78 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: Onomas ics ( he
s udy o ac ual wo d p oduc ion, o igin, mo i a ion).
The Ci y o Ma yjampol
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The mo i a ion
Mo i a ion o Composi e Helonyms
o Ma ijampolė Coun y
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is a con inua ion o he p e iously conduc ed a ea Li huanian oponymy esea ch.
I analyzes he mo i a ion o he composi e helonisms w i en in he ques ionnai es o he
names o he Land in one adminis a i e uni […] he Ma ijampolė dis ic […]. The s udy
e lec s an e o o eco d he names o small hyd o-objec s ha ha e disappea ed and
o e eal hei gnoseological po en ial, based on da a p ese ed among o he aluable
su eys. In o de o in e p e he mo i a ion o he dic iona ies as eliably as possible, he
ma e ial o he in e media e ques ionnai es, he ac o s o he nomina ion, he esul s o
he communica ion ac i i ies o he ep esen a i es o he language communi y, which
helped o cla i y he con en o he dic iona ies ha a e ac ually ep esen ed, he pseudomo i a ion a e used.
The esul s o he analysis showed ha he mo i a ion h ough he names o he "c ea o "
ixes and p ese es he na u al, social and cul u al en i onmen , i s de ails. In o ma i e
e hno-cul u al app oach o he s uc u e o names, axiological coding, bi ds pe o ming he
unc ion o s e eo ypical e alua ion, names o my hical beings, associa i e linguis ic uni s,
pseudomo i e s ixing connec ions. The in e p e a ion o he signs o he me apho ical
exp ession o he mo i a ion o he s udied wa e wo ds is also conside ed aluable.
ESMINIAI WORDS: in e wa pe iod, place names, wa e names, helonims, compound
helonims, nomina ion, mo i a ion, and pseudomo i e.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is a con inui y o he p e ious esea ch o Li huanian a eal oponymy. I
in es iga es he mo i a ion o composi e helonyms om a single adminis a i e uni […]
in e wa Ma ijampolė Coun y […] eco ded in he […]Land Names[…] ques ionnai es. The esea ch
A icles o he 79 h
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
e lec s he e o s o eco d he names o small hyd oobjec s ha a e abou o become
ex inc (o ha e al eady allen in o obli ion) and o e eal hei gnosis.The a icle e e s o he
en ial based on o he da a om he in e wa ques ionnai es which a e also wo hy o p es-
e a ion. To achie e as eliable in e p e a ion o he mo i a ion o hyd onyms as possible,
da a o he in e wa ques ionnai es eco ding he ac o s o nomina ion and he ou comes o
communica i e ac i i y o linguis ic communi y membe s, which we e use ul in cla i ying he
ac ually ep esen ed con en o hyd onyms and pseudomo i a ion.
The indings e ealed ha h ough he name-gi e he mo i a ion eco ds and con-
se es he su ounding na u al, social and cul u al en i onmen , i s de ails. The names o a
bi d o a my hical c ea u e used in he naming s uc u e, as he pseudomo phs, eco ding he
associa i e links o linguis ic uni s, which play he unc ion o axiological coding and
s e eo ypical e alua ion, a e in o ma i e in e hno-cul u al e ms. The in e p e a ion o he
ea u es o mo i a ion o he me apho ical exp ession o he hyd onyms in ques ion is
conside ed aluable as well.
KEYWORDS: in e wa pe iod, place names, hyd onyms, helonyms, composi e
helonyms, nomina ion, mo i a ion, pseudomo i a ion. This is a lis o places in he Uni ed Kingdom.
0.VADAS Con empo a y linguis ic esea ch ocusing on he ela ionship be ween
peoples, hinking, cul u e and language (G i ėnienė 2009, Guda ičius Lubienė 2015,
Be ezo ič 1997; 2010; Kub yako a 2004; 2012 and o he s), in he con ex o he
con inua ion o Li huanian local oponyms, ixing he con en o he space, he
na ional wo ld iew and he wo ld iew, he cou se o esea ch is signi ican and
p omising. E idence in a ou o he chosen esea ch di ec ion is p o ided by a
c oss-sec ional analysis o he mo i a ions o he pa icipan s (S ide skienė
2016). I is based on he esul s o he analysis o he onomas ic si ua ion, he
empi ical expe ience o he ep esen a i e o he linguis ic communi y o a
pa icula e hnic a ea, his ela ionship wi h he su ounding mic opopula e
( a puka io illage), he pe cep ion and ca ego iza ion o he la e . Thus, he
di ec ion o oponymic esea ch expanded in he amewo k o he new
pa adigm, adding a li le o Li huanian oponymy. In addi ion, he analysis o
in e media e nouns […] one o he 1 Because o he e m onomas ic si ua ion, see TMOI: 19, 71. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII ways o help p ese e he cul u al he i age
and con ibu e o he implemen a ion o he manda e gi en by Alexande Vanago
hal a cen u y ago. F om he poin o iew o he wo k, he opinions o he
speake s o he oponym made by he way o composi ion analyzed so a a e
di e en . Acco ding o A. Vanago, all esea che s o Li huanian place names
ollowed he pa h o analysis o hese de i a i es and, aking in o accoun he
dispa i y o syn ac ic ela ionships be ween he main and seconda y elemen s
o he bina y nomencla u e, di ided compound place names in o adjec i es and
ma u, be hid onimų, de aliausiai išanalizuo i Lie u os oikonimai (Razmukai ė
quali ie s3. o 2003b: 6380 a his ime. B onys Sa ukynas […] ski a and he
impo an Li huanian oponymic esea ch A. Vanago's e iew o he analysis o
hyd onyms4 d ew a en ion o he impe ec ions o he wa e ma k
būdu pada y us andenų a dus ski i į sudė inius de inamuosius i sudė inius
nede inamuosius5. Į šį pama uo ą siūlymą eigiamai eaga o lie u ių mikonimų
classi ica ion and a gued o he nomina ion and mo i a ion o he composi ion
Jū a ė Lubienė s udied and easoned analogies poin ed o exis ing examples o
classi ica ion in he Li huanian language ha ha e al eady become adi ional6
Thus, i is conside ed ha in he u u e he complex Li huanian oponymy should
also be included in he gene al quali ica ion and classi ica ion o compound
g oups. In o de o explain he mo i a ion o he compound, i should be no ed ha compound compounds […] a e compounds whose
2 […]Spa an change o a m, land eclama ion wo k, land eclama ion, oad cons uc ion, apid
change o he appea ance o he land. Many place names will become meaningless and o go en. In
his way, a g ea o une is i e ocably los " (Vanagas 1973: 6). […]All place names should be chosen
wi hou excep ion, paying pa icula a en ion o he smalles objec s whose names a e mo e
likely o be o go en o o go unno iced by o e s[…] (ibid., 7).
3 Compound nouns a e composed o wo independen wo ds, he i s o which, de ining, is he
p e ix o a common o eal wo d. Quali ying names a e compound names o wa e s, bo h wo ds
o which a e he euphemism o he name (see also Vanagas 1970: 258 […] 259, 273). Because o
Li huanian noble place names, B onys Sa ukynas (b oade see Sa ukynas 1963: 235[…]246) is also
w i en.
See also pa ag aph 4. Sa ukynas 1971: 166 […] 169 This is he i s ime I' e seen him in public.
5
Acco ding o he la e esea che , P. Lebel's logical e m […]les noms guali ica i s[…] (quali ying
names), which A. Vanagas ansla ed as […]quali ying[…], should be eplaced by he de i a i e e m
[…]de ina ional compounds. Then hey would o m a single compound subdi ision wi h
non-composi e o non-composi e compounds. Among o he hings, he so-called ances o s can
also be quali ied, o example. (Sa ukynas 1971: 167) I is no su p ising, hen, ha he Bible speaks o " he oun ain o li ing wa e ".
6 Acco ding o he syn ac ic connec ions o he main and seconda y owels, wo g oups o
compounds a e adi ionally dis inguished in Li huanian: 1) he de i a i e sign, 2) he con olling
sign o he non-conduc i e sign (see Lubienė 2015: 73).
A icles by A icles 81
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
he seconda y membe highligh s he cha ac e is ics o he o he , he main
membe 7, he signs o he meaning ( o example, Re ain he child's b. B b, Tamsi
plynė s . Ss and o he s). The deg ee o seman ic ha moniza ion in he la e ype
in o macijos komunikacine p asme jie nesu eikia. Didesnę pažin inę e ę u-
o e bs is he highes , bu he la ge i o he e bs […] compound inapp op ia e
wa e wo ds8 (especially me apho s), al hough he seman ic connec ion be ween
hei main and seconda y e bs is weake . Fo example, pe sonal p onouns,
compound p onouns, and place names usually ha e a possessi e meaning (Rudncko
as as s . B b), and in compound p onouns, he i s -pe son p onoun in a
non-possessi e place name indica es a pa icula place ea u e (Ža dánka čių plýnė
u i a ibu inę eikšmę). Ki uose sudė iniuose apelia y iniuose nede inamuo-
pln. V […] . In hese place names, local meaning can also be seen (Palinija bala b.
K sn […] bala, loca ed nea he cu o o es bel , i.e. palinija). The meanings o
den a dinių da inių eikšmių ne apa umą dėmesį y a a k eipęs i A. Vanagas:
bo h ypes o compound hyd onyms a e no qui e he same (Vanagas 1981: 51). I
depends on he meaning o he i s , de e mining componen ... (also)9. Thus, when
explaining he mo i a ion o compound wo ds, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun
he di e en syn ac ic ela ionships be ween he main and seconda y meanings
o he bina y noun, because wha is impo an is no he sum o he meanings o
he indi idual nouns, bu hei seman ic whole, i.e. he meaning o he uni .
To analyze he mo i a ion o place names means o e eal how a ep esen a i e o a pa icula
e hnic g oup ela es o he en i onmen a ound him, how he pe cei es i , wha linguis ic uni s he
chooses and how he uses hei combina o ics, naming one o he o he opoobjec . Acco ding o
Aloysius Guda icius, "a new wo d, a new meaning in speech, has an a am, is mo i a ed, which
means ha by naming a new hing, we also say why we named i ha way, emphasizing one o he
o he p ope y o aspec o he hing being named. The wo d is p onounced as he basis o he
name, he mo i a ion o ms i s in e nal o m (Guda ičius 2009: 140). The disco e y o he inne
wo d o m e eals he answe s o he ques ions o how an objec acqui es his o ha name
acco ding o ce ain cha ac e is ics, how he p ocess o nomina ion wo ks in human
consciousness, wha and how one o ano he na ion hinks is concep ualized in he se en basic
(basic) seconda y o ms o he wo d: balà, pélkė, plýnė, as as and hei diminu i es and plu al.
8 I should be no ed ha he e m "wa e sign" is used in a b oad sense in his a icle. In he case o
Dėl šio e mino a ojimo iek siau ąja, iek plačiąja eikšme ž . Vanagas 1999: 239 (pi muoju
a eju e minu pa adinami upės i eže ai, an uoju – i ki i ik iniai andens elkinių a dai:
sea, oceans, lakes, i e s, ponds, di ches, b idges, ponds, lakes and he like. 9 See also
meaninglessness. Sa ukynas in he yea 1963. 10 This iew is e lec ed in he ollowing e ses. The
U bans in he 1950s.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII pasauli (G i ėnienė 2006: 24) which is published
by he Li huanian Minis y o Educa ion. The la e concep o mo i a ion implies
a hough abou he way o li e o he communi y and he close connec ions o
he language, he na ional en enchmen in he language uni s. And his only
emphasizes he impo ance o he analysis o he naming o small hyd o-objec s,
because hese unc ioned closes o he naming, we e a "measu ed" measu e o
he (non) u ili y o human needs, "sugges ed" hei p o isions, he
mic o-en i onmen , he e e yday expe ience o a ce ain pe iod be ween he
suga illage. Con inuing he analysis o small hyd o-objec s, he objec o he
s udy was chosen ano he me hod o cons uc ion […] composi e […] helonima. The
nominacijos polinkius i iamame plo e. Tiklsui pasiek i keliami užda iniai:
pu pose o he a icle is o explain (in e p e ) he mo i a ion o he helonisms
made by he composi ion me hod, o de e mine hese wa e names 1) o e eal
wha hey mean a he ime o o ma ion om he mix u e o se lemen s
[…]Zemės a dų[…] and gi ininkų and o linguis ically p ocess he 11 compound
names o he wa e s, 2) o explain (in e p e ) why one o ano he hyd oobjec was nomina ed by his compound name, namely 3) o highligh he in en o y o he mo i a ions o he wa e names.
In he analysis o he ma e ial, he schemes o seman ic ypology o place names,
which ha e main ained he es o he s udy12 in hei oponomas ic soil13 and
a e supplemen ed by desc ip i e seman ic c i e ia, a e ollowed. Addi ional
c i e ia ha e been in oduced o b eak down he easons o naming acco ding
o oponymic p inciples: (1) acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he
hyd o-objec , (2) acco ding o he posi ion o he hyd o-objec in space and (3)
acco ding o he ela ionship o he hyd o-objec o he pe son. These p inciples
should be conside ed as basic, de e mined by he speci ics o he designa ed
objec s hemsel es14. The a ailable ma e ial can expand he dis ibu ion. Fo
example, in his s udy, naming (4) is dis inguished acco ding o he pe iod o use o
he wa e objec (see 1.4.). The esea ch ma e ial is subjec o he me hod o
ac ual analysis, he in e p e a i e me hod wi h he elemen s o he compa a i e me hod, he me hod o seman ic analysis and he me hod o in e nal insigh .
The explana ions o he mo i es o compound nouns we e suppo ed by
he Li huanian ocabula y (2013; u he […] LKŽe) ma e ial: ocabula y
de ini ions, examples o use (despi e local iden i y). Main sou ces o
pa a džių žodynas ( oliau – LPŽ), abėcėlinė is o inių asmen a džių ka o eka
su names […] Li huanian 11 Suno min i, acco ding o he possibili ies o spelling.
12 See also S ide skienė in he yea 2016.
13 The scheme o he analysis o he mo i a ion o place names de eloped by A. Vanago (see
Vanagas 1981: 4153), om which he explana ion o he mo i es o naming acco ding o he
cha ac e is ics o a pa icula objec was aken, appea ed o be insu icien .
14 See also He was a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen o he i s ime in wo e ms. 15 The
abb e ia ions o some sou ces ha e been omi ed because o hei equency.

S aipsniai / A icles 83
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
( oliau – IAK16). Ieškan asmen a džių hid oobjek ų į a dijimams pag įs i, p a-
ansla ed he Polish and Ge man ocabula ies lis ed in he lis o sou ces a he
end o he a icle. The explana ions o he mo i es o he compound nouns we e
suppo ed by he Li huanian SSR Adminis a i e-Te i o ial Di ision Dic iona y
(1976; he eina e […] ATSŽ II), he Li huanian SSR Ri e and Lake Dic iona y (he eina e […] LUEV), he Li huanian SSR Place Name Dic iona y
(2008; 2014 […] he eina e e e ed o as LVŽ I; LVŽ II).
Tu in omenyje B. Sa ukyno kel ą, onomas ikoje i šiandien ak ualią, min-
į paisy i onimų yšių su iso ling is inio a ealo oponiminiu kon eks u (pla-
He e you go. Sa ukynas 1966: 172), an impo an sou ce suppo ing he s udy o he
mo i a ion o compound helonisms is conside ed o be he Sankaupa […] place name
a chi e (www.VK17) o place names w i en in he li ing language a di e en
pe iods. In addi ion, he ques ionnai es hemsel es, he lis o place names, he
names o he lands, he ma e ial is a b idge o help he esea che o e come he
dis ance be ween he opobjec and i s name18. Thus, he la e sou ces a e
conside ed o be pa icula ly aluable in explaining he mo i a ion o place names, as
hey e eal he onomas ic si ua ion. The esul s o he onomas ic si ua ion analysis,
he quali y o which, as will be seen om he ma e ial analyzed in he a icle, depends
on he a ailable eco ds o in o man s, bes helps o sol e he ques ions o
oponymy, mo i a ion and pseudomo i e in e p e a ion. The ollowing a icle ollows
he same c i e ia o he p esen a ion o he ma e ial in Li huanian oponymy, which
a e cus oma y and es ablished. Fo he dis ibu ion and analysis o he subs ance, see also S ide skienė 2016: 246247. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
1.O he mo i es
Fo he pu poses o his Regula ion, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
1.1. Names acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he wa e bodies
1.1.1. Acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he su ace o he bo om o he wa e body
16 P ese ed in he unds o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, he Bal ic Languages and Va dino
Resea ch Cen e . 17 a e also kep in he esea ch unds o he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language,
he Bal ic Languages and he Va dino Cen e . 18 Fo he ma e ial o he Land Names ques ionnai es,
see also The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he
meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Emphasizing he alue o he linguis ic consciousness
da a o he ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea ha ha e su i ed in he pages o he lis o place
ią gali iš eikš i ienu a ki u žodžiu. Tik indi idui a ojan žodžius kyla asociacijos, a si anda
names (among o he impo an da a), he hough exp essed by Ru a Ma cinke ičienė is signi ican :
"In ac , i is no a wo d, bu a pe son who has a ce ain meaning in his head - a concep , a concep o
ypa umais“ (Ma cinke ičienė 2011: 8).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(1) Hyd o-objec Šlýnių balà b. K sn: lie was nomina ed due o he su ace
quali y o he bo om. sludge ‘sal ed clay o clay clay wi h o ganic
impu i ies19.
(2) Hid oobjek o dugno pa i šiaus izinės ypa ybės inspi a o balos a -
a concep , a ep esen a ion. In o de o unde s and he meaning o a wo d, we need o look o i in
i s con ex , asking he lis ene and compa ing his unde s anding o a pa icula wo d wi h he
unde s anding o a wo d he has hea d o ead. clamps, plg. clamps, - he appea ance o which is
clamped (plg. Viks a s acija g ows as a la ge sh ub, especially in clumpy balls ( š.) Due o he
seman ics o he pl. sandus me hod, he wa e name Klampãbalis b. KzR21, eco ded in he a ea
unde in es iga ion. (3) Due o he dep h o he su ace o he bo om as a laye , he hyd o-objec
Gilùsis as as b. K sn: lie was nomina ed. The deep, pl. he deep, - […] […] a om he su ace o he
bo om, he deep. The ac ha du ing he oponymy p ocess he seman ics o he space o he
i s loo o he composi e wa e on we e upda ed is con i med by he second loo w i ing.
The i s owel o m a es s o he conc e iza ion o he hyd oobjec in he nomina ion p ocess
(e.g. Gil[…]balà, Gil[…]balái ė […] hyd oobjec is desc ibed)22.
1.1.2. The noun gilùs, in addi ion o he space semos, also has he quan i y sem. In
he case o hese hyd oelec ic ins alla ions, he la e has been upda ed: Gil[…]
balà b. Lb ; Gils daugh e , Lb : lie. Gilus, -, his is con i med by he second owels
balà, balái ė. Because o he abundance o wa e , ano he hyd o-objec was
me apho ically nomina ed: Pa apų balai ė b. K sn: lie. The wa e is looded, he
wa e is looded, he wa e is looded, he wa e is looded. This wa e wo d
con eys he meaning no only concep ually bu also emo ionally, and he i s
owel o a place name made by a combina ion makes i mo e i id because i has a
slang accen . On he con a y, due o he absence o wa e , he we land
Sausàsis as as b. K sn: lie was nomina ed. wi hou mois u e, wi hou wa e ,
wi hou d yness, wi hou d yness; They' e he ones who w o e he b. K sn: lie.
1.1.3. Dėl paukščių23 susi elkimo, pe ėjimo a pan. am ik ose šlapio-
The ollowing oponymic objec s we e named in he a ea: An ùkų balà b. Ss: lie. o which:
19 Plg. slynė is he soil o such a clay.
The 20 h cen u y was ma ked by he Kalniškės Gi inikės Znica (Kalniškės Gi inikės Znica) su ey. 21
Because o him, see S ide skienė 2016: 253. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able
o p o ide an opinion on his ma e . The la e hyd o-objec was mos likely nomina ed due o he physical p ope ies o he bo om su ace.
22 Because o he compound hyd onyms, he i s (de e mining) owel is p onounced wi h a
simple and nomina i e adjec i e, he emphasis on he uniden i iabili y o meanings is also d awn o A. Vanagas (see below).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
23 Tokį pasi inkimą šiame s aipsnyje lėmė i iamos medžiagos speci ika – iš ki ų gy ūnų pa adi-
I didn' ge any wa e ma ks on hem. A sec ion on he explana ion o he mo i a ion o he
places whe e animals cong ega e (being, li ing, e c.) is usually alloca ed, in which he de ails o
he ypes (bi ds, ep iles, e c.) a e no u he de ailed (see Vanagas 1981; S ide skienė 2016).
S aipsniai / A icles 85
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
young man's 24; he Pemppius w i ing ([…] Pemphyne) s . V: lie down. he smalles
swamp bi d (Vanellus anellus) o he amily o swamp bi ds. In common pa lance, a
synonym o a e b, Pempỹnė mo i a ion […] is a place whe e he pempės pe i […]
e i ies and con i ms he explana ion o he mo i a ion o he compound noun;
Vanag is w i en in 2 s s. B b25: lying down. he anaga, he bi d o p ey
(Accipi idae), he anaga, he bi d o p ey, he bi d o p ey, he bi d o p ey, he
bi d o p ey, he bi d o p ey, he bi d o p ey, he bi d o p ey, he bi d o p ey.
Al hough helonims, like o he es names, a e always mono e e en ial, in his
case he wo meanings o he i s , de e mining, su ix a e gi en bo h because
one and he o he eali ies can be upda ed du ing he nomina ion p ocess.
1.1.4. Va ious we lands we e nomina ed because o he plan s g owing in hem:
Be ž plýnė pln. English: lie. he "whi e oak ee o Be ula"; Be želių balai ė b.
K sn: lies. He was bo n in he illage o Be želių. be žėlis, plg. bé žas26; Kanãpių
plynẽlė b. KzR: lie. I is also known as be žėlis. hemp is a cul i a ed plan whose
s em p oduces ibe and whose seeds a e p essed in o oil (Cannabis sa i a)
Samans ailway s a ion. Gdl: lie. sãmana, samanà, sãmanos ‘a spo id plan wi h
oo hai s ins ead o oo s (B yophy a).
1.1.5. Wha is ound in he luid indica es he a ibu e meanings in he helonima:
Ža dãka čių plýnė pln. V: lie down. The wo d "long" is like he wo d " ime". In he
su ey o Šališkių gi ininkijos, he name o he gas s a ion Ba čių plynai ė pln was
eco ded. V: lie down. ba chià ‘a eal hanged man o bees, inkilas (plg. In he pas ,
he e we e a lo o ba s (Al) in he woods. The ba k o he ee has sp ou ed, he
ee o he ee has sp ou ed, he ee o he ee has sp ou ed, he ee o he
ee has sp ou ed, he ee o he ee has sp ou ed, he ee o he ee has
sp ou ed. Ba ysè used o keep bees, o hey would ge s uck he e hemsel es
(KzR)27. 1.1.6. The peculia i y o he place is ma ked by hese helonimes: Duobis
handw i ing. Ss28: lying down. hole […] a hollow o hollowed-ou place in he g ound; Kaln plýnia b. KzR: lie. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. kálnas ' he heigh o he ea h'; The ock is w i en in s . Gdl: lie. and he hill-coun y, a li le hill-coun y; I 's w i en by B. KzR: lie. I 's a li le bi o a mess. I 's a li le bi o a mess. I 's a li le bi o a mess.
keliasʼ.
24 Plg. sen ence, w i en om a li ing language: An ys he e, and an kai sau po balą u ški Gs
( ansli e a ed as LKŽe, hey a e no sepa a ely explained).
25 In he su ey o I oniškio gi ininkija, wo spellings o Vanag a e w i en. Acco ding o he su ey,
jie už iksuo i ski inguose miško k a aluose; a šie nesi iboja, nus a y i kebliau.
26 VV was eco ded in he Kalniškės gi ininkijos Znica k. su ey. Fo an explana ion o i s
composi ion and o igin, see also LV I 447455. This is he case.
27 See also LVŽ I 269270, whe e he possibili y o o ming a pe sonal name . (plg. a d.
I 's called a ba . I 's called a ba .
28 In he book o he ch onicles o he kings o Judah i is w i en, "The midwi e is a moun ainee . In he
pas , people used o dig holes in i o mine linseed.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1.1.7. Due o he size o he hyd o-objec , i.e. i s excep ional size, i
nominuo as Didỹsis as as s . Igl: lie. didỹsis, plg. ddis, -ė (-, -, didžià) ‘žy-
was la ge in size.
1.1.8. Demonological mo i a ion balo a dis, only one eco ded […]
The de il's ballad b. B b: lie. he gods o he ea h and he ea h, he kips, he pinch; In
eligions, i is a wicked spi i , no a spi i . I is no su p ising ha he name o he
es i al is w i en in he Balbe ski Gi inik ques ionnai e, so i can be assumed ha he
ball was no adap ed o human needs. This knowledge (p edic ion) is linked o he
s e eo ypes o he language communi y, he e ec s o which a e e iden in he
nomina ion po ocese […] a li le-known we place in he o es e i o y (no
inhabi ed), a ball ha is no used by people, ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea a e
ea ed as a kind o hell […] place o esidence[…] (inhabi ed) 29 I is no en i ely clea
o which ea u e o he hyd o-objec his was nomina ed Tamsioji plynė s . Ss:
ei he because o he lack o illumina ion o he hyd o-objec (plg. lie. amsioji, plg.
amsùs, - […] which is no ligh -colo ed, jaspe […]), o because o he lack o illumina ion
o he hyd o-objec (plg. lie. amsùs, -[…] […] which is li le o no ligh en e s). The la e
in e p e a ion o he mo i e could be suppo ed by his in o ma ion […] helonimas
eco ded in he Va nabūdė news su ey. Al hough i is unclea which o he i s wo
semes e s was upda ed in he nomina ion p ocess, his does no p e en his
wa e ma k om being quali ied as a designa ion acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o
he hyd oobjec .
1.2. Names acco ding o he posi ion o hyd o-objec s in space. This can only be de e mined by
Šio sky iaus ep ezen an ų mo y acijos in e p e acija kiek ski iasi: ieni he-
lonimai u i posesy inę eikšmę, ki uose – galima įžiū ė i lokalinę eikš-
cla i ying hei genesis. Fo his eason, mixed ma iages in he Ma ijampolė dis ic we e
analyzed in he sec ion "Possessi eness and local mo i a ion"31. When analyzing he componen s
o he small hyd oo ien s in o sepa a e mic og oups, which can be seen in he sec ions o he
bjek ų a dus, nu ody us eikšmės niuansus bandoma iš yškin i helonimus ski-
a icle, howe e , o he eason indica ed (inadequa e explana ion o he genesis o he
a ailable da a), hey a e all p esen ed in one sec ion. 29 Because o demonological mo i a ions,
he hidden helonisms also see S ide skienė 2016: 252 […] 253. This is he i s ime in he his o y o
he coun y ha a woman has been awa ded he i le o Miss Wo ld. Due o he e ela ion o
di e en aspec s o he my hical meaning o wa e in he adi ional Li huanian wo ld iew,
connec ing wa e wi h he unde wo ld, he ea h and he sky, see also Būgienė 1999: 1385. She is a
membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. Because o he demonological . in Russian
oponymy, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 30 As ega ds his claim, see Sa ukynas 1963: 238. He was bo n in Moscow, Russia.
See also 31. S ide skienė 2016: 254. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o p o ide an opinion on his ma e .
A icles o he 93 d
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
(Skaudalių k.) […] Gedgaud[…] upãlis upl. […] Gedgaud[…] is he name o he illage in he no h o he
coun y. Sln ( illage in he e i o y o he Skaudalių dis ic (VK)). As can be seen om he
ma e ial collec ed and submi ed, he Li huanian oponymy da a also does no con adic he
iden i ica ion o he mo i a o o he siee ino hyd og aphy57. Thus, i is belie ed ha he
mos likely examples o he consolida ion o e hno-cul u al in o ma ion in he names o places
a e pseudomo i e wi nesses. 2.2 The wa e wo d o m Sidab nių balà b. Ld n (Pažels ių k.
anke a) may ha e o med he basis o a seman ic associa ion o wo d o ms: silab igai sil e
coins, alues58. Howe e , he wa e body is mos likely nomina ed o ce ain cha ac e is ics
o i s bo om and wa e : a clea (sandy) bo om and clean and clea ball wa e . Thus, he eal
ep esen ed name con en co esponds o he p e ix edinys Sidab niai b. Ld n: lie. Sil e is a
p ecious, s ainless whi e me al (Ag). Due o seman ics, he wa e name Cidab abalė b. B b: lie
was made in he same a ea by sanding. cidãb as ‘sil e , also me apho ically named a e he
wa e cha ac e is ic o he wa e objec ( o he anspa ency o he wa e )60. 2.3.
Me apho ically, he ball Vė e siùko balái ė b. Lb . was nomina ed o he awa d o he smalle
ai space due o he inc ease o he hyd o-objec . A peculia i y o he bi d ha is widesp ead
h oughou Li huania (acco ding o he LKŽ, wind-winged = wind-winged […] i blinių bū io
ie e sių šeimos paukš is giesmininkas[…]) is he […] menkumas (plg. In he p ocess o
nomina ion, he name was mo ed nex o he hyd obo ic Kala iya lea , Aje as (Aco us calamus)
o indica e he sign. Acco ding o he […]compa a i e dic iona y[…], as (kai) ie e sia[…]: Rugiai
es i as ie e sii (small, a e)61, also plg. he sen ence, om he language o li e eco ded in he
jek o augusių augalų – kala ijų (kala jas ‘pelkių, eže ų, upių augalas panašiais
same a ea: Hai was when ie e sio (small, hin), when bo n (Vs). This mo i a ional
in e p e a ion is suppo ed by he da a o he Makauskų k. su ey […] [ball] apagus so-called
kala ijais62. Thus, he meaning o he place name is ealis ically ep esen ed by […] aje ais, 57
Since he a ea unde in es iga ion in he in e wa pe iod can be desc ibed as a na ionally mixed
a ea (acco ding o he 1923 gene al census, Ma ijampolė dis ic had no Li huanians (87.92%),
3.42% o Ge mans, 1.31% o Poles and k . ( o hese da a see Subačius 2009: 228)), i is possible
ha he e m hyd og a ia sie inas could belong o he bo owed lexicon. 58 Because o he
pseudonyms o wa e names, connec ions wi h money, in Russian oponymy see O he , o a a
con en , by weigh
2010: 200–201.
59 Analogous in e p e a ion o he mo i a ion o wa e names is p o ided in Russian oponymic s udies
(See also oo no e).
60 As ega ds he mo i a ion o he la e , see also S ide skienė 2016: 253. This is he
i s ime ha he Commission has been able o p o ide an opinion on his ma e . This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
62
Ano he example is he Reikia cu ing he spea om he shoulde blade (Šil) in he a ea unde in es iga ion.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
94 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
dėl menkumo adinamais ie e siais, apaugusi bala. Reikšmės paaiškinimas
e eals a disc epancy in he p onuncia ion o he wa e ma k in he Vė e siù
ballad63. The o igin o his o m in he li ing language was de e mined by he li ing
name in he Bal ic languages, which can be used o say e e y place name,
en i onmen . As he de ailed analysis o he mo i a ion o he la e Hellenism
has shown, he con en o he name ac ually ep esen ed co esponds o he
lyginimui pasi elkus ki ame a eale už iksuo ą p iesaginį žemė a dį Vie e sy ė
ž. Gdž65, pa i inama gy ojoje kalboje galėjusios unkcionuo i anden a džio
p e ace o he Vedinys Vė e siukas b. Lb . Due o he seman ic inhe i ance, he
possibili y o Vė e siukas is also emphasized in he name as a sign, a uni y o o m and con en .
2.3. Ano he name is eco ded in he a ea unde in es iga ion, which aises doub s
abou he in e p e a ion o i s mo i a ion […] Káulinis as as b. Šil. Based on he
wi nesses' es imony eco ded in he Mikalischka su ey, he ball, su ounded by land,
can be assumed o be a hyd o-objec o p obably small size, so he plain i could
iden i y i in e ms o he su ounding mic o-en i onmen based on he idge. In
o de o explain in an a gumen a i e way wha was he eason o his naming, o he
a eas om he li ing language we e also sough in he oponymic ma e ial. Ras as o
he Pane ėžys. The c anes o he c anes. In he S . Luke's su ey, he name Káulinė b.
K kn was eco ded. In he sec ion "Type, appea ance, quali y o he land su ace" o
he ques ionnai e, i is w i en: a ball is h own nea he S uka o es . [...] mo e
(un eadable wo d) longing. F om he in o ma ion p o ided, i can be deduced ha his
wa e objec was nomina ed due o i s shape67. The e o e, i can be assumed ha
he hyd o-objec in he a ea unde in es iga ion could also ha e been nomina ed o
i s shape (see also he a achmen o he a ea unde in es iga ion balo a dį Káulinė
b. KzR68). The basis o he seman ic associa ions o wo d o ms in li ing speech could
be he bones o connec ions ound in hose places. Fo example, in he […]Pas abų[…]
column o he a o emen ioned S ukai k. ques ionnai e, i is w i en ha in he pas ,
naked o slaugh e ed ho ses we e slaugh e ed a his ball.
63 A en ion should also be paid o he diminu i e o m o he i s le e o he compound place name.
See also 64. Sa ukynas in 1963: 235. He was bo n in Moscow.
Acco ding o he VK, he . . was w i en in he Kėdainiai aps. I 's called he Gudžion Valley. The
66 S aipsnio au o ė dėkoja slap ajam ecenzen ui už pas abą, kad bala ‘ ie a, apsup a sausumosʼ
illage o Pilėnai. in he su ey (1936). In any case, he wa e ing place is always su ounded by
d ough . In addi ion, he e is a possibili y ha he Káulinis as as is he place whe e he gminas a e
kaulų“.
67 Da plg. VK už iksuo us žemė a džius: Kškiakaulis d . Rim (1966 m. už ašė kalbininkas K. Ei-
ound, Nuga kaulis kln. In he 1935 Ea h-Name poll, M.L.T. was also mos likely nomina ed o he
shape o he opobjec .
68 Addi ional in o ma ion is no eco ded in he su ey o he ca le indus y.
A icles o he 95 h
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
2.4. The ac o s ha inspi ed he eme gence o ano he wa e name a e no
en i ely clea : Samanýno as as s . B b: lie o me. samanýnas ‘samanų p iaugusi
ie a, due o he seman ics o he o he wa e wo ds made by he sando as
me hod, eco ded in he in es iga ed a ea: Samanýn ais is s . Dg, Samanýnpelkė
plk. Smln ( o which see VK). I is di icul o say whe he he we lands we e
named o a locally connec ed a ea whe e a pa icula ype o plan , such as he
samana, had g own, o whe he he a ea occupied by he ais o was he samana,
he place o he samana, o he samana, he place o he samana. The a ailable
da a es i y o he possible in e p e a ion o he mo i a ion o bo h essels.
Acco ding o he LKZ, he case o he appeal o samanýnas a osenas eco ded
in he a ea unde in es iga ion om he li ing language shows ha he place o
esidence o he samanyna is indica ed in e ms o he w i ing (pa ais y), so he
place o esidence o he w i ing could mos likely be iden i ied in e ms o he
samanyna. Howe e , he names o hyd o-objec s in he a ea unde in es iga ion
a e eco ded in he li ing language Samanýnas plk. Lp (1975). he s . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. K (1986 m.) 69 wi nesses he spelling
I 's a chance o be oge he .
3. Excluded
I was ound ha he a ea unde in es iga ion is domina ed by compound names,
indica ing he loca ion o he hyd oobjec , he loca ion in space […] 30 n . (40%).
The nomina ion ocuses on locally adjacen opog aphical objec s: wa e alls,
se lemen s, especially land alls9; buildings (ga den, gonkus, hill, hill), ees (ąžuolą)
and o he places on he ea h's su ace (kamšą, lūgą, pušyną, e c.). The name is
jimas pagal hid oobjek ų išsidės ymą ienas ki o a ž ilgiu už iksuo as ienas
Re os balai ės b. B b. This sugges s ha a g ea e p opo ion o he helonisms
made in he indi idual's consciousness by way o composi ion a e a e lec ion o
he su ounding opog aphical, geog aphical, and cul u al eali ies.
The cha ac e is ics o he hyd o-objec s examined a e indica ed by 26 helonimas (36%). The
mos de ailed designa ion is he su ace o he bo om o he wa e body3 ( he quali y o he
su ace o he bo om (slope), i s physical cha ac e is ics (clamp), dis ance, descen om he
su ace (heigh ) and he amoun o wa e in he wa e body5 ( he abundance o wa e in he
wa e body3 and i s absence2). I is also named acco ding o o he cha ac e is ics o
ie os ypa ybę4, pagal augalus4 i gy ūnus (paukščius)4, pagal ai, ko y a / anda-
hyd o-objec s: acco ding o he cha ac e is ic ma in we places2, acco ding o he size o he
hyd o-objec , e c. This is he i s ime I' e seen a 69-yea -old man wi h a e y hick, bushy body,
who can ba ely walk. In he middle o he ainbow g ows a swan.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
mos a ac s he a en ion o he su eyo by making he names o he wa e s
in he a ea unde in es iga ion by me ging.
17 (24%) o he appoin men s a e eco ded in ela ion o he pe son. The
absolu e majo i y is made up o su names indica ing owne ship ela ions. The
nominees choice o su names e lec s he mix o he su eyed a ea and he
na ionali y o he subjec . The e was also a case in he o m o a wa e name
Gidžiūno balai ė (K osnos ls.) eco ded he pe sonal name *Gidžiūnas, which did
no each ou days, su i ing in he book Ka a zyna Gidžunas (1873 m.) o he
K osnos chu ch in he pa ish o K osnos. The analysis o compound helonisms (as
well as compound helonisms) allows us o no e wi h cau ion he mo e ac i e use
o an h oponyms in he p ocess o helonism nomina ion han in he cases o
nomina ion o i e s and lakes. Fo con i ma ion o denial o his claim, a mo e
de ailed s udy o he Hellenic language is equi ed. One hyd oelec ic acili y
(Malkaki čių bala b. Ss) is nomina ed acco ding o he pe iod o use.
3.2. Me apho ical wa e names, albei agmen a y, e eal he pe cep ion o
hyd o-objec s o he ep esen a i e o he linguis ic communi y o he a ea
unde in es iga ion in a di e en way. In he p ocess o oponymy, when naming
an objec as a local a ge a ea, di e en sou ce a eas a e used: pã apas,
pa ãpas ( i e ) […] wa e olume o he hyd oobjec ma ked (Pa apų balai ė b.
K sn), sidãb as […] clea wa e olume o he hyd oobjec ma ked (Sidab […]
Ld n). The wa e wo d o m Sidab nių balà b. Ld n could ha e o med he basis o
he wo d o ms seman ic associa ion (silb niai sil e money, alues) in he li ing
language. The pe cep ion and endency o conc e ize he spa ial whole and pa o
place names is illus a ed by he mic osys em Lančka à (KzR) […] Lančka õs Kója
(KzR).
Due o he closu e, conse a ism, and sel -censo ship o he in e -communal illage
communi y, he e seem o ha e been a emp s o e i e and consolida e he balls
p isiminimus apie au os p aei į. Šie bandymai „nusėdo“ jos iene uose Lioge io
b. Ss, Razba plynai ė b. KzR (pseudomo i a o ii lioge is, azbainis), hus sepa a ing
he cul u al p io i ies o he e hnic communi y. Helonimų Vė e siùkas b. Lb
(pa ikslin a . ly is om Vė e siùko balái ė b. Lb ) is a ans e o he e alua ion
i Velni balái ė b. B b mo y acija pa em a į a dijančių ealijų (paukščio, mi-
signs nex o he plan s g owing in he hyd oobjec and he e alua ion o he
hyd oobjec ( om) he g id. The ansla ion (= ansla ion) ep esen s a lack, he
de il […] a lack o use ulness o human needs. The la e assessmen is based on
s e eo ypes o e hnici y. The names o bo h hyd o-objec s a e in o ma i e om
an e hno-cul u al poin o iew.
Obse e he in en o y o cha ac e is ics o na ional (cul u al) ai s in he
ska ina olesnes oponominacijos s udijas, a skleidžiančias ie ų a duose su-
names o places o he consolida ion o e hno-cul u al in o ma ion, highligh ing
A icles o he 97 h
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
he mos ypical mani es a ions ( ep esen a i es) o he cha ac e is ics o one
o he o he place. Since explaining he mo i a ion o wa e wo ds (as well as
o he place names) also e eals he in en ions o he e alua o , he esul s o
Li huanian onomas ic esea ch could be included in he ield o linguis ic axiology.
OBJECTIVES and o he abb e ia ions […] ques ionnai e abou […] dis ic o […]
pe sonal name b. […] ball db. […] he dauba. The mano house. […] a ming in . […]
in akes cl. […] oads cln. […] moun ains cl . […] moun ain msh. […] he o es plk. […]
he swamp, he swamped place p k. - in he pe iphe al sense p . […] he meadow s.
[…] he island ls. […] illage […] place name
p d. – pa a dė
s . – ais as
ž. – žemė
LOCATIONS REDUCTIONS The High Cou
o Appeal (High Cou o Appeal) The High
(T ãkų .) (Spanish p onuncia ion)
B b […] Balbie iškis (P […]enų) is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
Dg […] Daũgai (also known as Aly aũs)
Gdl […] Gudėliai (Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa . Ma ijámpolės sa .
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
Gdž […] Gudži[…]nai (also known as Kėdainiai)
Igl […] Iglišk[…]liai (Ma ijámpolės sa . Igl […] Iglišk[…]liai) is loca ed in he dis ic o he same name.
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
Kl – Kal a ijà (Ma ijámpolės sa .
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
K […] Kie ã iškės (Kaišiado i […] .) is loca ed in he dis ic o Kie ã iškės.
KzR […] Kazl […] Rūdà (also known as Kazl […] Rūdà)
Lb […] Liubã as (Kal a […]jos sa . e .) was bo n in he illage o Lb […] Liubã as.
Ld n […] Liud inã as (also known
as Ma ijámpoles)
Cou o Appeal (High Cou o Appeal) The High Cou o Appeal (High Cou o Appeal)
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
M P esiden , ladies and gen lemen, I should like o begin by cong a ula ing he appo eu on his excellen epo .
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pl […] Pl iškiai (Vilka […]škio) is loca ed in he dis ic o
P n […] F ench
P […] Pi aši[…]nai (also known as Aly aus)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[…] Sasna à (Ma y's illage i sel .
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
[…] Sugiñčiai (Mol[…] ų .) is he name o he i e .
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Šl n […] Šla añ ai (also known as Lazdžiai)
V […] Vei e ia[…] (p onounced […]en[…])
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
98 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
SHALTINIAI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ATSŽ II […] Lis o adminis a i e and e i o ial di isions o he Li huanian SSR 2,
p epa ed by Z. No eika, V. S a inskas. Vilnius: The Min , 1976.
Go schald Max 1954: Ge man name school. Be lin: Ve lag Wal e de G uy e u. Co. IAK […]
His o ical pe sonal name a chi e, und o he Li huanian language ins i u e o he
Bal ic languages and he esea ch cen e o Va dino.
LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20, 1941[…]2002, elec onic e sion (second
elec onic edi ion), edi ed by he college: Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas
Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius:
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2013.
LP […] Li huanian su name dic iona y 1[…]2, au ho ed by V. Maciejauskienė, M.
Razmukai ė, A. Vanagas, answe . ed. This is A. Vanagas. Vilnius: Science, 1985 o 1989.
This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his
ma e . LUEV […] Ri e and lake names o he Li huanian SSR, answe . ed. This is E.
G ina eckienė. Vilnius: S a e publishing house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e,
1963. LVŽ I […] Li huanian ocabula y o place names 1, ed. college: L. Balode, V. Blažek, G.
Blažienė, V. Ka delis, A. Ragauskai ė, S. Temčinas, J. Udolph. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house, 2008.
LVŽ II […] Li huanian ocabula y o place names 2, au ho s: L. Bilkis, G. Blažienė, M.
No kai ienė, A. Ragauskai ė, M.muka Razi ė, D. S ide skienė, answe ed by L. Bilkis.
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house, 2014.
SNP […] Słownik names mode nly used in Poland 1[…]10. K aków: Polish Academy o
Sciences, Polish Language Ins i u e, 1992-1994. VK […] Vie namese wo ds om he li ing
language a chi e. Li huanian Language Ins i u e Bal ic Languages and Va dino Resea ch
Cen e Founda ion.
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A icles by A icles 101
Sudė inių Ma ijampolės apsk i ies helonimų mo y acija
TMOI […] The heo y and me hodology o onomas ic esea ch, A. V. Supe anskaya,
В. Э. Сталтмане, Н. В. Подольская, А. Х. Султанов, отв. ред. А. П. Непокупный.
Москва: Наука, 1986.
Mo i a ion o Composi e Helonyms
o Ma ijampolė Coun y
Summa y
As a con inua ion o he analysis o oponymiza ion o hyd onyms om a single
adminis a i e uni (Ma ijampolė Coun y) eco ded in he in e wa pe iod, he a icle
p o ides an in-dep h analysis o he mo i a ion o helonyms o med by means o composi ing.
A e he a ailable di ision o compound oponyms in o geni i e and quali ying oponyms
(acco ding o Vanagas) had been co ec ed by di iding hem in o compound oponyms in
ag eemen and non-ag eemen (acco ding o Sa ikinas), he la e we e e alua ed in a
complex manne : om a de i a ional and seman ic pe spec i e, aking in o accoun he
backg ound in o ma ion o he pe iod in ques ion and e e ing o addi ional da a om he
in e wa ques ionnai es, eco ding he ac o s o nomina ion and he ou comes o
communica i e ac i i y o linguis ic communi y membe s. The analysis showed he une en
s uc u e o composi e hyd onyms and di e en syn ac ic connec ions be ween he
componen s o a bina y nomina ion; In he p ocess o nomina ion, he lexical in en o y
e lec s he di ec ion o hough o a linguis ic communi y membe in a ce ain e hical ield
in he selec ion o he ea u e o mo i a ion and communica i e in en ions. All ha is closely
linked o he name-gi e 's eali y, his o he knowledge and awa eness as well as e hnic
(na ional) consciousness.
The esea ch de e mined he ends o nomina ion o compound helonyms (1). The a ea in ques ion is
domina ed by he nomina ions exp essing he posi ion o he hyd oobjec , i s place in space (40 pe
cen ). The objec s a e nomina ed wi h a ocus on he locally connec ing land names and o he places
and buildings loca ed on he land su ace. I shows ha he helonyms o med by means o
composi ing a e a e lec ion o he su ounding opog aphical, geog aphical and cul u al eali y in
he indi idual's consciousness. The peculia i ies o hyd oobjec s a e exp essed by 36 pe cen o
hyd onyms. The hyd ophobic s uc u e o he Ea h's c us , i s su ace a ea, and he amoun o
wa e in he Ea h's c us a e named a e a numbe o ac o s, including: he size o he Ea h's
c us , he amoun o wa e in he Ea h's c us , he size o he Ea h's c us , and he amoun o
jec (plen y o wa e and i s absence) a e mos commonly e lec ed in nomina ions. Hyd o-
wa e in he Ea h's c us . I shows wha d aws he name-gi e s a en ion in compounding he
hyd onyms in he a ea in ques ion.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
102 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The nomina ions based on he ela ionship wi h a pe son accoun o 24 pe cen . They a e
p e ailed by he nomina ions exp essing he ela ions o owne ship. The pe sonal names on
which he nomina ion is based e lec he mixed e hnic en i onmen in he a ea unde
analysis.
(2) Me apho ical hyd onyms e eal how a linguis ic communi y membe in his a ea as a place,
pe cei es he small hyd oobjec s. When designa ing he a ge domain o he hyd oobjec
di e en sou ce domains a e selec ed in he p ocess o nomina ion: pã apas, pa ãpas ( lood) o
deno e he amoun o wa e in he hyd oobjec . nym o m Sidab nių balà b. Ld n eco ded in he
sidãb as – o deno e he hyd oobjec ’s anspa en wa e (Sidab niai b. Ld n). The hyd o-
li ing language could ha e o igina ed on he basis o he seman ic associa ion o wo d o ms
(sidab niai sil e money, aluables). (3) The name-gi e 's concep ion o he spa ial whole and pa
and he endency o conc e ise is illus a ed by he mic osys em which became appa en in he
esea ch Lančka à (b. (4) The cul u al p io i ies o he e hnic communi y a e e ealed in he
a emp s o e i e and consolida e he memo ies o he pas o he na ion, which a e es ablished
in he o m o he pseudonyms "Lyogo ys" and "Razbajni sy" in such uni s o hei own
oponymy as "Lyogo ys" (Balos) and "Razbajni sy." (5) The nomina ions Vė e siùkas b. Lb ( he
place-name o m is modi ied om Vė e siùko balái ė) and Velni balái ė b. B b a e in o ma i e in
e hnic-cul u al e ms. Thei mo i a ion is based on he ans e o he e alua i e ea u es o
he nomina ing ealia (bi d, my hical c ea u e) o exp ess he e alua ion o he plan s g owing
nex o he hyd oobjec (calamus) and he hyd oobjec i sel . Vė e sys (= ie e sys, ‘la k)
ep esen s smallness; The de il ep esen s uselessness o human needs. The la e e alua ion is
based on he s e eo ypes o e hnic consciousness.
The analysis o he mo i a ion o compound helonyms e ealed ha he onyms in ques ion
a e no only a e lec ion o he su ounding geog aphical and opog aphical eali y in he
indi idual's consciousness. They also e lec he cul u al p io i ies and axiological indica o s
o he e hnic communi y.
Deli e ed on 3 Oc obe 2017
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.