Recenzijos / Re iews 331
DANIEL PETIT
École No male Supé ieu e, Pa is ORCID:
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8432-5600 Fields o esea ch:
Bal ic s udies, Indo-Eu opean s udies. He is also a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he École No male Supé ieu e, Pa is.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
This is POVILO FRYDRICHO
RUIGIO G amma o he language
This is ANFANGSGRÜNDE EINER
This Regula ion shall en e
in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
I 's a lease, i 's a lease.
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2020, 564 p. ISBN 978-609-
411-264-5
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
The illage o F ede ick Ruigys.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The index.
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2020, 414 p. ISBN 978-609-
411-265-2
The Li huanian g amma ical adi ion goes back o he se en een h cen u y,
o e a cen u y a e he i s documen s w i en in he Li huanian language.
The i s g amma by Daniel Klein (1653) was ollowed by an unb oken chain o
g amma ical wo ks un il he nine een h cen u y. Among hese ea ly g amma s
o Li huanian, he An angsg ünde eine Li auischen G amma ick by Paul
F ied ich Ruhig (1747) occupies a special posi ion. Fo he majo i y o us, he
name ‘Ruhig e okes Philipp Ruhig (16751749), who au ho ed a pa h-b eaking
DANIEL PETIT
332 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV ea ise on he Li huanian language
(Be ach ung de Li auischen Sp ache, in ih em U sp unge, Wesen und
Eigenscha en, 1745) and a dic iona y (Li auischDeu sches und
Deu sch-Li auisches Lexicon, 1747). I is also known as he Li huanian Dic iona y.
His son, Paul F ied ich Ruhi (c.1721-1722 - a e 1784) is no as well known, bu his
name emains associa ed wi h he An angsg ünde (1747), a g amma o Li huanian
published in Königsbe g oge he wi h his a he 's dic iona y. Acco ding o
Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Paul F ied ich Ruhig's g amma is based on no es aken by
his a he , wi h a s ong in luence o p e ious wo ks such as Klein (1653),
Sappuhn & Schul z (1673) and Hack (1730). The p esen wo k, published join ly by
Ona Alekna ičienė and G asilda Blažienė, is a c i ical edi ion o he An angsg ünde,
accompanied by a monog aph on i s au ho and on he cul u al con ex in which i
The edi o s a e o be hanked o making a ailable o he schola ly communi y
his impo an miles one in he his o y o he Li huanian language.
The p esen book consis s o wo olumes. The i s olume con ains a
was published. acsimile edi ion o he o iginal ex (I 51[…]226), a c i ical edi ion o
he Ge man ex on he le accompanied by a Li huanian ansla ion on he igh
(I 227[…]553) and inally a egis e o no ions, pe sons and places (I 555[…]563). The
second olume con ains a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda Blažienė (II
1721), an o e all p esen a ion o his g amma by Ona Alekna ičienė
(ii) and a conclusion on he alue o his g amma in he his o y o Li huanian philology
co-w i en by bo h au ho s (ii) ollowed by a Ge man summa y (ii) a comple e wo d
conco dance (ii) a bibliog aphy (ii) and an index o pe sonal names (ii) I is ex emely
use ul, and e en down igh essen ial, o ha e he e a acsimile o he An angsg ünde (I
51 […] 226): his opens a di ec access o he ex and sheds ligh on i s ma e ial
p esen a ion. In he p e ace o he g amma , Paul F ied ich Rülich w i es ha he
edi ing o his ex was ini ia ed by his a he , who had o ace some obs acles and
he e o e asked his son o eplace him. The g amma i sel is bo h adi ional and
inno a i e. In many espec s, i e lec s a long-s anding adi ion o g amma ical
desc ip ion, beginning wi h […]le e s[…] (Buchs aben), i.e. o hog aphy and phone ics,
hen mo ing o wo d o ma ion and declension (nouns, adjec i es, p onouns, e bs)
and ending wi h a ew obse a ions on syn ax. The g amma has exac ly he same
s uc u e as Sappho and Schul z (1673) and Hack (1730), bu is conside ably mo e
de eloped han Klein (1653), who has no sec ion on syn ax, and he Uni e si as Linguae
Li uaniae (1737), whose sec ion on syn ax is p e y puny. The g amma is w i en in
Ge man, on a pa wi h Daniel Klein's Compendium Li uanico-Ge manicum (1654) and Hack's
Ku zge ass e Li hauische G amma ik (1730), whe eas he majo i y o p e ious
wo ks we e in La in (Klein, Sappuhn, Schul z 1673, Uni e si as 1737). The choice o he
Ge man language, mo i a ed by he in ended eade ship, implies
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Re iews 333 e minological choices, pa icula ly o g amma ical ca ego ies o
o ma ions ha a e no ep esen ed in La in o Ge man. As a ule, he La in
e minology is simply inco po a ed in o he Ge man ex and applied o he Li huanian
language wi hou oo much di icul y, ei he di ec ly (e.g. Vocales ‘ owels, Consonan es
‘consonan s, Nomina ‘nouns, Conjunc iones ‘conjunc ions, P aeposi iones
‘p eposi ions, Ve ba ac i a and passi a ‘ac i e and passi e e bs, e c.), mo e a ely
h ough Ge man (e.g. Syllben ‘syllables). The use o he La in e m Ancipi es (I 69); i is
ul ima ely based on he G eek e m δίχρονοι ‘o wo quan i ies used by Dionysos
‘ wo-headed ( owels)’ o e e o owels ha a e bo h sho o long is s iking
Th ax. G amma ical ca ego ies a e usually iden i ied wi h hose o La in. Th ee gende s
a e asc ibed o Li huanian adjec i es, Masculinum ‘masculine, Fœmininum ‘ eminine and
Neu um ‘neu e (I 100). The condi ional (e.g. I would be) is called Modus Conjunc i us
conjunc i e mood (I 134). The s ong La in empla e may easily each i s limi s, in
pa icula o he desc ip ion o he case sys em, whe e Li huanian is said (I 85) o
possess six cases like La in (Nomina i e […], Geni i e […], Da i e […], Accusa i e […],
Voca i e […] and Abla i e […]), he la e subdi ided in o an Ins umen alis. The g amma
ocuses on he Li huanian language as i was spoken a he mid-eigh een h cen u y in
Eas P ussia (based on he dialec s o Ins e bu g, nowadays Che nigo sk, and Ragni ,
nowadays Neman), bu includes a sec ion on o he dialec s (I […] 1958, c . also II […] 223), in
and a Localis ‘loca i e’ (e.g. Li h. danguje), which is a i icial. De ini e adjec i es
which, in e alia, one inds a b ie , bu in e es ing men ion o he Samogi ian s ess
e ac ion (I […] 196). I is ich in obse a ions on ine-g ained de ails o he Li huanian
g amma and es i ies o a good command o he language. In some aspec s, Ruhigs
g amma ep esen s a signi ican ad ance o e i s p edecesso s. The Li huanian one
sys em, gene ally o e looked in p e ious wo ks (wi h he excep ion o he Uni e si as,
1737), is submi ed o a b ie o e iew (I 72[…]74), using he Ancien G eek e minology
(Acu us […]acu e[…], G a is […]g a e[…], Ci cum lexus […]ci cum lex[…]). The aspec ual use
o he p e e b beis duly signaled in a sec ion on ‘con inua i e e bs (Con inua, I 169), e.g.
The Li h. I'm going con inuously. The sec ion on syn ax e lec s he p edominan
app oach o syn ax a ha ime, limi ed o a ew ques ions such as g amma ical
ag eemen , he unc ions o cases, he syn ax o p eposi ions, and inally some e y
b ie commen s on wo d o de . I does no a oid he common p ejudices o he ime, in
pa icula he idea ha ce ain syn ac ic con igu a ions can be ega ded as mo e
‘na u al han o he s. Ruhig, o example, p esen s he
DANIEL PETIT
334 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV wo d o de [noun + geni i e] in Sunùs Diewo
‘Son o God as na u al ‘na u al (I 218), wi hou pu ing o wa d any g ound in ha
ega d. An impo an componen o any g amma ical desc ip ion lies in i s
exempli ica ion. Mos o he Li huanian examples ound in he An angsg ünde seem
o be d awn om eligious ex s, in pa icula om he ansla ion o he Bible.
The eligious ph aseology is omnip esen ; In some cases, Ruhig e en indica es he
G eek o Heb ew sou ce. O he examples seem o e lec he daily use o he
language. I is no di icul o ack down examples om p e ious g amma s: one
may compa e, o example, Ge iù Wandens ‘I d ink wa e (I 209, G eek πίνω δατος,
Ge man ich inke Wasse ) wi h Ge iu Wandenio (Sappuhn, Schul z 1673: 80, G eek
πίνω δατος, La in Bibo aq am), o Důk Důn mán mi gi e me some b ead (I 209, Ge man
giebôs B o ) wi h Důk man
Důnôs (Hack 1730: 333) was bo n in he illage o Důnôs.
The acsimile is ollowed by a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man ex on he le and i s
Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227[…]553). The use ulness o his ansla ion is
immedia ely ob ious, because i makes he ex a ailable o he Li huanian eade
who may be un amilia wi h he Ge man language. T ansla ing in o mode n Li huanian
a Li huanian g amma w i en in Ge man in he eigh een h cen u y is no an easy
ask, no only because o he di icul y o he language i sel , bu abo e all because
o he a ious p oblems aised by he choice o e minological equi alen s. The
ansla ion is ex emely p ecise and may be used wi h con idence. I is p obably no
useless o poin ou a o m o ch onological pa adox, howe e : he Li huanian
linguis ic e minology used in his ansla ion is gene ally ha es ablished by Jonas
Jablonskis (and o he s) a he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y, i.e., almos wo
cen u ies a e Ru ik's g amma . In mos cases, his e minological ans e is
ha mless: Genus Neu um is ende ed by be a dė giminė (I 100), In ini i us by
bend a is (I 128), Modus by nuosaka (I 129), e c., which causes no p oblem o
unde s anding. Some imes, he e minological equi alence is mo e challenging. I ha e
al eady men ioned he La in e m ancipi es ‘ wo-headed used o e e o owels
ha a e ei he sho o long; i has no equi alen in Li huanian. I is ende ed he e by
he swaying oice ‘hesi a ing owels (I 251), which is a e all a good op ion. In a small
numbe o cases, one could p opose a di e en ansla ion. The La in e m Deduc io
(li e ally ‘leading away) is ende ed in Li huanian ei he by edyba (e.g. I 367) o by
da yba (e.g. I 372). I would sugges o choose a uni o m ansla ion and pe haps mo e
p ecisely o ende La in deduc ion by de i a ion. These a e mino de ails, which do
no comp omise he e y high quali y o he Li huanian ansla ion.
The second olume places Paul F ied ich Ruhig and his g amma in hei p ope
con ex . I begins wi h a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Re iews by 335
Blažienė (II 17121) was bo n in he illage o Blažienė. Li le is known abou Ruhig's li e,
and he b ie men ions ha can be ound in he li e a u e a e despe a ely sho .
E en his da es o bi h and dea h a e no known wi h p ecision. Mos sou ces
indica e ca 1725 o his bi h, a e 1781 o his dea h, bu Blazhenia's wo k p oposes
di e en da es (ca 1721-1722-a e 1784). Paul F ied ich Ruhigs place o bi h was
Wal e kehmen (now Olchowa ka) in Eas P ussia. He began o s udy in Königsbe g in
1740; he was bound o he Li huanian Semina y, whe e he augh o a ew yea s.
La e , he appea s o ha e wo ked as a P o es an chu ch minis e in La ia since
1752 and o ha e been e en ually epa ia ed o Königsbe g due o men al illness. We
lose ack o him a e 1784. The biog aphy by G asilda Blažienė (II 17121) is he mos
ex ensi e ea men o Ruhigs li e o da e. I con ains all a ailable documen s on he
li e and ac i i y o he Ruhig amily, including p e iously unknown manusc ip
le e s. Paul F ied ich Ruhi's da e o bi h (ca 1721-1722) can be in e ed om his
posi ion as he elde b o he in he amily (be o e his b o he Ch is ian Geo g, bo n
in 1724-1725) and om his uni e si y egis a ion in 1740. His dea h, commonly
supposed o ha e aken place a e 1781, can now be pos poned o a sligh ly la e
da e, since he is s ill men ioned as ali e in 1784. The spa se in o ma ion we possess on
his li e be o e he publica ion o his g amma is limi ed o his uni e si y egis a ion
in Königsbe g (1740), his au og aph applica ion o m o a g an (1743), he only
documen w i en in his own hand ha has been p ese ed, and a ew men ions o
he Li huanian semina y whe e he was ac i e du ing he 1740s. In he o ewo d o his
dic iona y, his a he , Philip Ruhi, men ions ha he en us ed his son o w i e a
Li huanian g amma . Ruhi's g amma appa en ly had g ea success a e i s
publica ion in 1747. I was men ioned as an impo an sou ce by Go ied
Os e meye (1716-1800) in his Neue Li auische G amma ik (1791). Johann Se e in Va e
(1771-1826) uses i in he amous encyclopedia o languages Mi h ida es (1809: 706).
Ruhig's la e li e is less known, and we ha e no p ecise sou ces on his ac i i y in Riga,
on his men al illness and on his dea h. This sec ion is e y well-w i en and
in o ma i e; i conside ably enhances ou knowledge on he cul u al ac o s who
ha e con ibu ed o he p og ess o Li huanian philology in he eigh een h cen u y.
The nex sec ion is a p esen a ion o he An angsg ünde by Ona Alekna ičienė (II 123271).
The G amma o he Chu ch was i s in ended o he pa icipan s in he Li huanian
semina y in Königsbe g, many o whom could unde s and and speak Li huanian only
impe ec ly. This explains he choice o Ge man as he common language sha ed by all o
hem. In compa ison wi h p e ious wo ks, 1 C . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

DANIEL PETIT
336 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Ruhi's g amma is ela i ely ex ensi e and de ailed, which accoun s o a la ge pa o
his success in he ollowing decades as one o he majo e e ence g amma s o
Li huanian. Alekna ičienė u he desc ibes he ma e ial o m o he book, edi ed in 1747,
i s o ma , i s sc ip , i s pa a ex . Mos in e es ing is i s po en ial sou ces (Klein,
sec ion abou in e ex uali y in Ruhig’s g amma (II 152sq.), compa ing i wi h
Sappuhn & Schul z, Hack). I pe ec ly illus a es ha Li huanian philology has ollowed,
in i s di e en his o ical pe iods, he common h ead o a sha ed cul u al iden i y and
should no be app oached as he eme gence o some isola ed indi iduals in a con ex
whe e he Li huanian language was s ill ela i ely p eca ious in e ms o i s
sociolinguis ic s a us. The es o he sec ion p o ides a ho ough desc ip ion o he
Li huanian language documen ed in Ruhig's g amma , i s o hog aphy and phone ics (II
234248), i s mo phology (II 249252). Mo e han 9000 Li huanian wo d o ms a e in an a chaic
s age o de elopmen , wi h he dual numbe s ill ully ali e (II 249), wi h all ou seconda y
ansmi ed. The Li huanian language in Ruhig’s g amma appea s in a ela i ely
loca i e cases s ill in use (II 249), wi h condi ional o ms in -b- (II 252), wi h compa a i e
ad e bs in -i-aus (II 25 e c.). As i s ands, i o e s us a weal h o aluable da a on Eas
P ussia Li huanian a he mid-eigh een h cen u y.
The e ollows a e y sho conclusion, co-w i en by he wo au ho s, Ona
Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė, s essing he impo ance o Ruhig's
g amma o Li huanian s udies (II 275 […] 276). The olume ends wi h a leng hy
Ge man summa y (II 277 […] 287), a e y use ul wo d index (II 298 […] 379) and a
bibliog aphy (II 380 […] 402).
The e is no doub ha his exempla y wo k will emain he e e ence edi ion o Paul
F ied ich Ruhi's An angsg ünde in he yea s o come. I is no only e y well-w i en
in o ma i e, philologically and his o ically impeccable; i is also well-s uc u ed,
and edi ed wi h he u mos ca e. I am e y g a e ul o he edi o s o his excellen
wo k, which conside ably en iches ou knowledge on he de elopmen o Li huanian
philology in he cou se o i s his o y. When I came o Li huanian s udies in he ea ly
1990s, sho ly a e Li huania's independence, I was immedia ely ascina ed by he
mush ooming o philological wo k on Old Li huanian ex s, as i edi ing ea ly
documen s o he Li huanian language was o ha gene a ion o schola s a means
o eco e ing hei iden i y. The p esen book shows ha e en oday, in a wo ld o
globaliza ion and g owing indi e ence o he pas , i is s ill ewa ding o look back a
he legacy o ancien ex s such as his one and o de o e special a en ion o hei
philological su i al.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė
Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika
Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai
Re iews o he book 337
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
Bi žiška Vaclo as 1960[…]1965: Alexand inas was bo n in he illage o Bi žiška
Vaclo as. Biog aphies, bibliog aphies and biobibliog aphies o old Li huanian w i e s, w i en be o e 1865, 2, 18 h-19 h cen u ies, Chicago: JAV
LB Cul u al Founda ion, 1963. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
The i s edi ion o he G amma ica Li anica Manda a & Au o i a e Se enissimi Elec o is
B andenbu gici ado na a, & p æ iâ Censu â p imum in lucem edi a à M. Daniele Klein Klein was
published by Pa o e Til in 1653. Li huanian P æmi a e ad Lec o em P æ a io non minùs
u ilis, quàm nece a ia. This is no he case. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. (Fax edi ion: The i s g amma o he Li huanian language, 1653 yea s), a s.
ed. J. K uopas, Vilnius: S a e publishing house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e, 1957. Daniel
1654: Danielis Kleinii Compendium Li anico-Ge manicum, Ode Ku […] und gan […] deu liche
An […]h ung […]u Li auschen Sp ache wie man ech Li auisch lesen sch eiben und eden
ol. This is he i s ime ha he Li huanian language has been ansla ed in o English. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Elec . B andenbu g, Königsbe g: P in ed and published by
Iohann Reusne n, M.D.C.LIV. LKE 2008 […] Encyclopedia o he Li huanian language, pa . K.
Mo kūnas, edi ed by V. Amb azas, second edi ion. and supplemen s. publishing house, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias. Os e meye Go ied 1791: Neue Li auische G amma ik, Königsbe g: G. L. Ha ung. This is he i s ime ha his book has been published. Paulauskienė Aldona 2006: The i s g amma s o he Li huanian language, Vilnius: The wo d gymnas ics.
Ruhig Philipp 1745: Conside a ion o he Li huanian language, in i s o igin, essence and
p ope ies; [...] Philipp on Ruhig, P a e n and Senio a he Wal e kehmen in he capi al o
In e bu g. K[…]nigsbe g, d uck s and e leg s by Johann Hein ich Ha ung, 1745 (Fax edi ion,
ansla ion in o Li huanian: Pilypas Ruigys, Li huanian language esea ch on o igins, ways and
p ope ies, pa . Vy au as Ju gu is, Vale ija Vilnony ė, Vilnius: Vaga, Sappuhn Ch is up, Schul z
1986).
Ruhig Philipp 1747: Li auiſch-Deu ſches und Deu ſch-Li auiſches Lexicon, [...]
on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e ʒu Wal e kehmen, Inſ e bu giſchen Haup am es,
Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s I. H. Ha ung, 1747.
Theo ili 1673: Compendium G amâ icæ Li h anicæ Theophili Schul ens Pas : Ca eno , Regiomon i:
Typis F ide ici Reu ne i, [...] Aō: 1673. This is he i s ime ha he book has been published.
(Facsimile edi ion by Sapun and Schulco G amma ), page K. Eigminas, B. S undžia, Vilnius:
Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 1997. F ied ich Wilhelm Hack 1730:
Vocab la i m Li h anico-ge manic m, e Ge manico-Li h anic m, Da in alle im Neuen
Tes amen und P al e be indliche W e nach dem Alphabe h en hal en ind; also known as he
"Alphabe o he New Tes amen " o he "Alphabe o he New Tes amen " o he "Alphabe
o he New Tes amen " o he "Alphabe o he New Tes amen " o he "Alphabe o he New Tes amen ". Ein em Anhang eine Ku ge a en Li haui chen G amma ic Ausge e ige on F iede ich Wilhelm Haack S.S. Theol. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a Ge man has been awa ded he Nobel P ize o Li e a u e. Cul o e, […]u […]ei is he name o he illage.
DANIEL PETIT
338 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV, also known as he Li huanian Language Ac
Teache a he Li haui chen Semina y in Halle. Halle, D uck s S ephanus O ban, om
he Uni e si y o Vienna. This is Buchd . (1730) 2. (S udies, indexes, guides), by V.
Zubai ienė, Vilnius: Published by he Uni e si y o Vilnius, 2012.
The g amma o he Uni e si y o Li huanian Language, 1737 […] Anoniminė 1737 m. K.
Eigminas, Vilnius: Science, 1981. He is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he
Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende Equali y. Johann Se e in (1899): Mi h ida es ode allgemeine Sp achenkunde, Vol. 2, Be lin, which was published by he Ge man publishing house Mi h ida es.
I 's you.
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1990): His o y o he Li huanian language 4, Vilnius: The science.
Deli e ed on 11 Sep embe 2021
DANIEL PETIT
Highe seconda y school
45, ue d'Ulm, 75005 Pa is, F ance
daniel.pe[email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, li ed in, o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Pa is.