S aipsniai / A icles 181
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-2196-8937 Di ec ions o
scien i ic esea ch: mo phosyn ax, alency, seman ics,
and ypology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
In he case o Li huania
(w i ing) Speaking
Valency o he Adjec i e p ie aišus and
he Noun p ie aišumas in Con empo a y
Li huanian (W i en) Language
ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is he adjec i e adjec i e and i s noun adjec i e. The
aim is, based on he ma e ial o he cu en Li huanian language ex (DLKT), o cla i y he
linkage o hese p edica es in e ms o alency. The s udy showed ha indi ec a achmen
in a sen ence, he a achmen o an objec o he exp ession, in luences he p edica es
om he minimal lexical seman ic ield seman ics and g amma . I u ned ou ha he no ms
we e igno ed and an indi ec a achmen o he objec o be ma ked o he use was
encou aged, especially wi h wo ds ha did no mean he hing. ESMINIAI WORDS: alency,
adjec i e a achmen , adjec i e objec , lexical seman ic ield.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o he a icle is he adjec i e p ie aišus and i s noun de i a i e (p ie aišumas). The
aim is o ind ou he combinabili y o hese p edica es om he pe spec i e o alency based
on he ma e ial om he Co pus o Con empo a y Li huanian Language. The esea ch e ealed
ha he exp ession o he indi ec objec o p e e ism is in luenced by he seman ics and
g amma o p edica es om he minimal lexical seman ic ield. I appea ed ha he no m is
dis ega ded, and he e is a endency o exp ess
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXXVIII he indi ec objec o a achmen in he da i e case,
especially when i is used wi h he wo ds deno ing an inanima e hing.
KEYWORDS: alency, adjec i e a achmen s, adjec i al noun, lexical seman ic ield.
1.In oduc ion o he VALENTINESS o he p oduc and o de e mine wha
Šio s aipsnio ikslas – emian is e bocen inio sakinio modelio samp a a i
alen ingumo eo ijos p incipais, išnag inė i būd a džio p ie aišus i jo daik-
in luences i . To achie e his goal, he ollowing asks a e se : based on examples
om he cu en Li huanian language ex book (DLKT), b ie ly discuss he wo ds
ha a e included in he minimum lexical seman ic adjec i e a achmen s and i s
noun ield, alen ingudika ų om he lexical seman ic ield alen ingumai (see
mus seman iniu, sin aksiniu i leksiniu aspek u (ž . 2–5 dalis); išnag inė i p ie-
aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumą i pas a s y i, (a ) kokią į aką jam da o p e-
pa 6); summa ise he whole (see sec ion 7). In his espec , as a as is known,
a achmen , a achmen - alence is no discussed.
The me hod o s udy used is in e p e a ion, desc ip i e analy ical,
g amma ical, seman ic analysis.
Examples o di e en o ms o wo ds discussed in he a icle a e collec ed in he
DLKT ex ended sea ch box by en e ing he wo d kamien, e.g. p ie aiš, p isi iš, lipšn,
e c., and selec ing he […]p asideda[…] c i e ia. Examples we e no classi ied
acco ding o unc ional s yles. The numbe o speci ic examples o be conside ed
is discussed u he in he discussion o he alidi y o a pa icula p edica e.
Valency is he abili y o open a ce ain numbe o spaces in a sen ence o a
compound o wo ds occupied by wo ds o a ce ain meaning and hei o ms o
hei co espondences (see Sližienė 1994: 16; Vaičiuly ė-Semnienė 2001: 19, 46 and he
li e a u e ci ed he e). Valency is associa ed wi h h ee le els: abs ac logical
seman ics and wo speci ic le els o language - syn ax and lexical seman ics. The
logical seman ic le el de e mines he numbe o ee spaces in a wo d and hei
possible ac an seman ic unc ions, he syn ac ic le el de e mines he
g amma ical o m o alen ine ac s and hei essen ial o op ional na u e, and he
lexical seman ic le el de e mines he seman ics o alen ine ac s. In addi ion o
he alence and op ional syn ac ic ac o s, which a e de ined in he sen ence, 1
DLK examples a e alloca ed o esea ch o be collec ed in Feb ua y 2023.
A icles o he T ea y
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
he ee membe s […] sen ence wo ds ha a e no condi ioned by he meaning o
klauso jo alen ingumui. Lais ieji na iai neužpildo p edika o a e ų lais ų ie-
he wo d and do no i , hei connec ion wi h he p edica e de e mines i , as a
ce ain pa o he language, cha ac e ized by a pu ely g amma ical abili y o
connec o he wo ds and hei o ms (Sližienė 1994: 35). Essen ial syn ac ic e bs
canno be omi ed in a sen ence, since omi ing hem makes he sen ence
ung amma ical. Essen ial syn ac ic ac s desc ibe he pa o he si ua ion ha is
mos impo an and ele an o he meaning o he wo d (ibid., 31). The op ional
gali bū i p aleidžiami, o sakinys lieka g ama iškas i sup an amas. Sakiniai be
akul a y iųjų ak an ų eiškia maždaug ą pa į, ką i su jais, kadangi akul a y-
ieji ak an ai y a implikuo i pačioje žodžio eikšmėje ( en pa , 35).
syn ac ic ac s a e hose ha in he sen ence F om he desc ip ion o he alency
o adjec i es in Li huanian, i is clea ha , based on he empi ical ma e ial
a ailable, he adjec i e a achmen , -i2 ‘g ea , easily a ached has wo syn ac ic
alency s uc u es: in one case, he ac co esponding o he subjec is deno ed
by he noun, and he indi ec objec by he noun, in he o he case by he indi ec
objec wi h he noun. In a sen ence, he syn ac ic ac an ha is ma ked as an
indi ec objec is op ional. In bo h cases, he seman ic a achmen alency is he
same: he subjec co esponds o he pe cei e , and he indi ec objec
co esponds o he con en . In sho , he syn ac ic alency o a bina y adjec i e
is Nom, Da o Gen, and he seman ic one is [Pcp, Con]. In he seman ic sense, his
adjec i e (c . 1, p. 4) is simila o he adjec i es "pleasan " (c . 3, p. 4) o
"unpleasan " (c . 5, p. 6) and belongs o he g oup o adjec i es ha desc ibe a
pe son's a i ude o a subjec , his o he men al a i ude owa ds he subjec
(c . (1) He is s ong-willed and would be e y a ached o he amily. (quo ed om
Vaičiuly ė-
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
2) This ibe was no as a ached o a single place as Bė is. (quo ed om
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3) Ma ynienė is slow, quie , welcoming o s ange s, and especially o men.
(quo ed om Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 79)
2 La e in he a icle, when alking abou di e en ela ed adjec i es o his o ha adjec i e,
only he masculine […] non-adjec i e adjec i e genus is desc ibed. The pe cep ion [Pcp] […]
expe ienced men al s a e is a unc ion cha ac e is ic o li ing beings who pe cei e he objec s o
eali y, who ha e a ce ain a i ude owa ds hem, who eac o hem psychologically
guojančioms (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 32; Sližienė 1994: 21).
4 Kon en y as [Con] – būsenos a ypa ybės u inio unkcija, būdinga į ai iems daik ams bei eiški-
(Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 32, c . Sližienė 1994: 22).
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
184 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVIII
4) A man who is a ely nea a sick pe son. (quo ed om Vaičiuly ė-
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
5) A man looks silen ly om a dis ance, seemingly indi e en o wha is
happening a ound him. Bu poe s, like schoolchild en, a e ue o hei na u e.
(ci ed om one pe son's sympa hy, a o o an ipa hy owa ds he o he
Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 79)
Tais a ejais, kai būd a džiu p ieplaikus, abejingas, iš ikimas a pan. nusakoma
pe son, as illus a ed by he same example 3 (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 80). A
a džiui ski iamas ki as alen ingumas: pe cipien o subjek as eiškiamas a di-
ninku a ba ki u de inimo da iklio5 lemiamu linksniu, o bene icien ą6 a liepian-
is ne iesioginis objek as žymimas naudininku (ž . 7, 8). Tiesa, šis būd a džio
compa ison o examples 14 and 58 shows ha he seman ic alency s uc u es
o he p edica e […] [Pcp, Con] and [Pcp, B] […] a e assigned acco ding o he
lexical seman ics o he wo d wi h he indi ec objec (li ing being (man) o
hing). Acco dingly, he indi ec objec in examples 1, 3, 4 is in e p e ed as he
bene icia y, and in example 2 […] as he con en s.
7) K is ina is s ill no comple ely indi e en o M . Pe e . (quo ed in
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Why a e you e o izing and a es ing people loyal o us? (ci ed by
Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 80)
Based on he main Li huanian ocabula y, he a icle discusses he adjec i e
"a achmen " ela ed o he e bs "a ach", "su ende ". Speci ically, in he
cu en Li huanian language dic iona y (DLKŽe) he adjec i e "accesso y" is
de ined as " as , easily a ached", and in he academic Li huanian language
dic iona y (LKŽe) […] […]1. He's e y a ached, he's e y de o ed. The illus a i e
examples in he dic iona ies ell us abou he na u al li ing being (man, animal)
(see also pa ag aph 1).
The alue o he adjec i e is p ima ily ela ed o he meaning o he keywo ds men ioned
[…] in he e bs […], he meaning o he adjec i es […] and hei 5 b oade concep s o
ha moniza ion, ha moniza ion ac o and ha moniza ion ac o , which a e e e enced
he e. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
6 Bene ician [B] […] he unc ion o add essee, holde , cha ac e is ic mainly o li ing beings, in
pa icula o pe sons o whose bene i o disad an age some hing is o is done
(Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 32, c . Sližienė 1994: 21).
A icles o he a icle 185
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
he alency7. The ansi i e case o he Slo enian language (LKVJ) (Sližienė 1998: 309)
explains ha he ansi i e case o he Slo enian language (Sližienė 1998: 309) has wo
di e en alidi ies: he e u alen case (Sližienė 1998: 309) equi es, o example,
he nomina i e case o he subjec , he di ec case o he pa ien , he indi ec case
o he ins umen , and he p e equisi e o he cons uc ion o he inal poin . The
i alen (p i) binding opens he space o he agen subjec , he pa ien , and he
endpoin objec o ac in he sen ence. LKJJ au ho (Sližienė 1998: 309) w i es in he
no es: In his sense, he e b bind (p i iš i) is used o an Gen, o example. They ied
a piece o mea o my back. 9) The obbe s [...] ied G ei u o a s u dy column o sand
i pagal modelį Nom Acc Da [A1 P B], p z.: I kiek ka ų jau sakė Kalpokui, kad
p i iš ų jai (kiaulei) b ank ą K . Kai kada ie oj p ieGen galima kons ukcija
wi h a spide 's web. (quo ed om Sližienė 1998: 309)
10) One boy ied a whi e nose o a s ick. (quo ed om Sližienė 1998:
309)
R. Miliūnas (2024) poin s ou ha , om he poin o iew o language cul u e, an
indi ec objec wi h an a achmen , an a achmen , mus be exp essed as an
a achmen o he cons uc ion, and a use who does no con o m o he no m is an
obsole e phenomenon. You can see om he LKJ ha he a achmen is 12. "To be
a ached o some hing, o be a ached wi h p e ensions" (Tik and sea ches ha
you a ach o some hing Alks.) o ela ed o he ansi i e a achmen meaning ‘10.
o ge used o, o be dis u bed (Baisai a ached o he mo he [child] […] >). DLKŽe is
assigned o a ach as ‘2. This child is mo e a ached o his a he .
The adjec i e 'LK' is de ined as '1. o si down, o sepa a e (Jis mokslui a sida ė). The seman ics o
he e b o gi e is ela ed o he ansi i e o gi e meaning ‘5. o be assigned, assigned (plg. When he
son dies, he daugh e s will gi e back he li e (ūkį) V . ; In his a icle, we'll look a how he alency o
a single lexeme ela es o he seman ic and syn ac ic alency and seman ic ne wo k o he main
wo ds in i s meaning. No less han € 5
(2020).
8 Agen 1 [A1] […] he unc ion o ini ia o o pe o me o an ac ion cha ac e is ic o li ing beings (Sližienė 1994:
19).
9 Pa ien [P] […] unc ion o he ecipien o holde o he condi ion a ec ed by he ac ion
(Sližienė 1994: 20). 10 Endpoin [Ad] […] unc ion, […] being o a hing, unde s ood as he endpoin o
which ei he he ac o mo es o he hing is a ec ed and a which he ac ion does no ake place[…] (Sližienė 1994:
24).
11 Fo example, he e b o adap ‘ o adap , o adap o he alue (Sližienė 1998: 265) in sen ences:
[P] He was quick o ge used o people [Con]; Neighbo [P] couldn' i in wi h ou li e [Con].

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
186 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
a aduome dūšias i kūnus mūsų PK32.) i ski iamais jos a spal iais: ‘pasikliau i,
To si , o us , o gi e up one's husband's a o in old age? LKVJZ does no ha e a
desc ip ion o he e b. LKVJŽ (Sližienė 1994: 128) is p o ided as a synonym o a sidė i
‘ o su ende , o de o e all o ces, he seman ic unc ion o which is dependen on
he alency o he lexical alency o he indi ec objec deno ed by he use . In cases
whe e he indi ec objec is a wo d ha e e s o an abs ac subjec , he use
a aches a pu pose (Jis [Pcp] a sidėjo mokslui [Fin] (plg. lea n)), when he indi ec
objec is said o be a li ing being (±Anim), he use co esponds o S. I is also clea
ha he adjec i es a e synonymous wi h […]. The e o e, he seman ics and
bene icien ą (Ji [Pcp] a sidėjusi šeimai i namams [B]). Minė ina i ai, kad, pagal
An ano Lybe io Sinonimų žodyną (SŽe), būd a diškasis a sida ęs y a sinonimiš-
kas būd a džiui iš ikimas. Pas a asis eikalauja naudininko.
g amma o he adjec i e "p eplaikus" can also a ec he alency o he adjec i e
"p eplaisance". Acco ding o he DLK, he adjec i e " iendship" is " iendly,
iendly", and in he LK i is de ined as " iendly, iendly, iendly". The e b iendly
and he adjec i e in ques ion a e also seen in Jono Paulausko's Sys ema ic Li huanian
Wo d (SisŽe): adjec i e, adjec i e, adjec i e in he seman ic ield o iendliness,
which is al eady men ioned. I he e b o su ende alls in o he seman ic ield o
obedience. I is also possible ha he adjec i es " iendly" and " iendly" may also
ha e an e ec on he adjec i e " alen " discussed in he a icle.
The abs ac a achmen alency could be simila o he undamen al a achmen . On he o he
hand, Jonas Šukys (1998: 155) a gues ha […][a]bs ak ūs būd a džių ediniai su p iesaga -umas, o
do om non-possessing adjec i es, does no usually equi e chee ulness (excep o he weakly
con olled adjec i e a ėjo kilmininko), so hei combina ions wi h he use a e impossible and
s ic [...] All his indica es he a achmen o people o hei land (= hei land; I li ed as people o
aisy ini – a sisakan linksnio a būd a dinio daik a a džio a ba kaip ki aip.
hei land).[…] In his case, he "symbolic" (i.e., "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o
"symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic"
o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o
"symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic"
o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "symbolic" o "s" (Vaičiuly ė Semėnienė 2001: 80) I is also impo an
p ieplaikus ‘lipšnus, d augiškasʼ i k . nė a minimas dėl ilius acinių pa yzdžių s ygiaus ( en pa ,
84). Plg. LKVJŽ (Sližienė 1994: 399) eiksmažodžio (p i)lip i ‘ u ė i pa aukimą, p isi iš i, p isi-
o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. Di alen is lipšnus, demanding he cons uc ion, g e a lipnus ‘lipšnus, g e in i he alency o he building.
13 In he desc ip ion o he alue o Li huanian adjec i es (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001) he iendly alue
o he adjec i e is no discussed.
A icles o he A icles 187
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
he accessibili y o he objec should be indica ed only by he accessibili y o he
s uc u e. J. Shukys (1998: 477) w i es: "To ask, o a ibu e o he endency o use,
when app oaching wi h mo e abs ac wo ds. When i comes o belonging o a
pe son o pe sons, o he s a e, only he bene icia y is chosen, plg. Tha land
belonged o my a he , bu They don belong o any o ganiza ion. F om wha has
been said b ie ly, i is clea ha he in luence o he adjec i e (adjec i al) o an
indi ec objec , such as he op ional alen ine ac , can no only a ec he base
wo d (a achmen o ko), bu also he alues o o he minimum lexical seman ic
adjec i es ha en e he ield ( o adjudica e, o su ende , o be iendly, o be
pleasan ). The e a e se e al assump ions: wo-dimensional adjec i es, he
adjec i e indi ec ly in luenced by he exp ession o he objec has (i) he alency o
he base wo d, (ii) he lexical alency o he ac an (li ing being o daik as); (iii)
p edica es om he lexical seman ic a achmen s o he ield seman ics and
g amma . Gi en ha he e a e no examples o DLKT wi h di e en synonymous
adjec i es, adjec i e o ms, hey a e no discussed u he .
2. selec ion and accession
The o m is alid.
O he 1200 examples o DLKT whe e di e en (non) adjec i e o ms a e used and
he indi ec objec is men ioned in he sen ence, he la e lea es such as 11[…]16
(pg. 9, 10) and examines 500 examples o he ype as 17[…]21, i can be seen ha in he
la e he indi ec objec is indica ed by he p e e ence cons uc ion. 17 and 18
a e examples o he same ype o objec s. Acco ding o 5, 6 examples o analogy,
(a imą) gy ų bū ybių a pusa io san ykį, odo, kad d i alenčio p isi iš i bū i-
nieji ak an ai sakinyje pasakomi pe cipien o subjek u i bene icien o ne iesiogi-
he subjec in sen ences 19 o 21 co esponds o 11) [Mike] o he dilbies a ached
pe cipien ą, o p ie kons ukcija žymimas ne iesioginis objek as – kon en y ą.
o hose d unken slo hs, jumped, shou ed: I'm lying!
12) The p o esso , who did no p ess he accele a o pedal ins ead o he b ake,
ied one oo o he sea .
Then she helps he young queen o cling o he b eas pla e. 14) She [woman] ...
will y o ie you o he sel o li e.
15) P i alau p isi iš i (plg. sa e) p ie s ulpo, nes galiu nug iū i an ke u ių.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
188 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
And she [Me gelė Pe eliškė] is a ached o (plg. o he sel ) he wings o he
pe eliškės […] simila o hose wo n by he angels in he school plays o he
p o agonis s.
A he age o 8 mon hs, he baby is a ached o i s mo he . He is [sheesh]
ex emely play ul, amily-o ien ed, and gen le. 18) 19) We Li huanians a e e y
a ached o ou homeland. 20) People a e indus ious, indus ious, a ached
o e e nal adi ional alues. 21) Appa en ly, my g ea es a achmen is no
o lo e bu o hough s and di ided ime.
22[…]23 examples in he si ua ion in ques ion upda e a di e en a achmen : he
wo-wo d a achmen is seman ically ela ed o he a ac ion as an addic ion
(see Sližienė 1998: 240). This has an in luence on seman ic a achmen o alency:
he subjec o he noun is cha ac e ized no so much by he pe cep i e as by he
pa ien 's seman ic unc ion, and he p e e ence o he cons uc ion is
exp essed by he indi ec objec a ached o he con en . A he e y leas , he
subjec 's wo-dimensional […] he pe cep ual pa ien 's […] seman ic unc ion is
ecognized he e. The pa ien -subjec ela ionship is illus a ed by examples 24
and 25 whe e he a ached ac an is said no o be ali e, bu o be an abs ac
subjec wi h a meaning ul wo d. 22 Bu alcohol may o may no be o my sake, and
I am no a ached o i . Wha a e you doing he e? A achmen is a e y bad hing.
Tha means you' e a p isone . You shouldn' be a ached o any hing in his li e. 23)
The Ac ecs we e mo e inclined o consume chocola e in a much di e en way
han we a e, so hey we e hea ily a ached o swee d inks.
24) Realizing ha na u e is oo a ached o he condi ion o he iabili y o he
klių, pi miausia apsisp endė sa ai ę ylė i.
25) Ji [ adicinė iloso ija] p isi išusi p ie esinio i nekelia klausimo apie esinio
ha m ul p esen […] being.
Išnag inėjus 500 DLKT pa yzdžių su ski ingomis eiksmažodinio daik a a džio
In he case o a sen ence, when an indi ec objec is men ioned, i is usually
ma ked wi h an adjec i e o he cons uc ion (see 26 […] 28). In he case o he
ou examples, he use o a cul u ally inapp op ia e indi ec objec is he
bene icia y (Shukys 1998: 155 […] 156) (see 29 […] 30). The subjec co esponds o he
pe cei e , and he indi ec objec co esponds o he bene icia y (26, p. 27) o he
con en (27[…]30). 14 Fo mo e in o ma ion on wo-dimensional seman ic unc ions,
26) Vaiko p isi išimas p ie mo inos – būdingas sa ybes u in i p ie aišumo ūšis.
Tai – a imų yšių a p mo inos i naujagimio užmezgimas gimdymo me u.
see The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
S aipsniai / A icles 189
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
27) Bu i doesn' ake away om he eyes and he essence o Li huania:
people's a achmen o he land, o he animal, o peace, o gen leness.
28) They [Moscow] we e no sa is ied wi h inac ion and a achmen o he old. 29)
Values a e being o e es ima ed, and hose who do no wan o o e es ima e hei
alues because o hei a achmen o he elde ly a e losing sigh o wha hey
ha e al eady been o e es ima ed o . 30) Thei [ illage inhabi an s'] hea s we e
s eng hened by lo e, espec and a achmen o he land o he elde s, hei way o li e, hei adi ions.
In a sen ence, he indi ec objec deno ed by he use can be in e p e ed as being
alen ially ela ed o wo di e en p edica es. Fo example, in e se 31, he wo d
"my husband" can be used o e e o bo h he wo d "my husband" and he wo d "my
husband". The con ex sugges s ha his example is inco ec ly labelled as an
indi ec objec o kinship. Bu she did no say, "Yes, le i be so", o his is wha she
said when she was silen , no wan ing o do anyone any ha m, bu exp essing he
a ec ion o he husband. A e ha , she called he gues Kos u se e al mo e imes
like his.
Based on he examples 22, 23, i can be said ha in he examples 32 […] 33, he
hypo he ical subjec o he wo-dimensional a achmen has a pa ien , and he
a achmen o he cons uc ion is deno ed by he indi ec objec […] con en i e
unc ion. The ac ha he subjec o he seman ic a achmen may be ela ed
o he bene icia y is indica ed by he con ex o Example 34.
32) Addic ion o alcohol o d ugs: * s eals all you desi es, * makes you a sla e o all
hese emp a ions, * pushes you in o po e y. Howe e , all o hese ing edien s
a e p esen in he seeds and a e no p esen in whi e whea lou . The e o e, oo
much a achmen o candy ba s and ba s is ha m ul o heal h.
34) In pa icula , he did well in cons uc ion […] The company o R. S eink os boas ed o
Niujo ko s a ybos o ganizacijų dešim uke. Kles inčio e slininko p isi išimas
p ie „Vals ijos“ uni e si e o bu o sąlygo as daugiau asmeninių in e esų nei di-
he la ge delays in he lo e o Alma Ma e ins i u ions.
F om wha has been said abou a achmen and a achmen o alency, i can be seen ha when i
comes o a achmen o a li ing being as a eeling, he subjec esponds o he pe cei e (she says
ha when she c ea ed he logo, she was mos mo i a ed by emo ions: she ied o connec such
eelings as longing, a achmen o he home and lo ed ones, pa e nal lo e and... (KTDL)), which means
a achmen o a li ing being as a belonging, i.e. he pa ien 's subjec is upda ed. DLKT example:
In imacy wi h he na i e land o A. Miškini […] i is a connec ion o olk cul u e, cus oms.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
85) Tha 's why he d ye s in he oile s o ca es o la ge shopping cen e s a e no
" iendly" o ou hands ei he . 86) I is he e o e clea ha he e is a need o look
o ways o p omo ing en i onmen ally iendly a ming. 87) Li huania's ax egime
is essen ially business- iendly. Di alen is iendly ‘6. The non-ha m ul, non-ha m ul
en i onmen (BLKZ) equi es a pa ien subjec and a con en ed indi ec objec o
be exp essed o he bene icia y (see 88, 89).
88) So he ac ha we li e on a plane ich in esou ces bu limi ed in esou ces is a
clea challenge o wo ld leade s discussing he en i onmen ally iendly and balanced
de elopmen o he wo ld.
Bu mos impo an ly, i p oduces en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s ha
a e good o ou heal h.
DLK p o ides o e 700 examples wi h di e en iendly o ms o he noun. The e
a e 55 examples whe e in a sen ence, when exp essing one pe son's sympa hy,
a o in ela ion o ano he pe son, he second […] indi ec objec […] iendliness
ac an is exp essed as a bene icia y (see 90, 91) o in ela ion o a cons uc ion (see
92, 93). A e examining hem, i became clea ha he indi ec objec o he
bene icia y, which is ma ked in one way o ano he , coincides wi h he subjec o
he pe cei e . F ance was subjuga ed, bu on wo occasions she emained sec e ly iendly.
The Republic o Li huania.
91) An anas came he e ou o iendship wi h Casimi . 92) And his is he sense
o closeness o indi iduals belonging o he same ci iliza ion (e.g. F ench
hos ili y owa ds No h A ican immig an s and iendliness owa ds Polish
immig an s).
93) Acco ding o G. Taujanski, Gied ius V. did no show iendliness owa d him.
When a sen ence exp esses a pe son's a ou able a i ude owa d a subjec , he
wo old iendliness opens up space o he pe cei e 's subjec and he indi ec
objec o con en .
94) I e e y science in he soul is as insepa able as in he subjec , and u h canno
pe ish, hen why, I ask, do we doub he e e nal li e o he soul because o he unknown
o wha kind o iendship? Augus in P o as los his pa ience. In he con ex ,
iendliness can be upda ed and mo e o e come. Then i is possible o alk abou a
seman ically ambiguous subjec : a pa ien wi h a pe cei ed e lec ion o ice e sa.
The ac ha iendliness can be in e p e ed as wo-sided […] om emo ion o ac ion
is also shown by examples 95, 96. And as he e, ue iendship (as well as de o ion)
comes om eeling (pg. 97, 98).

S aipsniai / A icles 197
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
95) He is always iendly o me. Always please come in, always please bo ow om us
i you need any hing; Hen y, I ha e some bee s in he idge. 96) While welcoming he
Li huanian wa planes, he So ie p ess w o e on his occasion abou he
"con inuing inc ease in Li huania's iendliness owa ds i " and no ed ha his
ligh would be ano he se ious s ep owa ds s eng hening iendly ela ions
be ween he wo coun ies.
97) He smiled chee ully, and K iuks, hinking ha his smile exp essed his
iendliness, also laughed con en edly.
98) I alijos d augiškumo jausmai Lie u ai (plg. I alijos d augiškumas Lie u ai)
y a nepaki ę i D.G andi izi as Va šu on ne u ės jokios į akos Lie u os i I alijos
san ykiams.
The e a e se e al ins ances whe e he wo d " iendship" is ela ed o he
abo e-men ioned basic wo d in he six h sense (BKJ) (see 99). The alency o he
adjec i e alence is gi en in he examples 88, 89. 99) In summa y, we a e aiming o
c ea e a sys em ha would make 'en i onmen ally iendly' an a ac i e, in he
economic sense, simple and enjoyable ac i i y.
F om wha has been said so a , i is assumed ha he subjec i e a achmen , he
a achmen ac an could ha e no only he pe cep i e unc ion men ioned a he
beginning o he a icle (see sec ion 1), bu also he pa ien unc ion, and he
objec i e ac an […] he bene icia y and he con en s. I is expec ed ha he
op ional objec a achmen , he ac an exp ession a achmen , can in luence he
syn ac ic alency o he p edica es discussed, especially in o de o upda e seman ic di e ences.
6. Selec ion and selec ion-
The o m o ou alen ine
In he case o he DLK, he e a e 101 examples wi h di e en o ms o he
adjec i e. The DLKT p o ides 15 examples whe e he cons uc o has a
je ne iesioginis objek as y a pasaky as, paaiškėjo, kad jis žymimas ne ik nau-
p e e ence o a cons uc ion (see 100[…]102), bu also a p e e ence o a
cons uc ion (see 103, 104). The la e wo should be con e ed in o a use (plg.
100) o a p e e ence o he design (plg. 101). On he o he hand, i is clea om
he o egoing who in luences o can in luence he cha ac e o he indi ec
objec chosen by he speake .
mėjimui. P ielinksnio su a ba a ž ilgiu kons ukcija su p ie aišus y a seman iškai
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII is based on: pasiskolin a om he
synonymous su ix ‘lipšnus, iendly in seman ics and g amma (see also 198 below).
100) Saliukis [shui] is kind and poli e, keeps away om s ange s, bu is o say, o
a sida ęs i p ie aišus sa o šeimininkams.
101) Todėl, šio y inė ojo eigimu, p iklausė i p ancūzų, i lenkų au oms [...]. Sunku
which coun y he queen was mo e a ached (plg. de o ed). She o en decla ed
he loyal y o Louis XIV. . . .
102) Despi e such a endency owa d chic clowns, Ie a is said o be e y a ached
[…] no only o people bu also o hings. 103) He is in elligen , ale , and sensi i e.
Be iendly wi h iends and cau ious wi h s ange s.
104) The ela ionship be ween he a he and he child has e en imp o ed […] wi h
ewe con lic s. Child en a e mo e a ached o he amily. The adjec i es o he
duali y a e associa ed wi h p edica es om he lexical seman ic ield (sac ed,
iendly, loyal, kind, e c.) and can also be seen om he examples o DLKT, whe e he
indi ec objec o he adjec i e unde conside a ion is clea om he con ex . In
he ollowing examples, we can see how one o he seman ic aspec s o he
adjec i e is ac ualized in he na a i e si ua ion (c . 100, 101). In iew o his and
while acknowledging he a ied and unclea cases, i is a gued ha in he cu en
Li huanian language, he indi ec objec co esponding o he bene icia y is
indica ed in se e al ways by choosing o use he double p e ix o he close
ela ionship be ween he li ing en i ies. 105) A man is a ached (pl. a ached) o
being. Wha 's he a ached o? I depends on he indi idual's hough s, he cha ac e is ics o he building.
106) Bladhaunds a e pa icula ly a ec iona e (pl. meilus, iendly), no hos ile o
ei he hei owne s o o o he dogs.
107) Men look a a woman e en when she's playing wi h a dog. Acco ding o hem, he gloss o he
animals is a good sign ha a woman is a ac ed (plg. lipšni, lo e). 108) She made iends wi h he nobles
(she always lea ned o ge along well wi h he old people, popula ly calling hem […]močiu ėm[…] and
[…] ė ukais[…]). I'm no one o hose 100[…]104 examples whe e he wo-dimensional adjacen subjec
p ie aiši (plg. lipšni, d augiška), gal ne kiek „dygliuo a“ – į dideles šnekas su
podžiais neįsileisda au. Juoba, kad močiu ė bu o be eik ku čia18.
co esponds o he pe cep ual objec wi h he con iguous indi ec objec , which is a iably deno ed
ą, o ne iesioginis objek as – bene icien ą, iš DLKT u ima, kai pe cipien o su-
by 18 Da plg. An example o a DLKT wi h accesso ies: Hello, yellow yellow! I' e been iends wi h
Zal ynyk since I was a kid. We' e known each o he since we we e kids. The wo iends (plg. iendly,
a ec iona e) played like g andpa and g andson. They bo h d ank milk oge he . Fo so many yea s,
he's been pou ing he yellow ou o he mol en pi .
A icles and a icles 199
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
naudininku a ba p ielinksnio p ie kons ukcija (ž . 109, 110). Taip pa p ie aišus
he subjec may co espond o he pa ien and he indi ec objec o he con en
(see 111). 109) La ian socie y has no ye become accus omed o images. 11 The
Te e ins no only s ay wi h us o he win e , bu hey a e qui e a ached o he
usual, al eady o go en places.
111) Fi s o all, I would like o emphasize ha he whole o ou his o ical science
(and some imes ou his o ical consciousness in gene al) is a double a achmen o
he So ie adi ion. DLK p o ides mo e han 500 examples wi h di e en o ms o
noun a achmen . In he case o 170 examples whe e he indi ec objec o his
noun is men ioned in he sen ence, i is explained ha i is deno ed by he use o
by he p e e ence o he cons uc ion.
Wi h a mo e examples in on o us han wi h he adjec i e a achmen s I
ha e jus discussed, we can alk abou he exp ession polinkius: he indi ec
objec ends o be ma ked by he use (see Pa 1). Speci ically, he op ional
bene icia y wi h a achmen o ms is chosen in 58% o all cases (o 98 ou o 170
samples). The use o an indi ec objec is mos o en (73 pe cen o 72 ou o 98
examples) said o be a nega i e (conc e e, abs ac ) hing wi h a meaning ul wo d,
much less o en (27 pe cen o 26 ou o 98 examples) o be a meaning ul pe son.
Simila ends in he li e aspec a e also shown in sen ences whe e he indi ec
objec is indica ed by a p e e ence o he cons uc ion: he indi ec objec is
said wi h he wo d signi ying a li ing hing in 33 pe cen o he cases a ailable (o
24 ou o 72 examples), and a non-li ing hing signi ying […] 67 pe cen o all cases (48
ou o 72 examples). In his way, he p ope use o language no ms, o he
app op ia e p e e ence o cons uc ion, is indica ed by he indi ec
a achmen o he noun o he objec in gene al (71% o 120 examples ou o 170)
negy ą (konk e ų, abs ak ų) daik ą eiškian is žodis. S a bu minė i, kad šios
abi ne iesioginio objek o aiškos y a (gali bū i) a ian iškos (ž . 112–115).
and he peculia i y o child ea ing and upb inging is de e mined by he mo he 's a ec ion, emo ions and a achmen .
aišumas sūnui a duk e iai.
113) A child's adap a ion o his mo he 's o m is impo an no only in he
amoun o ime a mo he spends wi h he baby bu also in he way he
communica es, he na u e o his ca e. 114) I [Vėlinė] eminds us ha he
a achmen o ea hly li e will disappea .
19 Examples o he plu al o ms o adjec i es wi h di e en pleasan nouns a e gi en in he
Examina ion and DLKT (adjec i es, adjec i es, e c.). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
20 In e ne e ganė ina pa yzdžių, ku p ie aišumas ne iesioginis objek as eiškiamas i p ielinksnio su
kons ukcija, p z.: P ie aišumas su mo ina nė a p eo i e inis p ie aišumui su ėčiu (ci uojama iš:
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
115) Žmogaus p ie aišume p ie gy enimo esama kažko s ip esnio už isus pa-
I 's he poo guy.
The examples gi en show ha he indi ec objec co esponding o he bene icia y
co esponds o he subjec o he ecipien (see 112, 113). In he case o he i s
wo, he subjec can be in e p e ed as he pa ien and he ecipien , whe e he
seman ic di ec a achmen o he meaning (e.g. he child a ached o he bamboo,
he mo he a ached o he child) is also ecognized, he ansi ion o he
a achmen as a pe cep ual p edica e seman ics. The seman ic connec ion wi h he
a o emen ioned a achmen alency is also shown by he example 117: he e b
a achmen (paga o, p i akino (plg. p i išo)) in he pe e ed meaning is he sou ce
o Blanko's emo ional a achmen , i.e. i in luences he emo ional a achmen and i s
quali y, he o m ha he ac ion c ea es21 (also plg. […] 1416). When he adjec i e is
associa ed wi h he di ec meaning o he oo e b, he pe cep i e adjec i e is
ac ualized (see 112, 118). I is a gued ha he seman ics and g amma o a achmen
as a sense ( o) in luence he alency o syn ac ic a achmen ( o): by ac ualizing
such an a achmen , he bene icia y o he indi ec objec is (mo e) unknown (p.
Unlike he 119[…] 121 examples, whe e he use o he indi ec objec can be
g amma ically linked o he main p edica e o he sen ence o eel ( o whom, wha ),
he 122 example shows ha li ing is no a sense o he noun (e.g., he sense o li ing),
bu an accesso y (e.g., he accesso y o li ing). Based on he o egoing, i can be
a gued ha in 123 examples, he emo ional independence o he subjec is ac ualized
[…] he emo ional a achmen o med in he amily by he ac ions o he pa en is
o e come by his own will. The ela ionship be ween a achmen and dependence can
also be seen in 124 examples o con ex s. The subjec 's pe cep ion o he subjec as
an emo ional connec ion is e iden in Example 127. A p e e ence o cons uc ion,
p esumably, may be chosen o ma k mo e success ully wi h he 116 The child de elops
by lis ening o he mo he 's hough s and expe iencing eelings. Because o he
bjek o p ie aišumą (plg. 128). Žinoma, kaip jau minė a, iek ienas, iek ki as
p ie aišumo aspek as gali bū i žymimas i a ian iškai (plg. 122, 129).
p egnan woman's a achmen o he unbo n child, he e ec s o he s ess she is
expe iencing may be educed.
117) In eloquen wo ds, Blanka desc ibes he a achmen o he a he -in-law:
she eels as i she had been "caugh and nailed, a jackal nailed o a golden ing" (p.
I'm going o pu [A1] nex o [B] Blanka [P]
21 Plg. o he DLKT example: Signal o e u n he con ac (smiling a he o asking he o ake he hand),
hen again was played, in es iga ed. Such a child's beha io shows a sense o secu i y.
A icles published by A icles 201
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
118) A high sensi i i y o he needs o he child and he abili y o sa is y hem
a e pa icula ly impo an o he o ma ion o a sense o a achmen . 119) We
s ill el a ki s some o he a achmen . Anyway, he was my a he ...
The e she s udied he sub le ies o he special y o h ee yea s, lea ning much, as
she says, bu no eeling a special a achmen o his s age o he li e. 121) I ha e no
doub ha i has been hea d a leas once by he absolu e majo i y o Li huanians,
because he media el , and s ill eel oday, a special a achmen o his opic. 122) In
gene al, he e is a e y s ong sense o a achmen o li e in Nilu's wo k, which is no
des oyed by any ading mis o une and ha dship. 123) Fo he Ame icans o his
gene a ion, he au omobile mean eedom, speed, mo emen , and ic o ious
a achmen . The house and he pas , ha is, bu wha a hai y adi ion and o de .
124) Dependence on eligion was pe cei ed as an illuso y subs i u e o dependence on
he punishing image o he a he . The goal o psychoanalysis is no o s eng hen he
pa ien 's a achmen o psychoanalysis, bu o b eak i by s eng hening he
pa ien 's au onomy and pe sonali y ma u i y, he abili y o "s and on he own ee ".
Medical na cologis s ha e long s udied people's physical and psychological dependence
on alcohol. The psychological addic ion o so d inks is e y di icul o ea , while
he physical addic ion can be o e come. 126) The poul y a m was he only one in he
Bal ic S a es o ha e he exclusi e igh o anspo abou 80 pe cen o i s
p oduc ion o Poland. I is no known how long he Polish a i ude o ou chickens would
ha e las ed i he di ec o Kęs u is Ba ke ičius had hough only abou he poul y
and no abou he needs o he coun y. 127) The composi ion o he monas e y
changed a e he dea h o he nuns, and Sis e Bea ice emained in he amily,
de o ed o p aye . He a i ude owa d he sis e s was calm and simple. 128) And
e enge is aken i s o all on onesel o ha masochis ic a achmen o hose who
ha e hu , uined, des oyed...
129) A he s age o g oup ma u i y, g oup membe s expe ience eelings o
a achmen o he g oup, c ea e close emo ional bonds wi h o he membe s, bu
main ain au onomy, become awa e o hei di e ences om o he g oup
membe s. DLKT examples show ha he adjec i e a achmen o he subjec
ac an co esponds o he pe cei e , and he indi ec objec […] con en is
exp essed in wo ways (see 130). Acco ding o he analogy o he example 111, i can
be seen ha in he example 131, he ac an o he subjec co esponds o he
pa ien , and he indi ec objec co esponds o he con en . 130) Ano he quali y
ha helps you o concen a e and keep you a en ion is pe sis ence and
sel -con ol, a s ong a achmen o wha is desi able. 131) In my opinion, he
app oach o cul u al his o y o he Ma xis adi ion is somewha di e en , bu he la e is e iden in he case o bo h pile is ic and cul u al his o y.

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
7. APIBENDRINIMAS IR IŠVADOS
In he case o 600 DLKT examples wi h di e en a achmen s, he a achmen o
he o ms indica es ha hei seman ic and syn ac ic alidi y is in luenced by he
seman ics and g amma o he lexical seman ic ield o p edica es (p i(si) iš i,
a siduo i, p ieplaikus, lipšnus, d augiškas, e c.). By synonymous a achmen
iendly, iendly o indi ec a achmen , a achmen o he objec exp esses
he a eling a achmen o he cons uc ion. Such op ional ac ma king ( ok.
ma kie ung) is chosen when alking abou an in ima e ela ionship be ween wo
li ing beings (e.g. people) (In he amily, would pa en s lea n sa e con ac wi h he
Tada, kai d i alen is p ie aišus a ojamas ‘lipšnus, d augiškasʼ eikšme, jo sin-
aksiniai ak an ai pasakomi subjek o a dininku (a ba ki u de inamuoju links-
niu) i ne iesioginio objek o naudininku a ba p ielinksnio su kons ukcija; se-
child?22). he man le alency is […] [Pcp, B].
Indi ec objec wi h as , easy- o-a ach a achmen s; The a achmen , he o m o
a achmen o he use and he p e e ence o he design a e usually a ied. DLKT examples
show se e al a ia ionally ma ked p e ixes, p e ixes o seman ic alency combina ions. In
si ua ions whe e he ecipien o he subjec and he bene icia y o he indi ec objec a e
mu ually compa ible, he ela ionship be ween he wo li ing en i ies is ac ualized by he
p edica e a achmen , a achmen . When he si ua ion is abou a pe son's a i ude owa ds
he subjec , he subjec 's pe cep ion coincides wi h he con en s o he indi ec objec . The
ela ionship be ween he pa ien subjec and he con en -complian indi ec objec can be
seen when a achmen as a ce ain habi , an addic ion is impo an . In cases whe e he indi ec
a achmen o he objec is said o be a nega i e hing by a meaning ul wo d, he e is an
ob ious endency o igno e he no m […] ins ead o an a achmen o he cons uc ion, he
use is used. Usually p edica ed by a achmen , a achmen is ac ualized by he emo ional
aspec ( he di ec o o he ilm e e s o a he sub le eelings […] memo ies, ecognized in
he con ex om he basic a achmen o he seman ic and g amma ical a achmen o he
pe son as a s a e holde , he pa ien , he a achmen o onesel o some hing. This Decision
aišumą mies o sielai, ji ku ia ilmą apie niekus, iš ku ių iskas susideda (DLKT)).
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles o he T ea y A icles 203
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
ŠALTINIAI
BLKŽe – Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, y . ed. D. Liu ke ičienė, Vilnius:
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2013–2022. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /
bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
DLKT – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks ynas, Kaunas: Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as.
P ieiga in e ne e: h p:// eks ynas. du.l / eks ynas/.
DLKŽe – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, 8-as pa ais. i papild. leidimas, y .
ed. S . Keinys, e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2021. P ieiga in e ne e:
h ps://ekalba.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (a naujin a e sija 2018). P ieiga
in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
SŽe – Lybe is An anas 2002: Lie u ių kalbos sinonimų žodynas, Vilnius: Lie u ių kal-
bos ins i u as; e. a ian as 2015. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /sinonimu-zodynas/.
SisŽe – Paulauskas Jonas 1987: Sis eminis lie u ių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius,
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as; e. a ian as 2015. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /
sis eminis-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/pe ziu a.
LITERATŪRA
D uk einis Albinas 2009: Seman inės sakinių s uk ū os su sink e inės eikšmės
p edika ais. – Res humani a iae 6, 24–41.
Miliūnai ė Ri a 2022: Į ai uojan ys i nauji lie u ių kalbos eiškiniai XXI a. p a-
džioje: sis ema ika i pokyčių k yp ys, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. DOI: doi.o g/
10.35321/e-pub.42.lie u iu-kalbos-pokyciai.
Semėnienė Lo e a 2003: Būd a džių de inimas. – Sin aksinių yšių y imai. Lie u ių
kalbos g ama ikos da bai 1, ed. A. Hol oe , A. Judžen is, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins-
i u as, 37‒66.
Sližienė Nijolė 1994: A dic iona y o Li huanian language e b conjuga ion 1, Vilnius:
Scien i ic and encyclopedic publishing house.
Sližienė Nijolė 1998: A dic iona y o Li huanian language e b conjuga ion 2(1),
Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla.
Šukys Jonas 1998: Lie u ių kalbos linksniai i p ielinksniai: a osena i no mos, Kaunas:
Vilnius: Ligh .
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
204 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVIII
Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė Lo e a 2001: Valency o Li huanian language adjec i es:
doc o al disse a ion, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian language.
"S.M.A.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.L.E.R.E.N.-
E.L.E.R.E.N.E.L.E.L.E.L.E.L.E.L.E.L.E.N.E.L.E.L.E.L.E.L.L.E.L.E.L.E.L.E.L.L.E.L.L.E.L.L.L.E.L.L.-
L.L.E.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.E.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.L.L […] Bend inė speaks a 93, 1[…]35. I is a ailable on he In e ne a h ps: h ps: jou nals.lki.l bend inekalba.h ml a icle iew59.
Valency o he Adjec i e p ie aišus and
he Noun p ie aišumas in Con empo a y
Li huanian (W i en) Language
Summa y
The analysis o 600 examples wi h di e en o ms o p e e ism and p e e ism d awn om he
co pus o con empo a y Li huanian language e eals ha hei seman ic and syn ac ic alidi y
is in luenced by he seman ics and g amma o he p edica es om he lexical seman ic ield
(p e e ism, adjec i e, ad e b, ad e b, ad e b, e c.). The cons uc ion o he p eposi ion su has
en e ed he exp ession o he indi ec objec o p ie aišus and p ie aišumas h ough he
synonymous adjec i e p ieplaikus ‘a ec iona e, iendly. Such ma king (Ge man: Ma kie ung) o
a acul a i e ac an is chosen when a close ela ionship o wo li ing beings (usually people) is
mean . In cases whe e bi alen p onouns a e used in he sense o a ec iona e, iendly, i s
syn ac ic ac an s a e exp essed in he nomina i e o he subjec (o ano he case in
ag eemen ) and he da i e o he indi ec objec o he cons uc ion o he p eposi ion su. he
subjec pe cipien is in ag eemen wi h he indi ec objec bene icia y.
The exp ession o he indi ec objec wi h he o ms o a achmen is one who ge s a ached
quickly and easily. "Dedica ed" and "dedica ed" in he da i e case and he cons uc ion o he
p eposi ion " o" is usually a iable. Se e al combina ions o seman ic alency o a iably ma ked
p onouns and p onouns a e possible. In cases whe e he subjec -pe cei e is in ag eemen wi h
he indi ec -objec -bene icia y, he si ua ion exp essed by he p edica es "pe cei ed" and
"pe cei ed" con eys a close emo ional ela ionship be ween wo li ing beings. Whe e he
si ua ion is conce ned wi h he pe son's disposi ion owa ds some hing, he subjec pe cei e
is in ag eemen wi h he indi ec objec con en i e. The ag eemen o he pa ien subjec and
he indi ec objec co esponding o he con en i e can be seen whe e a achmen is
highligh ed as a ce ain habi and dependence.
A icles o he a icle 205
P ie aišus, p ie aišumas alen ingumas
daba inėje lie u ių ( aš o) kalboje
In cases whe e he indi ec objec o p e e ism is exp essed in he wo d deno ing he
an inanima e hing, he e is a clea endency o dis ega d he es ablished no m – he
cons uc ion o he p eposi ion p is eplaced by he da i e case. The p edica es o he pas and
he u u e usually con ey an emo ional aspec . The a achmen o a pe son as he con eyo o a
ce ain s a e, he so-called pa ien , o some hing angible, which comes om he seman ics and
g amma o he base e b " o be" can be ecognized h ough con ex s.
Deli e ed on 8 May 2023.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
lo e [email protected]