Recenzijos / Re iews 331
DANIEL PETIT
École No male Supé ieu e, Pa is
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8432-5600
Fields o esea ch: Bal ic s udies, Indo-Eu opean s udies.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all85-16
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
POVILO FRYDRICHO
RUIGIO GRAMATIKA
ANFANGSGRÜNDE EINER
LITTAUISCHEN GRAMMATICK,
1747. FAKSIMILĖ, KRITINIS
LEIDIMAS, VERTIMAS.
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2020, 564 p. ISBN 978-609-
411-264-5
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
POVILAS FRYDRICHAS RUIGYS.
MONOGRAFIJA, GRAMATIKOS
INDEKSAI.
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2020, 414 p. ISBN 978-609-
411-265-2
The Li huanian g amma ical adi ion goes back o he se en een h cen u y
cen u y, o e a cen u y a e he i s documen s w i en in he Li huanian
language. The i s g amma by Daniel Klein (1653) was ollowed by an unb oken
chain o g amma ical wo ks un il he nine een h cen u y. Among hese ea ly
g amma s o Li huanian, he An angsg ünde eine Li auischen G amma ick by
Paul F ied ich Ruhig (1747) occupy a special posi ion. Fo he majo i y o us, he
name ‘Ruhig’ e okes Philipp Ruhig (1675–1749), who au ho ed a pa h-b eaking
DANIEL PETIT
332 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
ea ise on he Li huanian language (Be ach ung de Li auischen Sp ache, in
ih em U sp unge, Wesen und Eigenscha en, 1745) and a dic iona y (Li auisch-
Deu sches und Deu sch-Li auisches Lexicon, 1747). His son, Paul F ied ich Ruhig
(ca 1721/1722-a e 1784), is no as well known, bu his name emains associa ed
wi h he An angsg ünde (1747), a g amma o Li huanian published in Königsbe g
oge he wi h his a he ’s dic iona y. Acco ding o Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Paul
F ied ich Ruhig’s g amma is based on no es aken by his a he , wi h a s ong
in luence o p e ious wo ks such as Klein (1653), Sappuhn & Schul z (1673)
and Hack (1730). The p esen wo k, published join ly by Ona Alekna ičienė &
G asilda Blažienė, is a c i ical edi ion o he An angsg ünde accompanied by a
monog aphy on i s au ho and on he cul u al con ex in which i was published.
The edi o s a e o be hanked o making a ailable o he schola ly communi y
his impo an miles one in he his o y o he Li huanian language.
The p esen book consis s o wo olumes. The i s olume con ains a
acsimile edi ion o he o iginal ex (I 51–226), a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man
ex on he le accompanied by a Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227–553)
and inally a egis e o no ions, pe sons and places (I 555–563). The second
olume con ains a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda Blažienė
(II 17–121), an o e all p esen a ion o his g amma by Ona Alekna ičienė
(II 123–271) and a conclusion on he alue o his g amma in he his o y
o Li huanian philology co-w i en by bo h au ho s (II 273–276), ollowed by
Ge man summa y (II 277–277), a comple e wo d conco dance (II 289–379), a
bibliog aphy (II 380–402) and an index o pe sonal names (II 403–413).
I is ex emely use ul, and e en down igh essen ial, o ha e he e a acsimile
o he An angsg ünde (I 51–226): his opens a di ec access o he ex and sheds
ligh on i s ma e ial p esen a ion. In he o ewo d o he g amma , Paul F ied ich
Ruhig w i es ha he edac ion o his ex was ini ia ed by his a he , who had o
ace some obs acles and he e o e asked his son o eplace him. The g amma i sel
is bo h adi ional and inno a i e. In many aspec s, i e lec s a long-s anding
adi ion o g amma ical desc ip ion, beginning wi h ‘le e s’ (Buchs aben),
i.e. o hog aphy and phone ics, hen mo ing o wo d o ma ion and declension
(nouns, adjec i es, p onouns, e bs) and ending wi h a ew obse a ions on
syn ax. The g amma has exac ly he same s uc u e as Sappuhn & Schul z
(1673) and Hack (1730), bu is conside ably mo e de eloped han Klein (1653),
who has no sec ion on syn ax, and he Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae (1737),
whose sec ion on syn ax is p e y puny. The g amma is w i en in Ge man, on
a pa wi h Daniel Klein’s Compendium Li uanico-Ge manicum (1654) and Hack’s
Ku zge ass e Li hauische G amma ic (1730), whe eas he majo i y o p e ious
wo ks was in La in (Klein 1653, Sappuhn, Schul z 1673, Uni e si as 1737). The
choice o he Ge man language, mo i a ed by he in ended eade ship, implies
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Recenzijos / Re iews 333
e minological choices, pa icula ly o g amma ical ca ego ies o o ma ions
ha a e no ep esen ed in La in o Ge man. As a ule, he La in e minology is
simply inco po a ed in he Ge man ex and applied o he Li huanian language
wi hou oo much di icul y, ei he di ec ly (e.g. Vocales ‘ owels’, Consonan es
‘consonan s’, Nomina ‘nouns’, Conjunc iones ‘conjunc ions’, P aeposi iones
‘p eposi ions’, Ve ba ac i a and passi a ‘ac i e and passi e e bs’, e c.), mo e a ely
h ough Ge man (e.g. Syllben ‘syllables’). The use o he La in e m Ancipi es
‘ wo-headed ( owels)’ o e e o owels ha a e bo h sho o long is s iking
(I 69); i is ul ima ely based on he G eek e m δίχρονοι ‘o wo quan i ies’
used by Dionysos Th ax. G amma ical ca ego ies a e usually iden i ied wi h
hose o La in. Th ee gende s a e asc ibed o Li huanian adjec i es, Masculinum
‘masculine’, Fœmininum ‘ eminine’ and Neu um ‘neu e ’ (I 100). The condi ional
(e.g. būčiau ‘I would be’) is called Modus Conjunc i us ‘conjunc i e mood’
(I 134). The s ong La in empla e may easily each i s limi s, in pa icula o
he desc ip ion o he case sys em, whe e Li huanian is said (I 85) o possess
six cases like La in (Nomina i us ‘nomina i e’, Geni i us ‘geni i e’, Da i us
‘da i e’, Accusa i us ‘accusa i e’, Voca i us ‘ oca i e’ and Abla i us ‘abla i e’),
he la e subdi ided in o an Ins umen alis ‘ins umen al’ (e.g. Li h. dangumi)
and a Localis ‘loca i e’ (e.g. Li h. danguje), which is a i icial. De ini e adjec i es
(e.g. Li h. ge asis ‘ he good one’) a e p esen ed as adjec i e o ms combined wi h
he ‘demons a i e p onoun’ jis (I 109sq), bu do no ecei e any speci ic name.
The g amma ocuses on he Li huanian language as i was spoken a he
mid-eigh een h cen u y in Eas P ussia (based on he dialec s o Ins e bu g,
nowadays Черняховск, and Ragni , nowadays Неман), bu includes a sec ion
on o he dialec s (I 195–198, c . also II 223–234), in which, in e alia, one
inds a b ie , bu in e es ing men ion o he Samogi ian s ess e ac ion (I 196).
I is ich in obse a ions on ine-g ained de ails o he Li huanian g amma
and es i ies o a good command o he language. In some aspec s, Ruhig’s
g amma ep esen s a signi ican ad ance o e i s p edecesso s. The Li huanian
one sys em, gene ally o e looked in p e ious wo ks (wi h he excep ion o he
Uni e si as, 1737), is submi ed o a b ie o e iew (I 72–74), using he Ancien
G eek e minology (Acu us ‘acu e’, G a is ‘g a e’, Ci cum lexus ‘ci cum lex’).
The aspec ual use o he p e e b be- is duly signaled in a sec ion on ‘con inua i e
e bs’ (Con inua, I 169), e.g. Li h. Beeimi ich gehe so nach und nach o ‘I am
going con inuously’. The sec ion on syn ax (I 199–220) e lec s he p edominan
app oach o syn ax a ha ime, limi ed o a ew ques ions such as g amma ical
ag eemen , he unc ions o cases, he syn ax o p eposi ions, and inally some
e y b ie commen s on wo d o de . I does no a oid he common p ejudices
o he ime, in pa icula he idea ha ce ain syn ac ic con igu a ions can
be ega ded as mo e ‘na u al’ han o he s. Ruhig, o example, p esen s he
DANIEL PETIT
334 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
wo d o de [noun + geni i e] in Sunùs Diewo ‘Son o God’ as na ü lich ‘na u al’
(I 218), wi hou pu ing o wa d any g ound in ha ega d.
An impo an componen o any g amma ical desc ip ion lies in i s
exempli ica ion. Mos o he Li huanian examples ound in he An angsg ünde
seem o be d awn om eligious ex s, in pa icula om he ansla ion o he
Bible. The eligious ph aseology is omnip esen ; in some cases, Ruhig e en
indica es he G eek o Heb ew sou ce. O he examples seem o e lec he daily
use o he language. I is no di icul o ack down examples om p e ious
g amma s: one may compa e, o example, Ge iù Wandens ‘I d ink wa e ’
(I 209, G eek πίνω ὕδατος, Ge man ich inke Wasse ) wi h Ge iu Wandenio
(Sappuhn, Schul z 1673: 80, G eek πίνω ὕδατος, La in Bibo aq am), o Důk
mán Důnôs ‘gi e me some b ead’ (I 209, Ge man gieb mi B o ) wi h Důk man
Důnôs (Hack 1730: 333).
The acsimile is ollowed by a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man ex on he
le and i s Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227–553). The use ulness o
his ansla ion is immedia ely ob ious, because i makes he ex a ailable o
he Li huanian eade ship ha can be un amilia wi h he Ge man language.
T ansla ing in o Mode n Li huanian a Li huanian g amma w i en in Ge man
in he eigh een h cen u y is no an easy ask, no only owing o he di icul y
o he language i sel , bu abo e all because o he a ious p oblems aised by
he choice o e minological equi alen s. The ansla ion is ex emely p ecise
and may be used wi h con idence. I is p obably no useless o poin ou a
o m o ch onological pa adox, howe e : he Li huanian linguis ic e minology
used in his ansla ion is gene ally ha es ablished by Jonas Jablonskis (and
o he s) a he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y, i.e. almos wo cen u ies a e
Ruhig’s g amma . In mos cases, his e minological ans e is ha mless: Genus
Neu um is ende ed by be a dė giminė (I 100), In ini i us by bend a is (I 128),
Modus by nuosaka (I 129), e c., which causes no p oblem o unde s anding.
Some imes, he e minological equi alence is mo e challenging. I ha e al eady
men ioned he La in e m ancipi es ‘ wo-headed’ used o e e o owels ha
a e ei he sho o long; i has no equi alen in Li huanian. I is ende ed he e
by s y uojančiosios balsės ‘hesi a ing owels’ (I 251), which is a e all a good
op ion. In a small numbe o cases, one could p opose a di e en ansla ion.
The La in e m Deduc io (li e ally ‘leading away’) is ende ed in Li huanian
ei he by edyba (e.g. I 367) o by da yba (e.g. I 372). I would sugges o choose
a uni o m ansla ion and pe haps mo e p ecisely o ende La in deduc io by
de i acija. These a e mino de ails, which do no comp omise he e y high
quali y o he Li huanian ansla ion.
The second olume places Paul F ied ich Ruhig and his g amma in hei
p ope con ex . I begins wi h a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Recenzijos / Re iews 335
Blažienė (II 17–121). Li le is known abou Ruhig’s li e, and he b ie men ions
ha can be ound in he li e a u e a e despe a ely sho .1 E en his da es o bi h
and dea h a e no known wi h p ecision. Mos sou ces indica e ca 1725 o his
bi h, a e 1781 o his dea h, bu Blažienė’s wo k p oposes di e en da es
(ca 1721/1722-a e 1784). Paul F ied ich Ruhig’s bi h place was Wal e kehmen
(now Ольховатка) in Eas P ussia. He began o s udy in Königsbe g in 1740; he
was bound o he Li huanian Semina y, whe e he augh o a ew yea s. La e ,
he appea o ha e wo ked as a p o es an chu ch minis e in La ia since 1752
and o ha e been e en ually epa ia ed o Königsbe g due o men al illness. We
lose ack o him a e 1784. The biog aphy by G asilda Blažienė (II 17–121)
is he mos ex ensi e ea men o Ruhig’s li e o da e. I con ains all a ailable
documen s on he li e and ac i i y o he Ruhig amily, including p e iously
unknown manusc ip le e s. Paul F ied ich Ruhig’s da e o bi h (ca 1721/1722)
can be in e ed om his posi ion as he elde b o he in he amily (be o e his
b o he Ch is ian Geo g, bo n in 1724/1725) and om his uni e si y egis a ion
in 1740 (II 73–74). His dea h, commonly supposed o ha e aken place a e
1781, can now be pos poned o a sligh ly la e da e, since he is s ill men ioned
as ali e in 1784 (II 74). The spa se in o ma ion ha we possess on his li e
be o e he publica ion o his g amma is limi ed o his uni e si y egis a ion in
Königsbe g (1740: Paul F ied ich Ruhig, Wal e kaimensis Bo uss), his au og aph
applica ion o m o g an (1743), he only documen w i en in his own hand
ha has been p ese ed, and a ew men ions o he Li huanian semina y, whe e
he was ac i e du ing he 1740s. In he o ewo d o his dic iona y, his a he
Philip Ruhig men ions ha he en us ed his son o w i e a Li huanian g amma .
Ruhig’s g amma appa en ly had g ea success a e i s publica ion in 1747. I
was men ioned as an impo an sou ce by Go ied Os e meye (1716–1800)
in his Neue Li auische G amma ik (1791). Johann Se e in Va e (1771–1826)
uses i in he amous encyclopedia o languages Mi h ida es (1809: 706). Ruhig’s
la e li e is less known, and we ha e no p ecise sou ces on his ac i i y in Riga,
on his men al illness and on his dea h. This sec ion is e y well-w i en and
in o ma i e; i enhances conside ably ou knowledge on he cul u al ac o s
who ha e con ibu ed o he p og ess o Li huanian philology in he eigh een h
cen u y.
The nex sec ion is a p esen a ion o he An angsg ünde by Ona Alekna ičienė
(II 123–271). Ruhig’s g amma was i s in ended o he pa icipan s in he
Li huanian semina y in Königsbe g, many o whom could unde s and and speak
Li huanian only impe ec ly (II 126); his explains he choice o Ge man as he
common language sha ed by all o hem. In compa ison wi h p e ious wo ks,
1 C . Bi žiška (II 120–121), Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Lie u iu kalbos enciklopedija (LKE 2008: 459).

DANIEL PETIT
336 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Ruhig’s g amma is ela i ely ex ensi e and de ailed, which accoun s o a la ge
pa o i s success in he ollowing decades as one o he majo e e ence g amma s
o Li huanian. Alekna ičienė u he desc ibes he ma e ial shape o he book
edi ed in 1747, i s o ma , i s sc ip , i s pa a ex (II 135). Mos in e es ing is he
sec ion abou in e ex uali y in Ruhig’s g amma (II 152sq.), compa ing i wi h
i s po en ial sou ces (Klein, Sappuhn & Schul z, Hack). I illus a es pe ec ly
ha Li huanian philology has ollowed, in i s di e en his o ical pe iods, he
common h ead o a sha ed cul u al iden i y and should no be app oached as
he eme gence o some isola ed indi iduals in a con ex whe e he Li huanian
language was s ill ela i ely p eca ious in e ms o i s sociolinguis ic s a us. The
es o he sec ion p o ides a ho ough desc ip ion o he Li huanian language
documen ed in Ruhig’s g amma , i s o hog aphy and phone ics (II 234–248),
i s mo phology (II 249–252). Mo e han 9000 Li huanian wo d o ms a e
ansmi ed. The Li huanian language in Ruhig’s g amma appea s in a ela i ely
a chaic s age o de elopmen , wi h he dual numbe s ill ully ali e (II 249),
wi h all ou seconda y loca i e cases s ill in use (II 249), wi h condi ional o ms
in -b- (II 252), wi h compa a i e ad e bs in -(i)aus (II 252), e c. As i s ands,
i o e s us a weal h o aluable da a on Eas P ussia Li huanian a he mid-
eigh een h cen u y.
The e ollows a e y sho conclusion, co-w i en by he wo au ho s,
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė, s essing he impo ance o Ruhig’s
g amma o Li huanian s udies (II 275–276). The olume ends wi h a leng hy
Ge man summa y (II 277–287), a e y use ul wo d index (II 298–379) and a
bibliog aphy (II 380–402).
The e is no doub ha his exempla y wo k will emain he e e ence edi ion
o Paul F ied ich Ruhig’s An angsg ünde in he yea s o come. I is no only e y
in o ma i e, philologically and his o ically impeccable; i is also well-s uc u ed,
well-w i en and edi ed wi h he u mos ca e. I am e y g a e ul o he edi o s
o his excellen wo k, which en iches conside ably ou knowledge on he
de elopmen o Li huanian philology in he cou se o i s his o y. As I came o
Li huanian s udies a he beginning o he 1990s, sho ly a e he independence
o Li huania, I was immedia ely ascina ed by he mush ooming o philological
wo k on Old Li huanian ex s, as i edi ing ea ly documen s o he Li huanian
language was o ha gene a ion o schola s a means o eco e ing hei iden i y.
The p esen book shows ha , e en nowadays, in a wo ld o globaliza ion and
g owing indi e ence owa ds he pas , i is s ill ewa ding o look back o he
legacy o ancien ex s such as his one and o de o e special a en ion o hei
philological su i al.
Daniel Pe i (ENS & EPHE)
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Recenzijos / Re iews 337
LITERATURE
Bi žiška Vaclo as 1960–1965: Aleksand ynas. Senųjų lie u ių ašy ojų, ašiusių p ieš
1865 m., biog a ijos, bibliog a ijos i biobibliog a ijos 2, XVIII–XIX amžiai, Čikaga: JAV
LB Kul ū os Fondas, 1963.
Klein Daniel 1653: G amma ica Li anica Manda o & Au o i a e Se enissimi Elec o is
B andenbu gici ado na a, & p æ iâ Cenſu â p imùm in lucem edi a à M. Daniele Klein /
Pa o e Til . Li . P æmi a e ad Lec o em P æ a io non minùs u ilis, quàm nece a ia. [...]
Regiomon i, Typis & ump ibus Johannis Reusne i, Anno χριστογονίας cIɔ Iɔc. LIII [1653].
(Faksimilinis leidimas: Pi moji lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, 1653 me ai), a s. ed. J. K uopas,
Vilnius: Vals ybinė poli inės i mokslinės li e a ū os leidykla, 1957.
Klein Daniel 1654: Danielis Kleinii Compendium Li anico-Ge manicum, Ode Ku ʒ
und gan ʒ deu liche An h ung ʒu Li auſchen Sp ache / wie man ech Li auiſch leſen /
ſch eiben und eden ol. Cum P i ilegio S. R. M. Pol. e Se en. Elec . B andenb, Knigsbe g:
Ged uck und e leg du ch Iohann Reuſne n, M.D.C.LIV.
LKE 2008 – Lie u ių kalbos enciklopedija, pa . K. Mo kūnas, ed. V. Amb azas, 2-asis
pa iksl. i papild. leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
Os e meye Go ied 1791: Neue Li auische G amma ik, Königsbe g: G. L. Ha ung.
Paulauskienė Aldona 2006: Pi mosios lie u ių kalbos g ama ikos, Vilnius: Gim asis
žodis.
Ruhig Philipp 1745: Be ach ung de Li auiſchen Sp ache, in ih em U ſp unge, Weſen
und Eigenſcha en; [...] on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e ʒu Wal e kehmen, im
Haup am In e bu g. Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s Iohann Hein ich Ha ung, 1745.
(Faksimilinis leidimas, e imas į lie u ių kalbą: Pilypas Ruigys, Lie u ių kalbos kilmės,
būdo i sa ybių y inėjimas, pa . Vy au as Ju gu is, Vale ija Vilnony ė, Vilnius: Vaga,
1986).
Ruhig Philipp 1747: Li auiſch-Deu ſches und Deu ſch-Li auiſches Lexicon, [...]
on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e ʒu Wal e kehmen, Inſ e bu giſchen Haup am es,
Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s I. H. Ha ung, 1747.
Sappuhn Ch is up, Schul z Theo ili 1673: Compendium G amâ icæ Li h anicæ
Theophili Schul ʒens Pas : Ca eno , Regiomon i: Typis F ide ici Reu ne i, [...] Aō: 1673.
(Faksimilinis leidimas: Sapūno i Šulco g ama ika), pa . K. Eigminas, B. S undžia,
Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as, 1997.
Hack F ied ich Wilhelm 1730: Vocab la i m Li h anico-ge manic m, e
Ge manico-Li h anic m, Da in alle im Neuen Teſ amen und P al e be indliche W e
nach dem Alphabe h en hal en ind; Neb Einem Anhang eine ku ʒge a ʒ en Li haui chen
G amma ic Ausge e ige on F iede ich Wilhelm Haack / S.S. Theol. Cul o e, ʒu Ʒei
DANIEL PETIT
338 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Docen e im Li haui chen Semina io ʒu Halle. Halle, D uck s S ephanus O ban, Uni e .
Buchd . (1730) 2. (S udija, indeksai, odyklės), pa . V. Zubai ienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus
uni e si e o leidykla, 2012.
Uni e si as LLinguua um Li uuaniae 1737 – Anoniminė 1737 m. g ama ika
‘Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae’, pa . K. Eigminas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981.
Va e Johan Se e in 1809: Mi h ida es ode allgemeine Sp achenkunde, Vol. 2, Be lin:
Voss.
Zinke ičius Zigmas 1990: Lie u ių kalbos is o ija 4, Vilnius: Mokslas.
Į eik a 2021 m. ugsėjo 11 d.
DANIEL PETIT
École no male supé ieu e
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