254 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
PAVEL SKORUPA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3903-7006
Fields o esea ch: Toponymy, Cogni i e Onomas ics,
Cogni i e Seman ics.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all84-12
MOTIVATION AND SEMANTICS
OF THE PRESENT-DAY
VILNIUS COUNTY TOPONYM
OPPOSITIONS: THE CONCEPT
OF THE OBJECT’S POSITION IN
SPACE
Daba inės Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimų
opozicijų mo y acija i seman ika: objek o
padė ies e d ėje samp a a
ANNOTATION
The a icle p esen s bo h synch onic and diach onic analysis o he mo i a ion and
seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y lexical oponym opposi ions based on
he concep o posi ion in space, esp. hei ela ionship wi h o he objec s. The ela i e
posi ion o objec s in space is cha ac e is ic o me ely any class o oponyms: oikonyms,
po amonyms, limnonyms, e c. A he lexical le el, in bo h comple e and incomple e lexical
oponym opposi ions, he ‘uppe ’ o ‘lowe ’ posi ion o he objec s is exp essed by he
an onymic co ela ion o p onominal adjec i es Li h. aukš àsis ‘ he high; highe ’ – žemàsis
‘ he low; lowe ’, simple adjec i es Li h. áukš as ‘high’ – žẽmas ‘low’, and Li h. kalnnis ‘o
he moun ain/hill’ – klõninis ‘o he alley’.
KEYWORDS: oponyms, synch onic and diach onic analysis, e ymology,
seman ics, mo i a ion, oponym lexical opposi ions.
S aipsniai / A icles 255
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje pa eikiama daba inės Vilniaus apsk i ies oponimų, suda ančių leksines
an onimines opozicijas, mo y acijos i seman ikos analizė iek sinch oniškai, iek
diach oniškai, emian is į a dijamų objek ų padė ies e d ėje požiū iu, . y. jų san ykiu su
ki ais objek ais. San ykinė objek ų padė is e d ėje būdinga be ku iai ie o a džių klasei:
oikonimams, po amonimams, limnonimams i k . Leksiniame lygmenyje iek pilnose,
iek nepilnose oponimų opozicijose objek ų san ykinė padė is iš eiškiama į a džiuo inių
būd a džių o mų aukš àsis – žemàsis i pap as ųjų būd a džių o mų áukš as – žẽmas bei
kalnnis – klõninis an onimine ko eliacija.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: oponimai, sinch oninė i diach oninė analizė, e imologija,
seman ika, mo y acija, oponimų leksinės opozicijos.
0. INTRODUCTION
Since he eme gence o oponyms, hei main na u al unc ion has been he
indica ion o a place (add ess), i.e., hey we e mean o p o ide in o ma ion
abou he objec i sel and i s ela ionship wi h o he objec s. The e o e, he
ep esen a i es o many onomas ic schools ha e been paying a en ion o he
ple ho a o oponyms based on co ela ions, such as uppe – lowe , close –
u he (nea – a ), old – new, big – small, we – d y, e c., as well as a mul i ude
o ‘colou ed’ o ‘black-and-whi e’ place names in a ious oponymic classes.
The p oblem o an onymy and opposi ion in oponymy has been deal wi h by
many onomas icians (c . Supe anskaja 1970; Ko epano a 1973; Kond ashina
1980; Š ěpán 2009; Ahundo a 2011; Tkachenko 2003, 2013, 2014; Hon sa
2014; Bukha o a e al. 2016; Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016; Ga aullin, Fa ykho a 2018;
S achowski 2018), who claim ha he an onymic ela ionships be ween place
names o di e en classes a e ypical o mos e i o ies. In Li huania, howe e ,
oponym opposi ions s ill do no ecei e due a en ion. The i s a emp s o look
in o he p oblem o opposi ion and an onymy in egional oponymy we e made
by Pa el Sko upa (2019). This adds o he ele ance o he cu en esea ch,
as he mo i a ion and seman ic s udies o Li huanian egional oponymy, esp.
oponymy o he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y, a e s ill incomple e.
The abo e-men ioned schola s belie e ha such nomina ion pa e ns a e no
only o a g ea impo ance in he designa ion o geog aphical objec s, bu also
play a key ole in he o ma ion o he na ional onomas icon, as such o mal
and seman ic sequences o oponyms a e o med aking in o conside a ion bo h
linguis ic and ex alinguis ic condi ions in he a ea unde in es iga ion. Thus,
PAVEL SKORUPA
256 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
he analysis o s uc u al-seman ic opposi ions in oponymy may a leas o
a ce ain ex en help iden i y and explain many mo i a ing ac o s ha had
led o he o igins o oponyms and may help o es ablish he p inciples o
nomina ion o oponymic uni s in Li huanian lands. Howe e , plen y o logical
ques ions a ise be o e plunging in o he emendous a ie y o simple, de i ed,
compound, and composi e place names o Vilnius Coun y, e.g., Can oponyms
exp ess he an onymic ela ions in gene al? Wha elemen s in he names o
geog aphic objec s c ea e he opposi e seman ic meaning? Wha ca ego ies do
such oponyms c ea e? Wha linguis ic o ex alinguis ic ac o s de e mined he
o igins o such names? e c.
The objec o he cu en esea ch is p esen -day Vilnius Coun y oponym
opposi ions (bo h se lemen and non-se lemen names) based on he concep
o he named objec ’s ela i e posi ion in space.
The aim o he p esen pape is o examine mo i a ion and seman ics
o cons i uen pa s o oponyms wi h he homogeneous name lexemes and
an onymic di e en ia ing ma ke s.
Resea ch Ma e ial and Sou ces. The main body o he esea ch comp ises
oponym opposi ions based on he concep o he named objec ’s ela i e
posi ion in space selec ed om he co pus o 5126 p esen -day Vilnius Coun y
oponyms1 collec ed by he au ho in he pe iod om 2018 o 2020. The
in es iga ion is based on oponyms and he ac ual da a collec ed om a ious
mode n elec onic, p in ed and manusc ip (a chi al) sou ces (see Toponym
Sou ces and Re e ences). These ma e ials complemen each o he , help o
de i e and subs an ia e sound e ymological (including oponym mo i a ion)
e sions, and o m he basis o he esea ch. Toponyms a e in es iga ed bo h
synch onically and diach onically.
1. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK
1.1. Concep o Opposi ion in Toponymy
An onymic ela ionships exis in me ely e e y class o oponyms – oikonyms,
hyd onyms, mic o oponyms (names o a ines, loodplains, idges, ac s, capes,
1 3900 se lemen (ci y, own, illage, ailway s a ions wi h a se lemen ) names, 718 lake names,
362 i e and s eam names, and 146 pond names.
S aipsniai / A icles 257
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
islands, e c.) – and is exp essed by means o bina y opposi ions2, i.e., pai s o
ela ed place names ha a e opposi e in meaning. Acco ding o Na aliya Podolskaja
(1978: 40), a bina y opposi ion in oponymy is he opposi ion o con as o
wo ela ed objec s o dis inguish hem by means o names wi h he same base
lexemes and an onymic di e en ia ing ma ke s (elemen s). As obse ed by Ve a
Kond ashina (1980: 29), some imes he opposi ion may be o med by mo e han
wo membe s, one o se e al o which may ha e no di e en ia ing ma ke , i.e.,
may ha e a clea base. The iden i ica ion o an onyms o (bina y) opposi ions
in oponymy, he e o e, is he iden i ica ion o he dependen uses o oponyms
ha make up he simples mic osys em (Tkachenko 2014: 68). This means
ha an onymic oponyms ( oponymic an onyms) a e ypically examined in a
oponymic con ex and explained by he co ela ion o objec s ha a e limi ed
bo h linguis ically and geog aphically, i.e., spa ialy.
Mos o en oponyms ha o m he opposi ional (an onymic) ela ionship
a e wi hin he bounda ies o a ce ain e i o y, i.e., in close p oximi y o each
ano he , e lec ing he ela i i y o he loca ion o he objec s hey designa e
and, hus, c ea e a ce ain (mic o)sys em (c . Š ěpán 2009; Tkachenko 2003,
2013, 2014; Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016). The e o e, an onymic pai s in egional
oponymy (hyd onymy, oikonymy, e c.) a e pu ely con ex ual and a e limi ed
by he hyd onymic, oikonymic, o any o he (mic o)sys em hey c ea e wi hin
hei own class3: limnonym × lymnonym, po amonym × po amonym, oikonym ×
oikonym, o onym × o onym, d imonym × d imonym, e c.
As main ained in he onomas ic li e a u e (Kond ashina 1980: 29–35;
Š ěpán 2009: 915–919; Tkachenko 2003: 58–60; 2013: 399–404; 2014: 67–
69; Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016: 100–101 and o he s), an onymic ela ionships in
oponymy a e c ea ed by bo h composi e (complex) and compound names4,
2 The concep o bina y opposi ions in language was i s p oposed in Fe dinand de Saussu e’s
s uc u alism heo y, unde he amewo k o which he bina y opposi ion is a pai o ela ed e ms
o concep s ha a e opposi e in hei meaning. Acco ding o de Saussu e (1959: 53 .), (bina y)
opposi ion is a means by which language uni s ha e alue o meaning, i.e., each language uni
is de ined in ela ion o ano he uni . This is no by any means a con adic o y (i.e., ela ionship
o nega ions) bu a he a s uc u al, complemen a y ela ionship. The e o e, he meaning o
he linguis ic uni is no absolu e, bu a he ela i e (con ex ual) and may be de i ed om bo h
syn agma ic (con ex ual) and pa adigma ic (g oup) ela ionships o he uni .
3 He eina e , he co ela ion o onyms o ming he opposi ion will be ma ked wi h “×”.
4 In Li huanian oponomas ics, he s udies o bo h composi e and compound oponyms we e
ca ied ou in wo ks by Rena a Endzely ė (2005), Ne ija Ba ku ė (2008), Dalia Kačinai ė
(2008), Ma ija Razmukai ė (1998, 2002, 2003, 2009), Dalia S ide skienė (2006, 2006a, 2007),
Aleksand as Vanagas (1970) and o he s. The key ocus o hese s udies is on he oponyms o
a ious classes de i a ion models, om he pe spec i e o oponym- o ma ion and o igin. Ce ain
PAVEL SKORUPA
258 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
based on he co ela ion o lexical and/o g amma ical di e en ia ing a ibu es
o di e en ia ing ma ke s5, which a e used as p e- o pos -modi ie s o
dis inguish be ween wo iden ical name lexemes. In composi e oponyms, he
opposi e ela ionship is o med when he common componen o opposi ion
membe s ( he iden ical pa o names) is modi ied wi h an au onomous DM,
usually he quali ying adjec i es o size, age, ho izon al o e ical posi ion
in space, colou , e c. wi h an onymic ela ionships, such as big – small (also,
g ea – small), old – new, uppe – lowe (some imes – middle), u he – close ,
black – whi e, e c. In compound oponyms, he opposi e ela ionship is c ea ed
by names ha sha e a common lexeme and a lexeme (usually he i s elemen
o a compound name), whose ole is simila o a DM ha c ea es an opposi e
(an onymic) ela ion be ween he opposi ion membe s. DMs in bo h composi e
and compound oponyms, acco ding o Pa el Š ěpán (2009: 915–917), c ea e
an onymic seman ic ela ionships ha all in o ca ego ies, based on he concep s
o ex en , posi ion, age, owne , colou , e c. o he designa ed objec .
In he majo i y o cases, opposi ions in oponymy a e mo i a ed by a a ie y
o ex alinguis ic ac o s, de e mined by he needs o he socie y a a ce ain
s age o i s de elopmen , namely o exp ess he ela ionship o new names o
exis ing ones wi h he help o linguis ic means (Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016: 101).
In addi ion, hey e lec a ious sphe es o human ac i i ies, including, bu no
limi ed o, e i o ial and na u al-geog aphic ea u es o human li e, as well as
cogni ion (Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016; Ga aullin, Fa ykho a 2018). The e o e, i
may be claimed ha such cons uc ions in he b oades sense a e he p oduc o
bo h his o ical and cul u al de elopmen o a na ion.
Ye geniy Tkachenko (2014: 68) main ains ha no all onomas icians
acknowledge he exis ence o an onyms a he le el o p ope names due o he
ac ha names wi h e ymologically an onymic lexemes o m a single onomas ic
sequence and he objec i e co ela ion o names is mo e impo an han hei
concep ual aspec , whe eas in appella i al an onyms his phenomenon is s ic ly
concep ual, as he co ela ion o apella i es is es o ed only h ough he co ela ion
o concep s. Ne e heless, wo dis inc ca ego ies o oponymic an onyms esp.
opposi ions, which a e s uc u ally simila o appella i al an onyms, can be
aspec s o an onymy in he class o hyd onyms we e obse ed in Vanagas (1981a). The di e si y o
Li huanian place names wi h he p onominal o ms o adjec i es Li h. áukš as, aukš à ‘high’ was
discussed in Razmukai ė (2003a).
5 The e ms “di e en ia ing a ibu e” and “di e en ia ing ma ke ” a e used synonymously by he
men ioned esea che s o opposi ions in oponymy. The e o e, o he sake o language economy
and in o de o a oid he use o mul iple synonymous e ms, he eina e , we will use he e m
“di e en ia ing ma ke ” (he eina e , DM).

S aipsniai / A icles 259
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
poin ed ou , i.e., lexical and g amma ical oponymic an onyms. Lexical oponymic
an onyms a e o med by homogeneous name lexemes ( oo s; he eina e , HNL)
in bo h compound and composi e names6. G amma ical oponymic an onyms a e
o med by HNLs ma ked wi h di e en a ixes ha a e opposi e in meaning.
Bo h lexical and g amma ical oponymic opposi ions, acco ding o hei ypes,
can be ei he comple e o incomple e, as poin ed ou in he onomas ic li e a u e
(c . Ko epano a 1973: 31; Kond ashina 1980: 30–32; Tkachenko 2013: 400–
404; 2014: 68–69; Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016: 100–102 and o he s). The comple e
opposi ion p esen s he comple e an onymic exp ession o he cons i uen pa s
in all names o ming he opposi ion, i.e., iden ical name lexemes a e ma ked
wi h a ce ain DM (a su ix, p e ix, o any o he composi e elemen ). The
incomple e opposi ion p esen s an incomple e an onymic exp ession o he
cons i uen pa s in one o he names in opposi ion, i.e., one o he names is
clea /unma ked wi h a DM (a su ix, p e ix, au onomous wo d, e c.).
1.2. Resea ch Me hods and Limi a ions
Resea ch me hods. Wi h e e ence o he heo ies o Cogni i e Linguis ics
and Cogni i e Onomas ics as well as he adi ional onomas ic esea ch
models, he linguis ic esea ch and he seman ic classi ica ion o mo i a ing
concep s o Vilnius Coun y oponym opposi ions is based on he e ymological,
de i a ional, and seman ic analyses o bo h he DMs and HNLs o oponyms.
The e ymological analysis is based on wo ks o Kazimie as Būga (1958, 1959,
1961), Jonas Ju kš as (1985), Ma ija Razmukai ė (1998, 2002, 2003, 2009,
e c.), Aleksand as Vanagas (1970, 1981, 1981a, 1996), and o he s, as well as
a ious lexicog aphic sou ces (Li huanian, Russian, Polish, e c. dic iona ies).
The composi ion analysis o oponym opposi ions is based on he s uc u al-
g amma ical classi ica ion o wa e names p oposed by Vanagas (1970: 21–
27). In o de o de e mine he mo i a ion o selec ed oponyms, he seman ic
classi ica ion o hyd onyms p oposed by Vanagas (1981b: 19–120) is applied.
Bo h Vanagas’ classi ica ions a e belie ed o be easily adap ed o he s udy o
a ious classes o oponyms (no jus hyd onyms).
6 This also can be obse ed in Li huanian oponymy among bo h compound names, c .: oikonyms
Senãd a is × Naujãd a is, and composi e names, c .: limnonyms Ìlma Didžióji × Ìlma Mažóji o
oikonyms Seneji Miežiόnys × Naujeji Miežiόnys, e c. In he compound oikonyms he an onymic
ela ionship is o med by he seman ics o he lexemes (name oo s) in p e-posi ion Li h. sẽnas
‘old’ and naũjas ‘new’, whe eas in he case o composi e names he an onymy is exp essed by he
DM (au onomous wo ds) in p e- o pos -posi ion o he homogeneous name lexemes.
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260 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
Acco ding o he known heo ies o Cogni i e Onomas ics (Coa es 2006,
2012, 2015, 2016; Van Langendonck 2007, 2013, 2016, 2017; B endle 2016;
Slíz 2017; Sjöblom 2011 and o he s), all onyms ha e meaning. The e o e,
oponym (sub)classes a e analyzed acco ding o he concep s ha mo i a ed
hei o igin, based on he concep ual me apho model, i.e., ans e o cogni i e
ai s (concep s) om one domain o ano he ( om appella i es/p ope names
o onyms): sou ce domain (appella i e) → concep ual s uc u e (cogni i e ai )
→ a ge domain (onym) (c . Kö ecses 2002; Lako , Johnson 2003; Dob ić
2010). The ans e o seman ic and concep ual s uc u es om one concep ual
domain o ano he is o g ea impo ance o he c ea ion o onymic p o o ypes:
ans e ing he meaning o an appella i e o an onym, o using a place name
o designa e a pe son, he eby indica ing he place whe e he pe son was bo n
(Dob ić 2010: 139–141), o ans e ing he pe sonal name o he oikonym,
hus, exp essing he concep o possessi i y (i.e., indica ing he ela ionship o
belonging), e c. I is no ewo hy ha he analysis o onyms unde he amewo k
o concep ual me apho is no e ymological analysis bu a he an a emp
o de e mine how he concep ual s uc u e o wo ds has mo i a ed and s ill
mo i a es hei c ea ion.
In addi ion o he linguis ic analysis, o unde s and he seman ics and
mo i a ion o he DMs in lexical oponym opposi ions, he ex alinguis ic
(geog aphical, his o ical, socio-cul u al) da a, esp. he named objec ’s ela ion
o he neighbou ing objec (hills, alleys, i e s, se lemen s, e c.) and i s
posi ion in he e ain (including he posi ion abo e he sea le el – MSL7) was
conside ed.
Resea ch Limi a ions. The cu en esea ch is limi ed o he analysis
o 21 oponyms o ming 10 oponym opposi ions (see Appendix) based on
he co ela ion o au onomous wo ds as DMs o oponyms wi h HNL, aking
in o conside a ion mo i a ion and seman ics o oponyms’ cons i uen pa s,
ocusing on he named objec ’s ela i e ‘uppe ’ – ‘lowe ’ posi ion in space. The
selec ion o such oponym opposi ions was limi ed by he ac o o dis ance.
Resea che s o opposi ions in egional oponymy (c . Ko epano a, 1973; Š ěpán,
2009; Ahundo a, 2011; Tkachenko, 2003, 2013, 2014; S achowski, 2018 and
o he s) obse e ha he oponym opposi ions, he co ela ion o he addi ional
ea u es o which is ei he seman ically an onymic o no , a e only possible in
7 MSL – me e s abo e sea le el. In he cu en esea ch, his in o ma ion was ob ained using
objec ele a ion measu emen ools on GP and UETK websi es. O cou se, i is unlikely ha a
he ime o nomina ion he in o ma ion abou he posi ion o he objec abo e he sea le el was
known. People mos p obably simply conside ed he posi ion o he objec in ela ion o o he
neighbou ing objec s in he speci ic loca ion, ega ding he elie o he gi en a ea.
S aipsniai / A icles 261
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
a ce ain (mic o)sys em, i.e., in a ce ain e i o y, since such names ac ually
co ela e wi h each o he . Hence, we belie e he dis ance o up o 20 ± 5 km
is he maximum dis ance o conside wo o mo e co ela ing oponyms an
opposi ion8. In his esea ch, he dis ance be ween he objec s (oikonym,
po amonym, limnonym, e c.) was measu ed using he dis ance measu ing ools
(a s aigh line) on GP and UETK web si es (see Toponym Sou ces). All he
oponyms ha o m opposi ions a e wi hin he bo de s o Vilnius Coun y.
2. MOTIVATION AND SEMANTICS
OF LEXICAL TOPONYM OPPOSITIONS
I is obse ed in oponymy s udies ha he di e en ia ing adjec i es
indica ing he ‘uppe ’ – ‘lowe ’ oponym’s posi ion in space, esp. in oikonymy,
usually indica e ei he 1) he posi ion o he named objec in ela ion o he
i e low wi h he meaning ei he ‘loca ed in he lowe pa o he i e ’, i.e.,
downs eam – close o he mou h o he i e , o ‘loca ed in he uppe pa o
he i e ’, i.e., ups eam – close o he sou ce o he i e , o 2) he loca ion
o he objec on he hill/moun ain, o a he oo o he hill/moun ain (c .
Kond ashina 1980, Tkachenko 2013, Ilchenko, Isachuk 2016).
In Li huanian oponymy he posi ion o he objec s in space is mos o en
exp essed by: 1) he co ela ion o simple adjec i es Li h. m s áukš as, s aukš à
‘high’ – m s žẽmas, s žemà ‘low’; Li h. m pl kalnniai ‘o he moun ains/hills’ –
klóniniai ‘o he alleys’9; 2) he co ela ion o p onominal adjec i es10 Li h. m s
aukš àsis, s aukš óji ‘ he high; highe ’ – žemàsis, žemóji ‘ he low; lowe ’; Li h. m
8 This is in line wi h Kamil S achowski’s (2018: 201) obse a ion abou he dis ance one can
egula ly a el, esp. on oo , om one loca ion o ano he and back wi hin one day.
9 The simple adjec i es Li h. klõninis and kalnnis a e espec i ely de i ed om he nomencla u e
e ms Li h. klónis / klõnis ‘ alley, dip, lowland, a ine’ and kálnas ‘high na u al g ound ele a ion;
hill, moun ain’ (LKŽe).
10 In he mode n Li huanian language, p onominal o ms o adjec i es exp ess he ca ego y o
de ini eness, and, he e o e, some imes, may be conside ed an equi alen o he English de ini e
a icle. These adjec i es ha e a a ie y o pu poses, one o which is he dis inguishing o known
objec s in e ms o he spa ial, empo al, physical, and o he quali ies by: a) he compa ison o he
highe deg ee o he known quali y, b) any p ope y o one objec opposi e o ano he ( ypically,
albei no always, when no mo e han wo objec s a e opposed), and c) some peculia , indi idual
ea u e no inhe en in o he objec s o ha kind. The same pu poses o he p onominal adjec i es
a e used o dis inguish objec s wi hin he class o p ope names (DLKG 174–177). I has o be
no ed ha in almos all cases, he e is a possibili y o use a simple adjec i e o modi y he objec ,
howe e , he meaning will be comple ely di e en .
PAVEL SKORUPA
262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
pl aukš eji – žemeji, pl áukš osios - žẽmosios. Such opposi ions a e ypical o he
moun ainous a eas neighbou ing wi h lowlands and con ey ce ain in o ma ion
abou he elie o a gi en a ea.
In he sec ions below, oponyms a e p esen ed in he alphabe ical o de ,
lis ing bo h linguis ic and ex alinguis ic da a ( oponym class, localiza ion,
his o ical o ms o he name), a ailable a he ime o w i ing, ollowed by
he analysis (e ymology and mo i a ion) and discussion o he opposi ion. The
cu en o ms o analyzed oponyms a e i alicized and, whe e possible, s essed.
2.1. Bezdónys n × Bezdónys × Aukš eji Bezdónys
Bezdónys – Bezdónys eld, V D; loca ed 138 MSL, a he hill oo on he igh
bank alley o he Bezdonė ( he Ne s ib.), 6 km sou heas o Nemenčnė;
GSD1974 728 Bezdonys n, GI1905 58 Rus. ст.[анция] Безданы, д.[еревня]
Безданы, REM1872 Rus. Безданы.
Bezdónys – Bezdónys eld, V D; 137 MSL, a he hill oo on he le bank
alley o he Bezdonė, 1 km om he own; GSD1974 728 Bezdonys , GI1905
58 Rus. с.[еление] Безданы, им.[ение] Безданы, REM1872 Rus. Госп.
[одский] д.[вор] Безданы.
Aukš eji Bezdónys – Bezdónys eld, V D; 143 MSL, in he hills in Rõkan iškės
o es , 6 km eas o Bezdónys; GSD1974 728 Aukš ieji Bezdonys , GI1905
58 Rus. з.[астенок] Безданолѣсье, Безданолѣсъ, REM1872 Rus. з.[астенок]
Безданайцы.
The oikonym Bezdónys is Li h. su . -onys de i a i e om he Bezdonė11
s eam. This de i a ion model o he abo e oikonyms om he hyd onym
11 The po amonym Bezdonė (LKIVK Bezdonė, Bezdanka; he Vlnia ib.) is mos p obably o Sla .
o igin and may be ela ed o Rus. бездонный, - ая ‘bo omless; ( igu a i e) ex emely deep
(← Rus. бездна)’ (Slo a .cc, SRYAe), o Pol. bezdenny ‘deep, bo omless’, bezdeń ‘whi lpool: a
apidly o a ing mass o wa e in a i e in o which objec s may be d awn’ (PSPR 34), Bel. бездань,
бяздонне ‘abyss, deep place’ (Ska nik.by). Acco ding o Ju kš as (1985: 19), he i e name Bezdonė is
no au hen ic. The schola belie es ha he au hen ic o m o Bezdónys migh ha e been *Bedugniai,
de i ed om he simila hyd onym: in he sou ce o 1516 he po amonym is w i en as Besdenay a,
Besdanay a, Besdonay a, he su . o which co esponds o Li h. -ai (ė), hus, he name migh ha e
been *Bedugnai ė, de i ed om hyd onym (ei he lake, o swamp) *Bedugnis, -ė and ela ed o
Li h. bedùgnė ‘g ea dep h’ (LKŽe) (also, c . LVŽ I 466). Acco ding o Vykin as Vai ke ičius, he
s eam was ea lie called he Juodupis: “z Bezdan – Jodupis, 1784 m., TVD 382” (Vai ke ičius
2012: 111). Taking i s beginning in he we lawns be ween Paskyna and Rõkan iškės o es s, he
s eam lows in o he swampy Bezdónys ishing pond and h ough Bezdónys o es s, e aining he
p ime al alley, which ull o sloughs, di ches, deb is, allen ees, na u al dams. Whe he au hen ic
S aipsniai / A icles 269
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
nea he ba n(s) in o he oikonym: s inas, -ai → he place nea he ba n(s) o
whe e he ba n(s) a e/we e loca ed → (Aukš eji / Žemeji) S i na. The DMs o
bo h oikonyms a e mo i a ed no only by he se lemen s’ e ical posi ion in
space, bu also by hei posi ion in ela ion o he i e low16.
2.10. Áukš osios Viẽsos × Žẽmosios Viẽsos
Áukš osios Viẽsos – Š in os eld, Š D; 111 MSL, on he le bank ups eam
he Ši in à ( he Š en óji ib.) a i s con luence wi h he Viesà, 6,5 km om
Ši in os; GSD1974 587 Aukš osios Viesos , GI1905 78 Rus. д.[еревня] Вѣсы-
Горные, REM1872 Rus. з.[астенок] Весы.
Žẽmosios Viẽsos – Š in os eld, Š D; 108 MSL, downs eam he Ši in à, in he
igh bank alley 0,8 km away om Áukš osios Viẽsos; GSD1974 589 Žemosios
Viesos , GI1905 78 Rus. з.[астенок] Вѣсы-Дольные, REM1872 Rus. з.[астенок]
Новые Весы.
The homogeneous names Viẽsos o he wo illages owe hei names o he
Viesà – he s eam, on he banks o which bo h se lemen s a e loca ed, and
a e he pl in lexion Li h. -os de i a i e om he po amonym17. The e o e, he
oikonym may be conside ed a me onymic ansposi ion o he po amonym
( ansonymiza ion) ( he concep o place): Viẽsos ← Vies- + -os ← he se lemen
on/upon he Viesà. The DMs Áukš osios and Žẽmosios o bo h oikonyms a e
mo i a ed no only by he se lemen s’ e ical posi ion in space, bu also by
hei posi ion in ela ion o he i e low.
16 Qui e in e es ing is he change o he DMs om pos -posi ion o HNLs (REM1872 Rus. Свирны
Верх.[ние], Свирны Нижнiе: Верхние and Нижнiе ← Rus. верхний ‘uppe ’, нижний ‘lowe ’) o
p e-posi ion in bo h oikonyms (Aukš eji S i na, Žemeji S i na). Howe e , he easons o such
change a e no clea .
17 The po amonym Viesà is o an obscu e o igin. I s sou ce lies in he icini y o he swampy sho es o
lake Viess. Howe e , i is no clea now whe he i is he lake o he mo i a ed each o he ’s names.
Vanagas (1981: 378) ela es hese wo hyd onyms o Li h. esulas ‘s ong whi lwind’ (LKŽe),
which allegedly is de i ed om InE. *eḭ- ‘ o bend, wis ’ and a ibu es i o he hyd onyms o
physiog aphic meaning (Vanagas 1981a: 63). This could be pa ly ue, aking in o conside a ion
he winding i e cou se, esp. om he midway and o he poin i d ains i s wa e s in o Ši in à;
o conside ing he winding sho eline o he swamps a ound lake Viess. Hence, bo h hyd onyms
may be me apho ic in na u e and a e he ansposi ions o he concep o whi ls, bends and wis s
winding i e bed and winding sho eline, espec i ely: 1) esulas → a winding i e bed → he
Viesà, 2) esulas → a winding sho eline → Viess.

PAVEL SKORUPA
270 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
***
The comple e an onymic co ela ion o he DMs ei he in p e- o pos -
posi ion o he HNLs a e obse ed in 7 cases (1 limnonym and 6 oikonym
opposi ions). The incomple e co ela ion o DMs in p e-posi ion o he modi ied
HNLs is obse ed in 3 opposi ions om he class o oikonyms. The analyzed
opposi ions based on he co ela ion o simple and p onominal adjec i es and
hei o ms Li h. áukš as, -à (aukš àsis, aukš eji, áukš osios) ‘high’ (‘uppe ’) –
žẽmas, -à (žemàsis, žemeji, žẽmosios) ‘low’ (‘lowe ’) and Li h. kalnnis (kalnniai)
‘o he hills’ – Li h. klóninis (klõniniai) ‘o he alley’ make only a small pa –
10 cases ( o med by 21 oponyms), i.e., 0,251% o he 251 opposi ions cu en ly
unc ioning wi hin he bo de s o Vilnius Coun y.
Bo h he linguis ic and ex alinguis ic analysis o he DMs has shown ha
he choice o bo h p onominal and simple quali ying adjec i es in he p ocess o
nomina ion was based on he named objec ’s ela i e posi ion (ei he ho izon al,
o e ical) in space ( he e ain):
1) The co ela ion o Li h. áukš as ‘high’ – žẽmas ‘low’ is based on he objec ’s
ho izon al posi ion in space (in ela ion o he neighbou ing i e ): Aukš eji
Ka klnai × Žemeji Ka klnai , Pame ks × Aukš àsis Pame ks , Aukš eji
Rusõkais ead × Žemeji Rusõkais ead, Áukš osios Viẽsos × Žẽmosios Viẽsos ,
Aukš eji S i nas ead × Žemeji S i nas ead;
2) The co ela ion o Li h. áukš as ‘high’ – žẽmas ‘low’ is based on he objec ’s
e ical posi ion in space (on he hill/moun ain as opposed o he o he
objec ’s posi ion a he oo o he hill/moun ain): Aukš eji Bezdónys ×
Bezdónys × Bezdónys n, Nẽ a das Áukš asL × Nẽ a das ŽẽmasL, Aukš eji
Semeniùkai × Žemeji Semeniùkai ;
3) The co ela ion o Li h. kalnnis ‘o he moun ain/hill’ – klóninis ‘o he
alley’ is based on he objec ’s e ical posi ion in space (on he hills as
opposed o he o he objec ’s posi ion in he alley o he neighbou ing
i e ): Jagėlónys × Klõniniai Jagėlónys , Kalnniai Mijáugonys × Klõniniai
Mijáugonys .
Conside ing he abo e, i may be concluded ha he co ela ion o simple
and p onominal adjec i es in Vilnius Coun y oponymy is a he clea , as hese
DMs ca y he ollowing seman ic load: 1) Li h. áukš as, -à (aukš àsis, aukš eji,
áukš osios) – ‘loca ed on he hill/moun ain’ ( e ical uppe posi ion), Li h.
žẽmas, -à (žemàsis, žemeji, žẽmosios) – ‘loca ed a he oo o he hill/moun ain’
( e ical lowe posi ion); 2) Li h. áukš as, -à (aukš àsis, aukš eji, áukš osios) –
‘loca ed in he uppe pa o he i e (ups eam)’ (ho izon al posi ion up/back),
Li h. žẽmas, -à (žemàsis, žemeji, žẽmosios) – ‘loca ed in he lowe pa o he i e
(downs eam)’ (ho izon al posi ion down); 3) Li h. kalnnis (kalnniai) – ‘loca ed
S aipsniai / A icles 271
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
on he hill/moun ain’ ( e ical uppe posi ion), Li h. klóninis (klõniniai) –
‘loca ed in he alley’ ( e ical lowe posi ion).
The analysis o he HNLs has shown ha hese may all in o wo ca ego ies,
based on he a ie y o mo i a ing concep s:
1) name lexemes o clea mo i a ion and seman ics: a) mo i a ed by he
oponym ( he concep o place/loca ion) – Bezdónys n, Bezdónys , Aukš eji
Bezdónys , Pame ks , Aukš àsis Pame ks , Áukš osios Viẽsos , Žẽmosios
Viẽsos ; b) mo i a ed by an h oponym ( he concep o possessi i y, belonging) –
Jagėlónys , Klõniniai Jagėlónys , Kalnniai Mijáugonys , Klõniniai Mijáugonys ,
Aukš eji Semeniùkai , Žemeji Semeniùkai ; c) mo i a ed by appella i e – ( he
concep o sou ce/sp ing) Nẽ a das Áukš asL, Nẽ a das ŽẽmasL, (concep o
place) Aukš eji S i nas ead, Žemeji S i nas ead;
2) name lexemes o obscu e mo i a ion and seman ics: a) mo i a ed by
appella i e o nickname ( he concep o place o people) – Aukš eji Ka klnai ,
Žemeji Ka klnai ; b) mo i a ed by he an h oponym ( he concep o possessi i y
o people) – Aukš eji Rusõkais ead, Žemeji Rusõkais ead.
3. CONCLUSIONS
1. Opposi ions based on he co ela ion o simple and p onominal adjec i es
and hei o ms Li h. áukš as, -à (aukš àsis, aukš eji, áukš osios) ‘high’
(‘uppe ’) – žẽmas, -à (žemàsis, žemeji, žẽmosios) ‘low’ (‘lowe ’) and Li h.
kalnnis (kalnniai) ‘o he hills’ – Li h. klõninis (klõniniai) ‘o he alley’
make only a small pa – 10 cases ( o med by 21 oponyms), i.e., 0,251%
o he 251 opposi ions cu en ly unc ioning wi hin he bo de s o Vilnius
Coun y. All he selec ed oponym opposi ions exis in opposi ions a e wi hin
0,08 o 6 km om each o he .
2. The comple e an onymic co ela ion o he DMs ei he in p e- o pos -
posi ion o he HNLs a e obse ed in 7 cases (1 limnonym and 6 oikonym
opposi ions, o med by 2 and 12 names espec i ely). The incomple e
co ela ion o DMs in p e-posi ion o he modi ied HNLs is obse ed in
3 opposi ions om he class o oikonyms, o med by 7 names.
3. To unde s and he seman ics o he DMs, bo h he linguis ic and ex alinguis ic
da a was analyzed. The analysis o he DMs (simple and p onominal
adjec i es and hei o ms) has shown ha he choice o DMs in he p ocess
o nomina ion was de e mined by he named objec ’s ela i e posi ion (ei he
ho izon al, o e ical) in space ( he e ain). The mo i a ion o he DMs
is a he clea and hey ca y he ollowing seman ic load: 1) Li h. áukš as,
-à (aukš àsis, aukš eji, áukš osios) – ‘loca ed on he hill/moun ain’ ( e ical
PAVEL SKORUPA
272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
uppe posi ion), Li h. žẽmas, -à (žemàsis, žemeji, žẽmosios) – ‘loca ed a
he oo o he hill/moun ain’ ( e ical lowe posi ion); 2) Li h. áukš as,
-à (aukš àsis, aukš eji, áukš osios) – ‘loca ed in he uppe pa o he i e
(ups eam)’ (ho izon al posi ion up/back), Li h. žẽmas, -à (žemàsis, žemeji,
žẽmosios) – ‘loca ed in he lowe pa o he i e (downs eam)’ (ho izon al
posi ion down); 3) Li h. kalnnis (kalnniai) – ‘loca ed on he hill/moun ain’
( e ical uppe posi ion), Li h. klóninis (klõniniai) – ‘loca ed in he alley’
( e ical lowe posi ion).
4. The analysis o he HNLs has shown ha hese may all in o wo ca ego ies,
based on he a ie y o mo i a ing concep s: 1) name lexemes o clea
mo i a ion and seman ics: a) mo i a ed by he oponym ( he concep
o place/loca ion) – 7 homogeneous oikonym lexemes; b) mo i a ed by
an h oponym ( he concep o possessi i y, belonging) – 6 homogeneous
oikonym lexemes; c) mo i a ed by appella i e – ( he concep o sou ce/
sp ing) 2 homogeneous limnonym lexemes, (concep o place) 2 oikonym
lexemes; 2) name lexemes o obscu e mo i a ion and seman ics:
a) mo i a ed by appella i e o nickname ( he concep o place o people) –
2 homogeneous oikonym lexemes; b) mo i a ed by he an h oponym ( he
concep o possessi i y o people) – 2 homogeneous oikonym lexemes.
ABBREVIATIONS
Bel. – Bela ussian; c . – compa e; coll. – colloquial; D – dis ic ; DM – di e en ia ing
ma ke ; dial. – dialec al; El – Elek ėnai; eld – elde ship; e al. – and o he s; –
eminine; Heb. – Heb ew; HNL – homogeneous name lexeme; InE. – Indo-Eu opean;
km – kilome e ; L – lake; Li h. – Li huanian; m – masculine; MSL – me e s abo e sea
le el; Pol. – Polish; pl – plu al; Rus. – Russian; s – singula ; s ead – s eading/homes ead;
Šlčn – Šalčininkai; Š – Ši in os; n – own; T ak – T akai; ib. – ibu a y; Ukm –
Ukme gė; V – Vilnius; – illage.
TOPONYM SOURCES
GI1905 – Goshke ich Iosi I. 1905: Гошкевич Iосиф I. Виленская губернiя.
Полный списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ со статистическими данными о каждомъ
поселенiи, Вильна: Губернская Типографiя. A ailable a : h ps:// usneb. u/
ca alog/000199_000009_003727513/.
GK – Gam os ka alogas. Lie u os andens elkiniai. A ailable a : h p://eze ai. ilnius21.
l /.
S aipsniai / A icles 273
Mo i a ion and seman ics o he p esen -day Vilnius coun y op-
onym opposi ions: he concep o he objec ’s posi ion in space
GP – Geopo al.l – Lie u os e d inės in o macijos po alas. A ailable a : h ps://www.
geopo al.l /geopo al/.
GSD1974 – Cen inė s a is ikos aldyba p ie Lie u os TSR minis ų a ybos 1974:
Lie u os TSR kaimo gy enamosios ie o ės 1959 i 1970 me ais (Visasąjunginių gy en ojų
su ašymo duomenys), Vilnius. A ailable a : h ps://knyga.lie u ai.l /w/images/7/79/
Lie u os_gy en ojų_su ašymas_1959_i _1970.pd .
IVDB – Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o lie u ių kalbos iš eklių in o macinė sis ema: Is o inių
ie o a džių duomenų bazė (The Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language In o ma ional
Sys em o he Li huanian Language Resou ces: The His o ical Place Names Da abase).
A ailable a : h ps://ekalba.l /is o iniu- ie o a dziu-duomenu-baze.
KA1861 – Ko e o An on K. 1861: Корево Антон К. Матерiалы для географiи и
статистики Россiи, собранные офицерами генералного штаба. Виленская губернiя,
Санктпетербургъ: типографiя Iосафата Оргизко. A ailable a : h ps://www.p lib. u/
i em/426806.
KGS1903 – Ковенский Губернский Статистический комитет 1903: Алфавитный
списокъ населённыхъ мѣстъ Ковенской губернiи на 1902 год, Ковна: Типографiя
Губернского Правленiя. A ailable a : h p://book-olds. u/BookLib a y/17000-
Ko enskaya-gub/1902.-Spisok-naselennyih-mes -Ko enskoy-gube nii-na-1902-god.
h ml.
LKIVA – Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o Va dyno sky iaus p ieška inės Vilniaus k aš o žemės
a dyno anke ų a chy as (The A chi e o Vilnius Region Land Names Fo ms o he
Resea ch Cen e o Bal ic Languages and Onomas ics a he Ins i u e o he Li huanian
Language).
LKIVK – Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o Va dyno sky iaus ie o a džių, su ink ų iš gy osios
kalbos, ka o eka (The Ca alogue o Li huanian Place Names W i en om he Li ing
Language o he Resea ch Cen e o Bal ic Languages and Onomas ics a he Ins i u e
o he Li huanian Language).
REM1872 – Russian Empi e 1872 Map. MAPIRE – His o ical Maps Online. A ailable
a : h ps://mapi e.eu/en/map/ ussia-1872/.
UETK – Lie u os upių, eže ų i enkinių kadas as (The Ri e s, Lakes and Ponds Cadas e
o he Republic o Li huania). A ailable a : h ps://ue k.am.l .
Vilnius Coun y Maps – Map o he Republic o Li huania. A ailable a : h ps://www.
geopo al.l .
Vilnius Coun y Municipali ies’ web si es:
Elek ėnai Municipali y web si e a : h ps://www.elek enai.l /
PAVEL SKORUPA
274 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
Šalčininkai Dis ic Municipali y web si e a : h p://www.salcininkai.l /
Ši in os Dis ic Municipali y web si e a : h ps://www.si in os.l /l
Š enčionys Dis ic Municipali y web si e a : h p://www.s encionys.l /li /I_p adzia
T akai Dis ic Municipali y web si e a : h ps://www. akai.l /; h p://old. akai.l /
Ukme gė Dis ic Municipali y web si e a : h ps://www.ukme ge.l /
Vilnius Ci y Municipali y web si e a : h ps:// ilnius.l /l /
Vilnius Dis ic Municipali y web si e a : h ps://www. sa.l /
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