S aipsniai / A icles 25
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0001-6941-6504 Di ec ions o
academic esea ch: his o y o he Li huanian
language, Bal ic s udies, geolinguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
INTARPINIAI IR STA KAMIENO
DEDURATYVAI 16 h o 17 h cen u y A.D.
LIETUVIŲ RAŠTIJOJE
In ixed and s a-s em Dedu a i es A es ed in
Li huanian Sc ip s o he 16 h17 h Cen u y
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s he mo phoseman ic du a i e e mina ion o he opposi ion, which is
eco ded in he Li huanian w i ing o he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies, he s udy: he seman ic and
o mal ela ionships o he membe s o he opposi ion a e analyzed, he ypes o p edica e
si ua ions, he linguogeog aphical and ch onological dis ibu ion, he o igins o his co ela ion
a e conside ed. The h ee opposi es a e di e en ia ed om he poin o iew o p edica e
eiškia du a y inį, neimplikuojan į ibos eiksmą, o in a piniai i s a kamieno eiksmažo-
si ua ions: he basic oo s and he e bs o he a iable p eposi ions deno e he whole, usually
į ykių akcionalines klases. Ypa ingas aidmuo žymin dedu a y ais eiškiamas p edika ines
si uacijas enka p e iksacijai i dominuojančioms bū ojo laiko o moms.
he inchoa i e and he punc ual ac ion, so hey co espond o he p ocesses and he ESMINIAL
WORDS: e bs, e bs, du a ions, e mina ions, eliškumas, aspec , ac ion, p e ix, pe ec ion, apophony.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle in es iga es he mo phoseman ic opposi ion du a i a e mina i a a es ed in he
Li huanian sc ip s da ing back o he 16 h-17 h cen u ies. The ela ions o seman ic and o mal
exp ession o he membe s o he opposi ion, he ypes o p edica e si ua ions, he a eal and
ch onological dis ibu ion a e analyzed, and he o igin o his co ela ion is conside ed. The
opposi es unde s udy a e di e en ia ed wi h espec o he aspec ual p ope y o elici y:
p ima y e bs s and o a du a i e, boundless ac ion, while in ixed and s a-s em.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
26 Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXV e bs deno e a elic (usually inchoa i e) and punc ual
ac ion, and hus can be asc ibed o he ac ional classes o accomplishmen s and
achie emen s espec i ely. P e ixa ion and he p e ailing o ms o he pas ense play a
pa icula ly impo an ole in deno ing he KEY WORDS: e bs, de i a ion, du a i es,
p edica e si ua ions exp essed by dedu a i es.
e mina i es, elici y, aspec , ac ionad auge: hey a e uni ed by lexical and g amma ical
li y, p e ix pe ec i ia ion, apophony.
ĮVADAS
Lie u ių kalbos in a piniai i s a kamieno eiksmažodžiai pap as ai i iami
seman ics, mo phosyn ac ic ea u es, pines and 600 s ages o e bs. In o he languages,
ne e ai i gene inis bend umas (plg. bla i báls a, gsa i gs a e c.). LKŽe i a -
minių žodynų duomenimis, lie u ių kalboje jų y a pe ūks an į: apie 500 in a -
hese in lec ional classes a e no as abundan : in La ian, he in e pola ion and he s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s In e media e e bs a e conside ed a chaic: hey exis in many Indo-Eu opean
languages ( o o mal s uc u e and seman ic de elopmen in indi idual Indo-Eu opean
languages, see Kuipe 1937; S unk 1967; Go bacho 2007 e c.). The second ype […] s a
kamienas […] is usually ega ded as an inno a ion o whi e (o eas e n whi e) languages
(Kazlauskas 1968; Schmid 1963; Ku yłowicz 1964; S angūnas 1942, 1966; Oe inge 1979;
Ka aliūnas 1987; Pakalniškienė 1993; Kaukienė 1994, 2002), bu he e a e a emp s o link hem wi h a ious ideas. In he case o he Uni ed S a es, o example, he numbe o people li ing in po e y has doubled in he pas decade. The p oduc i i y o in e media e and pe manen e bs in he Li huanian language implies he ela i e […]jaunum[…] o hese lexi e classes and encou ages he sea ch o ways o in es iga i e e bs. The synch onous and diach onic wo ks o g amma emphasize he ela ionship o hese e bs (no e alua ed om a c ea i e poin o iew) wi h he common oo s o nouns and e bs. A mo e de ailed iew o hese connec ions allows o de e mine he de i a i e o he s a us o he in e media e and pe manen e bs o he pa and hus explain hei abundance in Li huanian language (see Ska džius 1943: 486488; Ho mann 1956; Kuipe 1943; Endzelīns 1937: 764765; Ska dijus 1943: 463486; Būga 1959: 431469; A umaa 1957; Kazlauskas 1968: 319323; LKG 225 2, 1986; Temčin: 2934; Ka aliunas Palma; Sis i is 1998: 1 Ten
A icles o he 27 h
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
27–28; Pakalniškienė 1993, 2000, 2018, 2019, 2020; Go bacho 2007; A kadie
2008, 2011, 2013; Villanue a-S ensson 2010, 2011, 2016).
The a icles con inue in he 16 h and 17 h cen u y Li huanian sc ip […] in he ex s o
Ma in Maž ydas, Jono B e kūno and Vol enbiu elio Pos ilė, in he wo ks o Mikalojus
Daukšos, in he wo ks o Knygoje nobažnys ės and Kons an inas Si ydas2,
ep esen ing h ee a ian s o he w i ing o ha ime, […] in he esea ches on he
o igin and con inua ion o he in e wined s ones. In p e ious in es iga ions (see
Pakalniškienė, Ša ky ė 2012: 149[…]170; Pakalniškienė 2018: 61[…]101; 2019: 8[…]36; 2020:
nus a y a, kad apie 65 p ocen us i iamuose aš uose paliudy ų in a pinių i s a
kamieno eiksmažodžių galima laiky i ediniais: de e ba y ai ( ediniai iš eiks-
mažodžių) suda o be eik 70 p ocen ų, denomina y ai ( ediniai iš būd a džių i
1[…]16) he numbe o wo ds used was […] o e 30 pe cen .
Šįka p is a omas ienos mo oseman inės opozicijos du a i a / e mina i a
The s udy analyses he seman ic and o mal exp essions o opposi ion membe s in
kiai, p edika inių si uacijų ipai, ling ogeog a inė i ch onologinė dis ibucija,
s a s omos šios ko eliacijos iš akos. Ty imui naudo asi Lie u ių kalbos ins i-
a da abase o old w i ings, elec onic conco dance o old ex s, a dic iona y o
Ma yn Maž ydo's w i ings compiled by Dominik U bo (1998), a c i ical edi ion o
Kons an in Si ydo's Poin s by Vi ginia Vasiliuskienė and K is ina Ru ko ska (2015),
and he Index o Poin s by Kons an in Si ydo (1980). Examples collec ed by hand:
selec ed om all sou ces eliable e mina i e in e pola ions and s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
INTARPINIAI IR STA KAMIENO
DURATYVAI XVI[…]XVII A. Li huanian language and li e a u e
W i en by
1. Mo oseman inės opozicijos du a i a / e mina i a pa yzdžių senojoje aš-
I is much less han he opposi ion causa i e an icausa i e e1589, Pos ilė 1591; Ma in Maž ydo's
alizacijų (Pakalniškienė 2020: 1–16). Siekian nus a y i i iamosios opozicijos
2 Jono B e kūno Biblija 1985, 1986, 1590, Giesmės Duchaunos 1589, Kancionalas 1589, Kolek os
Ca echism 1547, Giesmė s . The i s edi ion was published by he Ge man publishing house Ve lag
de Deu schen Gewe kscha (Ve lag de Deu schen Gewe kscha en) in 1569 and was published by
he Ge man publishing house Ve lag de Deu schen Gewe kscha (Ve lag de Deu schen
Gewe kscha ) in 1569 and 1569 espec i ely.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV membe s' ela ions a e based on he
modi ied Zeno Vendle io's ac ional classi ica ion o p edica es (1957), which has
been de eloped in many wo ks (Dow y 1979; Ve kuyl, 1993; Smi h 1997; K o 2012;
Padouche a 2004, 2009, 2014; Ta e oso 2010, 2015; Hol oe , Čižik 2004; Plungian 2010,
2011; Ro hs ein and o he s). The mos impo an seman ic cha ac e is ics o his
classi ica ion […] s a ic s. dynamic, du a ion s. momen um, non- i al y s.
i al y […] allow he en i e p edica e lexicon o any language o be di ided in o
se e al uni e sal g oups[…]3, called seman ic o ac ional p edica e ypes (ang.
ac ionali y classes): 4 nouns: nouns a e s able si ua ions, hey a e o unlimi ed
1) būsenos p edika ai (ang. s a es), a ba s a y ai, suda o p iešp iešą dinami-
du a ion, a ypical, unnecessa y, because […] he con inua ion o he sen ence
does no equi e he e o s and ene gy o he subjec , hei subjec pa ience
o pa ience[…] (Plungi 2010: 105). o walk, o walk, and non-agen s, o example, o lie
down, o ligh ; 3) p ocess p edica es (eng. accomplishmen s) deno e dynamic
2) eiklos p edika ai (ang. ac i i ies) žymi dinamines si uacijas, unkančias ne-
ibo ą laiką, aigi y a a eliniai. Jie gali bū i agen y iniai, pa yzdžiui, juõk is,
di ec ional si ua ions in ol ing a na u al ending o culmina ion, a g adual
de e io a ion o he s a e. They can be agen -based, o example, o w i e a
le e , o in luence, o non-agen -based, o example, o sca e, o a es , o
shoo ; 4) he p edica es o an e en (achie emen s) imply a sudden ansi ion
om one s a e o ano he : he du a ion o he e en is so sho ha […] he
e en can only be s a ed ex pos […] (Hol oe , Čižik 2004: 148). Because o his, hey
a e also called momen a y, punc ual o semi- ac ual, o example, o si down, o
ge , o o ge , o all asleep.
The popula Vendle classi ica ion, al hough ega ded as ypologically ele an , is modi ied in di e en
ways by speake s, as he mani es a ion o ac ionali y in a pa icula language can a y g ea ly. I
a ies he nomencla u e o p edica e si ua ions o ac ion classes, o example: s a es, e en s,
p ocesses (Com ie 1976); S a es, ac i i ies, accomplishmen s, semel ac i es, achie emen s (Smi h 1997:
3); and This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Simila ly g ouped a e he e bs o he
Li huanian language, e.g. s a i e, p ocessual, punc ual, mul iplica i e, s ong and weak elic, and
addi ional classes a e assigned o he p eceding ones: limi a i e s a i e, limi a i e elic, weak
incep i e-s a i e, punc ual-ing essi e, limi a i e p ocessual, s ong mul iplica i e (A kadie 2011: 78)
e c. The classi ica ion p o ided in he a icle also di e s somewha om ha o a salesman. 4 The
a icle ollows he app oach o Vladimi o Plungiano, Rolando Mikulsko, Pio A kadye o and o he s ha
ins ead o he e b e b he e b, he aspec , he owel o he g amma ical ca ego ies. Ac ion a
ikslinga a o i akcionalumo, akcionalinės klasės e minus (Plungian 2010; A kadie 2011; ki aip
LKG 2: 8–46; Hol oe , Čižik 2004. Diskusiją ž . Com ie 1976; Mikulskas 2013; Татевосов 2015;
Горбова 2016).
A icles o he 29 h
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
Opposi es ep esen ing he mo phoseman ic co ela ion o e bs in Nag inė a e jus
as much […] exagge a ed[…] in o hese ac ion classes: one g oup is made up o s a es
and ac i i ies p edica es, a elinic e bs, and he o he […] p ocesses and e en s,
eline e bs. Speech opposi ion is p ima ily based on leng h, du a ion, e mina ion, and
odėl ją galima adin i į ai iai, pa yzdžiui, a elica / elica. Tokia p iešp ieša į
pi mą planą iškeliama daugelyje aspek ologijos da bų. Jelena Paduče a siūlo
e miną ang. elic e s i e mina y inis, o a elic – (po encialiai) ne ibinis, ne e -
mina y inis (Падучева 2009: 15–16). Akademinėje Lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje
a ojami panašūs e minai – neapib ėž os ukmės, du a y iniai, i apib ėž os
ac ion (LKG 2:15-18). In his wo k, i is decided o call he opposi ion unde in es iga ion
du a i e e mina i e in o de o emphasize he di e ence be ween he opposi es
ep esen ing he di e en sha e classes, di e en ia ed by he non- i al y o he
pa ame e s. The e o e, he wo-pa y opposi ion is upda ed […] a elie s o ac ion s.
elephone ac ion (simila o Smi h 1997: 3; Ro hs ein 2004: 7; Paduče a 2009: 5). In he
case o he opposing e bs, he e bs o he opposing e bs a e no essen ial: bo h
membe s o he pai can be in ansi i e, a alen ine, non-agen ine, ansi i e,
u in iems inhe en inį eliškumo požymį, pa yzdžiui, sušùk i, p aš s i. Ki i
seman iniai-g ama iniai-mo osin ak iniai pa ame ai, okie kaip anzi y u-
alen ine, and agen ine (e.g., he mos common causa i e e b is an icausa i e,
di e en ia ed om he ansi i e and agen ine opposi ions). Thus, he s uc u e o
he ac inic membe s o bo h du a i e and e mina i e opposi ions is he same (e.g.
causa i e and an i-causa i e, ha ing di e en ac inic composi ion). The o mal
seman ic opposi ion du a i e e mina i e clause is unequal. The ac ion o he
wo kshop is always ma ked by he oo s and he p eposi ions, and he ac ion o he
wo kshop is always ma ked by he in e pola ions and he s anzas. The co ela ion
be ween he wo co esponds exac ly o he opposi ion's causa i e an icausa i e
mo phological model: he e bs o he i- h s one a e made in e mi en , i.e. he e bs
o he i- h s one a e made in e mi en , i.e. he e bs o he i- h s one a e made
in e mi en , i.e. he e bs o he i- h s one a e made in e mi en , i.e. he e bs o
he i- h s one a e made in e mi en , i.e. he e bs o he i- h s one a e made
in e mi en , i.e. he e bs o he i- h s one a e made in e mi en . o ansla e in o
[…] o ansla e in o […] o ansla e in o […] o ansla e in o […] and, o b eak, o
b eak, o b eak w inkles, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o
b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak, o b eak.
(causa i e and an icausa i e).
Howe e , mo e pai s a e eco ded wi h p ima y and seconda y du a i e membe s.
iniai p iesaginiai eiksmažodžiai ( iksliau – eiksmažodžiai su kin amosiomis

DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
p iesagomis5), pa yzdžiui, kalb i ‘žodžiu eikš i sa o min is, jausmus, išgy e-
o speak, o hea , o hea , o pe cei e sounds, o eel sounds; o expe ience, o
know, e c. These pai s o co ela ions a e cha ac e ized by a quali a i e change in
he o es, domina ed by a cons uc i e opposi ion wi hou a change in he o es.
Tables 14 and 6-11 p esen he speci ica ions o p esen a ional and
dedu a y inės opozicijos, sug upuo os pagal balsių kai ą i p oduk y umą, nu-
non-p esen a ional o ms and s ock classes eco ded in ancien w i ings showing
p iešdėlinių i nep iešdėlinių o mų san ykį, nes šie pa ame ai y a ypač ak ua-
he equency o e mina i e usage.
VEDINIAI The oo o he ac ion
The Vedas om he oo du a ional e bs make up abou a qua e (10) o all
he e mina ions eco ded in he in es iga i e w i ings. Almos all c ea i e
opposi ions a e cha ac e ized by a change in he oo sounds: he mos
common […] wo- oice apophony CauC-C[…]C- (6), CeiC-CiC- (1), he a es
wo- oice CeRC-CiRC- (2) and he only pai ouched, wi hou a change in he
sounds (see ables 1[…]4). One LENTEL. The ype o apophony is CauC-C[…]C- (6)/7
DUR. ia / TERM. n, s a Te mina y ų
equency
P ezen inės s.
nep ezen inės
o mos
P iešdėlinės s.
nep iešdėlinės
o mos
o ejoice, o ejoice, o ejoice
INTR […] o b ing pleasu e,
pleasu e, joy […]8 - o ejoice, *
o ejoice, o ejoice INTR […] o
ake joy […]9
3xB,
4xWP,
10xDP, […] 19 and 19
2xKN o
5 Because o he e m c . Kaukienė, Pakalniškienė 2011: 113[…]114. This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. 6 I he e b o m is ouched on a ew imes in he wo ks o he espec i e au ho , only he
nenu odan konk ečių šal inių: Mž – Maž ydas, B – B e kūnas, D – Daukša, S – Si ydo da bai.
au ho ship is indica ed, 7 Plg. h oughou he Li huanian language a ea […] 10 opposi ions (Pakalniškienė
1993: 147). Compa a i e quan i a i e cha ac e is ics a e s ill p o ided in he oo no es ( he e m
Li huanian language is used he e as an unnamed ch onological opposi ion o he e m old Li huanian
language). 8 The meanings o he e minology a e de e mined on he basis o he ex s o he old w i ings and he de ini ions o he LKŽ.
9 P iegaidės senuosiuose aš uose a spindimos menkai. Čia jos sužymė os emian is LKŽe.
A icles o he T ea y
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
DUR. ia / TERM. n, s a Te mina y ų
equency
P ezen inės s.
nep ezen inės
o mos
P iešdėlinės s.
nep iešdėlinės
o mos
eel, eel, eel TR expe ience
o hink, 16xDP, o, o- o […]
expe ience senso y i i a ion
hink, o eel, o ouch, o
15 19
he eeling o 3xMž, 33xB, 22 65
o wake up […] o eel, o eel,
in he o gans o he 8xKN; o
ouch, o ouch 1xBP, 8xDP, 6
87; o expe ience a sensa ion;
o eel 29xWP, TR […] o
INTRODUCTION: The ollowing
[…] o make a
de ini ions shall apply o he
ollowing sub-componen s:
mis ake, o commi
[…] o see, o
- I'm going o ge ang y, I'm
a c ime […] o
jump […] o
commi a c ime, o commi a c ime, o commi a c ime INTR 10xB, 3xDP, […] 16 16
jump, […] o jump, 1xWP, 2xSD o jump […]
going o ge ang y, I'm going
[…]be co e ed by
sleep […] sn[…]s i,
INTR o ake a snack; how much
o squeeze; he ollowing
o ge ang y, I'm going o
snaudulio, hal 6xDP,
sn[…]s a, sn[…]do 1xKN, 5xS/
ge ang y
3xWP, ap-, o 1 o
pa ag aph is added: The numbe
I 's ha d o belie e
had a chance o alk
o dea hs due o acciden s a
ha his is he
abou his.
wo k is inc easing apidly.
i s ime we' e
O which 35 169 201 3
Two slowly. The ollowing de ini ions a e
DUR. ia / TERM. n, s a Te mina y ų
dažnumas
P ezen inės s.
nep ezen inės
o mos
P iešdėlinės s.
nep iešdėlinės
o mos
used: (i) Induc ion o a sound (e.g., "c ying");
Induc ion o a sound (e.g., "c ying"); ( )
Induc ion o a sound (e.g., "c ying"); 1xWP,
(ii) Induc ion o a sound (e.g., "c ying"); (iii)
Induc ion o a sound (e.g., "c ying"); ( )
2xSD o
Induc ion o a sound (e.g., "c ying"); (i )
O he o al 1 2 3 […]
10
Lie u ių kalboje už iksuo os 6 šios apo oninės eilės opozicijos (Pakalniškienė 1993: 139).
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
3 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Type o apophony
DUR. ia / TERM. n, s a Te mina y ų
CeRC- CiRC- (2) 11 equency o
P ezen inės s.
nep ezen inės
o mos
P iešdėlinės s.
nep iešdėlinės
o mos
- o c y, o c y, o c y, o c y, o c y,
o c y, o c y, o c y, o c y, o c y,
o c y, o c y, o c y, o c y he
numa y i’
ollowing pa ag aph is added: o ake
an in e es ;
O he o al 0 10 10 0
4 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Neopho ic ype (112)
DUR. ia / TERM. n, s a Te mina y ų
equency
P ezen inės s.
nep ezen inės
o mos
P iešdėlinės s.
nep iešdėlinės
o mos
o smell, o smell, o smell INTR […]
o sp ead he smell, o smell […]
*o-b ea hing, o-b ea hing, o-b ea hing INTR
[…] o ge ou , o lose he smell […]13
2xSD one one wo
iš- –
O which 1 1 2 0
Tables 14 e lec he endencies o he use o hese e mina i es: non-p esen a i e o ms
p edomina e […] hey accoun o 82%; I is used sys ema ically in 11 Li huanian languages (4
(Pakalniškienė 1993: 145). 12 In he Li huanian language 7 (Pakalniškienė 1993: 152). 13 The o m o he
wo d si ydo ikweps u, judging om he mu a i e meaning (plg. wywie eí & wywie ui insipidus
io), could suppose a sel -con ained pa adigm * o b ea he, o b ea he, o b ea he. Such LKZs a e
no eco ded, bu some sen ences, such as Nuk ėpęs alus a o J; He e's he K kl ha 's been ea en
by he K kl. B ewed bee […] b ewed, b ewed Sh s; In o de o a oid con usion, i is necessa y o
ake he ime o ms o he o kamien gi en in he i le wo d o he LKŽ, which would allow o
Gg ; Nepalikia pa nak į a ida y ų bu elių, o nuk ėps alus, i nėkas nebno ės jo ge i R , d auge su
econs uc he ac ion o he s onewo k, ma king he el ac ion, and o ming an opposi ion o he
du a ion o he ac ion o he s onewo k (see Pakalniškienė 1993: 193).
A icles o he T ea y
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
The use o p eposi ional e bs in his way is ound in 99 pe cen o he o ms
eco ded in ancien manusc ip s. 5 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? The Vedas a e he oo o
ac ion wo ds. Ra io o p esen and non-p esen o ms and p e ixes and non-p e ixes
(n=219)
The amily o he a achmen
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Mos o he old- ashioned e minology, o e 70 pe cen , is made up o a iable
p eposi ions and e bs (28). Diach onically, he basic p eposi ions o e bs ha e a
di e en e b s a us: e bs wi h he p e ix -ė i, -a, -ėjo a e conside ed p ima y
(Jakulis 2004), wi h o he a iable p eposi ions […] seconda y. Howe e , his is no
impo an o he opposi ion unde in es iga ion: in all cases, he seman ic
ela ionship be ween he opposi es is he same: he in e pola ions, espec i ely, o
he s onemason's e bs deno e he el, he p eposi ions […] he a elin ac ion. Ve bs
a e g ouped acco ding o he mo phological s uc u e o he oo wo d and he
p onuncia ion o he owels: ediniai om p eposi ions -ė i, -i, -ėjo (14); - his, - ha , -
ha (10); - This, ha , ha (1); - whoa, whoa, whoa (2); - he, he, he (1). 14 O he 219
o ms in use, only 3 a e non-nego iable.
0
50
100
150
200
250
CeiC- / CiC- CeRC- / CiRC- CauC- / CuC- be apo onijos
nep ezen inės o mos
p iešdėlinės o mos
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
ė i, -i ė i, -a o i, -o y i, -o
nep ezen inės o mos
p iešdėlinės o mos
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
40 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
The esul s o he A kadye o expe imen and he Li huanian Old Tes amen s udy a e summa ized. The
old Li huanian sc ip is domina ed by he e mina i e, o eline, o ms o p e ixed e bs (99%). The
esul s o he expe imen also show he same si ua ion: ou o 120 p e-de e mined e bs, mos ly he e
a e eline ac ions ep esen ing lexemes […] 110, abou 92 pe cen […] 22 […] 12 LENTEL[…]. Va ious om
a iable p ecep s o ac ion. The a io o p esen a i e and non-p esen a i e o ms and p eposi ional
and non-p eposi ional o ms (n=2307) 22 In he a icle, mo e ac ion classes a e assigned: punc ual, s ong
elic, limi a i e elic, weak incep i e-s a i e, punc ual ing essi e, weak elic. 23 Thus, he co ela ion
Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne i Teks yne okių po ų p iskaičiuo a apie 70
(A kadie 2013), ačiau ne isi au o iaus eikiami pa yzdžiai y a ele an iški23.
be ween subjunc i e and subjunc i e is di e en no only in e ms o ac ion bu also in e ms o
agency, so ha subjunc i e and bila e al a e in e changeable, and his could cons i u e an an i-casual
causa i e esponse o subjunc i e. The same can be said o he in e jec ion ela ionship (no he
in e jec ion ela ionship, which is o in e jec ion o igin) and he in e jec ion ela ionship. The e b
p až ing i o ms an ac ion pai wi h ž eng i, and ž ingau i is an i e a i e e b om ž eng i. P e ious
esea ch indica es ha in e linea and s asis e mina i es can be made om e bs wi h a iable
p eposi ions (such as […] mixed- ype e bs), bu no om e bs wi h p eposi ions in all majo o ms
(Pakalniškienė 1993). The e o e, he wo ds "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ",
"hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ",
"hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ", "hea ",
"hea ".
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
0
50
100
150
200
250
CeiC- / CiC- CeRC- / CiRC- CauC- / CuC- be apo onijos
nep ezen inės o mos
p iešdėlinės o mos
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
ė i, -i ė i, -a o i, -o y i, -o
nep ezen inės o mos
p iešdėlinės o mos

S aipsniai / A icles 41
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
P. A kadye igh ly sees he ela i e no el y o his opposi ion and he connec ion
wi h he causal inchoa i ine (in A kadye 's e ms) opposi ion, whose lexicaliza ion
(o pe haps c ea ion) de e mined he homogenei y o he o ms and con en o
he in e im and pe manen ac ion e bs […] he uncon olled ac ion, s a e o i s
ki imo eikšmę, in anzi y umą, o p iešdėliai i a i inkamos laiko o mos kei ė
ac ion class.
Anks esnio y imo duomenimis (Pakalniškienė 1993), isame lie u ių kal-
he a ea o opposi ions is well o e […] 150 co ela ions be ween he du a ion o
he opposi ions: he in e pola ions and s s s e mina i es o he 32 opposi ions
a e de i ed om he e bs o he oo and he s s s , and he co esponding
e mina ions o he 118 opposi ions […] om he e bs o he a iable e bs ( he
compa a i e quan i a i e cha ac e is ics a e gi en in he quo a ions om he
opposi ions o he old w i ings). A is ic models and he in e wined, o a he he
ac ion o he s one, in he en i e Li huanian language mimic he si ua ion o he old
w i ings: i is mainly eco ded in he o m o p e-dedica ed non- empo al o ms
13- oje len elėje a sispindi i iamųjų opozicijų senosios aš ijos da ybi-
ha exp ess he elisk. he quan i a i e a io o he models: i can be seen ha he la ges p opo ion is e minals
y iniai in a piniai i s a kamieno ediniai iš kin amųjų p iesagų du a y inių
eiksmažodžių.
13 The LENTEL. Vedic oo and a iable p eposi ions o e bs (n=38) 2. A ha
ime, he e minals o he Ti iamie inle s and he s a ion we e no widely sp ead
in he w i en language. Almos hal o hem (16) a e eco ded in all h ee
spelling a ian s: The ollowing de ini ions apply o: (a) a) a bowl o soup; (b) a
bowl o soup; (c) a bowl o soup; (d) a bowl o soup; (e) a bowl o soup; ( ) a bowl o
soup; (g) a bowl o soup; (h) a bowl o soup; (h) a bowl o soup; (h) a bowl o soup; (i)
a bowl o soup. The e a e no in e pella ions and no s elae o he s elae o he
9
1
4
24
s elae o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae o
he s elae o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae
o he s elae o he s elae o he s elae
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
42 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV - o ac in con lic ing un ela ed a eas […]
idu iniame a ian uose, pa yzdžiui: -bil i, -džiug i, -gys i, jus i, -klus i, skil i,
-š is i, - ils i, -ž ilg i. Vidu iniame i y iniame aš ų a ian uose už iksuo i 4 in-
a piniai esp. s a kamieno ediniai: -liūs i, -s eb i, -žib i. Du e mina y ai ing i,
P ussian Li huanian and spy (Mž); in he middle -de i (DP), -kalb i (DP) and -k ip i
y iniame a ian uose24. Ki i in a piniai i s a kamieno e mina y iniai ediniai
iksuojami paski uose aš o a ian uose, plg.: aka iniame jus i (junda) (BB),
(DP); in he eas -k ėp i (SD), - u i (SD) and -žas i (SD, PS). Acco ding o he LKŽ,
many o hese indi idual au ho s' e bs a e used mo e o less widely
h oughou Li huania.
3. p e ix elisiza ion, o pe ec ion, oge he wi h pa adigma iza ion, as we see,
eco ded in he ea lies ancien w i ings; i is s ill used in all languages and in he
cu en Li huanian language. Pa allels exis in o he Bal ic and Sla ic, Ge manic
languages (see A kadie 2015 o he ypology o he pe ec p e ix). Howe e , many
o he in es iga i e opposi ions conside he Li huanian language o be new, as he e
a e e y ew e ymological ma ches in o he languages. 3.1 In La ian, only one o he (4)
o mally and seman ically analogous pai is eco ded, e.g. la. I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . o be hea d; I eel, I eel, I eel, I
eel, I eel I don' know, I don' know, I don' know. Jus , mo e, mo e om […]jus […],
e . ; I'm going o ask you a ques ion. I'm going o ask you a ques ion. I'm going o ask
you a ques ion. silen (also can be done wi h he La in klusê , klusu […] klusẽju, klusẽju
[…] ylė i[…])25; zinâ , zinu, zinãju […] o know […] -z[…] , -zĩs u, -zinu; a -, ie-, pa- ‘ o
ecognize, o acknowledge.... Some La ian e bs indica e ha he e is no such sha p
dis inc ion be ween e bs as opposi es in Li huanian, o example, he La ian
common language wo d in he La ian li e a y dic iona y e bs a e called izdzi s ,
-dzi s u, -dzi du.
Se e al equi alen opposi ions (8) bea wi ness only o his o ical wo ds, […] in mode n
La ian, one who is a membe o he opposi ion o e en used by o he s mâcê , mâku,
leksemos, plg.:
la. a ch. bādê ‘Ekel od. G auen emp inden, läs ig allen’ ME I, 270 / a ch.
-bâs , -bâs u, -bâdu ‘pabos i, nubos i’; a -, nuo-; e l. ME II, 760; EH I, 134
(daba inėje la ių kalboje abiem eikšmėmis a ojamas eiksmažodis apnik );
mâcẽju ‘mocking, o know māk ‘le nen, können ME II, 579, 580 (in place o -māk ‘mocking
is said o each, o each); a ch. o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o
sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o
sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep, o sleep. Acco ding o schla en, schlumme nME II, 652; EH
24 LKŽ, hese e bs a e common h oughou Li huania. 25 Because o he ela ionship be ween he meanings o Li huanian and La ian opposi ion, see his o y. Ka aliūnas 1987: 4042. He is a membe o he Se bian na ional eam.
A icles o he T ea y
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
I, 824 / -mig , -megu (*-mgu ME II, 624, 625), -migu; aiz-, ie- ‘užmig i, įmig-
Ins ead o sleeping, hey sleep, hey sleep, hey sleep. I'm going o smell i . I'm going o smell i . I'm going
‘smi dė i’ / smi s , smi s u, smi du; sa- ‘susmi s i’ ME III, 966; EH II, 539 (la.
o smell i . he compound "s a smelling" is used ins ead o "smell"; I 's called a spide , a spide , a
blizgė i, ž ilgė i’ / spīs , spīs u, spīdu ‘spįs i’ ME III, 1004 (Miūlenbachas nu-
odo, kad spīs u, spīdu = spîdê ‘scheinen, leuch en, glänzen’: saule spīs S elp);
spide , a spide , a spide , a spide . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. zib, zibu, zibẽju zibė i,
spindė i zib , zbu zbs u zibs u, zibu žibė i, spindė i IV ME, 718 (in place o he second opposi ion membe
bk. used o be zibē ies); I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on
he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on
he p inciple o p opo ionali y. In he La ian language o se e al Li huanian opposi ion pa ies, only
one o he opposi ions occu s, usually he du a i e, plg. du a y ai p iesaginiai: dziêdâ , dziêdu,
dziêdāju ‘ o sing, o sing; he a ch. judê ME II, 115; EH I, 566 […]judė i[…] (La in bk. kus ē ies
šakniniai: sàuk , sàucu, sàucu ‘šauk i’; snaũs , snaũžu, snaũdu ‘snaus i’;
[…]judė i[…]); m[…]lê , m[…]lu […] m[…]lẽju, m[…]lẽju […]my575 (La in o he wonde o he momen ) I'm
going o ha e o, I'm going o ha e o, I'm going o ha e o. I'm going o go, I'm going o go, I'm going. I'm
lė i’ ME II, 644; a ch. s ebê iês, s ebuôs, s ebẽjuõs ‘s ebė is’ ME IV, 103; EH II,
no going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . b idge, a -, he cas le […](pa)bus i[…], he
iedu ∥ a ch. iedẽju, iedẽju ‘ma y i, įžiū ė i, sužiū ė i’;
e mina y ai
wo kshop ac ion is exp essed by o he e bs o compound wo ds […] o be nomadic, negulē […] o be>);
he club, he club, he club […]klup i[…]; smoking, smoking, smoking (e.g. abou a ligh bulb, a candle) […]26.
F om he La ian consonan s, i can be seen ha he ac onym in mode n La ian is ela ed o he
blood, plg. iemīlē ‘pamil i; o be called […]sušuk i[…]; he sea s, he sea s, he sea s, he sea s; and
pe iphe al o ms, o example, o s a singing p agys i; o mo e, o en e and o begin o mo e […] o
kalboje y a ki okia: elinis eiksmas o malizuojamas p e iksacija, dažniau-
mo e; o lea n, o lea n o lea n; o be "shaken up"; I we keep i in he 26 h, we'll keep i in he 26 h. o
exhale, o exhale, o exhale, o exhale, o lose he smell in acco dance wi h he SD, […] hese e bs can
also be o med in pa allel in bo h languages. Ma is lying. o b ea he, o smell, o b ea he, o b ea he,
o b ea he, o b ea he, o b ea he, o b ea he, o b ea he, o b ea he. Smell, smell, smell, smell, smell,
smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell,
smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell,
smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, smell,
smell, smell, smell, smell, smell, wha is his wha is his In he La ian language, he o he oo leksema
a adē ies, no adē ies (plg. lie. nusi ad i) is also used in a e mina i e sense.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV, pa o which eads as ollows: Howe e , a
ew adequa e La ian pai s could show a common endency o he Eas Bal ic
languages o di e en ia e in e ms o e b elihood27. In he P ussian language
sou ces, he du a ion o he analogous opposi ion is e mina ed by a e lec ion:
sų nė a, – paliudy as ik ienas ku is iš d iejų ikė inų eiksmažodžių, dažniau
du a y ai, pa yzdžiui:
in . billī , p aes. 3, pl. billā […] billē […] bylo i[…]; I'm going o ask you a ques ion. 1 pl. o
hea […] o ask […]28; in . million, p aes. 3, pl. milē […] o lo e; he pa icle. I beg you
pa don. he ac . name. he ollowing able is added: he masc. he deb o ( he
exis ing deb o ); guil y (being guil y), p .
I'll gi e you a ide, please. o keep; e mina ed by: p ae . 3 sg., pl. ismigē […]uzmigo[…],
pa ic. This is he i s ime ha he e m is used in he English language. I 's all
igh . he ac . name. he ollowing able is added: he masc. enmigguns […]migęs[…]29;
p . p ae . This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his. 3 o his chap e . You saw, you
saw, you saw; I'm no going o lie o you. 1 p. e sinni may be known, in . posinna , p aes.
1 o his chap e . I 's called " ecogni ion". I should be no ed ha he o mal e b is
ly. You know, la. he equi alen s o p . e sinna ‘ o ecognize, posinna ‘ o ecognize
a e used in P ussian ex s in he e mina i e sense, so hey seman ically
co espond o lie. - You know, la. - I know. The ac s o P ussian should show ha he speaking ac ion opposi ion began o ake shape in he imes o he Eas e n Bal s.
3.2. The e a e analogues o he opposi e opposi ion in Sla ic and Ge manic languages31, o example: s.
. s j ě i ‘š ies i ‘s j( )nu iš is i, s. . mjža i ‘snaus i mjgnu i ‘mi k elė i, s. sl. o si down, o si
down, o si down, o si down, o si down; Go o i . […]leiban […]s ay[…] a -li nan […]be le o e […], go
o Wakan […]be awake[…] ga-waknan […]wake up[…], s. is also used. "Sleep" so a so a " all asleep" is he
ge m. ♪ I'm going o be sad ♪ ♪ I'm going o g ow sad ♪ *blīkan ‘shine, be b igh *bliknan ‘g ow bleak,
become pale, 27 Such an in es iga ion o La ian language opposi ion would signi ican ly complemen
he in es iga ions o he whi e ac ion classes, bu a leas he e is no comple e eco d ye . I is
usually ope a ed wi h indi idual examples, e.g. bijâ , bijãju (du a i e) bî iês, bîs uôs ( e mina i e,
inchoa i e)
(Villanue a-S ensson 2008: 175–199). Beje, bijā daba inėje la ių kalboje pakeis as eiksmažo-
džiu baidī ies.
28 V. Mažiulis ekons uoja p . e b. *paklus- ‘im i klausy i, da y is klusniam’ iš adj. nom., acc. sg.
I'm no going o obey. I'm going o obey.
29 P . meic e in e p e acija neaiški: gali bū i in . a ba p aes. 3 sg., pl. (PEŽ 3: 122).
30 Ki aip Migelis Vilanue a-S ensonas: “This ac may poin o an exclusi ely Eas Bal ic o igin
o he inchoa i e, especially conside ing he g ea p oduc i i y o s a-p esen s in Li huanian and
La ian, bu since s a p esen s a e so spa sely a es ed in Old P ussian in any case a seconda y loss in
his language canno be absolu ely excluded ei he […] (Villanue a-S ensson 2008: 176). 31 I should be
no ed ha he in ec ion […] he o iginal model o nasal s ones, is main ained by he whi e ge m. Belgian
kalbose, ačiau sla ų i ge manų kalbose, kaip i daugelyje ki ų ide. kalbų, šis modelis bu o pe -
di b as – įsigalėjo nazalinė su iksacija (Go bacho 2007: 203).
S aipsniai / A icles 45
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
swell wi h ange , be en aged Bulga ian swell up, ge m. I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's
p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o
ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. Howe e , he e a e no eco ded pai s
o co espondences in he Old Li huanian sc ip in Sla ic and Ge manic languages, excep o s. sl. o
wake up, o wake up, o wake up, o wake up, o wake up. And he e's a lo mo e o hese indi idual
ma ches: "Smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i ,
smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell
lo. ideō, idē e ‘ma y i’, s. i. indá i ‘ anda’, a . īnas ī ‘ anda’; . очнуться
(: lie. jus i). Tad galima kalbė i ik apie bend ą šiau ės indoeu opiečių kalbų
i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , smell i , wha is i ? s. o he sl. o know, o know; s. o he sl. o
obse e, o no ice, a endency, a o mal and seman ic model, al eady ealized in sepa a e language b anches o e en in sepa a e languages.
The Appendices
1. Almos o y opposi ions du a i a e mina i a a e eco ded in he
Li huanian w i ing o he 16 h-17 h cen u ies. Two p oduc ion models ha e
been es ablished: e mina ion leads om 1) oo and unk ac ions and 2)
om a iable p ecep s ac ions. The i s model p ecisely co esponds o
he opposi ion causa i e an icaus i a o mal exp ession […] he wo k is
cha ac e is ic o he oo o he owels change: he basic and he s one
e bs ha e he oo o he main deg ee, and he in e ludes and he s one
e bs […] he end. The second, h ee-dimensional, model's e bs co espond
o he o mal and seman ic e mina i e and an i-causal pa ame e s o he
i s model, bu he basis o he e b is he e bs o a iable p eposi ions o
a di e en s uc u al ype, and he change o owels is no sui able o his
e b opposi ion. Such signs indica e ha he second model is inno a i e.
2. The s udy showed ha he pa e ns o deduc i e e bs ound in he old
sc ip a e he same as in Li huanian spoken and mode n language.
3. The meanings o he opposi es a e con as ed om a he o ical poin o iew: he basic e bs and
he e bs o he a iable p eposi ions mean he du a ion, he non-exclusi e si ua ions a e subjec o
plikuojan į ibos eiksmą, o in a piniai i s a kamieno eiksmažodžiai žymi
elinį, dažniausiai inchoa y inį i punk y inį eiksmą, aigi a liepia p oce-
so i į ykio akcionalines klases. Ypa ingas aidmuo žymin šias p edika-
p e ixa ion: he p eposi ional e bs make up 99 pe cen o he e mina i e e bs. The e bs a e no
only 32 synch onously isible opposi ion du a i e e mina i e, bu he in e linea e b may be mo e
a chaic, plg. co espondence ide. in languages: s. ai . ad-boind […] o announce, ussbond […] o say, g . o
lea n, o hea o .

DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
g ama ines p edika o ibos odiklių ( elisiza o ių a pe ek y a o ių) unk-
cijas, […] o en e ains a lexical meaning ha exp esses spa ial o ien a ion
( o example, indica es he in ensi y o he ac ion, en e ing a s a e o place,
in e ac ing wi h each o he , ac ing ou wa dly, e c.). The size o he e minals
is de e mined by he dominan p ope y4. No all o he in e pola ions and
zen inės eiksmažodžių o mos (pe 90 p ocen ų).
s a iona y e minals in ques ion we e w i en a ha ime: The ollowing
je papli ę ienodai. Be eik pusė jų (16) iksuojami isuose ijuose aš o
de ini ions apply o: (a) a) a bowl o soup; (b) a bowl o soup; (c) a bowl o soup; (d)
a bowl o soup; (e) a bowl o soup; ( ) a bowl o soup; (g) a bowl o soup; (h) a bowl
o soup; (h) a bowl o soup; (h) a bowl o soup; (i) a bowl o soup. Nemažai
in a pinių i s a kamieno leksemų (9) is spoken in he wes e n, P ussian
Li huanian, and middle a ian s, o example: - o ejoice, o be glad, o be jus ,
o be quie , o be a ease, o be chee ul, o be chee ul, o be chee ul. In he
middle and eas e n a ian s o he sc ip , h ee in e ludes o s a kamien
ediniai a e eco ded: - o lie down, o wa ch, o s a e. The e a e wo
šinguose nesusisiekiančiuose a ealuose – P ūsų Lie u os i y iniame a i-
e minals: ing i, - i i, and paludi e. The o he in e aces and he s ump
paski uose aš o a ian uose: aka iniame jus i (junda) (BB), spįs i (Mž);
idu iniame -de i (DP), -kalb i (DP), -k ip i (DP); y iniame -k ėp i (SD),
e minals a e ma ked wi h - u i (SD), -žas i (SD, SPS). We could say de i in
Daukšos wo d (LKŽe is w i en only om DP and Sln ). Acco ding o LKŽ,
"exo ic" Si ydos e bs a e used in a ious languages: -zas i is w i en om
he sou heas e n highlands (A moniškės, Rodūnia, Va ana as, Punskas,
Pa ingys), - u i […] om a ious places (Alsėdžiai, Šilu a, Šiauliai, Joniškis,
iškiai, Veliuona, Se edžius). 5. The o igin o he du a i e e mina i e opposi ion
is ela ed o he o ma ion o he causa i e an icausa i e opposi ion in he
eas e n Bal ic languages. In his opposi ion, "sub endo" is a homogeneous class
o in e pola ions and s a-kemi ac ions wi h a speci ic seman ics ha explici ly
modelis bu o p i aiky as naujai opozicijai, di e encijuojamai nebe kauza-
desc ibes a p ocess o e en . This is he mo phological-seman ic o he owel,
and he owel, in Li huanian. Equi alen pai s in o he languages a e uni s, so
his o ma ion is conside ed an inno a ion o Li huanian language. In La ian,
his model is poo ly de eloped, and elepo a ion is exp essed in o he ways.
a ski ose šių kalbų g upėse a kalbose, nes in a piniai a n su iksą u in ys
The co esponding co ela ions be ween Sla ic and Ge manic languages could ha e been o med by e bs ha had al eady acqui ed he same seman ics as in Li huanian.
S aipsniai / A icles 47
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
ŠALTINIAI
BB – BIBLIA a ai eſ i Wiſsas Schwen as Raſch as, Lie uwiſchkai pe guldi as pe
Janạ B e kunạ Lie uwos plebonạ Ka aliacʒiuie 1590 (naudo asi e. eks ų a ian ais i
konko dancijomis33).
BG – Gieſmes Duchaunas / iſch Wokiſchka ing Lie u=wiſchka ließuwi / pe ne=ku-
ius Plebonus He =cegiſ es P uſu / pe =guldi as. Iſſpauſ as Ka aliaucʒu=ie / pe Iu gi
Oſ e be ge a 1589 (naudo asi e. eks o a ian u i konko dancijomis34).
33 Pa a lių knyga (Pa ), 1585 (pe ašą engė Bi u ė T iškai ė; konko dancijas engė Bi u ė T iškai ė,
Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=71); Moky ojo knyga
(Mok), 1586 (pe ašą engė Bi u ė T iškai ė; konko dancijas engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Vy au as
Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=70); An a me aščių (k onikų) kny-
ga (2 Me ), 1590 (pe ašą engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Ve onika Adamony ė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė;
konko dancijas engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Ve onika Adamony ė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė, Vy au as
Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=64); Danieliaus knyga (Dan), 1590
(pe ašą engė Ona Alekna ičienė, Nijolė Čepienė, Ve onika Adamony ė; konko dancijas en-
gė Ona Alekna ičienė, Nijolė Čepienė, Ve onika Adamony ė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018,
h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=65); Es e os knyga (Es ), 1590 ( eks ą engė Bi u ė
T iškai ė, konko dancijas engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Mindaugas Šinkūnas, Vy au as Zinke ičius,
2020, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=89); Ezechielio knyga (Ez), 1590 (pe ašą en-
gė Ona Alekna ičienė, Nijolė Čepienė, Ve onika Adamony ė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė; konko -
dancijas engė Ona Alekna ičienė, Nijolė Čepienė, Ve onika Adamony ė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė,
Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=66); Giesmių giesmės kny-
ga (Gg), 1590 (pe ašą engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Vaida Jankūnai ė; konko dancijas engė Bi u ė
T iškai ė, Vaida Jankūnai ė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou -
ce=62); Izaijo knyga (Iz), 1590 (pe ašą engė Ona Alekna ičienė, Ve onika Adamony ė; konko -
dancijas engė Ona Alekna ičienė, Ve onika Adamony ė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://se-
nieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=67); Je emijo knyga (Je ), 1590 (pe ašą engė Ona Alekna ičienė,
E nes a Kazakėnai ė; konko dancijas engė Ona Alekna ičienė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė, Vy au as
Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=68); Jobo knyga (Job), 1590 (pe ašą
engė Bi u ė T iškai ė; konko dancijas engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://
senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=69); Pi ma me aščių (k onikų) knyga (1 Me ), 1590 (pe ašą
engė Bi u ė T iškai ė, Ve onika Adamony ė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė; konko dancijas engė Bi u ė
T iškai ė, Ve onika Adamony ė, E nes a Kazakėnai ė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senie-
ji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=63); Raudų knyga (Rd), 1590 (pe ašą engė Ona Alekna ičienė;
konko dancijas engė Ona Alekna ičienė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2018, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /
db.php?sou ce=72).
34 Jonas B e kūnas. Giesmės Duchaunos, 1589 ( eks ą engė d . Ona Alekna ičienė, Ine a K ampai ė;
konko dancijas engė d . Ona Alekna ičienė, 2002, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=12).
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
48 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
BKa – Kancionalas neku u Gieſmiu / Ba=ßnicʒioie Diewa / an di=dʒiun Schwencʒiun
ſænu budu giedamuiu. Iſſpauſ as Ka aliaucʒuie / pe Gu gi Oſ e be ge a 1589 (naudo-
asi e. eks o a ian u i konko dancijomis35).
BKo – KOLLECTAS Alba Paſpali as Maldas / p a=ſ aſů Nedeliaſu i didʒoſu
Schwen= eſu / pe wiſſus mæ us He cegi=ſ eie P uſu giedamas / iſch Wokiſchko
ließuwio / ing Lie uwiſchka pe guldi as / Pe Iana B e kuna. M. D. LXXXIX (naudo-
asi e. eks o a ian u i konko dancijomis 36).
BP I – POSTILLA Ta ai eʃ i T umpas i P aʃ as Iʃchguldimas Euangeliu / ʃaka-
muiu Baʃʒnicʒoie K ikʃchcʒioniʃchkoie / nůg Aduen o ik Wżliku. Pe Iana B e kuna
Lie uwos Plebona Ka aliaucʒiuie P uʃłʃu. Iʃʃpaude Ka aliaucʒiuie Iu gis Oʃ e be ge as.
Mæ a Pono 1591.
BP II – POSTILLA Ta ai eʃ i T umpas i P aʃ as Iʃchguldimas Euangeliu / ʃaka-
muiu Baʃʒnicʒoie K ikʃchcʒioniʃchkoie / nůg Wæliku ik Aduen o. Pe Iana B e kuna,
Lie uwos Plebona Ka aliaucʒiuie P uʃůʃu. Iʃʃpaude Ka aliaucʒiuie Iu gis Oʃ e be ge as.
Mæ a Pono 1591 159137.
DK – KATHECHISMAS ARBA MOKSLAS KIEKWIENAM KRIKSZCZIONI
PRIWALVS. PARASZITAS PER D. IAKVBA LEDESMA Theologa Socie a is IESV.
Iguldi as i Liuwio Lnkißko ing Lie uwißka pe Kuniga Mikałoiu Daugßa Kánonika
Ʒemaicʒiu. Iſpáuſ as Wilniuie Me ůſ gimímo Wießpa ies 1595{.} (naudo asi e.
eks o a ian u i konko dancijomis38).
DP – Poſ illa CATHOLICKA. Tái eſ : Iǯguldimas Ewangeliu kiekwienos Nedelos i
ßw es pe wiſſús me ús. Pe Kúnig MIKALOIV DAVKSZ{A} Kanonîk Médnik / i
łkißko pe gûldi a. Su walá i dałâidimu wî euſiui.W Wilniui / D ukâ nioi Akadêmios
SOCIETATIS IESV, A. D. 1599 (naudo asi e. eks o a ian u i konko dancijomis39).
35 Jonas B e kūnas. Kancionalas, 1589 ( eks ą engė d . Ona Alekna ičienė, Ine a K ampai ė; kon-
ko dancijas engė d . Ona Alekna ičienė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2002, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /
db.php?sou ce=13).
36 Jonas B e kūnas. Kolek os, 1589 ( eks ą engė d . Ona Alekna ičienė, Ine a K ampai ė; konko -
dancijas engė d . Ona Alekna ičienė, 2002, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=14).
37 Naudo asi Alekna ičienė Ona ( ed.) 2005: Jono B e kūno POSTILĖ. S udija, aksimilė i kompak-
inė plokš elė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla.
38 Mikalojus Daukša. Ka ekizmas, 1595 ( eks ą engė Mindaugas Šinkūnas, konko dancijas engė
Mindaugas Šinkūnas, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2006, h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=1).
39 Mikalojus Daukša. Pos ilė, 1599 (elek oninis eks as, engė Ve onika Adamony ė, Milda
Lučinskienė, Jū a ė Pajėdienė, Mindaugas Šinkūnas, Eglė Žilinskai ė, Ona Alekna ičienė, konko -
dancijas engė Ve onika Adamony ė, Milda Lučinskienė, Jū a ė Pajėdienė, Mindaugas Šinkūnas,
Eglė Žilinskai ė, Ona Alekna ičienė, Vy au as Zinke ičius, 2006, h p://www.lki.l /senieji as ai/
db.php?sou ce=2).
S aipsniai / A icles 49
In a piniai i s a kamieno dedu a y ai XVI–XVII a.
lie u ių aš ijoje
KN – Knyga nobažnys ės k ikščioniškos (1653), aksimilinis leidimas, ed. D. Pociū ė,
Vilnius: Lie u ių li e a ū os i au osakos ins i u as, 2004 (naudo asi „Knygos nobaž-
nys ės“ mo ologijos duomenų bazė40).
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2008 (a naujin a e sija, 2017). P ieiga
in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas.
LLV – Lie u iešu-la iešu ā dnīca. P ieiga in e ne e h ps://www.le onika.l /g oups/
de aul .aspx?g=2& =10631062.
LLVV – La iešu li e ā ās alodas ā dnīca 1–8 (1972–1996), a b. ed. R. G abis, Rīga:
Zinā ne. P ieiga in e ne e: www. ezau s.l /ll .
Mž41 – CATECHISMVSA PRAſ y S‹adei, Makſlas ſkai ima aſch a y gieſmes del
k ikſchc‹aniſ es bei del be neliu iaunu nauiey ſuguldi as KARALIAVCZVI VIII. dena
Meneſes Sauſia, Me u ßgimima Diewa. M. D. XLVIII.
FORMA Ch ikſ ima. Kaip Baßnic‹as Iſ a imæ He ‹ikiſ es P uſu / i ki oſu §emeſu
laikoma i a. D ukawo Ka alauc‹ui pe Iona Daubmana / Me u Ch iſ aus M. D. LIX.
GESMES Ch ikſc‹oniſkas gedomas baßnic‹oſu pe Welikas i Sekminias ik Aduen a.
Iſchſpauſ as Ka alauc‹ui / nůg Iona Daubmana Me u Diewa / M. D. LXX.
Geſmes Ch ikſc‹oniskas gedomas Baßnic‹oſu pe Aduen a i Kaledas ik G amnic‹u.
Iſch ſpauſ as Ka alauc‹ui nůg Iona Daubmana Me u Diewa / M. D. LXVI.
Gieſmе S. Amb аßeijaus, bey S. Auguſ ina, ku ë wadin: Te Deũ laudamus. Su geſmemis
ape iſch numi uſiu p iekelima Jeſaus Ch iſ aus, Jſchguldi as pe M. Moſſuida Wai kuna
&c. An naudos Ragaynes Baßnic‹ey i ki u e c. [1549].
PARAPHRASIS, pe mani ina po e aus malda / pe Ma ina Moſwida iſchguldi a.
( eks as išspausdin as ka u su šal iniu BG, įdė as jo pabaigoje).
PEŽ – Vy au as Mažiulis. P ūsų kalbos e imologijos žodynas 1–4, Vilnius: Mokslas ( . 1,
1988), Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla ( . 2–3, 1993–1996), Mokslo i enciklopedijų
leidybos ins i u as ( . 4, 1997). P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.p usis ika. l . u.l .
40 Jakuly ė Dalia, Pakalniškienė Dalia 2018: Senųjų aš ų mo ologijos duomenų bazės aikymas
seman ikos y imams: eiksmažodžių seman ika. – Bal ų kalbų eks ų i žodžių eikšmės, Vilnius:
Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house.
41 Maž ydo's sayings collec ed om U bas Dominykas 1996: Ma y Maž ydo's dic iona y o
w i ings, Vinius: Science and encyclopedic publishing house.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
indica e an accomplishmen o an achie emen ) has “ma u ed”. This mo phological-
seman ic model was applied in Li huanian o o m a new opposi ion, he ou s anding
ea u e o which was no longe causa i i y bu elici y. The e a e a ew equi alen s in
o he languages as well, he e o e his o ma ion can be conside ed an inno a ion o he
Li huanian language. In La ian his pa e n is poo ly de eloped, while elici y is exhibi ed in
o he means o exp ession. Co esponding co ela ions ound in Sla ic and Ge manic
languages could ha e o med in pa icula g oups o hese languages, o e en in di e en
languages, because he e bs wi h nasal in lec ion o su ix n had al eady acqui ed he
same seman ics as in Li huanian.
Deli e ed on 9 No embe 2021
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-1038 Vilnius,
Li huania This is he i s ime I ha e isi ed his place.