S aipsniai / A icles 17
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
mokslinių y imų k yp ys: mo osin aksė, seman ika,
ypology and g amma ical hie a chies.
The DOI
TWO o THREE
Ac i i ies o he Wo ld
Li huanian language
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
The Posi ion o Two/Th ee Sen ence
Ad e bs in Li huanian Sen ences
ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is he place o […] in he sen ence usage o sen ence
p e ixes. Based on he ound examples, he a icle de ines he models o wo- h ee p eposi ions
in one sen ence. I is a emp ed o ind ou whe he he place o he adjec i e in a sen ence is
eally comple ely ee, and wo o h ee adjec i es can be used in one sen ence in any posi ion o
ha sen ence? I is es ablished whe e he mos common e bs a e used. The a icle is mainly
based on examples om he ex o he cu en Li huanian language compiled by he Kaunas VDU
Compu e Linguis ics Cen e and examples ound using he Google In e ne sea ch sys em.
ESMINIAI WORDS: sen ence p e ixes, he o de in which he p e ixes a e placed,
sen ences wi h wo p e ix models.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle ocuses on he posi ion o sen ence ad e bs in a sen ence. Based on he examples
ound in he s udy, he a icle es ablishes he models o posi ioning wo o h ee ad e bs in a
single sen ence. I a emp s o de e mine whe he an ad e b can indeed appea eely in a
sen ence and whe he wo o h ee ad e bs can be used in any posi ion o a single sen ence. I
was ound in which posi ion sen ence ad e bs a e used mos commonly. The a icle mos ly e e s
o he examples aken om he Co pus o Con empo a y Li huanian
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
18 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXX
The p ojec was de eloped by he Cen e o Compu a ional Linguis ics o Kaunas Vy au as
Magnus Uni e si y and he examples ound h ough he web sea ch engine Google.
KEYWORDS: sen ence ad e bs, posi ioning o ad e bs, models o sen ences wi h
wo ad e bs.
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
Un il now, linguis s ha e no disag eed as o whe he adjunc s o speci ie s a e used in sen ence
s uc u e. T adi ionally, e bs a e adjec i es, so hei place in a sen ence is ee. : a) The si ua ion
suddenly changed […] The applica ion suddenly changed. b) The si ua ion changed suddenly […]The
applica ion changed suddenly[…]. c) Suddenly, he si ua ion changed. The e m "c oss-linguis ic" was
coined by Guglielmo Cinque, in his book Ad e bs and Func ional Heads: A C oss-Linguis ic Pe spec i e. He
ound ha sen en ial ad e bs, which exp ess a sen ence, a modali y, a ime, an ac i i y, a species,
occu in a sen ence in a ce ain o de . In he book, he p o ided many examples o he wo-p onoun
o de in sen ences om a ious languages (see Cinque 1999). In his iew, he o de o p eposi ions in all
languages is s ic ly de ined: i a leas wo p eposi ions a e used in a sen ence, hen hei o de
depends on he uni e sal hie a chy o clause unc ional p ojec ions, which de e mines he s uc u e
o he sen ences hemsel es and he seman ics o he p eposi ions. The G. Cinqueės hie a chy has
been applied o a ious languages6, e en o Li huanian dialec s (see Čižik-P okaše a 2018). Vesla a
Čižik-P okaše a ound ha he hie a chy o G. Cinque's p e ixes is no uni e sal, he da a o he
Li huanian language canno con i m i , since in he Li huanian language in ce ain cases he e a e one
p e ixes in he sen ence. 1 E ikas Zymanas (2011-2012: 13) indica es ou explana ions o p e ixes:
Adjunc ion Hypo hesis, Ex ended P ojec ion Hypo hesis, Mul iple Specs Hypo hesis and Ad P-in-Spec
Hypo hesis. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 2 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he concep o
adjec i es, see This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y. 3 Fo
mo e in o ma ion on he concep o speci ica o s, see Hol oe 2009: 86 h day o he yea 4 Fo mo e
in o ma ion on his hie a chy, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
5
Fo a summa y o simila and di e ing iews, see Chizhik-P okashe a 2018: 152 and he
li e a u e e e ed o he e.
6 Fo example, a emp s ha e been made o apply Tu kish (Wilson, Saygin 2001), Swedish
(Beije 2002), Hindi (Bha ia 2006), English (Zyman 20112012) o language in e aces.
A icles o he 19 h
The place o wo h ee-sen ence p e ixes in Li huanian sen ences ends o be
used agains o he s, bu mos o he ime he o de o he wo p eposi ions in a
sen ence is ee om each o he and can a y. This means ha Li huanian e bs
ha e no seman ic hie a chy, which con i ms ha e bs in a sen ence a e
speci ica o s. The ques ion a ose: i he o de o sen ence p e ixes in Li huanian
G. Cinque’ės p ie eiksmių hie a chija negali bū i naudojama kaip a gumen as,
does no depend di ec ly on hei seman ics, is i usually de ined and no ee, as
was hough un il now?
Šiame s aipsnyje bus ap ašy a lie u ių kalbos sakininių p ie eiksmių išsidės-
he o de o he wo sen ences and will be se by all he pa e ns o use o he wo
h ee-syllable p eposi ions in one sen ence. On he basis o he collec ed sen ences, an
a emp will be made o de e mine whe he he place o he p e ix in he sen ence is eally
comple ely ee, and wo o h ee p eposi ions can be used in one sen ence in any posi ion o
ha sen ence; whe e he mos common ing edien s a e sakini; which posi ion can be
conside ed neu al, undamen al. Desc ip i e analy ical and ela ed analysis me hods a e used
in he a icle. Quan i a i e summa ies o he su ey da a will be se in he p e-e ec
consump ion sen ence. The second sec ion o his a icle b ie ly in oduces he concep o
sen ence in e pola ion. in he hi d chap e , Li huanian language adjec i es a e b ie ly
discussed in he place assigned o hem in he sen ence; in he ou h chap e , he pa e ns o
wo o h ee p eposi ions in a sen ence ound among he collec ed sen ences a e e iewed; In
he las chap e , he i h chap e , e e y hing is summa ized. The a icle is mainly based on
examples om he Kaunas VDU Compu e Linguis ics Cen e's cu en Li huanian language
ex (www.DLKT8) and examples ound using he Google In e ne sea ch sys em ( hese a e
p o ided wi h a link o he websi e in his wo k9); some examples a e om he second olume o
he g amma o he Li huanian language (Ul ydas, ed., 1971) and some […] om he Li huanian
language dic iona y (elec onic edi ion, he eina e […] LKŽe). O e 1000 examples we e
e iewed. 7 Fo he sho comings o he G. Cinque hie a chy, see also Bobaljik 1999; Wilson and
Saygin 2001; Wenge and o he s
2009.
8 A ailable on he In e ne : h p: donelai is. du.l [ iewed a he end o 2014, beginning o 2015, 2017]. 9
Some o he sen ences p esen ed a e ansli e a ed in o Li huanian le e s. 10 Va ious sen ences
ha e been collec ed: singula , compound, and impe ec . The main condi ion […] wo di e en
seman ic sen ences in he same sen ence o sen ence s uc u e. The classi ica ion o he G.
sakininių p ie eiksmių są ašas y a pa eik as s aipsnio pabaigoje, 1 p iede. Tas są ašas emiasi
Cinque's p ope ies unde e iew. When se ing he equency, he indi idual consump ion cases o
he same e ec s a e also coun ed. Sen ences wi h wo p eposi ions a e no included in he eco d,
eiksmis modi ikuoja ki ą, p z.: Ka ais iš ysda o ją einančią g e a i a si a si ik inai paslys ančią,
when one p e ix is added o i . O was i jus a coincidence? he LTCM; Tha 's igh ! Somebody
emembe ed some hing, o maybe i jus happened ou o he blue, o maybe i jus happened ou o he blue. Also excluded a e sen ences wi h in e pola ions,
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
20 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(2) The applican shall p o ide:
The SAMPRATA
In he g amma o he Li huanian language, he p e ix is examined acco ding o
seman ic and g amma ical meanings, i s cons uc ion, g ada ion is discussed
(K uopas, ed., 1957: 505 ; S undžia, ed., 1997: 189 ; Schleiche : 218 ; Ku šai is, 2013:
241 , 271 , 273 , 399 , 4 185622; Palionis, ed., 1957: 138 ; O ębski, 1956: 282 ). The
i s de ini ion o p onoun was gi en by Jonas Jablonsky in his 1922 g amma book:
[…]P ie eiksmis is he un ela ed (unlinked and unnamed) pa o speech ha goes
by he wo d ci cums ance in a sen ence[…] (Jablonsky 1997: 162). The mos de ailed
de ini ion o he adjec i e is gi en in he g amma o he Li huanian language II:
[…]Adjec i e is an unlinked and unnamed pa o he independen language,
deno ing an ac ion, a s a e, a cha ac e is ic, a a i y and a quali a i e o
quan i a i e cha ac e is ic o a hing and a ious causes o he ac ion o he
objec (place, ime, en i onmen , pu pose, e c.) […] (Uydas, ed., 1971: 425) In o de o
unde s and he p ope ies o a e b, we can di ide i in o p edica e e bs and
p edica e e bs. Compa e he ollowing examples: A) He did say hello.
(b) He g ee ed me nicely.
In he sen ence (a) he e b eally modi ies he whole sen ence he g ee ed,
and in he sen ence (b) he e b modi ies he p edica e o he sen ence […]
indica es ha he ac ion was pe o med in a ce ain way.
The subjec - e b conjunc ion (plu al: p e e ms) is a conjunc ion (plu al: p e e ms) ha modi ies no
he p edica e, bu he en i e comple ed sen ence13, which has i s own modali y, because i is belie ed
ha hey desc ibe he speake 's ac o speech, and no he sen ence i sel (e.g. […] e pinys […] a wo d,
a compound o wo ds o a sen ence, meaning bo owing he speake 's speech in o a supplemen o
ela ed no e) (Mo kūnas, 2008: 227); "G amma ically un ela ed inse s a e no e y well sui ed o be
called sen ence pa s, because hey a e no ue g amma ical membe s o he sen ence, bu only
seman ically supplemen a y o he con en o he nex sen ence" (Labu is 1998: 348). 11 In sho , he
e b […] is a pa o speech ha pe o ms a unc ion in one o he ci cums ances (pa o he
sen ence). And he classi ica ion o ci cums ances is based on hei seman ics and hei belonging o a
pa icula pa o he language (see Ul ydas, ed., 1976: 479; Amb azas, ed., 1985: 561; Amb azas, ed., 1996:
487; Amb azas, 1997: 489; Mo kūnas, ed., 2008: 27). Thus, he e a e no syn ax c i e ia o he
classi ica ion o ci cums ances. Axel Hol oe belie es ha i would be mos app op ia e o ca ego ize
ci cums ances and objec s acco ding o syn ac ic ela ionship. Fo mo e in o ma ion on his and he
12 Plg. „iš ik ųjų nė a g iež os ibos a p p edika o i sakinio aplinkybių, o aplinkybės išsidės o am
ik oje skalėje“ (Hol oe , Pajėdienė 2005: 96).
sho comings iden i ied, see: Hol oe 2009: 81s and 146 h. 13 Plg.: some ad e bs e e o a whole
s a emen and no jus a pa o i (h ps: en.ox o ddic iona ies.com/g amma /sen ence-ad e bs);
A icles o he T ea y
The wo-sen ence p eposi ions in Li huanian sen ences ha e he cha ac e is ics
o a sen ence, and he sen ence is cha ac e ized by he condi ions o jus ice.
Hol oe , […] can modi y language uni s ha do no ha e signs o a sel -con ained
Čižik-P okaše a 2005: 66; Hol oe , Pajėdienė 2005: 99). P edika o aplinkybės
sen ence (e.g., he p edica e en i onmen can modi y he s uc u e o Mai onio's
lines wi hou signs o ime and consonance), and sen ence en i onmen s can
modi y only hose uni s ha ha e signs o a sel -con ained sen ence (e.g., may
modi y he declaimed Mai onio's lines, bu no he Mai onio's lines). In his case, he
sen ence's con ex modi ies he main p edica e o he sen ence in a b oad sense,
i.e. he addi ional p edica e hey in oduce speci ies he en i e si ua ion implied
by he main p edica e, including i s essen ial pa icipan s (e.g. he a he has
al eady ea en), o hey modi y he sen ence i sel abou ha si ua ion, o
example, e alua e his sen ence om he poin o iew o p obabili y (e.g. he
a he has al eady ea en) (Hol oe , Mikulskas 2009: 8). The ollowing limi a ions
apply o sen ence e ec s a e indica ed in he o eign li e a u e15: (a) Ve bal
adjec i es canno be used in in e oga i e sen ences, e.g., "Will John p obably
ce ainly e iden ly come?" Is i likely ha John will come? ; The wo d "luxu y" is
no used in he sen ences, o example, "I he socialis s p obably ob iously win
he elec ions, he ich will wo y abou a luxu y ax." I he socialis s win he
elec ion, he ich will pay he luxu y ax. c) Ve bal adjec i es canno be used in
ad e bial sen ences, e.g. * P obably ce ainly e iden ly go away! Jonah, you' e
p obably p obably going o lea e!
[…] a sen en ial ad e b is an ad e b ha d) hey canno be denied and do no all wi hin he scope o
denial, e.g. "P obably, possibly, ob iously, he socialis s won he elec ions." The plg. Pe e will p obably
p obably p obably p obably all asleep and Pe e will p obably no p obably no p obably no p obably
all asleep. The conse a i es p obably possibly ob iously undoub edly didn' win he elec ions and he
conse a i es p obably didn' possibly ob iously undoub edly win he elec ions. modi ies a whole
sen ence o clause[…] (h ps: www.camb idge.o g://g amma andbeyond/
g amma -p ac ice-ac i i ies/2017/06/ eaching-sen en ial-ad e bs-and-ad e bials). 14 Plg. […]modal
(sen en ial) ad e bs should be in e p e ed as p edica es o e he u h o he p oposi ion exp essed
by he espec i e sen ence and ha sen ences wi h modal ad e bs exp ess wo p oposi ions[…]
(Belle 1977: 345).
15 I should be no ed ha some au ho s use he e m sen en ial ad e bs in he i les o hei a icles
and books and use he e m modal ad e bs in he ex i sel (e.g. Belle 1977; C uschina 2010).

VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
22 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
Plg. Konse a o iai g eičiausiai / ik iausiai / galbū nelaimės i *Konse a-
o iai ne g eičiausiai / ne ik iausiai / ne galbū laimės.
Read mo e. Belle 1977; Piñόn 2006; C uschina 2010 and he li e a u e e e ed o
he ein. Such limi a ions do no apply o all sen ence e ec s discussed in his
a icle16.
3. The ole o he en i onmen
As you know, he o de o wo ds in Li huanian depends p ima ily on he syn ac ic ela ionships
and seman ic ela ionships o wo ds in a sen ence, as well as on whe he he sen ence is ac ually
b oken o no , whe he i is in ended o emphasize some hing, o emphasize some hing. In
Li huanian, he subjec o a sen ence usually consis s o a na a i e, an e en , and an objec ,
some imes an en i onmen . In he ine models o he Li huanian language, he p e ailing o de in
he neu al and gene al language is SVO, e.g. The child eads a book, al hough o p agma ic
easons all he wo ds in his sen ence can ake any place in he sen ence (all six a ian s o his
sen ence can be co ec ). The e o e, i is a gued ha he o de o wo ds in Li huanian is ee,
i depends mainly on he meaning o wo ds in a sen ence, on he ac ual eading, he con ex , he
si ua ion, he desi e o highligh and emphasize a ce ain pa o he sen ence (see mo e.
Balke ičius 1963: 25 ; Si au as, G enda 1988: 194 ; Amb azas, ed., 1996: 645 ; Labu is 1998: 24 ;
Amb azas 2006: 66 ). The g amma o he Li huanian language and he cu en g amma o he
Li huanian language, in he chap e s de o ed o p e ixes, do no discuss hei place in he
sen ence (see Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 425 ; Amb azas, ed., 1996: 410 ). A li le bi o in o ma ion can be
ound in he sec ion on he o de o he wo ds o he compound. In he case o he "p e ixed"
and "p e ixed" o ms o e bs, i is indica ed ha he "p e ixed neu al and p e ailing place" is
"be o e he e b (Ad V)", ha "i is mos cha ac e is ic o e bs o he o m and
co esponding o he le -handed o ms and p e e ed cons uc ions o meaning, as well as o
he e bs o he place, ime and eason, which do no co espond o he main o ms o e bs"
(Amb azas, ed., 1996: 653; see also Amb azas, 2006: 75). 16 I would emind you ha he lis o ph asal
e bs o be e iewed is gi en a he end o he a icle, in Appendix 1.
Apie ki ų p ie eiksmių ie ą ašoma, kad ji labiau į ai uoja, o didesnį eikšmės
17 In he Li huanian language, only a ew g amma ically de ined cases o wo d o de a e assigned, e.g.
he place o p e ixes be o e nouns o p onouns, he place o nega i es be o e nega i e wo ds, he
dalelyčių ie a sakinio p adžioje, pažymimojo sakinio šalu inio dėmens ie a po pažymimojo žo-
place o in e oga i es (see Amb azas, ed., 1996: 646; Si au as, G enda, 1988: 196 ).
A icles by A icles 23
The place o wo h ee-sen ence ad e bs in Li huanian sen ences is aken by
ad e bs wi h a plu ali y ei he a e he e b o a he beginning o he sen ence
(see Amb azas, ed., 1996: 653 ). The sec ion on conjuga ion o nouns indica es ha
[…] he usual and neu al place o ad e bs […] be o e ad e bs (Ad Adj)[…] (see
Amb azas, ed., 1996: 656). The p e ix compounds chap e s a es ha […]p e ix goes
be o e hose p e ix whose meaning is indica ed (Ad 1Ad )[…] (Amb azas, ed., 1996:
657). I is also possible o ind in o ma ion ha in ce ain cases (e.g. in headings) he
p e ixes can be mo ed e en o he nouns, e.g. Vilnius oday; The illage yes e day
( omo ow) […] (Amb azas, ed., 1996: 410).
These g amma s also men ion cases whe e wo o mo e adjec i es o di e en
meanings a e used in a sen ence: in neu al cases, he adjec i e goes di ec ly
be o e he e b, and he o he adjec i es […] be o e he adjec i e. Th ee
examples a e gi en: He always sleeps soundly. The g ass is beau i ully g een his
yea . We ha e been wai ing o a long ime yes e day. I is also indica ed ha he
adjec i es "emphasizing" o "con ex ually ela ed" can also appea a he
beginning o a sen ence be o e o he adjec i es: "He almos ne e an away"
(Amb azas, ed., 1996: 654; Amb azas, 2006: 76). The e a e cases whe e he place o
he e ec s canno be changed, i.e. compounds whose main e ec is an
unpa alleled quali a i e o m o he e ec , and he dependen […] quan i a i e
deg ee and in ensi y o he meaning o he e ec , hey indica e a quan i a i e
ela ionship (e.g. comple ely unpleasan , ex emely pleasan , e y good).
compounds consis ing o wo quan i a i e p ope ies (e.g. e y much, unbelie ably
li le); compounds whose main pu pose is a highe deg ee o pe o mance (e.g.
wice as as , signi ican ly sho e ); The compounds consis o wo quali a i e
p ope ies ha indica e ma ked ela ionships (e.g. da k blue, b igh ly as ,
beau i ully ai y ale) (see Valiuly ė 1976: 271 o de ails). Such cases shall no be
included in he in en o y.
F om wha has been said, i is ob ious ha in Li huanian he ad e b can be used in a ious
posi ions, bu he main and neu al ad e b posi ion is be o e he wo d i modi ies. Since he
syn ax and g amma o he Li huanian language do no dis inguish sen ence p e ixes20, i should
be no ed ha he e is no way p e ix a all in he hi d example, o gi e wo ime p e ixes and one
a ge p e ix.
19 Specialised esea ch o he ea men o he si e desc ibed in he sen ence has no been ca ied ou . Only one can be ound
ki ą da bą, ski ą p ie eiksmių seman ikai i i, p z.: Bu o 2011; Judžen y ė 2013; Bu ke ičiū ė
2015.
In his 1922 g amma book, Jablonsky uses he example o he ci cums ance o he sen ence when he
speaks o o dina y ci cums ances (see Palionis, ed., 1957: 475). In he g amma o he cu en
Li huanian language, i is no iced ha he o ms and cons uc ions o wo ds o […]aplinkybinės meanings, which a e syn ac ically dependen on he na a i e,
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
24 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX he e is no in o ma ion on his. Fo eign
li e a u e indica es ha […]sen en ial ad e bs a e indeed g an ed a ce ain
amoun o dis ibu ional eedom wi h espec o hei placemen in he
sen ence[…] (C uschina 2010: 5); […] he g amma o sen en ial ad e bials is lexible,
because mos o hem can be placed a any o se e al poin s in he sen ence
wi hou changing he meaning[…] (h ps:
www.camb idge.o g/g amma andbeyond/g amma -p ac ice-ac i i ies (2017)
eaching-sen en ial-ad e bs-and-ad e bials). Le us conside hose cases in
Li huanian whe e wo o h ee p eposi ions a e used in one sen ence.
4. Two o h ee
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his Regula ion:
Since he Li huanian language usually uses only wo-pe son […] e bs and a na a i e o compose
a sen ence, when de e mining he sen ence models used in Li huanian wi h wo o h ee
p e ixes, he p e ixes we e p ima ily aken in o accoun in e ms o he na a i e and he
na a i e […] he la e membe s a e conside ed he main ones. A e ha , we see i any o he
pa o he sen ence is inse ed be ween hese ou main membe s. I a sen ence equi es one
o mo e mo e sen ence pa s, bu hey a e used a e o be o e hese ou main model
membe s, hose sen ence pa s a e conside ed as ex ended sen ence membe s and ha e no
in luence on he use o sen ence adjec i es. Pa s o ha sen ence can usually be omi ed, and
sen ences don' hu in e ms o ha meaning, so hey' e no included in he model. I was
es ablished ha all a ailable models could be di ided in o i e ypes wi h sub ypes. The i s
ype would consis o ou membe s: wo cha ac e s, a cha ac e and a s o y; This ype o
poem would ha e h ee p eposi ions, a plo , and a s o y. The second ype would consis o i e
membe s: wo ou membe s; This ype o poem has h ee p eposi ions, a plo , a s o y and an
p ie eiksmiai, eiksnys, a inys i penk as na ys, ku is įsi e pia a p pag indinių
inse ed membe . The hi d ype would be made up o six membe s: he ac ion, he s o y, wo
in e ludes and wo in e ludes, he ac ion, he s o y and wo addi ional in e ludes. The ou h
papildomi na iai, ku ie įsi e pia a p pag indinių na ių; šio ipo po ipį – ys
ype would be made up o he impe sonal sen ences: wo p onouns and a s o y ( hei p onouns
would be made up o only wo p onouns). All ypes a e desc ibed in i e chap e s. acco ding o
eiksmiai i a inys) bei du p ie eiksmiai, įsi e pęs na ys i a inys. Penk ą ipą
hei meaning can be linked o he whole sen ence […] (Amb azas, ed., 1996: 626). In he
English-language g amma o he Li huanian language, he modal p onouns g oup (Amb azas, ed.,
1997: 377).
A icles o he 25 h
The place o wo h ee-sen ence p onouns in
Li huanian sen ences
Type one
As al eady men ioned, he i s ype consis s o ou main membe s […] wo
a ibu es and a es and s o ies21. The e a e 11 possible models o hese ou
membe s: V-p -p -T22, V-p -T-p , V-T-p -p , p -V-p -T, p -p -T-V, p -V-T-p ,
T-V-p -p , T-p -V-p , T-p -p -V, p -T-p -V. Only he i s se en models ha e been
ound. And no such sen ences, in which he s o y is used be o e he ac ion and
he ac ion, ha e been ound. The i s ype o sen ence is ound in 918 (ou o
1000). They a e discussed acco ding o hei equency o use.
V-p -p -T and
Mos o en, in Li huanian, wo ad e bs a e used a e an ac ion and be o e a
na a i e. The e b can be p onounced (see sen ence 1) o assumed (see
sen ence 23): 1) Va ghas is a child! You mus ha e gone c azy. DLKT 2) I ealized
ha I could ne e sing like ha , so I ha dly sing anymo e. The TAC
Ou o hese, 752 (ou o 1000) we e ound, accoun ing o 75.2% o all he
samples examined.
P -p -T-V and
In Li huanian, he model is much less commonly used, whe e wo p e ixes a e used di ec ly be o e
he s o y and he ac ion, e.g. 3) We ha e p epa ed o you some p oposals o ex end he deadline o
no changing he pha maceu ical p o ile o a leas some ime, and hen he ma ke law will
p obably se le down: i one closes, he o he will open. DLKT 4) The pa icipan s o he expedi ion
spen he nigh in he owns whe e he pos al expedi ion used o s ay. In his a icle, we'll look a
some o he mos common sen ence ypes (e.g., "sugges ion," "sugges ion," "sugges ion,"
"sugges ion," "sugges ion"), as well as some o he mos common sen ence ypes (e.g.,
"sugges ion," "sugges ion," "sugges ion," "sugges ion"), as well as some o he mos common
sen ence ypes (e.g., "sugges ion," "sugges ion," "sugges ion"). Howe e , hey a e no included in
he model because o hei seconda y ole in he sen ence and because o he i s membe o he
compound o summa y s o y, T2 […] he second membe o he compound o summa y s o y, P […]
kad jie ne u i jokios į akos p ie eiksmių ie ai sakinyje.
22 S aipsnyje a ojami okie su umpinimai: p – p ie eiksmis, V – eiksnys, T – a inys, T1 –
supplemen , Apl […] en i onmen . Al hough in he examples, he adjec i es s udied pe o m he
unc ion o he ci cums ance, in all he models unde conside a ion, he sen ence adjec i es a e
ma ked wi h he abb e ia ion p , no Apl […] so hey a e di e en ia ed om o he ci cums ances
used in he sen ence. 23 This is mos o en he case when he p onouns a e used in he second
syllable o a compound sen ence and he e b is indica ed in he i s syllable o a compound
sen ence.
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX in which he summa y na a i e is used and
he supplemen is inse ed be ween i s o ms (model V-p -p -T1-P-T2, see
sen ence 51), and 1 sen ence in which wo in e pola ions and he supplemen a e
inse ed be ween he o ms o he summa y na a i e (model V-p -p -p -P-T2,
see sen ence 52), he second sen ence is a ibu ed o Galam ype: 49). Ask Siunė i
hey' e going o go he e again soon, hey' e no going ou much. DLKT 50) I you do
no ha e any side e ec s, you can ea his ood again as usual. This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
De ec i e, wha a e you doing?
51) The eache ge s o know he child en be e . On F idays, when my pa en s
come, I usually ask hem o a end class. I 's e y impo an o child en. The
TAC
52) Wi h a wonde ul ic o y:), I'm so y I didn' see, I'll p obably ha e o
download he game, who ag ees wi h me, his o ha bu on likes! The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal
ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. This ype o
poem is made up o models o h ee e bs, ac ion, na a i e and addi ional o
ci cums ance. Only i e such sen ences we e ound. V-p -p -P-p -T: he
membe s o his model a e a anged in he ollowing o de : ac ion, wo
ac ions, supplemen , one mo e ac ion and s o y. The e a e only wo such models:
53) I is seen how one mo he i s g abs he baby oughly, hen soon begins o
hold i back. DLKT 54) They mu a e and acqui e mons ous ai s, hey s ick
o hei minds, and hen hey ne e ge id o hem. DLKT V-p -p -p -P-T: The
membe s o his model a e a anged in he ollowing o de : ac ion, h ee
ac ions, complemen and s o y. I'm no su e i his is he only one, bu I' e
ne e seen one o hese be o e, and I'm no su e i i 's he only one, bu i 's
he only one, and i 's he only one, and i 's he only one, and i 's he only one,
and i 's he only one, and i 's he only one, and i 's he only one, and i 's he only
one, and i 's he only one. The e's only one sen ence o his model ha
happened: 56 No, we may ne e be seen again! DLKT p -p -p -Apl-(T)-V: The
membe s o his model a e a anged in he ollowing o de : h ee beha io s,
en i onmen , assumed s o y and ac ion. The e was only one sen ence o his
pa e n:
57) Bu pe haps i was a long ime ago ha he s ee was home o only sad shadows. The TAC

S aipsniai / A icles 33
D iejų/ ijųsakininiųp ie eiksmių ie a
lie u iųkalbossakiniuose
4.3. T ečias ipas
As men ioned a he beginning o he chap e , he hi d ype consis s o six
membe s: a ac o , a s o y, wo p e ixes, and wo addi ional membe s who a e
inse ed among he main membe s, and a po ip […] h ee p e ixes wi h he
p e iously lis ed membe s. These addi ional membe s may be wo addi ional
membe s o one addi ional membe and one en i y. Only h ee such sen ences we e ound.
P -P-P-V-T-p is he
The pa e n o one sen ence would be: one in e jec ion, wo addi ions, a
ac o , a s o y, ano he in e jec ion: 58 Usually, g andpa en s a ely
lea e hei daugh e s behind - only when hey a e ge ing eady o go ou
oge he . The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3)
(c) o he T ea y.
V-p -p -Apl-P-T is he
Ano he model o his ype o sen ence would be: an e en (assumed),
wo e en s, an en i onmen , a complemen , a s o y: 59) Hope ully, we'll
lowe he p ice a li le bi . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The nex sen ence would belong o his ype o poem. His model would be like
his: ac ion, ac ion, wo ac ions, supplemen , en i onmen and s o y: 60) […] No,
a e ha he al eady some imes spoke o me in Li huanian. DLKT One sen ence
was ound, he model o which is e en mo e complex […] i consis s o 8
membe s. Since i was he only sen ence o his ype, i is condi ionally
assigned o his ype o poem. I 's a h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional,
h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional,
h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional,
h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional, h ee-dimensional. The TAC
4.4. Ke i as ipas
The ou h ype is made up o impe sonal sen ences. Thei models consis
ei he o only h ee membe s: wo accesso ies and a s o y ( ype […] h ee
accesso ies and a s o y), o o ou membe s: wo accesso ies, a supplemen
and a s o y. Since he e a e only eigh such sen ences, hey a e combined in o one ype o anonymous sen ences.
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
p -p -T This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Only h ee membe s make up one o hese sen ence models: wo p e e is s and a na a o .
I only ound one sen ence.
The wo d is no me ely an emp y ph ase wi hou a ke nel, bu a me apho
ha a emp s o b ing ou o non-being wha has los i s li e and i s
eali y, which may no ac ually exis . The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Ano he sen ence model consis s o ou wo ds, bu h ee membe s. The layou
is as ollows: one p e ace, one pa o he summa y o summa y s o y, ano he
p e ace and ano he pa o he summa y o summa y s o y. The RAS2 model is
based on he idea ha he e is no way o nanopa icles o in e ac wi h o he
ma e ials, such as issues. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
64) Soon he e will be a b ie s op. This model consis s o wo
in e en ions, a supplemen and a na a i e. Ras ed 2 is one o hose.
And i you' e in a hu y o buy a new loppy disk wi h games jus o keep you
head abo e wa e , you' e going o un ou o hem soon. You can go, jus don'
go oo a , I'll need you again soon. DLKT p -p -p -T This ype o poem consis s
o sen ences wi h h ee p eposi ions and a s o y. Rus y 2 is like ha .
67) Maybe his is empo a y, maybe soon we will need go e nmen
s uc u es again o se e in ellec uals, bu i is clea ha he ela ionship
wi h he go e nmen will become mo e and mo e complica ed... DLKT
68) Don' wo y, unless he company goes bank up , he e may s ill be some
asse s le . The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The las model assigned o his ype consis s o wo p eposi ions, a summa y
s o y and a supplemen , in e spe sed be ween he ac ion pa o he s o y and
he communi y. I' e only go one sen ence le , bu i 's no oo la e o me o
su e . The TAC
A icles o he T ea y A icles 35
The place o wo h ee-sen ence ad e bs
lie u iųkalbossakiniuose
Type i e
The i h ype consis s o only wo membe s […] wo de i a i es (model p -p ).
They a e used as in e jec ions24 o non- ini e sen ences25. I is app op ia e o
a ibu e such beha io al sayings o a sepa a e ype, because i is impossible o
kia a ka šie p ie eiksmiai bū ų pa a o i ka u su eiksniu i a iniu. P z.,
p edic p ecisely, ha his was such a li es yle. Times and coun ies a e
changing, bu no always quickly. They can be " ebuil " in se e al ways, o
example. : (a) Times and coun ies change, bu no always quickly. (b) Times and
coun ies change, bu no always quickly. (c) Times and coun ies change, bu no
always quickly. d) Times and coun ies change, bu hey do no always change
quickly.
The i h ype o sen ence is ound in 13:
P obably all o us ha e killed someone, mos ly by acciden , igh ? The TAC
71) The e we e mixed ma iages, he e was mig a ion -- some people le he
ibe -- some imes o a sho ime, some imes o a long ime, o he s
e u ned. Bu e e y hing began o change, he no longe el any shame, and he
wo o hem knew each o he so well, as i hey had always done so and always oge he .
The TAC
5. NAME and su name
Ou o 1000 sen ences wi h wo o h ee sen ence p e ixes, 43 consump ion
pa e ns we e dis inguished. They a e di ided in o i e ypes. The i s ype
consis s o ou membe s: wo e bs, a e b and a noun; This ype o poem
consis s o h ee e bs, a e b and a e b. The second ype consis s o i e
membe s: wo p oxies, a cha ac e , a s o y, and a i h membe who in e enes
be ween he ou main membe s; This ype o poem consis s o h ee e bs, a
e b, a e b, and an in ansi i e e b. The hi d ype consis s o six membe s: he
p o agonis , he na a o , he wo p o agonis s, and wo addi ional membe s
who a e inse ed among he main membe s; This ype o po ip consis s o h ee
e bs, e bs, e bs, and wo addi ional pa iciple membe s. The ou h ype is
eiksmiai i a inys) bei du p ie eiksmiai, įsi e pęs na ys i a inys. Penk ą ipą
made up o impe sonal sen ences: wo ad e bs and a na a i e (i s po ipī […]
h ee o24 Fo mo e on he in oduc ion, see. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 25 Fo mo e in o ma ion on ju enile sen ences, see Balke ičius 1963: 153 ; He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Labu is 1998: 138 h day o he yea
VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX consis s o only wo appendices. Mos
o he sen ences a e o he i s ype […] 918, many
mažiau an o ipo sakinių – 57, ečio ipo sakinių pasi aikė ik 4, ke i o – ik
8, and he i h ype […] only 13 sen ences.
I is s a ed ha he p e aces can be used be o e he na a i e, bu oge he wi h he in e ening
membe (models 15), he p e aces can be used one a e he o he and di ec ly be o e he na a i e
(models 4), hey can be used immedia ely be o e and a e he na a i e (models 4), immedia ely
be o e and a e he na a i e (models 1 and 2), and he p e aces can be used di ec ly a e he
na a i e (models 1 and 2). The e was no a single sen ence in which he s o y was used agains he
o he main membe s. The mos commonly used sen ences a e hose wi h a V-P-R-T pa e n, which
accoun o 75.2% o all sen ences discussed. The ph ases o o he models a e used much less o en.
The 22 models we e only used once. O he 34 models (ou o 4226), he e bs a e used be o e he
s o y, which accoun s o 97.3% o all he sen ences discussed. In six models, one p e ix is used
be o e he na a i e and he o he […] a e i . In bo h models, he p e ix is used a e he s o y.
This means ha he p obabili y o a sen ence p e ix being used in a sen ence be o e a na a i e is
g ea e han 97 pe cen .27 In 24 models, wo o he h ee p eposi ions go side by side wi h he
na a i e, in 8 models […] one p e ix is nex o and he o he is sepa a ed by ano he model membe
(-), in 11 models wo o he h ee p eposi ions a e sepa a ed om he na a i e by ano he model
membe (-). This indica es a "close " ela ionship be ween he e bs and he na a o . O he 43
models, 27 use wo o h ee p oxies side by side, and 16 ha e one o mo e p oxies inse ed be ween
hem. This means ha i wo o h ee ad e bs a e used in a sen ence, hey will mos likely
(con iden ly 62.79%) be used side by side. 42 and no 43, because he i h ype o model is made up
en i ely o de i a i es. The neu al p eposi ional posi ion is he posi ion be ween he p edica e and
he di ec objec .
A icles o he 37 h
The place o wo h ee-sen ence p onouns in
Li huanian sen ences
1 L o he ENTEL. Consump ion pa e ns wi h wo o h ee sen ence e ec s
TIPAS MODELIS PAVYZDŽIŲ
SKAIČIUS
The PROCENTIN
IŠRAIŠKA
Type 1 V-p -p -T 752 75,2 %
o which V-p -T-V 37 3,7 %
o which V-p -V-T 36 3,6 %
V-p -T-p 13 by 1,3 %
V-T-p -p 6 0,6 %
p -V-p -T 50,5 %
o he V-T-p 2 0,2 %
This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
V-T1-p -T2-p 1 by 0,1 %
V-p -p -p -T 41 4,1 %
p -p -p -T-V 4 0,4 % This is no he case.
V-p -p -T-p wo
0,2 pe cen o p -p -p -V-T 2 pe cen o 0,2
V-p -T-p -p 1 by 0,1 %
V-p -p -T1-p -T21 is 0,1 %
V-p -T1-p -p -T21 is 0,1 %
Type 2 V-p -p -P Apl-T 34 3,4 %
p -p -P Apl-T-V 50,5 % o
V-P-p -p -T T1T23 0,3 % o
V-p -P-p -T 1 by 0,1 %
V-P-P-P-P-P 1 0,1 %
o p -P-T-P-V 1 0,1
% o p -P-P-T-V 1
0,1 % o p -P-V-P-T
1 0,1 % o he ollowing
V-T1-PApl-p -p -T22 0,2 % o
V-p -p -T1-P-T21 by %
V-T1-p -p -P-T21 by %
V-p -p -P-p -T 2 by 0,2
This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

VESLAVA ČIŽIK-PROKAŠEVA
38 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
TIPAS MODELIS PAVYZDŽIŲ
SKAIČIUS
The PROCENTIN
IŠRAIŠKA
Type 3 (P-P-V-T-P) is he i s ype.
V-p -p -Apl-P-T 1 0,1 %
p -V-p -p -P-Apl-T 1 0,1 %
p -p -p -P-Apl-Apl-1 0,1 %
T-V
This is he amoun o CO2 emi ed pe yea .
Type 4 p -p -T 1 0,1 %
p -T1-p -T22 0,1 %
p -p -P-T2 0,2 %
p -p -p -p -T2 0,2 %
p -p -T1-P-T21 0,1 % This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
Type 5 (P) and 13 (P)
P agma ic adjec i es can be used in a ious sen ence posi ions. Some imes his
happens when he e b i sel akes on a g ea e meaning and is mo ed om i s
usual posi ion o ano he , some imes when a g ea e meaning is aken on by a
sen ence e b o an adjec i e. Howe e , as he in es iga ion showed, hese a e
isola ed cases. I we look a he models o ype 1, 2, and 3 (which make up 97.9
pe cen o all he sen ences discussed), we see ha mos o he sen ence
p e ixes a e used a e he e b and be o e he s o y (which makes up 85.4
pe cen o all he sen ences discussed). This posi ion should be conside ed as a
neu al and main posi ion o sen ence e ec s. Thus, he posi ion o sen ence
e bs is no di e en om ha o p edica e e bs.
All o his indica es ha he eedom o he Li huanian language's wo d o de
is only condi ional, no absolu e, and he place o sen ence p e ixes […] is qui e
ixed and is usually no sepa a ed om he na a i e.
LITERATŪRA
Amb azas Vy au as 2006: Lie u ių kalbos is o inė sin aksė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as.
Amb azas Vy au as, ed., 1997: Li huanian G amma . Vilnius: Bal os lankos.
Amb azas Vy au as, ed., 1985: Грамматика литовского языка. Vilnius:
Mokslas.
28 Ž .: Balke ičius 1963: 26; Si au as, G enda 1988: 194 .
S aipsniai / A icles 39
D iejų/ ijųsakininiųp ie eiksmių ie a
lie u iųkalbossakiniuose
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Bha ia A chna 2006: Tes ing Cinque’s hie a chy: Ad e b Placemen in Hindi. –
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hUKEwi478WxnqTgAhUV8uAKHaISDcU4KBAWMAl6BAgAEAI&u -
l=h p%3A%2F%2F alpykla.elaba.l %2Felaba- edo a%2Fobjec s%2Fela-
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