di icul ies. (ci ed by
Shukys 1998: 547)
(19) The snow held hanks o he os (plg. The snow was cold. (ci ed by Shukys 1998:
547)
(20) The wo ld is illumina ed by you beau y ( om you beau y; he wo ld is illumina ed by you beau y).
(ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547)
He eco e ed because o good ea men . (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 547)
14 F om he poin o iew o he ule, J. Šukys (Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003; 35) conside s ha he means
by which he means a e exp essed (as well as he means) a e no in ended (e c.). This sugges s
ha he e alua ed phenomenon is a linguis ic e o and is no in ended o he common language (Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003: 9).

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
94 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
F om wha has been b ie ly said, i appea s ha he design o he ca pe is he
eason o he ac ion o he s a e o a o ha is being posi i ely assessed.
because he dependen pe son usually means a pe son. I is unce ain whe he
he wo d " hank you" is app op ia e o use wi h non-li ing (conc e e and
abs ac ) hings wi h ma king wo ds. F om he p oposed amendmen s, we can
su p iemonės, būdo, p iežas ies įnagininku a ki omis p iežas į eiškiančiomis
assume ha he ad an age is due o "compe i i e" designs.
3. he abs ac
The Cou o Fi s Ins ance held ha he Cou o Fi s Ins ance did no ha e ju isdic ion o hea he appeal agains he judgmen o he Cou o Fi s Ins ance.
NEIGIAMA (D[…]KA s. PER) He is a membe o he Japanese na ional eam.
F om a seman ic poin o iew, hanks o he p e e ence, he opposi ion
cons i u es a eason o , which […]is used o exp ess he cause o an undesi able,
nega i e o impossible ac ion15[…] (Valiuly ė in Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 631; Valiuly ė in
Amb azas, ed., 2006: 451; Valiuly ė 1998: 397). The p e ix pe wi h a e minal […] can in
any case be eplaced by 16+kilm17[…] (Valiuly ė in Amb azas, ed., 2006: 545). Abs ac
wo ds o nega i e meaning ( o example, "don' wo y, hu y", "don' wo y",
"don' wo y", "don' wo y", "don' wo y"), less speci ic wo ds o neu al
meaning ( o example, "don' wo y" o "don' wo y" (see also "Valiuly ė in
Amb azas", ed., 2006: 546). Valiuly ė 1986: 138 ons, o which:
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. Fo example:
(22) This happened because o a misunde s anding. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 457) (23) Du ing he
dwelling o he dwelling, she o go ha she had made a ow no o se oo he e while she was
ali e. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 457) (24) You will no die he e. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 457) (25) Did he
g ay ace o he i e no bu n h ough ha wo d? (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 457) (26) Th ough he I
no longe ha e a li e he e. (ci ed by Shukys 1998: 457) 15 Plg. in he dic iona y used o he wi h
he kilmininku, […] ep esen ing a dis u bing eason, obs acle[…] (Valiuly ė in
Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 646).
16 […] Links o, o use in indica ing he cause o an ac ion (as well as he s a e, cha ac e is ics o
he ac ion) (Valiuly ė in Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 590), a pu pose, a nuolaid, a hough o a language, o
example, o ein o ce he meaning o ano he wo d, an objec . I is good because o goodness
(Valiuly ė in Amb azas, ed., 2006: 441).
17 Fo example: […]The p e e ence indica ing he o igin may oo o en be eplaced by a
p e e ence due o. [...] Bu p e e ence o e nega i e e alua ion is emphasised mo e" (Šukys 1998: 457).
A icles o he 95 h
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
J. Shukys (1998: 457) also no es ha […] ik e y a ely pe kons ukcija means a
neu al o e en posi i ely assessed cause o ac ion, bu he e mos ly hose
y a i būdo eikšmės a spal is“ (plg., pa yzdžiui, 15–16 sakinius i siūlomus jų
whe e hanks o he cons uc ion also has a building shade), e.g. dą. (Ci ed by
(27) Vienas iš aud ingiausių andenynų pe a si ik inumą ga o Ramiojo andenyno a -
Shukys 1998: 457) (28) I was sa ed by a mi acle. (Ci ed by Shukes 1998: 457) (29) All old
houses come o li e h ough you. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 457) Unlike 2729 in
sen ences wi h pe , o some eason i is no used, i.e. i is in e p e ed as a
g amma ical e o when alking abou a bad ending o an un a o able s a e o
a ai s, when he basis o nega i e in o ma ion is men ioned (p iežas is)
(Shukys in Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003: 34; see also Valiuly ė 1998: 397). This, as E. Valiuly ė
(1986: 141) says, "is no ela ed o he meaning o he wo d i sel ". Bu i hanks,
acco ding o he Bible, is used as a polinksnis (meaning o be deseman ized), does
i necessa ily ha e o be de i ed (see below)? Le 's compa e: (30) Because o you,
I'm unhappy. (quo ed om Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003:
35)
(31) Thanks o smoking, young people lose hei heal h. (Ci ed by Miliūnai ė, ed., 2003:
35)
The e m "cons uc i ism" can be synonymous wi h "cons uc i ism" which
exp esses he logical basis o he eason, i.e. he hough s, conclusions (Valiuly ė
1986: 139; 1998: 399). The use o he wo d "objec " in he con ex o he e b
"objec " is (almos ) unlimi ed: i is used o o m cons uc ions wi h abs ac and
conc e e, signi ican pe sons o objec s, objec s (Valiuly ė 1998: 386; plg. The
seman ic meaning o he wo d "cons uc ion" is na owe and mo e specialized
han ha o he wo d "cons uc ion," i.e. i e e s o he causes o posi i e and
nega i e consequences (Valiuly ė, 1998: 376). As Valiuly ė (1998: 403 […] 404; plg. Valiuly ė
1986: 150 […] 151) says, because he cons uc ion has a de ined meaning o he
eason, […] seman ically [i ] ela es o all o he eason p e e en ial cons uc ions,
only o an une en ex en . [...] The seman ic scope o he cons uc ions pe Gal and
Kilmdėka is almos en i ely included in he cons uc ions due o he seman ic ield,
and he o he cons uc ions […] only pa ially. The o he one is Kilmedeka.
džiais a ian , kons ukcijoms dėlKilm y a sinonimiškos kons ukcijos pe Gal,
(32) Anne had o go ou in o he wo ld, and ha was only because o he b o he . (quo ed in
Valiuly ė 1998: 400)
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
(33) So you, Algiuk, came o school because o hose souls? (quo ed in
Valiuly ė 1998: 400)
And now I don' ha e any hing o do wi h you shi . (quo ed in
Valiuly ė 1998: 400)
(35) Thanks o his de e mina ion (pl. because o he de e mina ion) he e il is de ea ed,
he good is in aded and he u h. (ci ed by Valiuly ė 1998: 396)
E. Valiuly ė (1998: 338; plg. 1986: 150–151) ski ia apibend in os p iežas-
on he seman ic (hie a chically o ganized opposi ions) sys em o exp essi e
o ms, whe e lowe -le el opposi ions a e inco po a ed in o highe -le el opposi ions; she can see
1 in he scheme.
The eason o he abs ac
Unnamed Modalinė
because o Kilm
Posi i e and Nega i e Mo i a ion
I 's all igh . I 's all igh . I 's all igh .
Schedule one. Sys em o ela ed easons Each ela ed eason seman ic g oup has
i s own ypical exp ession. I has been shown ha some imes he same meaning
can be said synonymously, i.e. he bounda ies be ween he ways o exp essing he
seman ic g oups o a gi en cause can shi . In his case, he same meaning can be
used o say o he G eek: Ins hanks (plg. sen ences 11[…]12). because o
hanksgi ing (c . 13:14, 35 sen ences); h ough hanksgi ing (see sen ences 1516,
2729), h ough o gi eness (see sen ences 3234).
In ela ion o li e, he subjec o he easons o he p e e ence men ioned,
deno ed by he e b o he e b, is exp essed as ollows: pe Acc: li ing (pe son
dėlGen: gy as (asmuo / gy ūnas) > negy as (konk e us / abs ak us) daik as;
animal) > dead (conc e e abs ac ) hings; Gendėka: li ing (human animal)
>?negy as (conc e e abs ac ) is a hing. In iew o he ac ha ' hanks' is
de ined as a polynomial (in he b oades sense o he e m), and in sen ences
36-39 whe e ' hanks' and ' hanks' a e examined and he e b ' hanks' is used, he
18 See no e 8.
A icles o he 97 h
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
negy iems (konk e iems i abs ak iems) daik ams, y a pag indo plės i i p ie-
pe missible use o he adjec i e ' hanks' is no limi ed o ' hanks' o he pe son.
I' e been wai ing o a chance o mee you all my li e, and I' e inally had a smile on my
ace. I 's a coincidence, as you know om Ma xism, ha bo edom becomes he engine
Kazlėko paskai ų, pasi eiškia bū inybė, a ba lem is. DLKT
o my c ea i i y. Tha 's why I'm g a e ul o my bo edom. The TAC
(38) Re u ning o he ba h, Saliomija hanked he bi ds, he ees, and he spi i s o he
wa e all e e y ime. On he e ening o he wen y-second day, Saliomiya s a ed a small
i e in he g ound po , and a ew candles we e li by he b anches. DLKT (39) Claims ha
Pe u is de i ed om he wo d Pi ua. In Quechua, i means "la ge bubble o co n". O he s
belie e ha Pe u mus be g a e ul o i s name o he small Vi u because i was om
upeliui šalies šiau ėje. Sa aip eisūs i ieni, i ki i. Pe u sa e laiko kuku ūzų ė yne,
he e ha he co n was b ough . The DLKT a gues ha , gi en ha cons uc ions, in
Be jau minė ų, šiame s aipsnyje ieškoma a sakymo i į ki us klausimus. Pa-
addi ion o hei ypical nega i e consequen ial meanings, a e also sui able o using
posi i e o neu al consequen ial easons o say why hey a e co ec ed when hey
s a e he cause o an ac ion o an un a ou able s a e o a ai s ha is pe cei ed as
nega i e o neu al. This is he basis o he lexical seman ics o hanksgi ing: we usually
gi e hanks only o he good (c . 1 Isnasha). Fo example: I wen , and he e he o ice ,
hea ing wha I wan ed, was e y su p ised and old me abou he si ua ion ha has been
happening in Li huania o many yea s, ad ised me o go o he bank as soon as possible. I
u ns ou ha he accoun has been emp ied. This is a g ea lesson in li e, o which I am
e y g a e ul o hese gen lemen.20 We mus see ha he basis o g a i ude is also being
g a e ul (we can be) o he consequences o a nega i e ac ion o an un a o able s a e.
Looking a he p oposed 715 sen ence co ec ion, i also becomes clea ha he e is no
monoseman ic in he o ose. O any o he hanks o kons175), who has expe ienced he
ukcijų eikšmės (gali bū i) pa eisinamos? Pa yzdžiui, Vidas Valskys (2013:
cu en hanks o a osen, claims ha […]būdo (means and means) and he meaning o
he eason a e o en in e wined, e.g. : J. Loewo hanks o a pos (how? why?) he amous
boy became an In e ne sensa ion; [...] Thanks o his memb ane, he c eam has no di ec
con ac wi h he ex e nal en i onmen (i p e en s a ious mic oo ganisms om being
ouched by he hands) and, om he poin o iew o he no m, i is p oposed o a oid (bu
no o impose a non-no m) by exp essing he cause caused by he co pse (conc e e, abs ac )
19 Fu he in o ma ion 7.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
104 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
The p isone can ack whe e his people a e. We ha e o ge id o hem somehow.
Maybe ha s ubbo n cop could ake hem o some coun y hideaway? DLKT is he
(70) Užs alėje, jusdamas kaip ši dį maloniai šildo okelis su hono a u, o gomu į – ėl a -
ligh es ed wine ound in he wo ld. P obably hanks o ha wine (why? how?) he
suddenly disco e ed ha he Li huanian w i e was essen ially a dog all he ime,
eage o se e. The TAC
Ne e heless, he was willing o gi e you a small loan, and Hela wa ched his eac ion. This means
ha hanks o Ma gas will (how? by he plg. o he will) you will ge he land back and you will
be able o in es mo e. I 's no a bad idea o ha e a pano amic iew. Ku seemed con used. He
needs money. DLKT (72) Fo example, he b anches o an elephan 's ho n indica e he age o
he animal, and he shape and colo o i s lea es can be used o de e mine i s oxic and
he apeu ic p ope ies. Such signs (why? how?) make i easie o ge o know na u e. The e
is no moun ain, no s a , no c ea u e ha can hide i s ma kings om man, e ealing hei
"sec e essence". DLKT (73) This is wonde ul. Such excellen esul s a e achie ed by
e ec i e ea men and excellen ca e. Now his heal h condi ion is being moni o ed by
gos, nuoši daus namiškių i apylinkės gydy ojos ūpesčio ligoniu dėka (kodėl?
hema ologis s because he disease is slow and equi es cons an ca e. The impo an hing is
ha he pe son eels good. DLKT (74) […]Vandenis[…], belonging o UAB […]G ožis[…], acciden ally
ca ying passenge s and iola ing shipping ules by sinking o he coas o Ven ė. I was only
by chance (why? how? plg. by chance; by chance; because o chance) ha human casual ies
we e a oided.
The TAC
(75) Because he na ion doesn' play spo s, doesn' alue physical cul u e, so only small
s a s ise. Indi iduals mo e o wa d only because o g ea en husiasm and alen (unde
wha condi ions?)... And wha hu s is he lack o e hics o a hle es. I'm alking abou
clo hes and beha io , singing he na ional an hem and espec ing he opponen s. DLKT (76)
We ha e o say hank you o he people who wo ked on his bill. Because in medicine, wi h a
lo o e o , le 's say, om a su geon o a midwi e, how, unde wha condi ions, can you
sa e a li e? Some imes ha li e exis s o a long ime as a li e, as a c ea u e, some imes
i is legless, hen i is an in alid. DLKT (77) Howe e , she now walks in pa icula ly sho
ouse s and i e-inch-high boo s. 5 h place (120 cm). Nowadays, hanks o long legs (why?
how? unde wha condi ions?) i is possible o make no only a g ea ca ee , bu also o
conque he hea o a p ince. This was done by a li le-known No wegian model, E ai
SASUM. DLKT (78) Expe ience in leading la ge g oups o scien i ic esea ch. Special abili ies
acqui ed h ough long- e m p o essional ac i i y ( o example, du ing long- e m
p o essional ac i i y) o pe o m unique asks. DLKT (79) T.Y. oys become symbols o
hose hings. I doesn' ma e a all how simila he oy is o he objec i ep esen s,
bu wha ma e s is i s unc ion, he possibili y o i (wha ? ; he ollowing able is added:

S aipsniai / A icles 105
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
a oy) o make a ep esen a ional ges u e. Acco ding o Vygo sky, his is he only way o
explain child en's symbolic play. A wooden s ick o a wooden spike. DLKT (80) * Based on
heo ies ha could explain he s udy da a * da a submission and analysis o he s udy; *
he esul s and how hey (i.e. hei basis; acco ding o hem; based on hem) o mula e he
heo y; * e alua ion, discussion o he esul s; Ag eemen s eached h ough he
linės p oblemos išplaukiančios iš ados. DLKT
p ocedu e e e ed o in pa ag aph 1 (i.e. on he basis o he p ocedu e e e ed o in
pa ag aph 1; in acco dance wi h he p ocedu e indica ed) shall be a i ied o app o ed in
acco dance wi h he p ocedu e in o ce in he S a e pa y o his T ea y. DLKT (82)
Me hodology ela ed o esea ch me hods and echniques. In his wo k, we in e p e he
me hodology o educa ional esea ch as a ce ain heo y o cogni ion, which e eals he
na u e and p inciples o scien i ic hinking on he basis o a ce ain heo y o cogni ion. In
o he wo ds, i is a se o me hods and ules ha help o do a ce ain job well. The TAC
(83) Fai h […] is a pe sonal knowledge o God ha is no possible o he wise bu only
h ough expe ience (p.s. h ough expe ience). The TAC
(84) By collec ing clues, he encoun e s many innocen suspec s, checks a ious e sions,
un il inally, h ough logical in e ence o in ui ion (how?) he e eals he eal culp i . As in
"g ea li e a u e", he de ec i e no el explo es he ex o e en s. The TAC
A he ime o he 1905 e olu ion, again, as in he la e 19 h and ea ly 20 h cen u ies, i is claimed ha
hanks o he es ablishmen o highe educa ion in Vilnius (unde wha condi ions?) a la ge numbe o
Li huanian you h o ces could ga he he e, and his would inc ease he anks o he Li huanian
in elligen sia, because hose who lea e he sciences o en... Thanks o his e o s, he Ea h has no
become any be e , and now i 's ime o se e he plane o his bi h. In he case o he "co ec " o
"w ong" use o he wo d "co ec " in he con ex o he "co ec " o "w ong" use o he wo d
"co ec " in he con ex o he "co ec " use o he wo d "co ec " in he con ex o he "co ec "
a idžiai klausėsi pilo o i Makend iko pokalbio (da plg., pa yzdžiui, sakinį (45))21.
use o he wo d "co ec " in he con ex o he "co ec " use o he wo d "co ec ". In he 88 h
sen ence, he synonyms o " h ough" and " hanks" gi e he eason o he ac ion o be judged
posi i ely (see also sen ences 27 and 29). Acco ding o his analogy, he use , appa en ly because o he
easoning, chooses 89[…]94 sen ences whe e he ac ion o he u u e old by he p edica e is conside ed
neu al o nega i e. This is a posi i e p edica e sen ence om DLKT: So I didn' s op he di and il h
om se ing he plane o my bi h. The clien lis ened a en i ely o he pilo and Makend ik.
s au o, ačiau pada ė iską, ką galėjo. Jo pas angų dėka (kodėl?) Žemė apo kiek ge ėlesnė, o daba
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
106 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
Pa yzdžiui, 93 sakinyje a ojama jo [Hun o] dėka kons ukcija pasakoma neigia-
he eason o he e mina ion o he ac ion unde assessmen (ex inc o se e al
samana species); He e, acco ding o he no m, he eason should be exchanged
h ough he e minal. Howe e , he cu en con ex allows his cons uc ion o be
in e p e ed, i no as a posi i e one, a leas as a neu al eason o he end o he
ac ion (e.g. al hough se e al species o samans ha e disappea ed hanks o Hun o,
bu he Ell-Lenois collec ion is now one o he mos abundan in he wo ld). The same
neu al easoning can be used o jus i y a sen ence. In o he wo ds, jus as
some imes he cause o an ac ion o a a o able s a e is said o be neu al and
posi i e, so he cause o a cons uc ion is said o be neu al o nega i e. The e a e
wo ways in which hanks o cons uc ions can be unde s ood in 95 […] 96 sen ences:
whe he hanks o a kilmininku is said o be he cause o a posi i e o nega i e
e alua ion o an ac ion o a (non) posi i e s a e depends on he con ex in which i is
e alua ed. In he a e cases whe e an ac ion o a si ua ion can be conside ed neu al,
he easoning may be summa ized as ollows: he easoning is used h ough
cons uc ions. (87) Th ough his e o s (plg. because o his e o s; h ough his
e o s; h ough him) he ea h did no become much be e .
Tha 's why I became an ai cas le builde ! I demand ha I wake up, bu in ac I sleep wi h
my eyes open and by a mi acle, ha is, hanks o me you will bypass all he spo s and holes,
you will ejoice in he magic. You know, happiness is no e e nal, a skysc ape can collapse
in a second. The TAC
(89) In o he wo ds, i is qui e clea ha i was only wo […]be niukų[…], i one can say so
[…] hanks o M G. Vagno iaus and M R. Su ilas (see M G. Vagno ių and M R. Su ilą)
ha he en i e sys em in he illage was allowed o be des oyed wi hou anyone eplacing i .
The TAC
You don' need o know. Jus no a his s age. O cou se. Alex pu down he kni e wi h
he o k. In ac , i didn' ea any hing. My uncle was a spy. Thanks o you, he's gone. I' e
igu ed i ou oo much, so you pu me o sleep and b ough me back he e. By he way,
aš? – Čia y a ienas iš mūsų mokymo cen ų, – paaiškino. DLKT
whe e is M . Ju šėnas and he whole LDDP sca ed because hey wan o hold on o
powe as long as possible and no a wo d is said ha hanks o hem Li huania will end
sug iau i. Kazimie as Uoka pab ėžia, kad isi do i lie u iai u i eikalau i p iešlaikinių
Seimo inkimų. DLKT
Is i his u n o emind me o his cha ade? Then we'll see i I was igh , by dis o ing
he whis le. Why did you b ing i ? I'm hinking, Valen ine, I'm hinking abou how, hanks
a e) būčiau apsijuokus ąsyk p ieš ga bingą kompaniją. Ačiū mamai. Ji išgelbėjo a-
o you, he p es ige o a g ea a is ...
(93) Taiklia pa a de Geo ge’as Hun as B i anijoje aip uoliai „medžiojo“ samanas, kad jo
Thanks o i , pe haps, some o hei species ha e become ex inc . Bu i is p ecisely
A icles o he 107 h
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
because o such e o s ha he Leno Ellis collec ion is now one o he mos ex ensi e in
he wo ld. All 780,000 copies we e p in ed on la ge shee s o pape . DLKT (94) And wha
abou olk songs! Signs o he illage o Simaniškių. My a he , Jonas Če na (by he way, I
became Ča na hanks o Rozalima Klebon (plg. pe Rozalimo Klebon), who w o e my name in
he bap ismal book wi h a sligh ly changed su name) was no only a well-known singe in
he whole illage, bu also a well-known singe . The song accompanied me. I was always
di icul o ind e idence o c imes punishable by dea h, and hanks o dishones lawye s
(e.g. h ough dishones lawye s) he guil y o en emained unpunished. The Simpson case.
The TAC
(96) He lis ened ca e ully o he con olle , he mus ha e unde s ood ha hese p oblems
had been aised a long ime ago and hanks o some o he espec able gen lemen o ou
ac ion (e.g. some o he espec able gen lemen o ou ac ion) his ques ion was
un esol ed. Ou commi ee ea lie o hese c imes, I don' know he wo d, sugges ed he
emo al o he o me u ban planne ...
F om wha has been said, i is clea ha he use o he adjec i e "because" in
ela ion o he adjec i e "because" is no limi ed: he cons uc ions o his
adjec i e a e used bo h wi h he li ing (pe son, animal) and wi h he dead (conc e e,
akčius) daik us žyminčiais daik a a džiais a juos nu odančiais į a džiais
abs- (simila o he adjec i e "because"). In cases whe e a speci ic objec is
con olled by a god a he ( hanks o he mo he ; hanks o he au opilo ), he
p e e ed design does no always change he eason o he design; he la e may
imply a pu pose. This is because o he ac ha he meaning o he cons uc ion is
explained indi ec ly om he b oade con ex o e ealed in he wo d compound
(e.g., 56 […] 57 […] 63 sen ences). Nouns ha deno e speci ic (li ing, non-li ing) hings
mė iesiogiai da osi aiški iš pačios dėka kons ukcijos, kai su dėka eina abs ak-
ūs daik a a džiai (mamos iūso dėka; a si ik inumo dėka; plg. dėl mamos iūso;
ha e hei own adjec i es ( hanks o he neighbo hood; hanks o you key; hanks
o he neighbo hood; hanks o he neighbo hood's kindness; hanks o he
neighbo hood's kindness). The la e is o en synonymous wi h he dis inc ion
be ween di ec and indi ec causes o cons uc ions, which we can also alk abou
dėl kons ukcijoms. Ki aip sakan , emdamiesi E. Valiuly ės (1998: 362–371)
in he case o gene alized causes. In addi ion o i s ypical […] eason […] meaning, he
cons uc ion has o he […] unp e en ious […] meanings. Some o hem a e sync e ic,
o he s a e pu e. We can alk u he abou he modi ie s exp essed by he
p e e ence due o he cons uc ions. Simon Dikas in Func ional G amma (1989; 1997)
dis inguishes ou modi ie s ela ed o he p edica e (o , in S. Dikas' e minology,
sa elli es (an.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
The 108 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV modi ie s o m a shell (an. co e) o an ex ended (an.
sa elli es)) lygmenis. Į b anduolinę (an. nuclea ) sakinio p edikaciją neįeinan ys
ex ended) p edic ion (i.e. he p edica e and i s a gumen s). The i s -o de modi ie s a e
p o o ypes (build, ool, quali y, e c.) associa ed wi h he same p edica e, which modi y o speci y a
majo p edica e, o , in he e minology o S. Dickinson (1922), a nuclea p edica e. s a es o a ai s
(SoA), e.g. She pain s beau i ully. These modi ie s all wi hin he scope o he nega ion o he
p edica e. Fo example, i we eplace he posi i e p edica e in sen ence 82 wi h a nega i e
p edica e, we see ha he nega i e is he p edica e (in he disclaime ) and is due o (plg. The heo y
o knowledge does no e eal he way and p inciples o scien i ic hinking, ha is, i e eals i in a
di e en way. Simila o Onu ė, she doesn' look p e y, ha is. She pain s as bes she can. Depu y
chai man); They indica e he posi ion o hings in e ms o place, ime, esul , pu pose, eason, e c.
(Dik 1989: 206-208; 1997: 243-244) e.g. Jonas me wi h Onu e a he ca hed al squa e las nigh .
Ci cums ances o such a sen ence le el a e beyond he scope o he nega ion o he p edica e. The
second-le el p edica e modi ie s […] en i onmen s […] a e assigned o a eason due o he
An ojo lygmens modi ika o iai ski iami sakinio lygmeniu ( o. VP-ex e ne
cons uc ion. By eph asing posi i e sen ences wi h a eason in o nega i e ones, a nega i e
p edica e, bu no a cons uc i e one. I e ains i s meaning hanks o he p e ace (e.g. he 56 h
sen ence pa aph ase Maybe i 's jus because o he sal (i.e. h ough he sal ) he didn' li e wi h
his mo he o eigh yea s) o , as we' e al eady men ioned, i becomes a discoun . The denial o he
co e age is unde s ood as sync e ism. Fo example, in sen ence 75, he posi i e p edica e
(success) is eplaced by he nega i e p edica e ( ailu e), we see ha hanks o he cons uc ion,
he discoun is said, plg. I hink i 's because o hese easonings ha I'm ge ing a clea e eason
han he meaning o i (like in 76 […] 78 sen ences). In a simila ein, he C e an a chaeologis A. E ans
(1851-1941) w o e in his book The C e an Cul u e: A S udy o he C e an Cul u e and I s Desc ip ions,
as gali padė i i ais dėka a osenos a ejais, kai šio p ielinksnio kons ukcijos
ha he C e an cul u e is no well unde s ood. The e o e, i is no he cause ha is men ioned,
bu he sou ce […] a i s -le el modi ie 22. 22 Thi d and ou h le el modi ie s a e no deal wi h
sepa a ely in his a icle. In sho , he hi d-le el modi ie s a e he p oposi ional ones (acco ding
nepa yko nusi amin i. Tai leis ų kalbė i apie eigiamame 75 sakinyje a ojamo
o Diką (1989: 252[…]253;
1997: 297-298, a i udinal sa elli es); and hey indica e an assessmen o he si ua ion o he
speake 's subjec s. In o he wo ds, hese a e modal sen ence ci cums ances, e.g. I'm glad I me
you. The ou h le el modi ie s a e illocu iona y sa elli es (Dik 1989: 258 ; 1997: 304 ) o
A icles o he 109 h
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
Thus, in he cu en Li huanian language, i s - and second-le el modi ie s a e
said o be p e e ed due o he kilmininku cons uc ions. The ques ion emains
whe he hanks is used only as an adjec i e. In o he wo ds, has hanks los i s
connec ion wi h he meaning o he noun hanks. Looking a such a e DLKT
sen ences as 97[…]101 can be seen hanks o he meanings o a osena
[…]dėkojimas, g a i ude exp ession[…] and […]malonė[…].
A wo d wi h a owel may be ela ed o a noun by seman ics. This can be seen om bo h
he equi alen no m a ian s in sen ence 102 o DLKT 103[…] 108 sen ences (see also
sen ence 63)23. The synonymous ela ionship o hanks and help allows us o alk abou
he ac ha bo h hanks o he ca pen e and he wo d help wi h he begga
exp ess a eason (see sen ences 103[…]104) and abou he sync e ic meaning o hanks
o cons uc ions (p ejudice and housing) in sen ences 105[…]108 (see Milii ė, ed., 2003: 35).
I can be seen om sen ences 109[…]111 ha he p e e ence is also ela ed o he
p e e ence o a way, a eason, o less ypically a means o ma k (see
Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2016 o mo e in o ma ion on his). I 's a nice place o hang ou .
Le 's pu i his way. Since you, Klebon, a e ea hly, I'll be a ax collec o oo. When I was
a child, I used o say hank you o my a he . Ma celin Kalenda, wi h a smile, eached ou
his hand o ouch Po il's shoulde , bu wi hd ew. Wha do you mean, my iend? The TAC
(98) His homonym is he one-syllable consonan o he noun, plg. A dona ion (i.e. a hank-you) will
no ake place, you will ha e o pay. DLKT (99) He needed less and less space, bu he didn' ge id
o he embling, embling, embling ea h, hanks o which he li ed. Indeed, now he lo ed he
mo e han e e , e en i i was jus a co ne o he ga den. So he ell asleep in he ga den wi h
his hands olded. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. I modi ies o speci ies he ilocu iona y
meaning o a speech ac , i.e. i exp esses he speake 's commen in ela ion o he speech ac ,
e.g. To be hones , he is ude.
Abou he p oposed classi ica ion o ci cums ances (modi ica ions) in he Li huanian language
plg. Hol oe , Pajėdienė (2005), see also in o he Li huanian g amma wo ks he p esen a ion o
he e iew o opinions. 23 G a e ulness and help a e based on mu ual unde s anding and o he
sugges ions o imp o emen (e.g. I g adua ed hanks o good people ([…] hanks o good people,
wi h he help o good people (Šukys 1998: 546; Šukys in Miliūnai ė, sud., 2003: 34)), and examples o
elec onic LKŽ iles can be ound in he Li huanian Language Resou ces In o ma ion Sys em (LKIIS), o example. :
Plg. he synonym o he Ge man language o pleasu e hanks and mi hil e wi h he kilmininku a osen, e.g. :
Mi hil e/Dank de Leseb ille can Opa endlich wiede Zei ung lesen. This is he i s ime ha he newspape has been awa ded he p ize.

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
In his way, we can unde s and he wo ds o he Synod Fa he s: "E e y p ies 's
oca ion exis s in he Chu ch and is ul illed h ough he Chu ch." This means ha
e e y p ies ecei es his calling om he Lo d h ough he Chu ch as a gi o g ace,
as a ee gi (cha ism). The TAC
(101) And he pe y La uas did so wi h he help o he mill wo ke s and he s a e). On
čių, ku ie ežė mal i g ūdus, dėka (plg. iš als iečių, ku ie ežė mal i g ūdus, malo-
Sundays, o he cus ome s - ano he esiden om he neighbo ing illage o A o -
isi ed him. Howe e , he was no disappoin ed. DLKT (102) Thanks o my g andmo he , I
wen ab oad o s udy wi h he help. (ci ed by Miliūnai ė, ed., 2003: 35) (103) Dekša. I don
wan i a all, I e ne e been in e es ed in weal h, al hough I unde s and e y well ha
wi hou weal h you can ha dly achie e any hing. You' e helped me a lo , hanks o you I'm
s udying, I'm ull and I'm d essed p ope ly. I unde s and ha a will is a will, i 's like
insu ance agains acciden s. DLKT (104) [...] The Axis Mundi was he cen e o he wo ld.
When i was des oyed, he lily cul u e disappea ed, oo, because hey ailed o ha ness
he powe o ligh . Today, wi h ou help, he lilies a e doing be e . In he o m o a s one
ligh , I ga e he lilies a new hea , and now he o ganism o his socie y is g owing and
lou ishing, becoming la ge . DLKT (105) You pu e e y hing on me be o e M . Za u ecki,
and you pu e e y hing on M . Za u ecki be o e me. Bu , you know, I'm gonna ge he job
anyway. Thanks o Kalousek? I ied o be a cowa d. No hanks o you! You alk so much
ha you don' e en know i . Do you unde s and? I see. You won' win he con es .
(See also oo no e.) he sen ence (2) DLKT
(106) Be nelis, iding on a ho se, eels sa e, hanks o him (plg. how?/kodel? wi h his help)
o e comes spaces, bounda ies and obs acles, and qui e boldly en e s he spaces belonging
o he gi l's house. I don' know ha he's o e whelming, bu he's p o iding me wi h he
(107) […] Jis negi dė ų, nes nė a ainiausias pasaulyje, – nusijuokė Monika. – Klausyk, ži-
ma e ial, and i 's only because o him ha I can ge o places ha I didn' e en know
exis ed. Bu do you like him? Well, so a e he o he s. I don' know, man. DLKT (108) And many
celeb a e bi hdays, bi hdays o o he e y impo an amily holidays wi h i . Six een
yea s ago, hanks o a ha (plg. how? o why? wi h he help o a ha ; h ough a ha ) she
came o ele ision and wo ked p o essionally o achie e s ong posi ions, oday he bes
BTV p esen e admi s she can' li e wi hou i . DLKT h ough he imp in ing o he
pe son in cha ge (plg. imp in ing). E hologis s dis inguish wo pe iods o social
(109) E ologų nuomone, aikai ins ink y iai p isi iša p ie sa o ė ų a ki o uo me u juos
de elopmen : he gene al imp in ing and he mo e speci ic imp in ing.
DLKT
A icles and a icles 111
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
(110) The la ges pieces o me al a e welded by he mos sophis ica ed i onwo ke s, om
he indis inguishable hing o he welded gouges, he co ec ion o he Bela usian, he
o he ools, (wha ? how?) hanks o hem (plg. wi h hem) he sc apings a e p ocessed,
e en by a me s and landowne s in gene al. No one has e e ecei ed he O de o
Gediminas, which he ecei ed om his independen s a e […] le 's keep quie . The side
e ec s o DLKT (111) we e eally good. Aiškia egė ( o alk o he Lo d himsel ) buil a house
(how?/whe e?) wi h wa e and wi h he help o ou sca e ed go e nmen (plg. wa e and
wi h he help o ou sca e ed go e nmen ) and p o ided he sel and he child en wi h
apa men s and Li huanian ci izenship. Women used wa e and oile pape o ea he le and he igh , he p esiden s. The TAC
6. The ollowing able is inse ed:
In mode n Li huanian, hanks is usually used as an adjec i e, a ely […] as a
noun.
Thanks o he p e e ence, he lexical composi ion o cons uc ions is no
limi ed: hanks o he complemen o he adjec i e, he e a e nouns ha ma k
li ing (pe sons, li ing c ea u es) and non-li ing (conc e e, abs ac ) hings, o
names ha eplace hem. The mos equen hanks a e abs ac nouns (62.7%)
and less equen a e conc e e nouns (37.7%). In iew o he endencies o he
end, i is likely ha he s anda d should be expanded and e ined.
Typically, due o he p e e ence o he b ick cons uc ion, he eason is explained.
They a e usually used o desc ibe he backg ound o a posi i e ac ion o a a o able
s a e, a ely he backg ound o a nega i e o neu al ac ion. In he la e case,
hanks cycles wi h a eason pe cons uc ion. The eason is gi en by cons uc ions
di ec ly o indi ec ly. Indi ec ly, he eason is gi en by he p e ix hanks o one
speci ic noun, he noun eplacing i o he noun indica ing i in he nomina i e case,
i.e. in cases o syn ac ic condensa ion (e.g. hanks o he mo he ; hanks o he
cal es; hanks o he he bs; hanks o ha ), di ec ly […] when he abs ac noun o
he speci ic noun has i s own modi ie (e.g. hanks o a mi acle o a modi ica ion;
hanks o he s a s o he mo he ; hanks o he s eng h o he hands o he
ge umo / ge os mamos dėka; žmonių i ž aigždžių palankumo / palankių žmonių i
wol ). commas (i.e. less ypical) an objec o a measu e, a way, a condi ion, a
discoun ed ci cums ance. The meaning o he eason o he cons uc ions may be
Dėka kons ukcijoms su kilmininku būdingos i ki os eikšmės. Vienos jų
y a sink e iškos, ki os – g ynos. P ielinksniu dėka su kilmininku y a pasa-
in e wined wi h he objec i i y. I becomes app op ia e o conside and
e-e alua e hanks o polysemy.
inėmis (šal inio, p iemonės) a ki ų (būdo, sąlygos, laiko i pan.) aplinkybių
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
112 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
In mode n Li huanian, he p e ixes a e p onounced wi h a p edica e because o
pi mojo i an ojo lygmens modi ika o iai, ku ių pi mieji y a susiję su pačiu
he cons uc ions, and he ad e bs a e p onounced wi h he whole sen ence. I
can be seen om he s udy ha he seconda y p e e ence o he cons uc ion
leads om he second le el o he modi ie o he i s le el o he modi ie . I 's
abou objec i i y and p edica e- ela edness.
ŠALTINIAI
DLKT – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks ynas, sud. Kauno Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e o
Kompiu e inės ling is ikos cen as (p ieiga in e ne e h p://donelai is. du.l ).
DLKŽe – S asys Keinys, y . ed., Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas: elek oninis a-
ian as. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2011 (p ieiga in e ne e h p://dz.lki.l ).
BŽe – Danu ė Liu ke ičienė, y . ed., Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas: elek oninis
a ian as. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2015 (p ieiga in e ne e h p://bkz.lki.l ).
LKIIS – Lie u ių kalbos iš eklių in o macinė sis ema. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
i pa ne iai, 2015 (p ieiga in e ne e h p://lkiis.lki.l ).
LKŽe – Ge ūda Nak inienė, ed., Lie u ių kalbos žodynas, 1–20 (1941–2002): elek-
oninis a ian as. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (p ieiga in e ne e h p://
www.lkz.l ).
LITERATŪRA
Amb azas Vy au as, ed., 2006: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika. Vilnius:
Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla.
Dik Simon C. 1989: The Theo y o Func ional G amma 1. Be lin e c.: Moun on de
G uy e .
Dik Simon C. 1997: The Theo y o Func ional G amma 1. Be lin e c.: Moun on de
G uy e .
Gai enis Kazimie as, Keinys S asys 1990: Kalbo y os e minų žodynas. Kaunas:
Š iesa.
Gi denienė Skaid a 2005: S uk u elle Besonde hei en de kausalen P äposi io-
nen im Deu schen, Li auischen und Russischen. – Žmogus i žodis 3, 93–100.
Hol oe Axel, Pajėdienė Jū a ė 2005: Aplinkybės i jų ipai. – G ama inių unk-
cijų y imai, ed. Axel Hol oe , Rolandas Mikulskas. Vilnius: LKI (= Lie u ių kalbos
g ama ikos da bai 3), 93–116.
S aipsniai / A icles 113
Dėka daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
Hol oe Axel 2003: Sujungiamieji i p ijungiamieji sakiniai o mos bei unkcijos
požiū iu. – Sin aksinių yšių y imai, ed. Axel Hol oe , A ū as Judžen is. Vilnius: LKI
(= Lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos da bai 1), 99–114.
Kniūkš a P anas, pa ., 2000: Kancelia inės kalbos pa a imai. Vilnius: Mokslo i en-
ciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
Labu is Vi as 1998: Lie u ių kalbos sin aksė. Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e o leidykla.
Miliūnai ė Ri a, sud., 2003: Kalbos pa a imai, kn. 2: Sin aksė: p ielinksnių i polinks-
nių a ojimas (S2). Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
Sližienė Nijolė 1994: Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 1. Vilnius:
Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla.
Šukys Jonas 1978: P ielinksnių a ojimas. Kaunas: Š iesa.
Šukys Jonas 1998: Lie u ių kalbos linksniai i p ielinksniai: a osena i no mos. Kau-
nas: Š iesa.
Ul ydas Kazys, ed., 1971: Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika 2. Mo ologija. Vilnius: Min is.
Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė Lo e a 2016: Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman i-
zacija. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 74, 9–39.
Valiuly ė Elena 1986: P iežas ies p ielinksnių sis ema lie u ių kalboje. – Lie u ių
kalbo y os klausimai 25, 97–156.
Valiuly ė Elena 1998: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos sin aksiniai sinonimai. Vilnius:
mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
Valskys Vidas 2013: Dėl kai ku ių lie u ių kalbos linksnių i p ielinksnių a ose-
nos a ejų kodi ikacijos. – San alka: Filologija, Edukologija 21(2), 170–176.
Dėka in Con empo a y Li huanian Language
Summa y
Based on he ma e ial om The Co pus o Con empo a y Li huanian Language (CCLL), he
a icle analyzes he use o dėka as a p eposi ion o a noun. The aim is o discuss he lexical
composi ion and seman ics o i s cons uc ions wi h he geni i e case.