144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
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Wes e n Pa aná S a e Uni e si y (Uni e sidade
Es adual do Oes e do Pa aná), B azil
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-2859-1749
Fields o esea ch: Onomas ics, Compa a i e Onomas ics,
Rele ance Theo y.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all86-06
LITHUANIAN FEMALE
PERSONAL NAMES AS
CULTURAL NAMES DERIVED
FROM COMMON NOUNS
FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF
SPEAKERS OF LITHUANIAN AS
A HERITAGE LANGUAGE1
Lie u iški mo e ų asmen a džiai kaip iš
bend inių daik a a džių kilę kul ū iniai a dai
gim osios lie u ių kalbos a o ojų požiū iu2
1 I am hank ul o he excellen ansla ion e ision by P o esso Igo An ônio Lou enço da Sil a
(Uni e sidade Fede al de Ube lândia, ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-0738-3262), who ecei ed
unding om he B azilian G adua e Suppo P og am (PROAP) by CAPES (Coo dina ion o he
Imp o emen o Highe Educa ion Pe sonnel). I am also hank ul o he suppo p o ided by he
G adua e P og am in Le e s (Language and Li e a u e) (PPGL) a Unioes e, B azil.
2 Dėkoju p o eso iui Igo An ônio Lou enço da Sil a (Fede alinis Ube landijos uni e si e as,
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-0738-3262), ga usiam inansa imą pagal CAPES (Aukš ojo
mokslo pe sonalo obulinimo koo dina imas) B azilijos pouni e si e inių s udijų pa amos
p og amą (PROAP), už nep iekaiš ingą e imo pe žiū ą. Taip pa dėkoju už pa amą, gau ą pagal
B azilijos Vaka ų Pa anos als ybinio uni e si e o Humani a inių mokslų (kalbų i li e a ū os)
pouni e si e inių s udijų p og amą (PPGL).
S aipsniai / A icles 145
Li huanian Female Pe sonal Names as Cul u al Names De i ed
om Common Nouns om he Poin o View o Speake s o
Li huanian as a He i age Language
ANNOTATION
The e a e Li huanian emale pe sonal names de i ed om common nouns, as, o
example he name Aud a which cames om aud a (s o m). This kind o names co esponds
o con en ional emale pe sonal names, and some o hem a e exclusi e o Li huanian
cul u e. Mo eo e , p ecise in o ma ion p o ided by in o man e inces ha Onomas ic
Knowledge is pa and pa cel o hei linguis ic p o iciency in Li huanian as a he i age
language showing ha i is in e es ing o Onomas ic o also conside popula knowledge
and belie s owa d pe sonal p ope names.
KEYWORDS: Onomas ics, An h oponomas ics, Li huanian emale pe sonal
names, lexical ield, cul u al pe sonal name.
ANOTACIJA
Kai ku ie lie u iški mo e ų asmen a džiai y a kilę iš bend inių daik a a džių, pa yzdžiui,
a das Aud a y a kilęs iš aud a ( ė a). Šio ipo a dai a i inka adicinius mo e ų
asmen a džius, o kai ku ie iš jų būdingi ik lie u ių kul ū ai. Be o, in o man ų pa eik a
iksli in o macija pa odo, kad onomas ikos žinios y a nea siejama gim osios lie u ių kalbos
žinių dalis, a skleidžian i, kad onomas ikos mokslui aip pa įdomu ap a i su asmen a džiais
susijusias populia iąsias žinias i įsi ikinimus.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: omonas ika, an oponimika, lie u iški mo e ų asmen a džiai,
leksinis laukas, kul ū inis asmen a dis.
INTRODUCTION
Some emale pe sonal names de i ed om p ope nouns ha e been p e iously
s udied as examples o na u e- ela ed names, i.e., as “names de i ed om wo ds
designa ing na u al phenomena” (Guda ičius 2013: 144). A e consul ing h ee
sou ces o pe sonal names (i.e., a da abase o pe sonal names o Li huanian
ci izens in 1989–2010, a egis e o ci izens o Šiauliai bo n in 1999–2011, and
a ious dic iona ies), Aloyzas Guda ičius ound ha howe e his kind o name
had changed in usage and popula i y h oughou he las cen u y, “ he na u al
componen s ill occupies an impo an place in he Li huanian an h oponymic
sys em” (Guda ičius 2013:144) and a e pa o a epe oi e o pe sonal names
which cons i u es “ he laye o he old na ional onomas ics” (quo ing Zinke ičius
2009: 134). In ac , names as hose analysed in his a icle can be ega ded as
Li huanian con en ional pe sonal names as hey sha e he ollowing ea u es:
1) in eg a ion in he onomas ic nomencla u e o he coun y in a gi en pe iod
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146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
o ime, 2) choice in acco dance and ha mony o domes ic o local cus om, and
3) connec ion wi h na ional o eligious adi ion (Felecan 2014: 133).
This a icle ocuses on Li huanian emale pe sonal names de i ed om
common nouns, a gues ha his kind o pe sonal names highligh s in e ela ions
amongs language, cul u e, and common nouns, and shows ha knowledge o
pe sonal names is pa o he Onomas ic Knowledge o speake s o Li huanian
as a he i age language. Mo e speci ically, i aims o: 1. iden i y Li huanian
emale pe sonal names de i ed om common nouns and o ganise hem in
lexical ields, 2. e ince ha speake s o Li huanian as a he i age language has
knowledge o his kind o pe sonal names, and 3. show ha some o hose names
a e cul u al names. I s s a ing poin was Cose iu’s assump ion ha “ o e e y
[language] ac i i y he e co esponds a sepa a e, au onomous kind o linguis ic
knowledge” (1985: 28) and P es on’s assump ion ha “belie s abou , eac ions
o, and commen s on language by wha we call ‘ eal people’ (i.e., nonlinguis s)
a e in e es ing, illumina ing, and empowe ing om e hnog aphic, linguis ic,
and p ac ical (o applied linguis ic) poin s o iew” (2002: 13).
Despi e he ele ance o emale pe sonal names de i ed om common
nouns o he Li huanian an h oponymic sys em, a ecen li e a u e su ey has
e ie ed only he a o emen ioned a icle by Guda ičius (2013) as he closes
ela ed o he p esen s udy. The su ey was pe o med by he p esen au ho
using DOAJ (Di ec o y o Open Access Jou nals) on Decembe 11 h, 2022.
The e ms “pe sonal”, “Li huanian”, and “names” we e used as keywo ds. In
o al, 21 i les we e ound, ou o which 15 belonged o he ield o in e es .3
Resea ch has ocused on ea u es o diach onic Li huanian emale an h oponomy
(Ragauskai ė 2021), his o ical mo phology o pe sonal names o med by
selec ed oo s (Sinke ičiū ė 2007, 2010, 2013), e ymological spelling o speci ic
pe sonal names (Zinke ičius 1981), o igin o a noble su name (Či ūnai ė 2002),
e ymological o igin o Polish and Li huanian mig an i s names in mig a ion
con ex s in bo h coun ies (Walkowiak 2017), choice o i s name by Li huanian
mino i y communi y in Poland (Walkowiak 2019), choice o i s names in
Li huanian mig a ion con ex s in B azil (Seide 2020), and ansla ion o o eign
pe sonal names in Li huanian language (K ašy ė 2018).
The p esen esea ch ills his gap, co obo a es Guda ičius’s (2013) indings
and Felecan’s (2014) assump ions and p oposes an in-dep h analysis ha
shows emale names de i ed om p ope nouns a e pa o he ideal speake ’s
3 As any e iew o li e a u e is limi ed o i s c i e ia o exclusion and inclusion, no all exis ing
li e a u e is e ie ed in any que y. Fu he esea ch in his ield can be ound in Kuza inis,
Sa ukynas 1994; Sinke ičiū ė 2006; 2011; 2015 and Sinke ičiū ė, G iniū ė 2014.
S aipsniai / A icles 147
Li huanian Female Pe sonal Names as Cul u al Names De i ed
om Common Nouns om he Poin o View o Speake s o
Li huanian as a He i age Language
Onomas ic Knowledge (Seide 2021) and ha some o hem can be ega ded as
Li huanian cul u al pe sonal names.
1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Schola ly discussions a e abundan abou he linguis ic ea u es o pe sonal
names. One o such discussions is ela ed o whe he hey ha e meaning o
no . While Mill (1806–1873) s a es ha p ope names a e de oid o meaning
because hey se e jus o make e e ence (Mill 2009: 38–40), his coe al Lowe
(1821–1876) con ends ha “all names we e o iginally signi ican ; al hough in
he cou se o ages he meaning o mos o hem may ha e lapsed om he
memo y o mankind” (Lowe 1849: 2).
Following Lowe , López-F anco (2014) in es iga ed pe sonal names de i ed
om commons nouns in A ab and in an indigenous Mexican language. She
analysed emale A ab names such as Jamâl (beau y) and Ka ima (gene ous and
noble) and indigenous emale names such as Ci lalli (s a ) and Tona iuh (sun) in
Náhua l language. She concluded ha pe sonal names wi h anspa en meaning
a e he ule a he han he excep ion (López-F anco 2014: 71).
The e y exis ence o pe sonal names de i ed om common nouns seems o
be e idence o López-F anco’s assump ion ha anspa ency in meaning is he
ule in se e al onomas ic sys ems. Bu hen i begs he ques ion: o whom a e
hese pe sonal names anspa en ? The no ion o he ideal speake ’s Onomas ic
Knowledge seems o be use ul o answe his ques ion p ope ly:
“I is pa o he speake ’s knowledge, i is he knowledge abou he linguis ic
cha ac e is ics o p ope names in his/he mo he ongue and how hey a e used
in he linguis ic communi y o which she/he is a pa . I should be no ed his
knowledge may o may no include hose ela ed o he s udy o he e ymological
meaning o p ope names, bu i ce ainly includes he speake ’s belie s and
a i udes abou hese names [...]. While belie s conce n how each one concei es
he way names should o can be, and include subjec i e c i e ia esponsible
o e alua ing (posi i e, neu al, o nega i e) p ope names, a i udes indica e
whe he p ope names a e seen as being seman ically opaque o anspa en , ha
is, i hey ha e some meaning o me ely ha e a e e en ial unc ion” (Seide 2021:
213).
When i comes o monolingual speake s, knowing hei na i e language means
knowing wha he language uses as p ope names, how hey a e p onounced, and
how hey a e used. Besides hose names, he e can be some knowledge o some
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o eign names. The ollowing able desc ibes he ideal speake ’s Onomas ic
Knowledge.
TABLE 1. Ideal speake ’s Onomas ic Knowledge
1. p ocedu al denomina i e meaning in e e yday language (how p ope names a e used)
2. ela ionship be ween name and e e en known o men ioned in e e yday li e (wha
names people and places ha e, o example)
3. epe oi e (se and ypes o known p ope names; i may include names in o he
languages)
4. p onuncia ion o known names and supposed ules o p onouncing unknown names
(how names a e p onounced)
5. spelling acco ding o he o hog aphic ules o he language (i may include
knowledge o he spelling o names in o he languages)
6. g amma ical in o ma ion (such as gende and numbe o p ope names)4
7. cons i u ion (numbe o names; i may be in a i s name o in a oponym, o
example)
8. associa i e meaning (i is o med acco ding o he speake ’s expe iences, wi h he
e e en s o he names)
9. emo ional meaning (p esen , o example, in hypoco is ics in which he e is an
a ec i e conno a ion in he names)
10. sociolinguis ic ac o s (assump ion abou social class and gende o people’s names,
o example)
11. e hno-sociocul u al imagina ies (assump ion abou quali ies o names, such as
names in English ha ing mo e p es ige han names in Po uguese in he B azilian
cul u e)
12. name-gi ing p ocess: who gi es he name and when (i may include legal aspec s o
o icial name-gi ing)
13. mo i a ion o naming (knowledge o he his o y o name choice, why a pa icula
name was chosen)
14. uses and alues o i s names in he ic ional wo ld (li e a u e, cinema, mini-se ies,
soap ope as, games, e c.)
15. e ymological and/o his o ical meaning
Sou ce: Seide (2021: 214).
When pe sonal names a e de i ed om common nouns, hei meaning
ends o be g an ed by heeding a en ion o i . S uden s o he o me Šiauliai
4 G amma ical in o ma ion depends on he language in ques ion. In he case o in lec ed languages,
such as Li huanian, he e is also in o ma ion abou he cases and hei declensions.

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Li huanian as a He i age Language
Uni e si y (Vilnius Uni e si y Šiauliai Academy as o 2019) we e asked abou
hei names. One s uden ’s answe showed ha she knew he meaning o he
i s name because o he meaning o he common nouns om which he name
comes: “My mom decided o name me Ramin a as she expec ed me o be a calm
pe son (1999 [ he yea she was bo n])” (Bu ku ienė e al. 2021: 432).
In con ex s o language shi in a amily and loss o mo he language in u u e
gene a ions, he e a e cases whe e he Onomas ic Knowledge o he language
spoken by he pa en s slips away. Fo ins ance, Reyes-Con e as (2020) was
bo n om a amily o Mahazua speake s. Acco ding o him, he amily decided
no o speak o use he indigenous language o hei o sp ing o a oid linguis ic
and social p ejudice. When he was a child, he was called by di e en o ms o
his name Miguel: e Migue and a Migue. By hen he hough i was a hypoco is ic
o m o his name. When s udying Mahazua language as an adul , he disco e ed
ha hose o ms we e jus his own name adap ed o Mahauza language (Reyes-
Con e as 2020: 146).
In he p esen esea ch, he in o man s a e adul speake s o Li huanian as a
he i age language ha ha e dual o bilingual Onomas ic Knowledge. Impo an ly,
in he case o pe sonal names de i ed om common nouns, linguis ic knowledge
is a p e equisi e o Onomas ic Knowledge. Following his assump ion, i was
conside ed ha he lexicon co esponds o he “linguis ic communi y speake s’
in e nalised knowledge o he lexical p ope ies o he wo ds”5 (Vilela 1994: 10).
An analysis o pe sonal names is no necessa ily mo phological o syn ac ic
bu a he seman ic, as names can be analysed acco ding o hei lexical ield.
The name Aud a (“s o m”), o example, is associa ed wi h he ield o na u al
phenomena. In he p esen esea ch, he pe sonal names lis ed by he in o man s
we e ca ego ised in o lexical ields, also called seman ic o concep ual ields. A
lexical ield is he esul o o ganising lexical i ems acco ding o hei meaning:
“I is a pa adigm consis ing o he dis ibu ion o a con inuum o con en
(lexical) by di e en uni s o he language […]. Fea u es ha a e common o all
he lexemes o he ield cons i u e he a chisememe [...]; he lexical ields a e
ela i ely open classes” (Vilela 1994: 23).6 A gi en wo d is associa ed wi h o he s
by meaning and o ms a ield ha is bo de ed by o he lexical ields. Fo ins ance,
he name “s o m” can be ela ed by meaning o he wo ds “ ain”, “windy”, and
“ og”, which al oge he a e pa o he ield “na u al phenomena”. “The ela ed
5 “Comp eendemos o léxico como [...] sabe in e io izado, po pa e dos alan es de uma
comunidade linguís ica, ace ca das p op iedades lexicais das pala as.”
6 “Se a a de um pa adigma cons i uído pela epa ição de um con ínuo de con eúdo (lexical) po
di e en es unidades da língua [...] Os aços comuns a odos os lexemas do campo cons i uem o
a quissemema [...] os campos lexicais são classes ela i amen e abe as.”
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wo ds and mul i-wo ds uni y in any gi en lexical ield in any gi en language
show us ha language has di ided up he seman ic space” (McCa hy 1995: 21).
The o ganisa ion o he lexicon in lexical ields in a ce ain language depends
on he wo ld iew made possible by he language i sel because language,
wo ld iew and cul u e a e in e ela ed. Impo an ly, cul u e is de ined di e en ly
acco ding o he esea che ’s ield o s udy. In his a icle, i is no seen as a
p oduc o in ellec ual achie emen s o as a kind o o ce ha dic a es no ms o
social beha iou bu a he as some hing ha is lea n by an indi idual while
hey a e socialising in a g oup (Ka an 2009: 74–75). Thus, his esea ch does no
conside he ou e laye o cul u e ha a e “ ep esen ed by he cus oms, no ms
o beha iou , a e ac s and symbols a ached o he g oup”; he ocus is a he
on “ he deepe o inne laye s, consis ing o he belie s and alues held by a
g oup” (Da ies 2003: 68).
Reso ing o he icebe g me apho used by Hall (1990) o de ine cul u e,
he ocus is no on isible elemen s, bu below he wa e line, i.e., he le el ha
can be eached by lexical ield esea ch, as cul u e and language co ela e, i.e.,
hey a e in e dependen sys ems: “Cul u e canno exis wi hou language, and
language is meaningless unless i ela es o a cul u e” (Nida 2003: 423–424).
While language is pa o cul u e, cul u e is in luenced and o med by language.
Language and cul u e sha e he unc ion o symbolise, ep esen and desc ibe
“e en s, ideas, alues and ou sel es” (Nida 2003: 423–424).
Each language has i s lexical i ems which a e o ganised in lexical o seman ic
ields in a pa icula manne , e lec ing how he language iews and ca ego ises
he wo ld.
“Ca ego isa ion in ol es p ocesses by which humans, in using language,
iden i y and classi y e e y hing hey can pe cei e wi h hei i e senses (one
would men ion he six h sense oo, because he sub le dimension o he unseen
wo ld o he di ini ies and ghos s is e balised indeed). In addi ion, linguis ic
(cogni i e) ca ego isa ion should no be con used wi h scien i ic classi ica ion.
[...] In o he wo ds, he concep o ca ego isa ion explains how he wo ld is
s uc u ed in he mind o people speaking by means o hei language bu no
necessa ily based on scien i ic p inciples.” (Pe ulionė 2015: 30)
Pe ulionė’s (2015) de ini ion is especially sui able o common nouns. As
o p ope names de i ed om common noun, he e is a e-ca ego isa ion
( he common noun becomes a p ope name). No all common nouns a e e-
ca ego ised, bu jus a ew o hem. The e is a selec ion p ocess ha pu s a
cul u al ocus (Newma k, 1988: 94) on wha is conside ed impo an enough o
become a p ope name.
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Li huanian as a He i age Language
I does no mean ha all p ope names a e cul u ally ocused, hey can be
also in e cul u al o acul u al. While he o me a e p ope names ha exis
and a e used by se e al cul u es and languages, he la e “a e no iden i iable
as belonging o any pa icula language o cul u e” (Da ies 2003: 71). Cul u al
p ope names a e hose ha a e peculia o and exclusi e o a language and/
o cul u e. To iden i y i a p ope name is cul u al, i is necessa y o make a
compa a i e analysis ac oss languages. In his esea ch, he Li huanian epe oi e
o emale names a e compa ed o he epe oi e o wo o he languages: English
and B azilian Po uguese.
The linguis ic p ocess by which a common noun becomes a p ope name is
conside ed as a kind o weak ansla ion o unc ion. The e m and concep o
ansla ion we e c ea ed by F ench linguis Lucien Tesniè e a ound 1940 wi h
he aim o enabling a uni ied syn ac ic analysis, amenable o se e al languages
and se ing as a pa o a heo e ical p oposal o Gene al Syn ax (Tesniè e 1959:
380). To exempli y i s pu pose and objec o in es iga ion, he linguis ci es and
analyses a syn agma in h ee languages: “Le li e de Pie e” (F ench), “libe Pe i”
(La in), and “Pe e ’s book” (English).
As Tesniè e shows, he subjec is handled he e ogeneously because adi ional
g amma di e s in each language. In F ench g amma , he syn agma “Le li e
de Pie e” is analysed conside ing he syn ax unc ion o he p eposi ion “de”.
The equi alen syn agma is analysed conside ing he syn ax o he geni i e
case in La in g amma and he use o a Saxon geni i e in English g amma .
Howe e , he use o he concep o ansla ion uni ies hese analyses and
in eg a es hem wi h each o he : in all cases, he e is he occu ence o he same
phenomenon, i.e., he ansla ion o he unc ion o a wo d, i.e., “Dans son
essence, la ansla ion consis e donc à ans é e un mo plein d´une ca égo ie
g amma icale, c´es à di e à ans o me une espèce de mo en une au e espèce
de mo . C´es à ce changemen de na u e syn axique que nous donnons le nom
de ansla ion” (Tesniè e 1959: 67).
In a ansla ion, he e is he change o ca ego y esul ing o a change o
unc ion. Applying his no ion o he change o he subca ego ies in ques ion,
i.e., common noun and p ope name, he e is a special kind o ansla ion
whe eby a common noun s a s o unc ion as a p ope name. Tesniè e was
awa e o di e ences be ween p ope and common nouns bu did no accoun
o he possibili y o ansla ion be ween hose subca ego ies. He jus claimed:
“Les subs an i s p op es on l´ex ension la plus limi ée, puisqu´ils s´appliquen
à des indi idus, mais en même emps la comp éhension la plus as e, puisque ces
indi idus compo en un nomb e in ini de quali és. Les subs an i s communs on
une ex ension plus la ge, puisque comme leu nom l´indique, ils son communs
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152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
à des g oupes plus ou moins impo an s d´indi idus, mais en même emps une
comp éhension moins as e, puisque ces g oups ne compo en en commun
qu´un nomb e moind e de quali és” (Tesniè e 1959: 67).
The unc ion o a name as a common noun and as a p ope name was
conside ed by an Langendonck (2007) in his p oposal o dis inguish be ween
p ope name as unc ion and p ope name as p op ial lemma o explain cases
like he ollowing examples. In hose examples, he use o he name John and
Napoleon in (3) and (4) make hem unc ion as common nouns and no as
p ope names:
(1) “John a ended a mee ing oday.
(2) The empe o Napoleon was de ea ed a Wa e loo.
(3) You a e alking abou a di e en John.
(4) He is becoming a second Napoleon”
( an Langendonck 2007: 11).
Based on he assump ion ha he ansla ion be ween subca ego ies o
he same class o wo ds occu s in he same way as he ansla ion be ween
ca ego ies, i can be a gued ha in sen ences (3) and (4) he i s names we e
ansla ed o common names h ough, espec i ely, he ansla ional “di e en ”
and “second”. The phenomenon o in e es in his explo a o y s udy, howe e ,
is he in e se ansla ion, i.e., om common name o p ope name as illus a ed
in he sen ences below:
(5) Bu o i in galinga aud a / The s o m was ex emely iolen .
(6) Mano d augė Aud a y a labai g aži / My iend Aud a is e y beau i ul.
While in (5) he common noun aud a is used as such, in (6) i unc ions as
a p ope name. Whe eas in w i en language he use o capi al le e s helps o
indica e when a noun is a p ope name, in o al language his pe cep ion is made
exclusi ely h ough he p agma ic in e p e a ion o he u e ances in which he
wo ds a e used.
In he sample analysed, he e a e p ope names de i ed om common nouns
ha a e hemsel es ansla ed names. These a e adjec i es ha we e mo ed
o common nouns, and a e his i s ansla ion, he wo d had i s unc ion
ans e ed o he unc ion o p ope nouns. In he Li huanian language, he e
is he pe sonal name Auš inė, which in i s o igin is an adjec i e ha could be
li e ally ansla ed as “belonging o dawn, mo ning”.
As a gued by Zymo e s (2021), he e is no sha p dis inc ion be ween common
nouns and p ope names; hey di e a he in deg ee han in kind. Because
o his, he e a e p ocesses o onymisa ion ( he ans e p ocess o common
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om Common Nouns om he Poin o View o Speake s o
Li huanian as a He i age Language
3.10. Music
This is ano he ield wi h wo men ions and no equi alen s in B azilian
Po uguese and English: DAINA (a non- eligious song) and DAINORA ( hose
who wan o sing, a name om he e bal syn agma “no in i dainuo i”12).
3.11. O he s
Finally, ca ego y “O he s” includes men ions o names wi h jus one
occu ence in a gi en lexical ield, namely: AIDA ( eminine o m o “aidas”,
echo, om he ield o sound), AINĖ (descendan , om he ield o kinship),
AUSTĖJA (wea e , om he ield o p o ession), UNDINĖ (me maid, om
he ield o my hological beings), SVAJONĖ (d eam, om he ield o psychic
phenomena), ŽYDRŪNĖ (bluish, om he ield o colou s), and ŽIEDĖ
( eminine o m o “žiedas”, which means ing o blossom, om he ield o
objec s). None o hem has equi alen s in B azilian Po uguese o English.
4. FINAL REMARKS: FEMALE PERSONAL
NAMES AS CULTURAL PROPER NAMES
Following he ca ego isa ion o Da ies (2003), emale pe sonal names wi h
no equi alen in English and Po uguese we e conside ed cul u al p ope names.
Excep o ou names de i ed om lowe names and one name de i ed om he
common noun ambe , all he emaining 48 names a e cul u al p ope names. In
o he wo ds, hey a e names peculia and exclusi e o he Li huanian epe oi e
o emale pe sonal names. The quan i y and di e si y o hese cul u al p ope
names hin a cul u al ai s. I is specially he case o lexical ields ela ed o he
u al li es yle.
The names analysed in his a icle a e con en ional and pa ially co espond
o common sense (lay knowledge o p ope pe sonal names) abou wha is seen
as a ea u e o wha i is o be a Li huanian, as desc ibed, o example, in a book
aimed a p esen ing he coun y o ou is s:
12 In his case, i s he e was a ans e o unc ion, he e b u ned in o a common noun, and a e
ha he common noun became a p ope name. The syn agma “no in i dainuo i” means ‘ hey
wan o sing’.

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160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
“Al hough se e al gene a ions ha e g own up in u ban a eas, we a e insepa able
om he land: a ue Li huanian will manage o plan se e al po a o sh ubs e en
on his high - ise window ledge” (Kai ienė 2001: 5).
Besides, mos o lexical ields co ela e o he ideal o lie u ybė
(‘Li huanianness’) desc ibed in he same book:
“The basis o Li huania cul u e is a lo e o na u e, especially o ee and o es s
[…] His o ical and excep ionally beau i ul na u al si es ha e become Li huania’s
symbols, bea ing nea ly he same s a us as he o icial s a e lag, emblem, and
an hem. The wa es o he Bal ic Sea h ow pieces o ambe , known as Bal ic gold,
on o he beach. I is also a oken o ou na ional iden i y and a symbol o ou
o iginali y, esilience, and s eng h” (Kai ienė 2001: 56).
As desc ip ions o na ional cul u al ea u es o he Li huanian people and he
seman ic con en o he lexical ields o emale pe sonal names de i ed om
common nouns con e ge, he p esen analysis seems o co obo a e ha names
o his kind a e con en ional emale i s names in Li huanian.
Conside ing he incipien li e a u e on Li huanian emale pe sonal names
de i ed om common noun (see Guda ičius 2013), he p esen a icle se s ou
o ill his gap. I s analysis co obo a es Guda ičius’s (2013) by indica ing he
exis ence o a ca ego y o emale pe sonal names de i ed om common nouns
ela ed o na u e in Li huanian an h oponomy.13 I also con i ms Felecan’s
(2014) assump ions. This kind o names is 1) con en ional emale names in
Li huanian, 2) pa o he ideal speake ’s Onomas ic Knowledge (Seide 2021),
and, o some ex en , 3) cul u al pe sonal names om Li huania.
Mo eo e , he p ecise in o ma ion gi en by in o man e inces ha
Onomas ic Knowledge is pa and pa cel o hei cul u al and linguis ic
p o iciency in Li huanian as a he i age language. Howe e , u he esea ch is
needed, especially su eys wi h na i e speake s o Li huanian and su eys ha
assess whe he indings a y acco ding o in o man s’ age and le el o educa ion.
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Lie u iški mo e ų asmen a džiai kaip iš
bend inių daik a a džių kilę kul ū iniai a dai
gim osios lie u ių kalbos a o ojų požiū iu
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnyje analizuojami lie u iški mo e ų asmen a džiai, kilę iš bend inių daik a a džių.
Teigiama, kad šio ipo asmen a džiai iš yškina yšius a p kalbų, kul ū ų i bend inių žodžių
i pa odo, kad žinios apie asmen a džius y a nea siejama gim osios lie u ių kalbos a o ojų
onomas ikos žinių dalis. S aipsnį suda o šios dalys: po įžangos einan i pi moji s aipsnio
dalis pa eikia eo inį pag indimą i šio ž algomojo y imo p ielaidas; an ojoje dalyje
ap ašomi y ime aikomi me odai; ečiojoje dalyje duomenys klasi ikuojami pagal leksinius
laukus, o ke i oji dalis apibend ina y imo ezul a us. Tik inių žodžių analizė pa i ina,
kad šio ipo a dai a i inka adicinius mo e ų asmen a džius i a skleidžia, kad kai ku ie iš
jų y a būdingi ik lie u ių kul ū ai. Be o, in o man ų pa eik a iksli in o macija pa odo, kad
onomas ikos žinios y a nea ski iama gim osios lie u ių kalbos žinių dalis.
Į eik a 2022 m. sausio 2 d.
MÁRCIA SIPAVICIUS SEIDE
Rua Rio G ande do No e, 1363,
Ma echal Cândido Rondon, PR, 85960-970, B azil
Ma cia.Seide@unioes e.b