S aipsniai / A icles 177
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include seman ics, lexicology,
dialec ology.
POKARIO Li huania and Li huania
The Pa isan
In public discou se
I w o e abou he pa isans, and I kep walking a ound
eeling ha I hadn' said some hing e y impo an ,
maybe e en he mos impo an . (Romualdas Ozolas, 2002
Li huania: poli ical po ai o he yea , p. 120)
The Pa isan o Pos wa Li huania
in he Discou se o Opinion Jou nalism
I w o e abou he pa isans, and I keep walking a ound
wi h a eeling ha he e's some hing eally impo an ,
pe haps e en he mos impo an , ha I didn' say.
(Romualdas Ozolas, 2002 Li huania: poli ical po ai o
he yea , p. 120)
ANOTATION The subjec o his s udy is he selec ion o abou 7,500 sen ences om
con empo a y Li huanian ex s on publica ions abou he pos -wa Li huanian pa isans. By
applying he me hods o concep analysis o he Ljubljana E hnolinguis ic School, he aim is o
cla i y how he Li huanian pa isan is concep ualized and ca ego ized in he publicis
discou se, wha is i s cogni i e de ini ion. A e he seman ic analysis o he ma e ial, i
became clea ha he iden i y o he pa isan was no he same in he ex . In he public
discou se, he pa isan is unde s ood in h ee ways: (1) as a conc e e, clea ly named pe son;
(2) as an abs ac , uniden i ied igu e; 3) as a ake, alsi ied iden i y.
These wo ds a e: cogni i e e hnology, seman ics, he concep o he poka io
pa isan, cogni i e de ini ion.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
178 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle ocuses on app oxima ely 7,500 sen ences on pos wa Li huanian pa isans
Selec ed om he ex s o opinion jou nalism s o ed in he Co pus o Con empo a y Li u gy
nian Language. Following he me hodology o concep ual analysis elabo a ed by he Lublin
e hnolinguis ic school, he a icle a emp s o ind ou how he Li huanian pa isan is con-
and ca ego ized in he Discou se o Opinion Jou nalism and i s Cogni i e De ini ion. The
seman ic analysis o he da a made i clea ha he iden i y o he pa y o opinion jou nalism
san e lec ed in he co pus is no uni o m. The pe cep ion o he pa isan in he discou se
is h ee old: (1) as a pa icula , explici ly speci ied pe son; (2) as an abs ac , uniden i ied
igu e; 3) as an un eal, alsi ied iden i y. he cogni i e de ini ion.
KEYWORDS: cogni i e e hnolinguis ics, seman ics, concep o pos wa pa isan,
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
In he elec onic e sion o he dic iona y o he G ea Li huanian language (LKŽe), a pa isan is
de ined as: a pa icipan in a med sa age g oups o he local popula ion, ac ing as an enemy in he
ea . A simila de ini ion o his wo d is gi en in he Dic iona y o Mode n Li huanian. I de ines he
e m pa isan in he same way as LKŽ, only i adds ha pa isan uni s can igh no only in he
enemy's ea , bu also "agains he s a e powe ". The de ini ion o pa isans in he common
Li huanian wo d is mo e speci ic: i clea ly s a es ha pa isans ac "agains he occupie s". This
a icle analyzes no he gene alized concep o pa isan, which is ixed in lexicog aphic sou ces,
bu a e y speci ic place and ime de ined igu e […] pos -Li huanian pa isan, i.e. a pa icipan in
he pa isan s uggle agains he So ie Union in Li huania in 1944-1953. His o ians claim ha abou
100 housand people, o abou 4 pe cen o all Li huanians, ac i ely pa icipa ed o ac i ely
suppo ed he a med pos -wa esis ance; This esis ance was 10 o 15 imes mo e in ense han in
La ia and 30 o 60 imes mo e in ense han in Es onia (Anušauskas 2004: 241, 252; Kuody ė,
T ace skis 2013: 34)2. The an i-So ie esis ance, which las ed almos a decade, is one o he la ges
and longes pa isan wa s in Eu ope in he 20 h cen u y (Kudy ė, T ace skis, 2013). 1 The le e P o
he common Li huanian wo d lis has no ye been ully edi ed. The de ini ion is aken om he
handw i ing o he dic iona y. Examples om he ex indica e ha he meaning o his wo d is
now expanding, wi h he wo d "pa isan" being used in a new conno a ion.
2 The ex en o he pa isan mo emen in pos -wa Li huania is also indica ed by such ex
illus a ions: Moscow's cons uc ions each Li huanian associa ed wi h he pa isans and he Ch onicle o he Ca holic Chu ch.
A icles o he 179 h A icle
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
F om 1944 o 1953, he e we e a leas 50 housand people in he anks o he
pa isans in Li huania (Gaškai ė, Kuody ė, Kašė a, Ule ičius 1996: 366). Thus, he agic
pos -wa pa isan s uggle a ec ed he li es o many Li huanians. The aim o his
a icle is o analyse, on he basis o he publicis discou se o he end o he 20 h
cen u y, wha a e he p o o ypical cha ac e is ics o he concep o pa isanship
apib ėž is6.
Toks kogni y inis y imas šiandienos kon eks e y a ak ualus: 2018 m. Seimas
and wha is he cogni i e iden i y o he pa isanship. This a icle will answe his
sijų dėl pa izanų eiklos e inimo7. Taigi, s aipsnyje keliamas konk e us už-
and o he ques ions based on he ma e ial o he cu en Li huanian language ex
(DLKT), because he ex " e lec s li e, and li e is a cons an change ha mus be
e lec ed and desc ibed co ec ly, objec i ely and non-dogma ically" (Če mák 2000:
296). I is he seman ics o ex ual analysis ha p o ide objec i e empi ical da a on
[…]applied seman ic ea u es and meanings[…] (Ma cinke ičienė 2000: 49); he ex s
con ain ens and hund eds o millions o au hen ically used wo ds. These a e no
specially de ised examples, bu li e language usage, so in a seman ic sense, he ex is
a pa icula ly aluable sou ce o lexical esea ch" (Macijauskai ė 2000: 121). Cogni i e
linguis ics is inc easingly u ning o ex s as one o he sou ces o iden i ying
di e ences in he meanings o wo ds (G ies 2006: 60), as adi ional ocabula y o en
e lec s he ideologies o edi o s (Williams 2013: 18).
A sea ch o he ex books e ealed ha he e we e 7990 examples o he wo d "pa isan." The e a e
mo e han 400 dialec s spoken 3 Discou se he e is unde s ood in he b oades sense, as speaking,
alking wi h ce ain p ope ies (in a ce ain language, in consciousness. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he
giau apie plačiąją i siau ąją disku so samp a ą ž . Ma cinke ičienė 2008: 15).
4 Koncep as čia su okiamas kaip mąs ymo iene as, isa in o macija apie ką no s, esan i žmonių,
e m o he concep , see. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal
ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
5
P o o ype is he mos cha ac e is ic membe o he ca ego y by which he ca ego y i sel is
ecognized. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he concep o a p o o ype, see. In he ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, he Commission concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
Unge e and Schmid 2006: 10.
The cogni i e de ini ion is based on e e yday, pe sonal knowledge and expe ience o he wo ld. I
shows wha associa ions a ise in he consciousness o he speake in a gi en linguis ic si ua ion
(Ba miński 2007: 44; Guda ičius 2009: 70 […] 72; Ru ko ska, Sme ona, Sme onienė 2017: 30). 7 Fo example,
he opinion exp essed by he w i e Rū os Vanagai ės abou he pa isan leade A.
Ramanauską-Vanagą, discussions abou he monumen commemo a ing he pa isan bunke in Lukiškių aikš ė, e c.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX no abou he pos wa Li huanian
pa isans. F om 1942 o 1944 in Li huania he e we e ed pa isans (o he wise
called So ie , So ie , Bolshe ik)8. In addi ion o hese, Kauno Vy au as Dilinami.
džiojo uni e si e o suda y ame eks yne minimi i į ai ių ki ų šalių bei au ų
pa izanai: a ganų, ai ių, albanų, čečėnų, g uzinų, jugosla ų, ku dų, lenkų, pa-
les iniečių, umunų, adžikų, amilų i k . Tokie sakiniai iš bend os im ies paša-
Thus, he a icle analyzes abou 7500 sen ences ha only alk abou he
Li huanian pa isans o he pos wa pe iod.
No only he con ex helps o dis inguish Li huanian pa isans om o he s, bu also ce ain o mal
signs. E d inė (place) dependence is ma ked by a ypical a ibu e compound Li huanian (Li huanian)
pa isan, e.g. In he icini y appea ed a med Li huanian pa isans. I is unlikely ha Li huanian
pa isans we e looking o inspi a ion in he ac i i ies o hei wo s enemies. A ibu i e compound
poka io pa izanas, o example, indica es belonging o a de ined ime. The Union accep s only pos -wa
pa isans, esis ance igh e s and hose olun ee s who became hem be o e a speci ic da e […]
be o e he 1991 coup. Some imes he dependence o ime and space is explained in one sen ence, o
example. His a he , a pha macis , a doc o , a ca pen e , ope a ed bo h Russian p isone s du ing he
yea s o he Ge man occupa ion and Li huanian pa isans du ing he i s yea s o he wa . The
a icle only deals wi h he masculine su name pa isan, i s seman ic analysis is ca ied ou . The da a
om Teks yn shows ha he leksema pa izanė is much a e , since women a e he wa o he
pa isans men mos ly spoke as liaison women. This is illus a ed by publicis ic sayings, o example.
Pa isans a oided accep ing women in o he anks o ac i e igh e s. Pa isan o Leksema has se e al
synonyms. The ex also es i ies ha he e we e a ious ypes o pa isans in Li huania, such as:
The e a e aces o his o y in Adu išky: amous o a ious kinds o pa isans hidden in he An anų hill,
es o ed by he elde ly in 1863 by he ebels buil a chapel, one pilakalnys. 9 Plg. as in he same ex
[…]apib ėžiamas[…] poka io Li huanian pa isan: We pa isans call he igh e s o he i egula a my
o he eedom o Li huania; The Bolshe ik pa isans call he pa a oope s who came o Li huania o
igh he Ge mans. A sea ch o he ex wi h he eminine noun "pa isan" ound only 71 sen ences.
11 Pa isans we e mos o en called by hos ile So ie p opaganda, in o de o beli le he pa isan
mo emen and i s pa icipan s, bu he image o he pa isan as a bandi is s ill ali e in he minds o
some Li huanians o his day.
A icles o he T ea y
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
nigh ingale wi h a ail12. In he ex , he mos common g e a lexemos pa isan is
he synonym bandi , how much less […] o es , g een, g een, o es b o he , o
example. :
The So ie au ho i ies called he Poka io pa isans bandi s, esis ance
ko ą – bandi izmu.
Tada ne žodžio „pa izanai“ nebu o. Žmonės adino juos miškiniais, žaliukais.
The ollowing a e he synonyms o he wo d "pa isan": "b o he ", "dissiden ",
"dzuka", " eedom igh e ", "unde g ound igh e ", " eedom igh e ", " eedom
de ende ", " o es igh e ", " esis an ", "son o a wa io ", " e o is " and so on.
Fo example: Dzukas poka y was synonymous wi h he las pa isan, bu his passion
o wa , passion o dea h and samanas emains alongside poe ic passion, s eng h,
dea h and gen leness as nowhe e else in Dzukas.
A he sugges ion o Zeman, he Pa isans began o call hemsel es "B o he s"
in 1951. The o es soldie s and unde g ound igh e s Li huanian pa isans who
ough agains ed ascism, comple ely igno e his law, so he pain ul pas is used
o sca e ing. Resis ance opponen s o en like o call he pa isans he sons o
he buoys, and hose who join hem he exploi e s o he wo king people. Wha
would Li huanian pa isans be called oday, o would he e m "bandi " be educed
o " e o is " in e na ionally?
The e m "pa isan" is o en used as a synonym o he ideological and poli ical
concep o "pa isan" as opposed o he concep o "s iboko" (also known as
"s iboko", "sk eboko", "lyudies gynėju" and o he s). Some imes he con ex ual
an onyms o pa isan can be o he lexemes: kagėbis as, communis , o example. :
And he pa isans and he s ibus o build one in G e on is a disas e oday. I is uly absu d when
he same medal is awa ded o a esis ance igh e o a pa isan who ough o Li huanian eedom,
and a kagėbis as who c ushed ha eedom. In addi ion o he abo e, he e a e also a numbe o
o he examples o synonyms o he wo d "pa isan" in he li e a u e: o example, in Jus in
Sajauskas minia u e no el "Neužmi š ami Su alkijos a dai" he pa isans a e also called
"pa isans" (p. 72 and k . o es men (p. 52 and k .), o es b o he s (p. 66) and k . 13 Kon eks iniai
synonyms whose synonymic ela ions a e empo a y, i.e. hey become synonyms only in ce ain
con ex s (Pikčilingis 1975: 209 […] 2014; 130). The wo d "an onym" is used o e e o a se o wo ds o
ph ases ha a e used in e changeably in a gi en con ex (e.g., "an onym" in he con ex o a gi en
wo d, "an onym" in he con ex o a gi en wo d, "an onym" in he con ex o a gi en wo d,
"an onym" in he con ex o a gi en wo d, "an onym" in he con ex o a gi en wo d). 15 S ibas
(Russian: Истребитель) […] membe o he ci ilian a med b igades o he So ie au ho i ies, who helped
he occupie s in Li huania o ca y ou ep essions in 1944-1954. In he pos -wa pe iod, wo di isions
o he People's Commissa ia o In e nal A ai s (NKVD), se e al bo de oop egimen s, abou 7
housand so-called " ebels" and secondly, bo h So ie pa y ac i is s ough agains he pa isans in
Li huania. In 1952, he e we e 30 soldie s and s ike s o he Minis y o S a e Secu i y o he USSR (MGB) pe pa isan (S a kauskas 2001: 77; Vėliū ė 2009: 7).

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
Šiame s aipsnyje pa izano sinonimai i an onimai plačiau neanalizuojami i
no o include a common sample. The a icle, using he me hods o concep analysis o he Lublin
School o E hnolinguis ics, aims o cla i y how he Li huanian pa isan is concep ualized and
ca ego ized in he publicis discou se, wha is i s cogni i e de ini ion. Resea che s o cogni i e
e hnolinguis ics look a language as an in eg al pa o cul u e. Thei pu pose is o show wha is
igge ed in he speake 's consciousness when a pe son says o hea s a wo d in a ce ain
con ex (Sme ona 2018: 179). The con en o he cogni i e de ini ion is o a cogni i e na u e; I 's
abou igu ing ou how speake s unde s and a hing, how hey ca ego ize he a ibu es and
e alua ions o ha hing. This de ini ion is e lec ed in he i a based on h ee ypes o da a:
he language sys em, ques ionnai es and ex s ( o mo e on he cogni i e e hnolinguis ics
sus eikšmės požymius – cen inius i pe i e inius, deno acinius i kono acinius.
G iež ai laikan is nusis a y os me odologijos, koncep o analizė u ė ų bū i a lik-
me hodology, see Ru ko ska, Sme ona, Sme onienė 2017: 29 […] 35). In his a icle, as al eady
men ioned, only da a om con empo a y jou nalis ic ex s a e analyzed mo e widely.
The e o e, i is impo an o emphasize ha he de ini ion o pa izan cogni ion gi en he e is
no absolu e and inal, i is o mula ed a e only one ype o ex analysis. In he u u e, his
de ini ion should be supplemen ed by sys ema ic, o namen al ex s and ques ionnai e da a.
His o ians began o in es iga e he ac i i ies o he pos -wa pa isans in de ail a e hei
ebi h and egained hei eedom16. In he hi y yea s o independence, many books, a icles,
pa isan memoi s, pho o albums, song collec ions, e c. ha e been w i en on his opic. A ydas
Anušauskas, Nijolė Gaškai ė, Dalia Kuody ė, Algis Kašė a, Boni acas Ule ičius, Rū a Gab ielė
Vėliū ė and o he esea che s om he Li huanian Cen e o he S udy o Genocide and
Resis ance o he Popula ion ha e w i en ex ensi ely and in de ail on his subjec . Mindaugas
Pocius (2005) s udied pa isan esis ance in Li huania and he igh agains he coloniza ion o
he accused esiden s; Mingailė Ju ku ė's esea ch (2016) was on he memo y o he Li huanian
pa isan wa (2017) desc ibes he places o he pa isan wa , hei immo aliza ion and
possession in independen Li huania. The Pa isan Wa and i s pa icipan s in he in e es s o
li e a y schola s and in hei songs and poems was desc ibed by he an h opologis Romas
( emian is so ie iniais, ie iniais i išei ijos pasakojimais); Ais ė Pe auskienė
Vaš okas (1966). As a uni e si y p o esso , he was accompanied by poli ical scien is Vy au as
S anley Va džio (1969), publicis Kazimie o Vidiko (1962), his o ian Kęs učio G iniaus (1990),
an opologai. Poka io pa izano aizdinį lie u ių g ožinėje li e a ū oje (p ozo-
Romualdo Misiūno, Reino Taagepe os (1992) and o he s.
šiuolaikiniuose lie u ių au o ių omanuose aizduojami Lie u os pa izanai i
16 Išei ijoje apie pa izaninį judėjimą poka io Lie u oje im a ašy i daug anksčiau, ž . Oklahomos
da bus.
17 See he ull me ic a he end o his a icle, in he lis o li e a u e.
A icles o he T ea y
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
Ne ijus B azauskas (2015) examined gue illa wa a e as i ac ualizes he concep
o collec i e memo y and as i in e p e s his o y. The cogni i e aspec o he
pa isan igu e is s ill unknown. The linguis s o Vilnius Uni e si y, based on he
cogni i e e hnological p inciples o mula ed by Je zio Ba miński, ha e s udied a
numbe o concep s: UGNIES, VANDENS, NAM, ŠEIMOS, DARBO, EUROPOS, LAISVS,
GARBS and e c. ; In he u u e, i is planned o explo e he concep s o SVEIKATOS,
TEISINGUMO, TVYNS, SIELOS and o he s (see in mo e de ail Ru ko ska, Sme ona,
Sme onienė 2017: 15-16). The image o he pa isan in he Li huanian language has no
ye been w i en, so i makes sense o o mula e he concep o he pa isan
based on he analysis o publicis ic ex s. While i is clea ha he eal wo ld in
speech will ne e be ully exp essed, e lec ed, old, i will ne e be ep esen ed in
e ms o he wo ld, on he o he hand, in speech one can expec o be abou he
wo ld some hing ha has ne e been, is no and will no be in i (Ozolas 2003: 91). This
seman ic s udy is ele an in oday's con ex ; In he s udy o he ma e ial,
e o s we e made o a oid as much as possible p econcei ed no ions o
s e eo ypes o med in socie y, simply looking a wha concep s a ise by
seman ically analyzing indi idual examples and hen linking hem o he whole and
mo ing owa ds a b oade gene aliza ion. In he u u e, as al eady men ioned, i
would be possible o supplemen he de ini ion o pa isan cogni ion by ex ac ing
da a om dic iona ies, p ose ex s and ques ionnai es.
1. Pa y leade :
Speci ic pe sonali y
DLKT illus a ions show ha he concep o pa isanship is no uni o m in
Li huanian consciousness. In ou collec i e memo y, he pa isan is usually
associa ed ei he wi h a speci ic, clea ly named pe son, o wi h an abs ac , uniden i ied igu e.
1.1. Konk ečios asmenybės į a dijimas
The illus a ions ha indica e a speci ic pe sonali y in e ms o seman ic
in o ma ion a e di ided in o se e al g oups.
1) Illus a ions in which a pa isan is called by h ee pe sonal names: his i s
name, las name and nickname. A pseudonym is a manda o y pa isan
a ibu e, o example. :
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
184 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
A pa isan, s anding in a squad, had o ake an oa h, choose each one
slapy a dį18.
A nickname is usually w i en a e a nickname, a e a sho ened i s
and las name, e.g. :
On July 6, 1946, a pa isan o he Uni ed Kęs u is Dis ic was killed in he Py agi Fo es .
This is Al onso Jokubauskas-Šu a.
The e a e cases when a nickname is w i en in b acke s a e an unab idged
i s and las name, e.g. :
I is old by he o me pa isan o he […]T imi o[…] b igade Vincas G inkus
[…]Ka iūnas[…], cu en ly li ing in Vilnius.
The su name Teks yne is some imes w i en a e a sho ened i s and las
name, a e a nickname and a nickname, e.g. :
Pa isan Vy au as Čekai is-Mėnulis, who was also an NKVD agen "Rels", ne e
belonged o he "Vy en" gang, bu knew abou he exis ence o his gang. Ra e
cases whe e a su name is w i en a e an unab idged i s and las name in
b acke s o b acke s and b acke s, e.g. And on ha day, ou pa isans, Tomas
Kond a (B iedis), Adol as Bilinskas (Ju ginas), Na ickas (Ka das) and Š alkus
(Še nas) we e on hei way o Plu ule ičius. Pa izano Pe o G ilausko (Gi iečio)
w o e down his memo ies. This is An anas Šimėnas. In a e cases, he nickname is
gi en i s , ollowed by he eal one, which is no sho ened 2) Se e al hund ed
a das i pa a dė, p z.:
Žu o pa izanas Jaunu is-Jonas Ku as.
illus a ions ha e been ound in he ex in which he pa isan is in oduced by
wo pe sonal names: he sho ened (mo e a ely sho ened) name and su name,
e.g. :
A pa isan om ou illage, Kazys Ve šulis, was also killed. Pa isan K. G e gždys
ied o ge close o he s able, eleased he ho ses, bu he was killed immedia ely.
3) The e a e many illus a ions in which we ind only he name o a pa isan,
e.g. Jazakėnas was a b a e and na cissis ic pa isan. In 1953, a pa isan
named Palubecka led he Chekis s o his bunke . 4) Se e al sen ences we e
ound ha ga e only he name o he pa isan, e.g. :
The e's only one pa isan in he alley, Paul.
18 Kaip jau minė a, y imui isa empi inė medžiaga ink a iš Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks yno, odėl
he speci ic me ic is no indica ed sepa a ely o each example. 19 As is well known, a common
pe sonal name may also ha e been used as a nickname du ing he wa . I is di icul o say wha
unc ion a pe sonal name ul ills in hese sen ences (naming a name o a nickname). Fo
išsiaiškin i eikė ų pla esnio kon eks o, ien 300 ženklų eks yno ko kondanso neuž enka.
S aipsniai / A icles 185
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
Balys Bislys, nickname Lokys, Jonas and Augus Medikiai, nicknames Aidas and Tuz,
a ishe man and pa isan, called Juozu om he Sou h, whose su name could no
be cla i ied.
5) In many illus a ions, only he name o he pa isan is men ioned. As al eady
men ioned, his is a manda o y pa isan a ibu e, e.g. One pa isan, nicknamed
Tankis , was killed. The e ha e been a ew cases whe e he nickname is w i en in
b acke s, e.g. I is also w i en ha he ope a ion was led by […]Jungas[…], a
pa isan om he neighbo ing illage o Pačiudiški.
Speaking abou he naming o a speci ic pe son, i is possible o p oceed o he
analysis o he cha ac e is ics o he ypical pa isan concep . Selec ed
examples om he DLKT show ha when desc ibing a Li huanian gue illa
igh e , i is necessa y o alk abou : his place and ime o o igin, belonging o a
amily, amily, egion, mili a y e i o ial uni , du ies held, social s a us,
cha ac e is ics o he way ( a ely […] ex e nal), place and ime o s uggle and
dea h, ac i i ies o pa isanship (and i s e alua ion), ela ionship wi h he en i onmen and ela i es, e e ni y, place o mo al es .
1.2. Place and ime o bi h
The iden i y o he pa y as a whole consis s o many de ails. The ex con ains
some sen ences abou he place o o igin o he pa isan. Some imes he illage
o bi h is indica ed, e.g. :
Pa isan G ozdas-Lapelis Lapelis is om he illage o Žibuči. In some cases, he
a ilia ion o he pa isan o he illage, he peasan , e c., is indica ed, bu i is no
always clea whe he i is he place o bi h, whe he i was inhabi ed, o only a
coa , o example. Poka is, he hanged man, he amous Juodsodė pa isan
Di meikis, whose dead body was ne e seen.
S asys Ju ke ičius and one pa isan om T oškūnai died in he ba le. Publicis
ex s alk abou ac ually li ing (o s ill li ing) pa isans, so o en qui e a ew
speci ic biog aphical ac s a e p esen ed in he same sen ence. O en he exac
da e o bi h is gi en alongside he place o bi h, e.g. :
Pa izan Pe as Kemeklis was bo n in 1923 in Ša kių k., Jūžin ų lsč., Rokiškio
dis ic . The s o y is old by An anas Žibu is (bo n in 1937 in Ma iniškių k.,
G e a gimimo da os ame pačiame sakinyje pa eikiama i ki okių išsamių
Taujėnų alsčiuje). pe sonal da a (such as du a ion o enlis men , du ies o
he uni , place o dea h, da e, ci cums ances, e c.). :
Pa isan An ano Ba ausko-Vėja aikio (19131945), who died in he command o J.
Kučą-Finką, was sough in he ceme e y o Pane ėžys Old Town, bu was no ound.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
192 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
The pa isan who was conside ed a knigh esembled e en his eligious spi i ,
which accompanied he public and pe sonal li e o he pa isan.
In his con ex , eligiosi y is unde s ood in a much b oade sense, no jus as ai h,
wo ship. Acco ding o Algi das Julius G eimas, […] esis an s a e uni ed by one ai h,
and he esis ance council is a eligious cong ega ion wi h i s ma y s, i s
asce ics[…] (G eimas 1991: 306); I is a speci ic emo ional a mosphe e in which a
wo ld iew de elops and is expe ienced. Ra ely do hey men ion indi idual
cha ac e is ics, e.g. The e a e w i en he wo ds o he p ophe Bali, ha in
Li huania he u u e lo ds o ou nobles will be sepa a ed, he i s will be bo n, and
in he mean ime he eal pa isan, he humble and he silen , may be o go en.
All pa isans a e gues s in his land, hey won' be able o s ay long, so hey
won' be hi ed. The sad, i ed eyes o Tom Vizba -Lebedge, a gue illa igh e
who is inishing his eigh h decade.
The mos equen ly men ioned posi i e cha ac e is ics o he pa isan way o li e, al hough ecognized:
No e e y pa isan o pa icipan in he la e unde g ound o ganiza ions was a
decen o unblemished pe son.
The beha io o pa isans was also la gely in luenced by a ious egula ed
s a u es, ules, ins uc ions, no ma i e ac s o simple p ohibi ions, e.g.
Pa isans we e o bidden o all in lo e and d ink. Pa isans we e s ic ly
o bidden o d ink, so as no o lose hei igilance, so as no o dis u b hei
sleep o e e .
Analyzing he illus a ions, i becomes clea how idealized he pa isans' way is:
hey a e ex emely b a e, eligious, esilien , mo ally s ong, loyal o hei
ideals pa io s. E en oday his o ians acknowledge ha he esis ance
s uggle had a "special emo ional a mosphe e, a belie , a di e en pe cep ion
o alues han in no mal li e" (Anušauskas 2004: 250).
1.9. Ex e nal ea u es
The e a e e y ew sen ences in he ex ha indica e he ex e nal
cha ac e is ics o he pa isans. A pe son's appea ance is no essen ial in he
ace o cons an s uggle o dea h. I is men ioned only when commen ing on
pho og aphs, emembe ing one o ano he speci ic pe son, e.g. :
The Resis ance was no only a de e en o he So ie s. Today we ealize ha he pa isan mo emen
and i s wo ld iew had an impac on he o igins o he Union (Landsbe gis 1999: 257). Acco ding o
his o ians, he esis ance was bo n om he genocide o he people, and he Union […] […] su i ed i s
baby, ex ac ed om he en ails o he mu de ed mo he […] (Guda ičius 1999: 670).

S aipsniai / A icles 193
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
Š iesus jaunuolis, nuo aukoje s o in is a p d asiškių – pa izanas Juozas
I 's a who ehouse.
The olde pa isan was o medium heigh wi h a mous ache on his o ehead, no
longe young and esembling a common ci izen. The main a ibu e o a pa isan is
a weapon, o example. E en wi h guns, aken om he dead pa isans, he special
squad was a med. The gua ds ga e he sho o he cap u ed pa isan. The local
gue illas we e no a aid: a ha ime hey we e al eady well a med, had an
a ia ion machine gun, a mo a gun, and se e al au oma ic i les.
1.10. S a ing ime o he pa isan ac ion
Dažniausiai nu odomas ikslus pa izana imo p adžios laikas: ilius acijose
minimi konk e ūs me ai, me ų laikas a mėnuo, p z.:
The pa y was ounded in 1945 in he dis ic o U enas. In he la e au umn o
1944, he Sniulians became pa isans. In ea ly 1945, he joined he Pa isans and
ough un il he sp ing o 1953, when he was a es ed and sho in 1954. In Ap il
1945, he e i ed om legal li e and began a pa isan pa h h ough he Vanago
Valley.
App oxima ely he ime is ma ked by seconda y conjunc i e e bs, e.g. :
When i became unsa e he e oo, he wen o he pa isans Ša ūna and Rūgš ymą in Šimonių gi ią.
And when his pa en s and sis e le o he Wes a he end o he wa , Oleg
joined he Li huanian pa isans.
Wa , occupa ion, and so on a e e y common wo ds wi h an app oxima e ime
alue. Fo example: :
Du ing he yea s o he So ie occupa ion, he son o J. Aleksa wen o he
pa isans. One o hei sons, Pe e , joined he pa isans du ing he wa . She
also me he cousin Jon Kazlauska, emembe ed ano he cousin […] Juoz
Kazlauska, who wen o he pa isans a e he wa and died a he hands o he s ike s.
1.11. Pa izanų eikla
Pa isan men began immedia ely a e he wa , bu eal pa isan ac i i y began
only a e aking an oa h: "S anding in he anks o he pa isans, he men ga e
saiką, bu o su ašomas pa eigų ėjimo lapas, 1946 m. į es os ka inės uni o mos,
hei ini ia ion and iden i ica ion ma ks" (Anušauskas 2004: 247). This is e idenced
eks yno pa yzdžiai:
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 194 LXXIX is he i s o i s kind in he Eu opean Union.
In he mon h o Augus 1944, in he Pla elian o es , in he gue illa camp, Gen.
iejus Pečiulionis, pakėlęs dešinę anką, iškilmingai ka ojo p iesaikos žodžius.
L . MoTačiau J. Zemai is ejec s he li e-gi ing p oposals and emains loyal
o he oa hs aken by he soldie and he gue illa.
Teks yne as a kele as sakinių, ku iuose pa izaninė eikla apibūdinama
by he e y desc ip i e, e.g. :
Pa isans a e obliged o ca y ou p opaganda, agi a ion and explana o y
wo k o he people.
Mos o en, pa isan ac i i ies a e ma ked by a ew dozen ac i e ac ions
o he ac i is s. The e a e se e al b igh e g oups o such e bs. Sliding,
mo ing e bs: o come, o un, o ca ch, o su ound, o d i e, and so on.
Fo example: :
By he ime hey saw ha he illage was su ounded by pa isans, i was
oo la e. The ollowing de ini ions apply: o cu , o igh , o kill, o occupy,
o des oy, o plunde , o shoo , o shoo , o shoo , o a ack, e c. Fo
example: He was caugh on he oad nea he place whe e he pa isans
we e shoo ing wi h sc ape s and soldie s.
And he pa isans con inued o igh , hoping o gain independence soon. O he
e bs o ac i e ac ion will a y: o punish, o be ay, o pass on, o dig, o
des oy, o oppose, o ollow, o con ac , o s eng hen, e c. Fo example, in
1946 we s a ed publishing ou own newspape "Li huanian Pa isan"26. In
pa icula , hey we e ha assed by secu i y in o man s and agen s and So ie
ac i is s, and he pa isans wa ned, punished, and killed hem. The illus a ions
a ely alk abou compa ing he passi e ac i i ies o he pa isans27 (i is no
exp essed in speci ic ac i e ac ions). Such ac i i ies a e p ima ily
cha ac e ized by a ious speech ac ions: alking, speaking, elling,
emembe ing, e c. Fo example: :
And oday's su i ing gue illa igh e , Juozas Jaka onis, old how, as a child,
he caugh a hai y li le gi l on Me ki's lap. As he pa isan J. Kadžionis-Bėda
emembe s, he clashes wi h he s ikes and he
ei iais uo me u ykda o dažnai.
26 Since 1945, he esis ance p ess has been allowed h oughou Li huania in […] illages, o es s,
emo e unde g ound hiding places. Each dis ic had a leas one pe iodical. Mo e han 70 newspape
i les we e allowed (Gaškai ė 1997: 96; Vėliū ė 2009: 110). In he con ex o he gue illa mo emen , he
combina ion o he wo ds "passi e ac i i y" and "passi e esis ance" is used condi ionally, because
he adjec i e "passi e" in i s main meaning con adic s he concep o esis ance. The e o e,
pasy i eikla čia sup an ama kaip išo iškai neiš eikš a, yks an i žmogaus iduje (plg. Gaškai ė,
Kuody ė, Kašė a, Ule ičius 1996: 9).
A icles by a icle 195
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
Some sayings speak o ac ions aking place wi hin he pa isan: hinking,
hinking, d eaming, belie ing, exagge a ing, and so on. Fo example: Li huania,
which he Li huanian pa isans d eamed o . The pa isans came up wi h he
idea o uni ing all o Li huania in a dea h s uggle. Ob iously, in he ex ,
when alking abou pa isan ac i i ies, much mo e ac i e ac ion e bs a e
used. Busan, i.e. he inac i e ela ion o ac ion, is used ela i ely li le in
ac ion wo ds.
1.12 Rela ionships wi h he en i onmen and ela i es
Mos o en, communica ion wi h he en i onmen is main ained h ough
communica o s, e.g. She is a suppo e o he pa isans o he Tau o dis ic , a
liaison o ice and a suppo e o Ona Gogai ė-Ma čiukė, who hid he pa isans and s abbed hem.
O he suppo e s o pa isan ac i i ies (indi iduals, chu ches, e c.) a e lis ed
in he ex . When hey became su e ha he Li huanian people suppo ed he
pa isans, he occupie s began mass depo a ions o Sibe ia.
Li huanian pa isans suppo ed he chu ch, so he mo emen was ela i ely
s onge . A dona ion o $1,700 was made o suppo he Li huanian pa isans, o
which $1,000 was dona ed by Ru a Sakienė, he dead husband Pe e 's dead b o he
p isimin i.
Ilius acijose kalbama apie pa izanų palik us a imuosius, ku iuos jie bando
o isi he pa isans ali e o a leas in hough : i s o all mo he , sis e , as
a ely speaks o a he s, b o he s, sons, daugh e , wi e, e c. Fo example: This
has been expe ienced by mo e han one pa isan mo he o sis e . Pa izano's
pa en s, Jonas and Ma ijona, we e exiled o Sibe ia along wi h hei son S asi's
wi e, Gene.
The nex mos impo an pe son in he li e o a pa isan a e his mo he is his
sis e . The b o he o Ka ina (a pseudonym) who was a pa isan and e u ned
om he a my on aca ion had allen in o hei hands.
I aised he son o a gue illa...
The Li huanian Cou o Appeal issued a uling in a o o he daugh e o he
mu de ed pa isan on Wednesday.
Vie oj sa ęs pap ašė ap ūpin i padi b u pasu ieno pa izano žmoną.
I a ely men ion dis an ela i es: a he -in-law, g and a he and so on. Fo example, 28
In e es ingly, he mos equen e e ences in gue illa songs a e o he mo he , sis e and
lo e : in 104 gue illa songs, he mo he is men ioned 112 imes, he lo e […] 50 imes, he b o he […] 47 imes, he sis e […] 32 imes,
ė as – 17 ka ų, o žmona neminima nė ka o (Vaš okas 1969: 6).
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
Valdas Ščiglinskas, g andson o Li huanian sa an Ju gis Naudis, wi h his wi e Rima
and sons Edga and E aldu, pa isan D agūno's b o he -in-law Al ons Sapijanskas,
o he pa icipan s belonging o he Poli ical P isone s and P isone s Union. Sk eba
ook him o he illage o Dauman a nigh o he pa isan uncle and bu ied him in
he kinde ga en.
1.13 Time and place o he igh
The mos common ime sign i sel is he objec name poka is, e.g. A e he
e i al, he su i ing gue illas ga he ed whe e hey bu ied he bu ied emains
o hei iends and bu ied hem in he ceme e y o A iogalos. Minimised and
p ecise igh ing yea s, mon hs, days, e.g. in 1944-1945 he dis ic pa isans
ca ied ou many comba ope a ions, des oyed he So ie c ews and
adminis a i e ins i u ions o smalle owns. Du ing he i s pog om, on he
nigh o June 25-26, Li huanian pa isans killed mo e han 1,500 Jews, bu ned o
o he wise des oyed se e al synagogues, and bu ned down a Jewish qua e o
abou 60 houses. O en he ime o day is men ioned […] mo ning, e ening, nigh ,
e.g. A dawn, he saw pa isans leeing om he o es . In he e ening, when i s
comple ely da k, we h ow away ou mili a y obes, change in o pa isans and go
o he illages.
Du ing he nigh , he pa isans blew up he house o he […] aldžios[…]. The
ypical geog aphical loca ion o he igh is he o es . This place o s uggle is
ma ked by he app oach o he o es s o junipe s and daik a a ds, which
boas a ious o ms o en e ainmen . The place o he igh can be abs ac
(jus a o es o a g o e), o example. My a he wen o he o es wi h he
pa isans igh a e he une al. Abu wa ched he pa isans lea e he o es
in peace. Ghana o en e e s o a speci ic o es , e.g. When he pa isans om
he Obeli egion wi hd ew o he Ignalina o es in 1949, An anina main ained
con ac s h ough he newsman A amin. Residen s, who we e wonde ing abou
pa isans s aying somewhe e in he Lėno gi ios ank, shook hei shoulde s.
I was o de ed o mee wi h he pa isans o Simon's a my, wi h he uni o
Pe e Masilion (Napoleon).
Poka io pa izanai ko ėsi i užda ose e d ėse. Dažniausiai požeminės užmas-
The hiding places o gue illa igh e s a e called bunke s, o example. In he
bunke wi h hem we e o he pa isans: Juozas Ža žojus […] Jazminas, Adelė
Talu y ė, Kazys Kniazys.
A icles and a icles 197
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
Y a žinoma iš pačių čekis ų dokumen ų a ne kai ku ių so ie inės is o iog a ijos
sou ces ha he pa isans some imes ins alled wo-s o y bunke s. The
a es place o hide unde g ound is called a hiding place, o example. F om he
e y beginning, he pa isans in he Sudeiki Moun ains, on a hill ( he place was
called he Sa i Moun ains), had a la ge, e y well-equipped hiding place wi h beds,
a shed. The loca ion o he bunke is no indica ed in he illus a ions, e.g. I
seems o me ha he Li huanian pa isans in he bunke s we e he ees .
Ragu oj is s ill ali e, a liaison o ice who wi nessed he o u e o he
gue illas who we e aken om he bunke .
In some sen ences we ind in o ma ion ha he bunke is ins alled in he
o es , in he o es , e c. Fo example: :
The bunke in which B onė Žemguly ė was kep wi h a ew o he pa isans was hidden
in a suspiciously low place in he Aisėnų o es , a couple o kilome e s om he
Vei i žėnų […] P iekulės oad.
F om he illus a ions, we lea ned ha bunke s we e also ins alled on he
es a e's e i o y (unde he ki chen, a he pie , in he basemen , e c.), e.g.
The same bunke was ins alled unde he pi im o a man who helped he
pa isans.
The Czechs ca ied ou an ope a ion: hey ied o ake ali e he pa isans in
he bunke unde he ki chen.
1.14 Dea hs
Pa isans a e people o agic des iny. Acco ding o his o ians, abou 20
housand pa isans died in Li huania be ween 1944 and 1953. Acco ding o he
s a is ics o 1945, "e e y day in Li huania 27 eedom igh e s we e killed"
(Gaškai ė, Kuody ė, Kašė a, Ule ičius 1996: 352). The ex con ains many sen ences
abou he dea h o eedom igh e s. The dea h o a pa isan can be any hing.
Mos o he pa isans died in he igh ing, e.g. In Kau yn, he commande and 22 pa isans we e killed.
Juozas Di meikis-Diemedis, a pa isan o he secu i y b igade, was killed, and Ed a das
Ba čas-Adzius, a wounded pa isan, was aken in o cus ody. O he s die o wounds, bu ns,
and so o h. Fo example: The wounds had o be bandaged wi hou any anes hesia,
wi hou any painkille s, 29 De ailed pa isan bunke s desc ibed in he book Gaška Niji ė
(Gaška Niji ė 1997: 74-81)

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
An ai Kup eliškio (Kupiškio ajonas) kunigas An anas Valan inas MGB nu o-
he poisoned he pa isans wi h poisoned d ink wo o hem died, i e we e a es ed.
Pa isans o en commi ed suicide, o example, because hey did no wan o gi e
in o hei enemies and be ay hei own. People saw him as a pa isan, co e ed in
blood, ell down, s abbed himsel and, pu ing a g enade o his head, exploded. The
las pa isan o Vy au as dis ic , An anas K aujelis […]Siaubūnas[…], was killed in
he enci clemen . The las pa isan o Zemlai is dis ic , P anas Končius, was killed.
Adam, wha a e you doing?
The mo ally wounded ask o be killed by hei com ades-in-a ms, e.g. hey ha e
K auju užlie omis akimis me din is pa izanas p a a ė: „P ibaik mane, b oli“.
Mi is – nuola inė pa izanų palydo ė. Jie egi sa o bend ažygių žū is, ka ais
o kill hei mo ally wounded com ades, hey igh and send hei enemies o
ano he wo ld, hey eel s ongly hei own empo a iness, because hey see dea h in hei eyes e e y day.
1.15 Time and place o dea h
Exac ime o dea h is e y o en indica ed in ex ile samples. The exac
yea o dea h is o en men ioned, e.g. :
I is belie ed ha he las pa isan in he Vy sia egion died in 1959. On he
same day, his son, Algi das Va kala, who died in 1948, was awa ded he O de
o he Whi e C oss o he 2nd deg ee. Examples include no only he yea o
dea h, bu also he mon h, day, e.g. in Ap il 1952 he las pa isans o he
G ani o dis ic died. He was killed on 13 No embe 1949 along wi h his
com ades-in-a ms, János Dagel and Gin á .
Danu e Do ydėnai e om he ci y o Su deg.
O en, he ime o dea h is ied o a speci ic loca ion, e.g. G ažina's a he ,
he pa isan Jonas Bunikis, died in he ea ly mo ning o Augus 1947 nea he
es a e o An anas Šmuilis, a esiden o he illage o Pypliškė. The ime o
dea h o he las Kuop pa isan P anas Ju kėnas-Eimu is om he Dabužiai
Ki kų kaimo žu o 1954-aisiais Gab ėnų miške.
dis ic o Rečiau is no so speci ic […] i is simply he ime o he yea , e.g. :
Ki ą asa ą Vešeikių miške bu o nušau i ys pa izanai – Balys Pu imas, Si-
Ru i om Bikūnai illage and G igaliūnas om Do ainiai.
30 Mo ališkai i i pa izanai, pa ekę į be il išką padė į, no ėdami iš eng i a eš o i kankinimų a -
dan , ned ejodami susisp ogdinda o a nusišauda o. Žinoma daugiau kaip 500 okių a ejų (LK
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles and a icles 199
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
The ex con ains many illus a ions ha speci y a e y p ecise place o
dea h: a speci ic illage, a illage, a dis ic , o example. The illage o
Ki as mano bend amokslis pa izanas Pe as Pociūnas žu o 1947 m. ko o 4 d.
Mas oni (Del u a oi odeship).
Is i possible o unde s and wha he news o he dea h o he second son o he
pa isan, Jonah, in he illage o Raišup, mean o he o men ed soul?
The ci cums ances o dea h a e o en speci ied, e.g. :
While I was wai ing, I hea d ha a gue illa igh e and h ee o his com ades had been killed.
On 13 June 1946, in he illage o Gediminaiči (Š ėkšnos dis ic ), he es a e o
An ano No il was issued.
On Ma ch 17, 1965, du ing a mili a y ope a ion led by KGB commande Nachman
Dušanskis, An anas and Onas Pinke ičius we e killed by he las Li huanian
pa isan, An anas K aujelis, who had p e iously des oyed he documen s. As can
be seen om he examples, in almos all cases, when i comes o he dea h o a
gue illa, he e is a connec ion be ween a speci ic ime and a speci ic space.
1.16 The Place o E e nal Res
Be ween 1944 and 1945, he dead we e usually le in he place o dea h, so he
ela i es we e allowed o bu y hem sec e ly (Gaškai ė 1997: 49). In he ex
he e is mo e han one illus a ion abou sec e ly bu ied pa isans, e.g. In
unequal ba les, bo h pa isans we e killed and he connec o s we e sec e ly
bu ied in he Pu iliškio kapinai ėse.
The pa isans who died in hese ba les we e sec e ly bu ied in he ceme e y
o Lėno pa ish. Howe e , he e a e incompa ably mo e sayings ha men ion
ha o u ed pa isans' co pses a e h own on he ma ke squa es o owns,
on he loo s, pushed in o he walls o buildings, e c. Fo example: :
The wounded pa isans we e hen b ough o Va ėna and h own on he
sca old ou side he NKVD headqua e s.
They ook he dead pa isans o Ka a ska, pu hem agains he wall, ook pic u es,
yčiojosi, spa dė.
In he sp ing o 1945, I saw he i s dead pa isans in he own squa e. I 's c uel,
bu i 's a ai ly common sigh a he ime. In o de o in imida e he inhabi an s, he
enka ėdis ai o en ook he ic ims o he owns and bu ied hem in public places.
Such ac ions we e o icially called " ecogni ion", bu in eali y hei pu pose was
o denounce he dead and show he li ing wha a e awai s e e yone, in he woods,
pasi inkusių ko os kelią (Gaškai ė 1997: 50).
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ras a pa yzdžių, ku iuose kalbama, kad la onai paliekami pū i a i ose e d-
and o be bu ied anywhe e (in g a es, in g a el pi s, in ponds, nea ga dens, in
o es s, e c.), e.g. :
Unde s and, well, ha hund eds o housands we e depo ed, imp isoned,
mu de ed, well, ha he bodies o he pa isans we e bu ied...
The bodies o he ishing pa isans we e aken and dumped in Rokiškio Squa e,
and la e bu ied in he moa behind he own.
No only did he build c osses in ceme e ies, ans e ing pa isan emains
om g a el, di ches, and pi s, bu in he land o Li huania, which was mos ly
bu ied by co pses. Today, he places whe e he blood o pa isans is shed a e
ma ked wi h c osses, memo ial plaques, monumen s, e c., bu he desec a ed
co pses a e s ill ali e in he memo y o he olde gene a ion.
1.17 Assessmen o pa isan ac i i y and link o
he p esen
In he ex , we ind se e al examples in which an a emp is made o
e alua e he ac i i ies o he annual pa isans, hei s uggles, be ayals, e c. Fo example: :
He was alking abou us pa isans anyway.
The e we e c iminals among he pa isans, bu he pa isans we e no c iminals.
And hen you can alk abou speci ic pa isans, pa isans and non-pa isans. One
nus, nelabai ge us pa izanus i isai blogus pa izanus.
Kai kas jau anksčiau mūsų pa izanus bu o sug upa ęs į kelias ka ego i-
idealis s, he o he o ced o go ou in o he woods due o he ci cums ances, he
hi d e ugees.
In mos o he illus a ions, he posi i e e alua ion o he pa isans is spoken o :
hey a e called he oes o he na ion, he oes, legends, hei blood is conside ed
hono able, holy, e c. Fo example: :
So i is no o no hing ha pa isans a e called na ional he oes, he oes, and so
on. The s uggle o he Li huanian pa isans was he oic, because igh ing,
knowing ha you would no win and die, was a sign o he g ea es he oism.
In he songs o Poka io, he pa isans a e empha ically ea ed as pa io s o
hei homeland, de ende s o i s people.
E en his place is ma ked wi h he blood, li e and holiness o a gue illa. They a e clea ly iden i ied wi h
31 Ypač yškus pa izano kaip au os did y io į aizdis pa izaninėse dainose i poezijoje. Čia pa iza-
adi ional Li huanian olklo e o his o y he oes: hey igh and die as gian s o he pada imas o
ma y s o he Ca holic chu ch (Vaš okas 1969: 23).
A icles published by A icles 201
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
Tačiau užsimenama, kad ka ais pa izanų eikla pe e inama a ba inka-
mai, objek y iai neį e inama, p z.:
The a icle associa es p imi i e pa io ism wi h people who end o idealize and
my hologize pos -wa gue illa s uggles.
Appa en ly, someone had and s ill has he igh o comp omise he pa isans,
o accuse hem o unnecessa y hings.
"We a e again s uck by he da k image o a pa isan", said Vy au as Kubilius. I was
necessa y o seize he blackmail, o be ay, i was necessa y o comp omise he
pa isans in he eyes o he people.
I is emphasized ha he pa isan s uggle was suppo ed by many people, e.g. Why
hasn' a decen man spoken a good wo d abou a s ibus? Why he pa isans lo ed,
suppo ed, hid, ea ed almos all Li huanian people, I know who is in dange o his.
The illage s lo ed and espec ed he pa isans, suppo ed and ca ed o hem. We
li e as one amily wi h he pa isans.
The e a e some sen ences ha e alua e he ac i i ies o pa isans nega i ely, o
example. You pu so-called pa isans in high places, and hey should be called bandi s...
and hose who claim o be " amous w i e s", in hei "documen a y" ou lines o
o he a icles and books, all o hem, as ag eed, po ay he pa isans as wo-legged
jackals, o e en be e , ampi es hi s y o he blood o So ie people and
disappea ing in he mo ning.
Ras a illus a ions, which alk abou he people killed by he pa isans, ep ession,
he un o ge able c uel y o some pa isans, un ounded iolence, e c., so
unnecessa y and unpleasan ac s, al hough some we e done no by he pa isans
hemsel es, bu in hei name, o example. Execu ions ca ied ou by pa isans
agains his ca ego y o pe sons we e conside ed con o e sial among he
pa isans hemsel es.
In he ea ly 1950s, he gue illas killed ci ilians, s ike s, ai o s, o
membe s o he secu i y o ces, shoo ing en i e amilies.
We s ill ha e su i ing pa isans oday. Looking a i om he p esen posi ion,
hey a e called exes. The li es o hese people connec he pas and he
p esen , o example. Yes e day, in he cou ya d o he Minis y o Na ional
De ense, he head o s a e, Valdas Adamkus, p esen ed he o me pa isans
wi h o de s and medals. In hose yea s, a g ay-hai ed gue illa igh e said on
he day o he massac e: "T us NATO, bu keep you mou h shu ".
Iš p aei ies į šiandieną il as iesiamas pe pa izanų aikus i aikaičius; aip
The connec ion be ween he pas and he p esen is main ained by he d eams
o he pa isans, he memo ies le behind, o example. :
S. Ne as spoke abou he s uggle o he pa isans, emphasizing ha " he
mos impo an hing we ha e oday is a ee Li huania, which he Li huanian pa isans d eamed o ".
I ši uos pa izanų a siminimus a labai skai ys jaunimas, šiandieniniai mokiniai?
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
208 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Gee s Di ck, P ospec s and p oblems o p o o ype heo y. Linguis ics
27(4), 141–165.
G ies Th. Co pus-based me hods and cogni i e seman ics: The many senses o unning. […]
Co po a in cogni i e linguis ics. Co pus-based app oaches o syn ax and lexis, ed. by S e an
Th. G ies, his is Ana ol S e anowi sch. This is Be lin. New Yo k: Mou on o he
G uy e , 57 o 99.
Guda ičius Ed a das 1999: The messianism o Li huania. […] The ex e mina ion o
Li huania and he na ional s uggle 1940[…]1998, sud. This is Izido ius Igna a ičius.
Vilnius: Vaga, 667[…]671. This is he name o he ci y in which i is loca ed.
Guda ičius Aloyzas (2009) E hnolinguis ics in he language o he people. Šiauliai: The publishing house o Šiauliai Uni e si y.
Jakai ienė E alda 2010: Lec iona y o he English language. Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y
publishing house. Ju ku ė Mingailė 2016: Memo y o he Li huanian gue illa wa : So ie ,
non-So ie and diaspo a na a i es. Summa y o doc o al disse a ion Vilnius Uni e si y,
The Li huanian ins i u e o his o y.
LK 1996: F eedom s uggles in he yea s 1944-1953. The collec ion o documen s, sud.
This is Dalia Kuody ė, Algis Kašė a. Vilnius: Li huanian Union o Poli ical P isone s
and Exiles, 1996. Kašė a Algis 1995: The ex en o an i-So ie esis ance in Li huania om 1944 o 1953
The a chi es o he s uggle o eedom 14, 65[…]70.
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Landsbe gis Vy au as 1999: The meaning o he Resis ance. […] The ex e mina ion o
Li huania and he na ional s uggle 1940[…]1998, sud. This is Izido ius Igna a ičius.
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dea h by li e. […] Wo k and days 24, 121[…]142.
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S aipsniai / A icles 209
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AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Pa isan o Pos wa Li huania
in he Discou se o Opinion Jou nalism
Summa y
Following he me hodology o concep ual analysis elabo a ed by he Lublin e hnolinguis ,
guis ic school, he a icle a emp s o ind ou how he Li huanian pa isan is concep ualised
ca ego ized in he discou se o opinion jou nalism and wha i s cogni i e de ini ion is. The
ad anced sea ch in he ex s o opinion jou nalism o he co pus o con empo a y li e a u e,
uanian Language ound app oxima ely 7,500 sen ences on pos wa Li huanian pa isans. By
s ic ly adhe ing o he chosen me hodology, he concep ual analysis should be pe o med on
he basis o h ee ypes o da a: language sys em, ques ionnai es, and ex s. The p esen
a icle ocuses on he da a o con empo a y ex s o opinion jou nalism only. Hence, i is
impo an o unde line ha he cogni i e de ini ion o he pa isan p oposed in he a icle is
no absolu e and ini e; i is based on he indings o he ex ual analysis o one ype only. This
de ini ion should be supplemen ed in he u u e a e s udying sys emic, ic ion and
ques ionnai e based da a. Schola s ha e no ye been d awn o s udy he image o he pa isan
in he Li huanian language and ou wo ld iews. The e o e, i is meaning ul o o mula e he
concep o he pa isan on he basis o he analysis o opinion jou nalism ex s. I is in e es ing
o see how ou consciousness pe cei es he pos wa pa isan oday and how much he
o ma ion o his concep is de e mined by a his o ical, poli ical and ideological con ex .
The seman ic analysis o he da a made i clea ha he iden i y o he pa isan is no
uni o m in he co pus. The pe cep ion o he pa isan in he discou se o opinion jou nalism is
h ee old: (1) as a pa icula , explici ly and accu a ely speci ied pe son; (2) as an abs ac ,
uniden i ied igu e; 3) as an un eal, alsi ied iden i y. A pa isan is a pa icipan in he gue illa
wa a e agains he egime o he So ie Union ha ook place in pos -wa Li huania
(1944-1953) wi h a known name, su name and nickname, yea o bi h (age) and place o bi h, he
pe iod o in ol emen in he gue illa wa a e, he place, ime and ci cums ances o igh ing,
dea h and bu ial, ma i al and social s a us, he pos s aken, he belonging o a speci ic mili a y
dis ic , pla oon, company, b igade o e hnog aphic egion, u al dis ic , coun yside,
dis ic , own o illage. A pa isan is usually a med, uni o med, ha ing aken an oa h,
cha ac e ized by ce ain cha ac e ai s and ex e nal ea u es, and usually main aining a
con ac wi h he en i onmen h ough su i ing pa isans o h ough pa isans' d eams,
memoi s, as well as he child en and g andchild en o allen pa isans. Today, hei memo y is
men h ough suppo e s. The connec ion be ween he pas and he p esen is main ained
hono ed h ough monumen s, c osses, commemo a i e s ones, ilms, books, ele ision
b oadcas s abou pa isans, e c. The e alua ion o hei ac i i ies is a he ambiguous. Mos
o he illus a ions na ion; Thei blood is conside ed sac ed, e c. ; Howe e , qui e a numbe o
sen ences also An uniden i ied pa isan means an unknown, un amilia , un ecognized,
A icles by A icles 211
Poka io Lie u os pa izanas publicis iniame disku se
speak abou hei posi i e e alua ion: hey a e e e ed o as he he oes and legends o he
o go en o concealed pe son wi hou a speci ic name and su name. An un eal pa isan
speak abou he mu de s, a oci ies, e c. commi ed by pa isans.
implies a pe son who is: 1) in he p e-pa isan s a e (no ye a pa isan, almos a pa isan, like a
pa isan); 2) hal -pa isan ( he iden i y is no ealised o he ull); 3) an alleged pa isan
(p e ended, disguised, camou laged, calling onesel a pa isan, in oducing onesel as a
pa isan, e c.).
The ma e ial o he co pus analyzed in he s udy leads o he conclusion ha a he end o he
20 h cen u y he pos -wa pa isan o en akes he o m o a oman icised, idealised, e en
my hologised igu e, as a ce ain ole model o be ollowed, as an ideal ci izen (wa io ) o
agic a e in he Li huanian consciousness. In oday's con ex he pa isan igu e eme ges as
a peculia sou ce o inspi a ion o he builde s o he s a e and i s common ci izens.
I should ne e heless be no ed ha such an image o he pa isan is p omp ed by he
ex s o opinion jou nalism o he la e wen ie h cen u y only. An analysis o he opinion
jou nalism o he 1950s and 1970s would b ing up an en i ely di e en de ini ion o he
pa isan, because he e alua ion and image o his igu e in people's consciousness is highly
dependen on he poli ical and his o ical con ex .
Deli e ed on 19 Sep embe 2018
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
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