S aipsniai / A icles 167
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include he s udy o he a eas o he Bal ic
languages, geolinguis ics, dialec ology, pe cep ual dialec ology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LITHUANIA The e m
Classi ied as ollows:
GEOLINGVISTINĖ ANALIZĖ
Ramygala Subdialec in he Classi ica ions o
Li huanian Dialec s: Geolinguis ic Analysis
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s a geolinguis ic compa a i e s udy o he Ramýgalos snek os, based on
he ma e ial o he wen ie h-cen u y second-hal manusc ip s o he Ta mian. The une en
size o he a ea o he Ti iam shell is p ima ily indica ed by i s place in he Li huanian
classi ica ion o shells. A he end o he nine een h cen u y, in he e i o y o he An ano
Ba anauskas se lemen s, he Ramygala dialec , al hough classi ied as one o he i s in he
mo ning, was close o he highe dialec s o he e ening. In he classi ica ion o he Vėlesnės
a ms, a la ge pa o he en i e a ea o he sh ub unde conside a ion is assigned o he eas e n highland sh ublands.
Su ink i i išanalizuo i duomenys odo, kad Ramýgalos šnek os plo e panašiu in ensy-
umu bu o a ojami nepaki ę (an, am, en, em; ą, ę) i susiau ėję (un, um, in, im; ų, į) d i-
The e we e loud nasal oices. The na owness o hese ea u es, which is cha ac e is ic
o eas e n snails, is mo e p onounced on he edges o he eas e n snail's su ace. The
small linguis ic changes eco ded in he a ea o he snail indica e no only he accu acy
o he i s bounda y o he econs uc ed A. Ba anausko's mo ning. I is assumed ha
in he i s hal o he 20 h cen u y, he pe eg ines we e no only high school s uden s,
bu also hei neighbo s, high school s uden s.
The ollowing wo ds a e included in he ESMINIAI ocabula y: Ramýgalos šnek a,
classi ica ion o adi ional Li huanian dialec s, dis ibu ion o An ano
Ba anausko dialec s, classi ica ion o An ano Salio dialec s, bounda ies o dialec s
in wes e n highlands, eas e n highlands, pane ėžiškiai.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Based on he manusc ip ma e ials on dialec s om he second hal o he 20 h cen u y, he
a icle p esen s he geolinguis ic compa a i e s udy on he Ramayana subdialec . The
he e ogenei y o he a ea o he subdialec in ques ion is i s shown by i s place in he
classi ica ions o Li huanian dialec s. Al hough he Ramayana subdialec alls in o he so-called
Fi s Eas e n dialec acco ding o he la e 19 h cen u y classi ica ion o dialec s, he da a
An anas Ba anauskas, i was ac ually close o he Wes e n Aukš ai ian dialec . In la e
classi ica ions o dialec s a g ea e pa o he a ea o e en he whole a ea o he subdialec
was a ibu ed o he subdialec s o Eas e n Aukš ai ian.
collec ed and analyzed in he s udy show ha he unchanged (an, am, en, em, ą, ę) and na owed
(un, um, in, im, ą, in o) mixed diph hongs and o me nasal owels we e used in he a ea spoken by
he Ramayana subdialec o a simila in ensi y. The eas e n bo de s o he a ea o he
subdialec end o demons a e he na owing o hese ea u es, which is cha ac e is ic o
eas e n subdialec s. Mino linguis ic changes eco ded in he a ea o he subdialec do no only
show he accu acy o he econs uc ed eas e n bounda y o Ba anauskas […] Fi s Eas e n
dialec . An assump ion can be made ha in he i s hal o he wen ie h cen u y no only he
Middle Highlands bu also i s neighbou ing Eas e n Highlands we e ansi ional by na u e.
KEYWORDS: Ramygala subdialec , classi ica ion o Li huanian adi ional
dialec s, An anas Ba anauskas […] classi ica ion o dialec s, An anas Salys […]
classi ica ion o dialec s, Wes e n Aukš ai ian o Šiauliai, Eas e n Aukš ai ian
o Pane ėžys, bounda ies o dialec s. A he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he
ansi ion o adi ional Li huanian dialec ology o geolinguis ics allows an
g is iką (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: 36). Geoling is inė pe spek y a y ė-
in en o y o he en i e linguis ic di e si y o one o ano he a ea. Geolinguis ic
esea ch in o eign languages is expanding: i has begun o analyze no only he
pe iphe ies o o he languages and hose ha ha e expe ienced o a e
expe iencing he in luence o o he languages, bu also he slang o he a ea o
he middle Li huanian language, o example, Jona õs (Kazlauskai ė 2008: 600[…]609; Ge žo ai ė 2012: 156[…]174).
In he classi ica ion o An ano Salio's speeches o he i s hal o he 20 h
cen u y, Jona õs sh e l was classi ied as an uppe -middle class (Salys 1933:
21-34; 1935: 187; 1946: 167; 1992: 3140). The au ho 's admoni ion o he uppe middle
class is lis ed as a ansg ession. Acco ding o he wo-yea -old, am, en, em
main enance, i was close o he highe wes e ne s, due o he esis ance o
he s i ening o he slope o he highe eas e n pan he s (Salys 1946: 53; 1992: 109).
A icles by A icles 169
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
In he classi ica ion o he second hal o he 20 h cen u y by Alex Gi den and
Zigmo Zinke ičius, he pa o he Didesnė high- ise middle class is classi ied as
he wes e n high- ise slums (Gi denis, Zinke ičius 1966: 139[…]147; Zinke ičius 1969:
138). No only hese speake s we e close o he Wes e n highlande s, bu also
aukš aičių idu iečių pa a mės cen e esančios Baisógalos–Kėdáinių–Jona õs
he dis ic s men ioned (Ge žo ai ė 2016: 65). In addi ion o hem, appa en ly,
he e was also Su liškis (LKA 335)1 (Kazlauskai ė 2012: 339) who was in he pa ish
o he uppe -middle-class and uppe -middle-class Eas e n pan he s o he
di ision o A. Salio. In he second hal o he wen ie h cen u y i was assigned o he eas e n highland pan ayazhskys.
A. Salio's classi ica ion o e minology has been e ised and, in pa icula , he
econs uc ion o he geolinguis ic classi ica ion o An ano Ba anausko's e minology is di e en om ha o he whole
aukš aičių idu iečių plo o kon igū acija (Ge žo ai ė 2012: 156–174; 2014: 108–
111; 2015: 133–165; 2016: 65–68) (ž . 1 pa .).
F om he combina ion o he wo classi ica ions i can be seen ha he a ea in
ques ion no only did no ex end o Šiauliai, bu ex ended much u he eas and
included a la ge a ea o he eas e n highland panelian isola ed by A. Gi denio and Z. Zinke ičius.
( he no he n and sou he n pa s).
The pu pose o his a icle is o discuss he de elopmen o he a ea o
he Ramýgalos Schnek os ( iškių, LKA 267, Ulinų, LKA kio, LKA 335, T uska õs,
268, K ekena õs, LKA 299, Ramýgalos, LKA 300, Jo áinių, LKA 301, Su liš-
LKA 336, Aukš ãd a io, LKA 337) assigned o he cu en sou he n eas e n highlands o Pane ėžys
(See also Figu e 1.)
Užda iniai: 1) emian is ank aš iniuose šal iniuose pa eik ais duomenimis,
apž elg i socioling is inę šnek os plo o si uaciją; 2) aikan geoling is inį ly-
ginamąjį i ka og a inį me odus p is a y i šnek os plo o padė į lie u ių a -
In he classi ica ion o ci ies: A. Ba anausko o he end o he 19 h cen u y, A.
Salio o he 4 h decade o he 20 h cen u y and A. Gi denio and Z. Zinke ičius o
he second hal o he 20 h cen u y; 3) o ca y ou an analysis o he
linguis ic cha ac e is ics eco ded in he adjacen a ea o he syllable and o y o assess he ha m o he syllable.
The esea ch ma e ial consis s mainly o manusc ip s and ex s o he second hal o he 20 h
cen u y p ese ed in he Ta mių a chi e o he Geolinguis ic Cen e o he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e (see he lis o 19 manusc ip s; see he lis o anked sou ces), sound eco dings o
mo e han h ee hou s (see he lis o Ga s sou ces). I also elies on he published ex s o he
ske ches. 1 The numbe s in b acke s a e he co espondences o he places (poin s) in he
Li huanian language a las (ž . LKA in i , he la ges […] hey almos co espond o he bounda ies
I 2130). This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1 PAV. O he The a ea o he dis ic o Ramýgalos ( iškių, LKA 267, Ulinų, LKA
268, K ekena õs, LKA 299, Ramýgalos, LKA 300, Jo áinių LKA 301, Su liškio, LKA 335,
T uska õs, LKA 336, Aukš ãd a io, LKA 337 dis ic s) in he Li huanian language classi ica ion
(pa s o ) 2
2 Smulkesniais punk y ais žemėlapyje apib ėž os aukš aičių idu iečių An ano Salio klasi ikaci-
o he i s mo ning o An ano Ba anausko dis ic . San umpos is ma ked by he classi ica ion
o Alex Gi den and Zigmo Zinke ičius as wes e n high-al i ude g asshoppe s (VAŠ) and eas e n
high-al i ude g asshoppe s (RAP).
A icles by A icles 171
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
1. The socialis amewo k
ŠNEKTOS SITUACIJA
Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
In e ms o he language used, he cen al pa o he a ea o he Ramýgalas
plo o he assigned in e p e e s is indica ed as a uni . […] iškių (LKA 267)
was spoken only in Li huanian in he su ounding a ea, and he language o he
six h and se en h decades o he wen ie h cen u y is said o ha e been
ela i ely well p ese ed (Mikėnas 1951 (1) 3: see 4; see mo e. The Commission
he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. The en i e Li huanian dis ic is
conside ed o be Su liškio (LKA 335) dis ic (Sabaliauskas 1959: 3). Only
Li huanian amilies (mis ians did no exis a all) li ed in Gudėliuose, assigned o
he Ramýgalos poin (LKA 300) and in he nea by Pašili and Raukš ó Kanių
illages (Masiliūnas 1959: 2). The e we e no o he dwellings in he illage o
Ga uck o he eas o Ramýgal (Čyplienė 2016: 563). Acco ding o he wi ness,
he changes in he e i o y in he icini y o he la e poin we e caused by
337) i jo apylinkių jaunimas (Libe y ė 1959: 4–5). Į Aukš ãd a io bažnyčią ėję
he ac i e mobili y o he popula ion, 1933-1934. In addi ion, he esiden s o
he dis ic s o Aukš ād ā i (LKA) and Jo áiniai (LKA 301) (PKT II 211)
main ained close con ac s (p ima ily o lea ning pu poses) wi h he
esiden s o Ramýgal. I was ound ha Li huanians we e also inhabi an s o o he illages in he a ea unde conside a ion nea Ramýgalos (Miškinis 2016: 725) and Aukš ãd a io (Kubiliūnienė 2016: 536; Malinauskas 2016: 661).
Almos all Li huanians du ing he pe iod men ioned li ed in he illage o Dūdoniai,
assigned o he poin o Uliūnai (LKA 268) (Gai enis 1960 (1: 12, 5). A li le mo e han a
decade ago, in 1946, acco ding o p ies Juozo Dubnik, he pa ish o Uliūnai was en i ely
Li huanian (Dubniks 1946: 288). T uska õs (LKA 336) is he leas popula ed illage wi h a
mano o local people (Eigminas (1): 5)4. Howe e , he majo i y o he popula ion o he
a ea a ound his poin a ha ime al eady consis ed o he o me mano s
(Pã e menio, Pãgelupio, Gais and o he s) and he newcome s (Eigminas (1): 5). The D a ų
gausa was mo e p ominen on he wes e n edge o he Ramýgalos slope nea K ẽkena a
(LKA 299) and he eas e n edge nea Jo áiniai (LKA 301). Howe e , he impac o Sla ic
languages on he language o hese a eas was no uni o m. Acco ding o Vale ia
Di žinskienė (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 3), mo e in luence o hese illages had on
he language o he K ekena õs people. This ac 3 The numbe s indica ed he e and
elsewhe e in he b acke s indica e he manusc ip poin o e e ence.
4 The yea o he in es iga ion is no indica ed in he handw i en desc ip ion o T uska õs.

LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
172 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
pa i ina y ėjos pa eik as dešim ies kilome ų spinduliu ne šešiomis k yp i-
he lis o mano houses (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 23) om he owns
o Upy ė (~ LKA 232 (Naujãmiesčio)), Naujãmiesčio (LKA 232), Vadak ė (LKA 26
Pociūnlių (LKA 265), Su liškio (LKA 335) and T uska õs (LKA 336)
I was es ablished ha he no he n dis ic s o K ekena õs, loca ed in Vadak
266) pusės link, y esnieji gy en ojai lie u iškai jau nemokėję (Adomai y-
(LKA ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 3). Acco ding o Ru kauskai ė (Ru kauskai ė 1960 (1): 3),
he inhabi an s o Vadak (LKA 266) a e "speaking only Polish". When collec ing he
ma e ial o he Li huanian language a las, only one o he Li huanian-speaking
amily was ound in his a ea. The ep esen a i es o Ta mė chose
Li huanian-speaking esiden s o indica e as luen in Polish (Ru kauskai ė 1960 (1):
8). Fo mo e in o ma ion on hese and o he places and he ansc ibed ex s
w i en in hem, see Ka aś, Ru kowska, Geben, Ušinskienė 2001: 229278; Ka aś 2002;
Zielińska 2002: 5859; Sawaniewska-Mochowa, Zielińska 2005: 6985. In addi ion, he e
we e Russian-speaking illages in he K ekena as dis ic . Al hough he e we e
also many mano s (Jo áín, Ždží, Bá klaín) abou Jo áín, one o he pa en s was a
šių apylinkių gy en ojų a mei daugiau į akos u ėjo ai, kad dalis pa eikėjų bu-
o a sikėlę iš ki os pa a mės ie o ių. Ne e ai i čia gimusių apklaus ųjų ienas
o eigne (U bana ičiū ė (1: 25)5. The e we e also o he poin s in he icini y ha
had isen om neighbo ing ad iso y a eas. Acco ding o he es imony o local
esiden Ma ija Se eikienė, in he illage o S ebky, loca ed o he eas o
Aukš ãd a io and assigned o his poin by A. Salio, he inhabi an s o he illage
spoke in he ad ice o buye s and enan s (Se eikienė 2016: 802803). He own
g andpa en s spoke, as i is claimed, "Kupiškio-Anykščių a me". The impac o
Sla ic languages on he languages o he su ounding a eas unde conside a ion
was appa en ly no g ea due o he non-expanded ne wo k o Polish-language
schools in hem. In he au umn o 1926, Lenki P ima y Schools we e es ablished only
in a ew a eas o he Pane ėžys Coun y: K ekena oj, Vadõkli (~ 301 in he LKA a ea)
šnek os esančiuose Vadak uosè (LKA 266) (Še kus 2007: 43). Pla esnis okių
and o he no h o he Ramýgalas schools, a ne wo k o schools was d awn om
he a eas unde conside a ion in he dis ic s o Kaunas (in he pic u e, Jona oj,
( wo se s), Lãpdá, Bãb u) and Kėdainiai (in he pic u e, Žemi, Do nu).
(As o 2007: 43).
5
The yea o he s udy is no indica ed in he handw i en desc ip ion o he Jo áine poin s.
A icles o he T ea y A icles 173
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
Išsamesnių duomenų ūks a apie mokyklų si uaciją Ramýgalos apylinkė-
un il he hi d decade o he 20 h cen u y. Acco ding o he o icial eco ds,
he p ima y school was opened in he illage o Ramež in 1852, and a e he
aboli ion o he peni en ia y, he second p ima y school was opened. They
we e la e me ged. In 1911, he second elemen a y school o gi ls was opened
in Ramýgalo (As amskas 2016: 189) and in 1918 a seconda y school was
es ablished in Ramýgalo (Juška 1946: 282). The school was opened in 1905 in
As amskas 189 and in 1965 in Su liškis 442. In 1906, he T uska õs (also
Li huanian) began o ope a e, and in 1907, he Jo áiniai (Russian language school)
p ima y school (As amskas 189; Miknienė 2016: 632[…]635; Šidlauskas 2016:
827[…]828). In abou 1905, child en in Ulyna we e augh Li huanian by he ladies o
he Bis ampolis mano , mo e han a decade la e , in abou 1918-1922, i was
opened, as i is w i en, as a p i a e school, and in 1922 i was opened as a s a e
school (Balse ičiū ė, Peleckienė, Račiūnas, Ulysses 1993: 167; As am 2016: 191).
Educa ion in p ima y schools was mainly conduc ed in Russian. A e he li ing
kalba p adė a a o i dės an lie u ių kalbos g ama iką (As amskas 2016: 190).
o he ban on he p ess, i is no ed ha some o he Li huanians bo n a he
end o he 19 h cen u y o he beginning o he 20 h cen u y and in he second
hal o he 20 h cen u y we e among he local inhabi an s o he Kalbininkų polls and we e comple ely uneduca ed (Eigminas (1: 5 […] 7).
Thus, he Polish language did no domina e he a ea o he Ramýgalos slums, unlike
he Kauno (o KėdainiaiJona õs) a ea (Ru ko ska 2014: 217). The e i o y analyzed
in he a icle, excep K ẽkena o, may be mo e app ecia ed as he pe iphe y o he
men ioned a ea. He belie es ha he linguis ic changes eco ded in he Ramýgal
slang in di e en pe iods desc ibed in subsequen pos s, as well as in he
adjacen Rad liškį, a e mo e likely o be conside ed na u al linguis ic changes han
he esul o he in e ac ion o se e al languages (Ge žo ai ė 112 […] 2016: 125).
2. by M Ramýgalos Šnek a and M A. Ba anausko
Du a ion o appoin men
P ie y ų aukš aičių pane ėžiškių A. Gi denio i Z. Zinke ičiaus klasi ika-
cijoje p iski a šnek a neįp asčiausiai išsidėsčiusi ekons uo ame XIX a. pa-
A. Ba anausko on he map o he dis ibu ion o Li huanian e i o ies (Ge žo ai ė 145 2015: 2016:
45). In a le e o Webe , 6 A. Ba anauskas, who was on he ou ski s o he Eas e n Eas e n Fi s
Wo ld language, discussed a numbe o o he linguis ic aspec s, his language appea ed "no as a
wide-eyed Ry chu and waka u-la uwinku" (Alminauskis 1930: 93).
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
174 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In his map, he dis ic o Pany ėžys seems o be embedded be ween he eas e n seconda y and
he hi da y dis ic s (see Figu e 2).7 2 PAV. O he The si ua ion a he in e sec ion o he A.
Ba anausko a ms in all he classi ica ions o he a ms is discussed in de ail (Ge žo ai ė 2012:
156174; 6568, 112125). I is wo h no ing ha in one o he a eas o he Šiauliai dis ic , Šedu ojè (LKA
199), acco ding o he la es esea ch, a a ia ion has been eco ded no only in he mo ning peaks
( agmen as)8
7 Šiauli i Ukme gs apsk i ims ekusių y iečių pi mųjų žiemiečių a mės plo o dalių kalbinė
in he A. Ba anauskas ange, bu also in he almos co esponding high al i udes in he middle wi h
high al i udes in he A. Salio and he e ening high al i udes wi h high al i udes in he eas .
2016: 313).
8 In he case o A. Ba anauskas, he i s win e mo ning o dis ibu ion (R1z), he second
mo ning o dis ibu ion (R2) and he hi d mo ning o dis ibu ion (R3).
S aipsniai / A icles 175
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
In he a ea o he ea ly Eas , acco ding o A. Ba anauskas, bo h he c ossed
( adi ionally, wis ed), and he unc ossed mixed doubles an, am, en, em had o be kep
in ac , e.g. łángas ʻlangasʼ, badá ʻbandaʼ, apù ʻ ampuʼ, kaš ys ʻkamš ispea,
kłampùs ʻklampusʼ, peám ʻpempėʼ (Ba ano skij 1898: 6061; see also Aluskis 1930: 73).
Ins ead o he o me nasal balsio, he a is elonga ed (Ba ano skij 1898: 61;
Ge žo ai ė 2015: 151; 2016: 4849)9.
The wo discussed ea u es o he wa e shed in he Ramygala dis ic a e
eco ded in he collec ed ex s o A. Ba anausko and he published ex s o F anzo
Spech . I is known o ha e o igina ed in he K ekena õs pa ish no hwes o
Ramýgalos ( o which he own i sel p obably belongs) o , p esumably, in Su liškį
(LKA 335) sou hwes o Ramýgalos (i is known o ha e o igina ed in hese a eas in
ojas Aleksand as Ži gulai is [Zi gulaiczis]), kalbė a y iečių pi mųjų žiemiečių
he ex s w i en by F. Spech (Spech 1920: 194[…]197) 10. In his a icle, we'll look a
some o he mos common ypes o sleep dep i a ion, including sleep dep i a ion,
sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep
dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep
dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, sleep dep i a ion, and sleep dep i a ion. Fo me ly known as he long o sho nose, e.g. he long-nosed o sho -nosed (Spech 1920: 197), wĩsa wãsa a
ʻ isą asa ąʼ (Spech 1920: 195).
In he pa ish o F. Spech , which is also e e ed o as Aukš ãd a io (Wysokidwó ), he e is al eady a
dis inc i e na owing o he eas e n hi ds, e.g. hal -slee ed, hand-sha pened (Spech 1920: 192),
hand-sha pened (Spech 1920: 192), hand-sha pened (Spech 1920: 192). He was in he o he eas e n
e i o ies bo de ing he Ramýgal egion, in he cas le o Zá aʻlėk iʼ (Spech 1920: 196), in he Gaulish
sinis ą a as kaip ilgasis a ba umpasis a, p z.: ka a ʻka ąʼ (Spech 1920: 191),
żíeda ʻžiedąʼ (Spech 1920: 191), kāsnˈãla ʻkąsnelioʼ (Spech 1920: 192).
galėjoʼ (Spech 1920: 195). I is also known by he names o he ollowing species: he ed-cockaded
šy a o mų su kie uoju p iebalsiu l, p z.: łáisk ʻleiskʼ (Spech 1920: 195), łêk i
woodpecke (Sp inge ), he ed-cockaded woodpecke (Sp inge ), he ed-cockaded woodpecke
(Sp inge ), he ed-cockaded woodpecke (Sp inge ), and he ed-cockaded woodpecke (Sp inge ). In he
second hal o he nine een h cen u y, a numbe o heo ies eme ged, such as he exis ence o a single,
dis inc , and dis inc species, such as he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a), and he
"Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a"
(Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he "Ba ba a" (Ba ba a) and he
"Ba ba a" (Ba ba a). 10 In he classi ica ion o A. Salio's e ms, Su liškis is on he bo de o wo ad ice:
high-al i ude middle-aged and high-al i ude ea ly-win e pan he s (o A. Ba anausko ea ly-win e
pan he s) (Ge žo ai ė 65 […] 2016: 66). Alexande he G ea himsel classi ied his snake as one o he
high- anking Eas e n pan he s, indica ing he main cha ac e is ics o he snake: i is esis an o
s i ness and mixed wis s (sha ks and non-sha ks) an, am, en, em, a liepimu ɔn, ɔm, ẹn, ẹm, e.g. ɔkυ
‘ anka, ẹ. ‘penki (Kazlauskai ė 2012: 322323).
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII nosinis ą, e.g. uzb.na ʻuzbonąʼ (Masiliūnas
1959: 13), which does no include he wo d ‘nenusigąsk
(Ma hew 22:37-39) The apos le Paul w o e: "Le us no become ego is ical, s i ing up compe i ion wi h one ano he , en ying one ano he ".
The ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: Aedes aegyp i (E. coli), E. coli
(E. coli), E. coli (E. coli), E. coli (E. coli), E. coli (E. coli), E. coli (E. coli), E. coli (E. coli) and
E. coli (E. coli). The e o e, Ramýgala i sel is no assigned only o pan he s o
pun e s, and he examples o speeches ypical o he pun e s men ioned by he
esea che a e no eco ded in he manusc ip s. The same can be said o he
20 h-cen u y audio eco dings. The e a e wo, am, en, em wi h a i m g ip he e, as
well as in Su i o , o keep you heal hy, e.g. ándene ʻ andensʼ (O. V., bo n 1884 m.,
Ramýgala)19, lánga ʻlangoʼ (O. V., bo n 1884 m., Ramýgala), pémpe ʻpempė (O. V., bo n
1884 m., Ramýgala), gi simén ́ ensime (O. V., bo n 1884 m., Ramýgala). The ollowing
species a e included in he lis o endange ed species: he ed-cockaded
woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke ,
ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded
woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke ,
ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded
woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke , ed-cockaded woodpecke ,
ed-cockaded woodpecke .
Ramýgala), ledʋ ʻlendaʼ (O. V., g. 1884 m., Ramýgala)20, uždego ʻuždengiauʼ
(O. V., g. 1884 m., Ramýgala).
In he eigh h decade o he wen ie h cen u y, o he esea che s we e
also eco ded in Ramýgalo.
In he su ounding illages, acco ding o Kazio Eigmino, he wins a e wins, and
hey don' bi e, and he wins don' bi e, and hey don' bi e, and hey don' bi e,
and hey don' bi e, and hey don' bi e, and hey don' bi e, and hey don' bi e.
Simila ly, he wo- oiced em, en: i mly hold heal hy, and he wo- oiced em, in
and em, en: i mly hold heal hy (Eigmin (1:12) These obse a ions a e con i med
by he o ms ound in he manusc ip ex s. S ong adi ions o main ain good
heal h, such as he ándeni ʻ andenįʼ (Eigminus (1:13) and he lánga ʻlangąʼ
(Eigminus (3):15). I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o ix i , bu I'm going o be
able o ix i . I'm going o be able o ix i . I'm going o be able o ix i . 20 See
en y No. 51101300 in he Lis o Sound Sou ces.

S aipsniai / A icles 183
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
I is no su p ising, hen, ha in he i s cen u y B.C.E., he apos le Paul w o e
o Ch is ians in Rome: "I am wi h you all he days un il he conclusion o he
sys em o hings".
The same is ue o he eco ding o sounds, such as he "langus" (A. J., bo n
in 1888, Shukiai)21, and he " ank" (A. J., bo n in 1888, Shukiai). Thus, he
kióniai), luks ʻlankasʼ (A. J., g. 1888 m., Šukióniai), lunka ʻlankaiʼ (A. J., g.
dis inc ion be ween he uppe -middle-class and he uppe -middle-class
Eas e n pan heis s in A. Salio's classi ica ion seems o be oo ed in hese
cha ac e is ics.
In addi ion o he eas e n slopes, which a e somewha la ge han he a eas
unde conside a ion, he e a e he slopes o K ekena õs
(Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957), Riškių (Mikėnas 195 (15)) and Aukš ãd a io (Libe y ė 1959) poin s (see able).
Acco ding o he manusc ip desc ip ion o K ekena a, acco ding o he
manusc ip desc ip ion o K ekena a, acco ding o he manusc ip desc ip ion
o K ekena a, acco ding o he manusc ip desc ip ion o K ekena a, acco ding
o he manusc ip desc ip ion o K ekena a, acco ding o he manusc ip
11), lu os ‘len os’ (dgs. V.) (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 7), pù pikis ‘po
penkis’ (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 8, 14), dik ‘deng i’ (Adomai y ė-Di -
desc ip ion o K ekena a, acco ding o he manusc ip desc ip ion o
K ekena a, acco ding o he manusc ip desc ip ion o K ekena a, acco ding o
he manusc ip desc ip ion o K ekena a. Ra e occu ences wi h unchanged owels […] such as sup a[…] u […]sup an u[…] (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 8), no longe […]du […]nebea andu[…] (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 24), no a all […]u […]nekenčiu[…] (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė)
1957: 19).
I is adi ionally c ossed in wo oices, one, he o me nasal oice […] (mos ly in he
s one) o keep i heal hy, e.g. he long […] (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 21), he
gi éns[…]u […]gy ensiu[…] (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 10), he kasnėli […]kąsnelė[…]
(Di žinskienė 1957: 12), he […]nus iga[…] (Adomai y ė-Di žinskienė 1957: 12), he […] alanda
[…]. In he esponses o he collec ion o ma e ials o he Li huanian language a las
(Senkus ap adžiai am, an i bu ęs nosinis ą čia išlaiky i nepaki ę, e.g. sà.m ˈis, pàn is,
1951) klausimus iš yškėja i  iškių pe eigiškumas (Mikėnas 1951 (2): 23). T i -
à.nkė ʻ ankiaiʼ, kà.ndu ʻkandaʼ, ksniskąsnisʼ, ážolus ʻąžuolasʼ, kás ʻkąs i. The
double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed
double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed
double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed double-headed.
Acco ding o he eco dings, wi ap adžiai an, en also ixed nepaki ę, e.g.
ándenˈo ʻ andensʼ (J. B., bo n 1897 m., Vi iškiai22)23, gi én ʻgy en iʼ (J. B., 21
Ž . eco d No. 09901336 in he lis o sou ces o Ga s.
22 O icialioji o ma y a V iškis (ATSŽ 350).
23 Ž . į ašą N . 34101267 Ga sinių šal inių są aše.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
184 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII o he yea 1897, Vi iškiai)24. The e a e
only wo wi ling o ms wi h hese owels: uks i ʻanks iʼ (J. B., bo n in 1897,
Vi iškiai), piki ʻpenki (J. B., bo n in 1897, Vi iškiai).
Simila conclusions abou his poin we e made by Jonas Šukys, who, based on
a s udy o he local language popula ion ca ied ou in 1959 and 1970, poin ed
ou ha acco ding o A. Salio's classi ica ion, […] iškiai belongs o he high
Eas e n pan iniks (Šukys 1986: 127[…]128). The i mness o he wo d s one, he
i mness o he na u e o he s one no o be cu o an, am, en, em, o be cu
o and no o be cu o he wo d s one ą, ę, he e, as well as in he a ea o
he pan , no o he speake (Šukys 1986: 131132), o keep heal hy. Howe e ,
s ongholds a e al eady answe ed […], […], […], […], e.g. […]dem […]samdėme[…],
[…]k[…] […] anka[…], […]p[…] […] empia[…], p[…]k[…] […]penki[…] (Šukys 1986: 132).
Such na owness di e s no only om ha indica ed by A. Ba anausko as cha ac e is ic o his plo , bu also om ha desc ibed by A. Salio.
Aukš ãd a yje, kaip nu odo Aldona Libe y ė (Libe y ė 1959: 8), ie oj i -
In he Uni ed S a es, he e m "squa " is o en used o e e o any pa o he
body, including he head, neck, o o so.Squa s a e also known as "squa s" o
"squa s".Squa s a e also known as "squa s".Squa s a e also known as
"squa s".Squa s a e also known as "squa s".Squa s a e also known as
"squa s".Squa s a e also known as "squa s". They we e able o main ain hei
heal h, e.g. by d ying (Libe y 1959: 15), g ace ully (Libe y 1959: 38), g ace ully (Libe y
1959: 36). I should be no ed ha e en acco ding o F. Spech 's ex s, he bounda y
o he in e sec ion o he wes e n and eas e n slopes o he Ramýgala idge is
e lec ed in he poin o iew o he inhabi an s o he Is hmus, s a ing ha […]ap
K .kena a l ki ki kabu Tináí s án[…]cia ad[…].nu sekl[…].či K[…]n[…]kam, […]s, and,
no o be con used wi h B[…]ki kabu ki a[…]p k[…]n[…]s[…]. he dis ic s in which he
ollowing a e spoken: ž.sis ‘žąsisʼ, óndọ ‘ anduoʼ, lóng(y)s ‘langasʼ (Libe y ė 1959:
Ryškesniais kalbiniais (ne leksikos, be one ikos lygmeniu) ski umais, ie os
gy en ojų eigimu, labiau išsiski ia ne ne jų, be šiau iau esančios Pãne ėžio
35).
The mos a ec ed by he eas e n slopes a e he a eas o Uliany (Gai enis
1960 (12)) and Jo áiny (U bana ičiū ė (14) (see able). High- ise b idges and dams
Ulinų punk o gy en ojų kalba Gai enio p iski a p ie A. Salio ski s ymo
(Gai enis 1960 (1): 5) Based on he classi ica ion o A. Gi denio and Z.
Zinke ičius's e ms, he linguis Aloyzas Vidugi is (Vidugi is 1993: 197) also
a ibu ed he Ulinų šnek o he eas e n highlande s who we e b idging. The
ollowing is an exce p om he a icle "Ty ell's Law" published in he
Jou nal o he Ame ican Medical Associa ion (JAMA) in he June, 2004 issue o he Jou nal o he Ame ican Medical Associa ion (JAMA).
A icles o he a icle 185
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
I is cha ac e ized by wo-dimensionali y, and i is also cha ac e ized by
adjacen shapes ha a y in size.
I should be no ed ha he a o emen ioned pon oons almos co esponded o A.
Ba anausko's mo ning en ances, al hough he e a e some mino di e ences.
A he edge o he A. Ba anausko a ms, Uli[…]nai, as well as he a eas o he
Ramygala dis ic al eady discussed, en e ed he a ea o he i s win e s o
ne Smigiai. Taigi a mių poslinkiai aki aizdūs: A. Ba anausko išski ų y ie-
he mo ning. The o me and al eady men ioned Pane ėžys in he e i o y o
his a ea, he sou he n bounda y o which wen a li le u he no h compa ed o he la e A. Salio-excluded pon oons.
Didžiausiu mies u, į ku į dažniausiai XX a. 7-ajame dešim me yje ykę
Ulinų gy en ojai, nu ody as ies y iečių pi mųjų žiemiečių pa ibiu su y-
iečiais an aisiais esan is Pane ėžs (Gai enis 1960 (1): 4). Todėl nes ebina i
In he s ee s you can hea A. Salio's classi ica ion o pon is s o A. Ba anausko's
classi ica ion o he second-class (no he i s -class) ypical o he wis ed
ances o s and wis ed wis s and u ns, he echoes o he o me nos il, e.g.
u.ždenˈg lóˈngs ʻuždengia langus (Gai enis 1960 (2: 6), óndene. Wa e (Gai enis 1960
(1): 13), okom ʻ ankomis (Gai enis 1960 (1): 10), ɔ ɔ ʻan ą (Gai enis 1960 (2): 6), g čˈɔ
ʻg yčiaʼ (Gai enis 1960 (1): 10), d sei ʻd ąsiaiʼ (Gai enis 1960 (1: 23). This is he i s
ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha he wo d has been used in his way. The
a ia ion o hese cha ac e is ics is also e lec ed in he sound eco dings o he
dialec s o he se en h and eigh h decades o he wen ie h cen u y. I is
adi ionally di ided in o wo pa s, one o be hea d and he o he no o be hea d,
as in he case o he pan he s, and na owed as in he case o he pon oons o pon oons, e.g. paséns a ʻpasens aʼ (S. G., bo n in 1894, Bá ʼklainiai)25, gi én i ʻgy en i (S. G., bo n in 1894, Bá ʼklainiai), lóngslangas (J. L., bo n in 1897, Ulinai)26, b óng ʻsb angus
(J. L., g. 1897 m., Ulinai).
In he same way, hese wo wo ds can be used wi h a wi l o in a non-cu ing
posi ion: an, am, e.g. piku ʻpenkiųʼ (O. R., bo n in 1904, Ulinai)27, ukos ʻ ankosʼ
(bo n in V. V.) (O. R., bo n in 1904, Ulinai), su ums s ʻams y asʼ (O. R., bo n in 1904,
Ulinai), ok ankąsu (O. R., bo n in 1904, Ulinai), pusun õsnai (O. R., bo n in 1904,
Ulinai), kaamba õsnai (bo n in 1897, J. L., bo n in Uli, Ulinai), a. Fo example, deg s
žˈúojan ʻ ažiuojan ʼ (S. G., g. 1894 m., Bá klainiai), unk∙ e ʻ anky ėʼ (O. R., g.
ʻdeng asʼ (S. G., bo n 1894 in Bá klainiai), pinkese ʻpenkieseʼ (J. L., bo n 1897 in
Ulinai). Fo me noses, s ones, and ends a e cha ac e is ic o he plo o he
b idge builde s, e.g. he "Jasu" (O. R., bo n in 1904, Uli[…]nai), he "Jasu" (O. R., 27
See en y No. 42301268 in he Lis o Sounds Sou ces.
25 Ž . į ašą N . 09803268 Ga sinių šal inių są aše.
26 Ž . į ašą N . 42401268 Ga sinių šal inių są aše.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
186 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII, published in 1904, Uli[…]nai), he s ogo
[…]s ogą (S. G., published in 1894, Bá klainiai), he la[…]ko […]laiką[…]
(O. R., bo n in 1904, Uli[…]nai).
A he Jo áín poin su ounded by la ge mansions, acco ding o Žane a
U bana ičiū ė-Ma ke ičienė, i is spoken o in he ad ice o high- anking
eas e ne s, bu i is di icul o say exac ly whe he i is made up o "pan is s"
o "pan is s". This leads o he conclusion ha he Jo áiniuose […] [...] may s ill be
domina ed by he pon ininkai [...]. The e a e also pun e s who ha e isen om he
Vadoklis. The e o e, he e m is e y une en, e y ma ginal (U bana ičiū ė (1): 45).
This disc epancy is explained by he ac ha in he classi ica ion o A. Salio's
a ms, he Jo ans we e loca ed in he dis ic o he highland eas e n pan he s
(see Fig. 3). To he no h o hem, abou Uli[…]nus (LKA 268), spoken by high- anking
eas e n pon is s, o he eas and sou hwes , o example, abou he spoken
Vadokli[…]s men ioned by […] pun is s.
Ties šia ie o e d iejų a mių – y iečių pi mųjų žiemiečių i y iečių ečių-
[…] hei bounda y a he in e sec ion o A. Ba anausko (see Fig. 2). As al eady
men ioned, A. Ba anauskas is ixed only a Pãne ėžu, while i e mo e a he no he n
Ramýgalos i e side a Ulinais a e no . The unequali y o he e m, as he
esea che s say, indica es he dis inc i e cha ac e is ics o […]di e gence am, an,
em a osena: […]pan is s say: pá.n isˈ á.n isˈ lá.ng(u)s pé.mpė. O i agalius
ansla es no in o om, on, ėm, ėn, as do o he pan ologis s, bu in o um, un, im, in:
du. isˈ du.g(u)s lu.kos š i. e pi.ki, as well as he unci cumcised: pink ·denis d·lis [...]. I is
belie ed ha no only he pan he s, bu also he pon is s in he Jo á a e Kele iopi:
[…]p[…]n is[…] […]n is[…] pa […]mse l[…]ng(us) and pu[…]n is pa u[…]n is […]mse lu[…]ng(u)s
also ansla e in o um, un, im, in pan e s: lu[…].k[…](u)s, i[…]. i[…] (U bana ičiū ė): (1
5[…]6). E en mo e so in hese dis ic s, acco ding o he in e p e e (U bana ičiū ė
(1: 6)), he e a e a ious o me nosines, which he "pon is s" [...] ansla e in o o, e?
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . One
wo d is p onounced one way, he o he ano he , bu i is no di e en acco ding o
he ins uc ions: […]žu.l(u)s žsin(u)s g ·šˈ ˈ g ·š (u)s. I don' know he meaning o
hese sounds a all: […]žu.l(u)s Daugelis ž·sisˈ g ·šˈ ˈ g ·šˈ ˈ.
In he end, i has ha dly changed, only sh unk: u.ka.ga.l a n·ma lũ.ka. Pon , o
cou se, says: he Russians. I 's no as clean as i used o be. In he manusc ip
ex s, he e is no men ion o any o he wo wo ds used in he o he wo ks o
his linguis , i.e. he "an", "en", and he o me "nosin".
A icles o he A icles 187
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
5 h PAV. Changes in he shape o he s ones acco ding o he am, an, em, en
oo no es in he manusc ip

LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
188 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
6 PAV. Kamieno i agalių am,
an isophonous cu e a he
wes e n highland g assland and
eas e n highland g assland pa ks (LKA)
II, he ollowing able is inse ed: No. 69, 84-86) he s one changes as uon (i)s ʻan isʼ,
piempe ʻpempėʼ, jus(i)s ʻžąsisʼ, g už (u)s
ʻg ąž asʼ (U bana ičiū ė 1963: 209)28.
Thus, he di e ences be ween he handw i en ex s and he sound eco dings desc ibed in he
able, as well as he ea u es dis inguishing he e ening and mo ning syllables eco ded in he p in ed
ex s, a e no signi ican compa ed o he illus a ed maps o he Li huanian language a las. No only
does he bounda y o he highlands almos comple ely coincide wi h he econs uc ed A.
Ba anauskas map o he eas e n i s win e s, bu also wi h he e ised A. Salio map o he highlands,
which is d awn in he maps o he Li huanian language a las a 28 Da plg. The ollowing a e examples o
he ypes o double-edged swo ds ound in he su ounding a eas o Ramayana, especially Jo ani, as
s a ed by Zanko ic: long-handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled
1969: 143).
A icles by A icles 189
Ramygalos šnek a lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose:
geoling is inė analizė
swo ds, sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds,
sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds, sho -handled swo ds. LKA II, he ollowing.
45, 62[…]63) […], […] isophones.
An ob ious disc epancy is ha he manusc ip ma e ial p o ided in he maps o
he a las o he Li huanian language in he dis ic o Ramygala does no
e lec he mo e desc ip i e image o all he cases o he p onuncia ion o he
s one i agalių am, an (see LKA II, map 69, 84[…]86), em, en (see LKA II, map 71,
87[…]88).
The eme gence o a se ies o shapes wi h s ong ends am, an a osena
pa XX a. an osios pusės ši izo ona ėjusi maždaug ies analizuojamos šnek os
indica es ha up o he middle29.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
When compa ing he geolinguis ic compa a i e s udy o he Ramýgalas snail, i can be said ha
he a ea o he sou he n eas e n highland panels unde analysis s ands ou as a pe iphe y. I s
ansi ional na u e is based on he ollowing a gumen s: 1. The geog aphical dependence o he
a ea o he Ramygalas Schnek as a ied in all Li huanian geog aphical classi ica ions. E en in wo
o hem A. Ba anausko and A. Salio he analysis o he ma e ial o he bo de c ossings ca ied
Ramýgalos šnek a a jos dalis įėjusi į a pinę a p aukš aičių aka iečių i
y iečių (pa) a mių į a dy ą e i o iją.
2. Geoling is inio a mių ski s ymų sug e inimo ezul a us pa i ina an-
ou a double check o he wes e n and eas e n ele a ions an, am, en, em, as well as he o me
nos ils ą, ę isophones. In he a ea o he analyzed slopes, he h eshold o hese
cha ac e is ics is ixed o he second hal o he wen ie h cen u y. The in luence o he
adjacen eas e n highlands is clea ed by he small isoph halmic slopes along he edges o he
Ramygala go ge, indica ing no only he econs uc ed a eas and bounda ies o he adi ional
Li huanian (pa) bo de s o he eas e n moun ains a he beginning o he 21s cen u y (see
Ge žo ai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: 255 […] 2557, map and commen a y; sp. The cha ac e is ics ha
dis inguish he con e gence o g owing snakes a e ex inc . La ge linguis ic g oups ( egions) a e
o ming. Fo example, he Ramygala dialec is classi ied as a sub- egion o he Eas e n Highlands,
which o ms he basis o he Eas e n Highlands Region (see Aliuki e, Mikulėnienė 2014a: 257262),
because i , like he es o he sou he n pa s o he Eas e n Highlands, does no ha e e y
p onounced ea u es, so i is easily in luenced by he neighbo ing dialec s and common languages
(Meiliu ė, 2016: 1923; 2014a: 1281; Aliuki e, Bakšienė, Ja osla ienė, 2014a: 188191).
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXVII 190 he accu acy o he bounda ies o he
i s dialec o A. Ba anausko. The esul s o his s udy sugges ha he
ansi ional A. Salio classi ica ion included no only high school s uden s, bu
also hei neighbo s, high school s uden s.
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