28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
Vilnius Uni e si y
ORCID id: o cid.o g./0000-0002-6755-6316
Field o esea ch: synch onic and diach onic wo d- o ma ion;
his o y o he Bal ic and Ge manic g oup o languages;
analysis o wo d- o ma ion o nominal compounds in bilingual
manusc ip dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages; ansla ion
p oblems o speci ic e minology, eaching me hodology o he
Ge man language.
DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ
Vilnius Uni e si y
Field o esea ch: nominal wo d- o ma ion, compa a i e
analysis o Nomina Loci be ween he Bal ic and Ge manic
languages, eaching me hodology o ESP (English o Speci ic
Pu poses) and eaching English as a o eign language (EFL);
ansla ion heo y and p ac ice; medical e minology.
VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
Vilnius Uni e si y
ORCID id: o cid.o g./0000-0002-3219-2794
Field o esea ch: applica ion o he la es me hods in
eaching o eign language; didac ics o o eign languages, wo d-
o ma ion in o eign language eaching and lea ning.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all88-02
WORD-FORMATION PATTERNS
OF THE GERMAN AND
LITHUANIAN NOMINA LOCI
FROM THE DICTIONARY OF
S aipsniai / A icles 29
Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man
and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y
o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch)
SEVEN LANGUAGES (SIEBEN-
SPRACHEN-WÖRTERBUCH1)
Sep yniakalbio žodyno (Sieben-Sp achen-
Wö e buch) okiečių i lie u ių kalbų ie ų
pa adinimų (nomina loci) da yba
ANNOTATION
This a icle analyses place nouns (Nomina Loci) in Ge man and hei de i a ional
equi alen s in Li huanian. The objec i e o he pape is o asce ain he simila i ies and
di e ences be ween place nouns in Ge man and Li huanian. The esea ch ma e ial was
collec ed om a se en-language mul ilingual dic iona y published in 1918, which was
commissioned and compiled by he au ho i ies o he ‘Obe os ’ mili a y adminis a i e uni .
On he basis o he selec ed da a (in o al, 253 Ge man samples ou o 8,000 wo d okens),
he aim is o analyse he wo d- o ma ion endencies o Nomina Loci in bo h languages by
compa ing he Ge man place nouns eco ded in he dic iona y a he beginning o he 20 h
cen u y wi h hei Li huanian equi alen s.
The Nomina Loci s udy is p esen ed in he ollowing o de : i s , he place nouns o he
Ge man language a e analyzed, wi h he aim o inding ou wha p opo ion o he Nomina
Loci consis s o compounds, de i a i es, and simple wo ds (simplicia).
In he nex s age o he analysis, he wo ds eco ded in he sou ce a e compa ed wi h
he equi alen s in he Li huanian pa o he dic iona y. This pa o he a icle aims a
de e mining he wo d- o ma ion pa e ns o Nomina Loci in Li huanian and compa ing
hem wi h he Ge man compounds, de i a i es, and simple wo ds.
The s udy e ealed ha ou o 253 eco ded examples o Nomina Loci ound in he
Ge man sec ion o he dic iona y he majo i y is comp ised o compound and simple wo ds,
howe e , he numbe o Ge man Nomina Loci made up wi h a ixes is conside ably lowe .
Mos ly, Ge man compound place nouns a e ep esen ed by syn agmas in Li huanian.
Ge man simple place nouns a e ansla ed in o Li huanian by using simplicia and less
equen ly by de i a i es, while he Nomina Loci o med wi h a ixes a e mos ly ende ed
in o Li huanian by employing de i a i es o syn agmas.
KEYWORDS: Nomina Loci (place nouns), wo d- o ma ion, a ixes, compounds,
dic iona y o se en languages.
1 Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch: Deu sch / Polnisch / Russisch / Weiß u henisch / Li auisch / Le isch /
Jiddisch (1918), he ausg. im Au ag des Obe be ehlshabe s Os , Be lin, Heidelbe g: Sp inge -
Ve lag, 2014.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
ANOTACIJA
Šiame s aipsnyje ap ašomi okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimai (Nomina Loci) i jų da y-
bos a i ikmenys lie u ių kalboje. Ty imo medžiaga bu o ink a iš g e iminio sep yniakalbio
žodyno, ku io engimą inicija o ka inio adminis acinio iene o Obe os o aldžia, o leidi-
nys bu o publikuo as 1918 me ais. A ink ų duomenų pag indu, ku į iš šal inyje į auk ų
8000 lemų suda o 253 okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimai, siekiama išanalizuo i abiejų kal-
bų nomina loci da ybą, palygin i žodyne už iksuo ų okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimų i
XX amžiaus p adžiai būdingų lie u iškųjų a i ikmenų da ybines ypa ybes.
A lik as y imas p is a omas okia a ka: p adžioje ap a iami okiečių kalbos ie os
pa adinimimai, u in ikslą išsiaiškin i, kokią šios kalbos nomina loci dalį suda o dū iniai,
ediniai i pap as ieji žodžiai. Po o šal inyje už iksuo i žodžiai palyginami su lie u iškoje
žodyno dalyje esančiais a i ikmenimis. Šioje s aipsnio dalyje siekiama nus a y i, koks lie-
u ių kalbos ie ų pa adinimų da ybos būdas a i inka okiškuosius kompozi us, de i a us
i simplicijas.
Iš žodyne už iksuo ų 253 okiečių kalbos nomina loci daik a a džių, didžiąją jų dalį su-
da o dū iniai i pap as ieji žodžiai, daug mažiau as a ie ų pa adinimų, ku iems būdinga
a iksacija.
Vokiškuosius sudu inius nomina loci lie u ių kalboje a i inka žodžių junginiai (sin ag-
mos), o pap as ieji ie ų pa adinimai e čiami į lie u ių kalbą simplicijomis, ečiau – de i-
a ais. A iksiniai okiečių kalbos nomina loci da iniai žodyne pa eikiami dažniausiai lie u-
iškais ediniais a žodžių junginiais.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Nomina Loci ( ie ų pa adinimai), žodžių da yba, a iksai, dū iniai,
sep yniakalbis žodynas.
INTRODUCTION
Du ing he Fi s Wo ld Wa , he Kaise ’s Ge man a my occupied pa o he
wes e n lands o he Tsa is Russian Empi e, on he basis o which a mili a y
adminis a i e uni , ‘Obe os ’, was o med (Ge man: Obe Os ) (see Figu e 1).
As s a ed in he publica ion o he Obe os P ess Depa men , Das Land
Obe Os (he eina e – DLOO), he go e nance decisions and o dinances
in he e i o y ha we e dissemina ed o ally o h ough publicly displayed
pos e s e en ually p o ed o be o limi ed e ec i eness. The e o e, a e he
es o a ion o p in ing p esses, i was decided o publish impo an documen s
and in o ma ion in newspape s (DLOO 1917: 128). A i s , i was hough ha
all he p ess should use he F ak u on used in he Ge man language, which
was also used o p in publica ions in he Cu onian Spi . Howe e , he o he
languages o he Obe os a ea used he La in alphabe (An ik a) and Sla ic
le e s (Cy illic), so p in ing equipmen was ins alled o he publica ion o ex s
S aipsniai / A icles 31
Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man
and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y
o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch)
in hese on s, and hei eo ien a ion o F ak u would ha e been inancially
unp o i able. Thus, i was decided o con inue publishing in ancien La in, and
o use Heb ew le e s o he Yiddish language (DLOO 1917: 136–137). Due o
ma ial law, publica ions and announcemen s we e censo ed, which esul ed in
he es ablishmen o he Obe os P ess Depa men (Ge man: P esseab eilung)
consis ing o local depa men s (Ge man: P esses ellen). The T ansla ion Uni
o he P ess Depa men (Ge man: Übe se zungss elle de P esseab eilung)
supe ised newspape s p in ed in local languages and p epa ed ansla ions
o he mos impo an o de s o he Obe os ’s au ho i ies in o indi idual
languages. To acili a e he wo k o ansla o s, a di ec o y o Ge man wo ds
and hei ansla ions in o La ian, Li huanian, Polish, Yiddish, Bela usian,
and Russian was compiled. I consis ed o abou 8,000 wo ds (DLOO 1917:
147–148), on he basis o which a se en-language dic iona y (Ge man: Sieben-
Sp achen-Wö e buch, he eina e – SSW) was p epa ed and p in ed in 1918; his
dic iona y was used as he da a sou ce o selec he esea ch ma e ial desc ibed
in his a icle.
FIGURE 1. Adminis a i e e i o y o Obe os ( he sou ce: Das Land Obe Os 1917: 345)
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
As s a ed in i s in oduc o y sec ion, he p epa a ion and publica ion o
he dic iona y was ini ia ed by he Fi s Wo ld Wa Ge man-occupied Eas e n
Eu opean au ho i ies esponsible o he media and ansla ion o a ious
adminis a i e documen s in o local languages (SSW 1918: 5). Howe e ,
acco ding o he compile s o he dic iona y, his lexicog aphical wo k was
ca ied ou wi hou he pa icipa ion o specialis s o his ield o linguis ics, so
i should be acknowledged ha his undoub edly educes i s scien i ic alue.
Howe e , despi e his sho coming, he p ac ical signi icance o he dic iona y
is unques ionable, as i imp o ed he communica ion o he mili a y au ho i ies
wi h he local popula ion (SSW 1918: 5–6). The undamen als o Ge man wo d
equi alen s consis ed o he wo d ca ds ca aloged in six languages, which had
hi he o been used o ansla e a ious adminis a i e w i ings in o he local
languages o he occupied e i o ies.
The au ho s o his dic iona y also aced some di icul ies, as he local
languages did no ha e equi alen s o he Ge man e ms o adminis a ion, law,
o he mili a y. In hose cases, new wo ds we e coined in acco dance wi h local
language s uc u es, p esumably in consul a ion wi h na i e speake s. Thus,
his mul ilingual dic iona y was chosen as a sou ce o esea ch da a due o he
colloquial wo ds and cases o wo d c ea ion egis e ed in i , which has enabled
he de i a ional p ope ies o he Li huanian place nouns used a he beginning
o he 20 h cen u y o be de e mined.
On he o he hand, his s udy could be u he ex ended o include mo e
languages (e.g. La ian and Russian), which would make i possible o compa e
and iden i y he mos p oduc i e wo d- o ma ion ypes o place nouns in hese
espec i e languages.
The subjec o he p esen esea ch is he o ma ion o Nomina Loci
(he eina e – NL) in Ge man and Li huanian. The s udy seeks o examine
wo d- o ma ion cha ac e is ics o Ge man NL equi alen s in he Li huanian
language. To achie e he aim o he esea ch, he ollowing objec i es ha e been
se :
1) o e iew he heo y o NL wo d- o ma ion;
2) o analyse he wo d- o ma ion s uc u e o NL in Ge man;
3) o in es iga e he peculia i ies o he Li huanian NL wo d- o ma ion
eco ded in he dic iona y;
4) o compa e and desc ibe wo d- o ma ion pa e ns o Ge man NL wi h
hei equi alen s in Li huanian.
The NL esea ch esul s a e desc ibed in he ollowing o de : i s , an
o e iew o he NL o ma ion heo y is p o ided; hen, he peculia i ies o he
wo d o ma ion o NL in he Ge man and Li huanian languages eco ded in
he dic iona y a e p esen ed, allowing us o highligh he p edominan ypes o

S aipsniai / A icles 33
Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man
and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y
o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch)
noun de i a ion in his ca ego y. Finally, he wo d- o ma ion o Ge man NL is
compa ed wi h he Li huanian NL coun e pa s om he Li huanian pa o he
dic iona y.
The main conclusions and e e ences a e p esen ed a he end o he a icle.
1. OVERVIEW OF THE WORD-FORMATION
OF PLACE NOUNS (NOMINA LOCI)
T adi ionally, he e seems o be a gene al consensus in he academic communi y
ega ding he o e all basic de ini ion o Nomina Loci. Bo h F anz Raine and
Hans C. Luschü zky (2013: 1302) as well as Bogdan Szymanek (2015: 1328)
de ine Nomina Loci p ima ily as a ca ego y o nouns wi hin a wo d- o ma ion
sys em, pa icula ly as cases o de e bal de i a ion. Ne e heless, he au ho s
acknowledge ha he ca ego y o place nouns encompasses p ima y nouns,
compounds, and o he ypes o de i a ions as well (Raine , Luschü zky 2013:
1302; Szymanek 2015: 1329).
P o o ypical de i a i es o NL end o ollow he pa e n o de e bal
nominaliza ion, e.g. Li h. di b- u ė ‘wo kshop’ (← di b i ‘ o wo k’); Eng. e in-e y
(← o e ine).
Denominal ypes o NL a e also widesp ead, e.g. Li h. dilgėl-ynas ‘ne le
sh ubbe y’ (← dilgėlė ‘ne le’), klamp-ynė ‘bog’ (← klampus, -i ‘boggy’);
Eng. pigg-e y (← pig). The main way o de i ing NL is conside ed o be su ixa ion;
howe e , con e sion, pa adigma ic de i a ion o compounding a e also u ilised
(Kas o sky 1985: 224; Szymanek 2015: 1334). In he English language, he
ca ego y o NL is weakly p oduc i e; o coin new NL su ixa ion, con e sion,
and compounding a e employed. The su ix -(e) y, which is bo owed om he
F ench language, can be used o o m de e bal o denomina i e de i a i es,
whe e he basis can be bo h a e b and a noun, such as e.g. Eng. boil-e y
(← o boil), pigg-e y (← a pig) (Ma chand 1969: 284). O he NL su ixes o
ele ance a e as ollows: -(e)( )e ia, e.g. chocola -e ia (← chocola e); -age,
e.g. o phan-age (← o phan) (Kas o sky 1985: 223; Szymanek 2015: 1335) and
he o ma i e -dom, e.g. king-dom (← king), which James P. Ble ins (2006: 526)
classi ies as he ype o semi-a ixes.2 As Rochelle Liebe (2004: 150) obse es,
2 In he wo d- o ma ion heo y, semi-a ixes a e gene ally conside ed o be cons uc i e elemen s
ha occupy an in e media e posi ion be ween a ixes and indi idual lexemes. Howe e , esea che s
ha e no eached a unanimous opinion on he s a us o a ixes, and he issue o sepa a ing
hem om o he means o wo d- o ma ion emains a poin o discussion ( o mo e de ail, see
Ja mala ičius 2017: 75–88; Ja mala ičius, S aižy ė 2020: 123–127).
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
he su ix -age is no a p oduc i e a ix o NL o ma ion, bu wi h he su ix
-e y a numbe o wo ds in his ca ego y a e o med in English. Howe e , among
he p oduc i e English su ixes, Ingo Plag (2006: 541–545) has no men ioned
any su ixes which ende he de i a ion o NL, sugges ing ha su ixa ion as a
de i a ional means o o ming NL in English is less common. Ne e heless, NL
o med wi h su ix -men (encampmen , se lemen ) also occu s (Kas o sky 1985:
225). Mo eo e , o p oduce NL in English, con e sion can be employed,
e.g. a s op (← o s op), as well as compounding, e.g. wi h he second cons i uen
shop (book-shop), house (slaugh e -house) (Ma chand 1969: 375).
Al hough app oxima ely 60 pe cen o he Ge man nouns a e de i ed
by using su ixa ion (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 84), his way o de i a ion is no
p edominan in he ield o NL. Only a ew a ixes a e used in he o ma ion o
NL, mos common o hem being de e bal o denominal de i a ion. Wol gang
Mo sch (2004: 352) men ions some p oduc i e ones – mos o en de e bal
nouns indica ing a place whe e an ac i i y happens (Mo sch 2004: 337), e.g. he
su ix -(e )ei D uck-e ei ‘p ess, p in ing-house’ (← d ucken ‘ o p ess’). Howe e ,
he su ix -e ei can also be used in he Ge man language o o m denominal
de i a ions, e.g., Käs-e ei ‘cheese shop’ (← Käse ‘cheese’), -(l)e ei: Fö s -e ei
‘ o es y’ (← Fö s -e ‘ o es e ’), Tisch-le ei ‘ca pen y’ (← Tisch-le ‘ca pen e ’).
A de e bal de i a ion o NL wi h he su ix -e is also possible: Kipp-e ‘ga bage
dump’ (← kippen ‘ o ip’), Schwemm-e ‘ loodbank’ (← schwemmen ‘ o lood’)
(Fleische , Ba z 1995: 146; Mo sch 2004: 353). Also, only a ew wo ds de i ed wi h
o he a ixes a e ound: su ixes -ich , -nis, -ung, - and p e ix u -, e.g. Dick-ich
‘ hicke ’ (← dich ‘ hick’), Ge äng-nis ‘p ison’ (← ge angen pas pa iciple o m
‘caugh ’), Ansiedl-ung ‘se lemen ’ (← ansiedeln ‘ o se le’), Buch- ‘bay’ (← biegen
‘ o bend’), U -wald ‘jungle’ (← Wald ‘ o es , wood’) (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 35,
163, 166, 176, 203; Mo sch 2004: 353). A signi ican p opo ion o Ge man
nouns a e o med by compounding. Any pa o speech can become he i s
cons i uen o a compound; howe e , de e mina i e compounds co esponding
o he N + N wo d- o ma ion ype3 a e highly p oduc i e (Fleische , Ba z 1995:
84). Al hough he au ho s o his a icle ha e no been able o ind any speci ic
esea ch on he compounding o NL in Ge man, he ac s men ioned abo e
sugges ha his me hod o wo d-building is mo e common han a ixa ion,
as shown by he analysis o NL wo d- o ma ion. As wi h o he nouns, he
i s elemen s o compound NL can be adjec i es, e.g. Flach-küs e ‘ la coas ’,
3 In he bilingual dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages, N + N ype Ge man compounds cons i u e
78,9–83,2 pe cen , V + N 9,4–12,6 pe cen , A + N 5,2–6,9 pe cen , and compound nouns
wi h he i s cons i uen s o o he pa s o speech comp ise 1,3–3,2 pe cen (S undžia,
Ja mala ičius 2019: 64, 301, 319).
S aipsniai / A icles 35
Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man
and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y
o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch)
e bs, e.g. Koch-ecke ‘ki chene e’, T eib-haus ‘g eenhouse’ (Mo sch 2004: 353),
p eposi ions, e.g. Vo -ga en ‘ on ya d’, bu also a la ge g oup o NL consis s o
bo h noun elemen s, e.g. Schuß- eld ‘ ield o i e’, Unglücks-s elle ‘acciden si e’
o Gemeinde-wald ‘communi y o es ’). Such a pa e n is especially p e alen
among NL wi h he second cons i uen indica ing loca ion, e.g. S elle ‘place’,
Wald ‘ o es ’, Feld ‘ ield’, e c.
In Li huanian, NL is a ela i ely new ca ego y o nouns o med om nomina
collec i a (Amb azas 2000: 63, 207) and cha ac e ised by a e age p oduc i i y.
The majo i y o hese wo ds a e o med by employing su ixes.
The mos p oduc i e a ixes o o m NL a e as ollows: Li h. -ynas,
e.g. be ž-ynas ‘bi ch g o e’ (← be žas ‘bi ch’), -ynė, e.g. dyk-ynė ‘emp y place’
(← dykas, -a ‘emp y’), -inė, e.g. malk-inė ‘wood shed’ (← malka ‘wood’),
-ykla, e.g. mok-ykla ‘school’ (← moky i ‘ o each’), -idė, e.g. kiaul-idė ‘pigge y’
(← kiaulė ‘pig’), -uma, e.g. saus-uma ‘d y land’ (← sausas, -a ‘d y’) and a ew
o he s, he i s h ee o ma i es being he mos p oduc i e ones.
Acco ding o he G amma o Mode n Li huanian (Daba inės lie u ių
kalbos g ama ika (he eina e – DLKG) 1997), less p oduc i e su ixes a e:
-u a, e.g. ž alg-u a ‘scou ing g ound’ (← ž algy i ‘ o scou ’), -lis, e.g. sandė-lis
‘wa ehouse’ (← sudė i, -jo ‘ o s o e’), -einė, e.g. bu -einė ‘dwelling place’
(← bū i, - o ‘ o be’), -imys (-imis), e.g. paplūd-imys ‘beach’ (← paplūs i, -do ‘ o
o e low’), - ė, e.g. kal- ė ‘smi he y’ (← kal i, -ė ‘ o coin’) and -udė, e.g. al-u-
dė ‘bee house’ (← alus ‘bee ’), which a e esponsible o p oducing only a ew
wo ds (Amb azas 2000: 63).
Taking in o accoun he wo d- o ma ion o NL, de i a ional in lec ions,
such as, e.g. Li h. p ieplauk-a ‘dock’ (← p iplauk i, -ė ‘ o dock’), a e in equen
(Ul ydas 1965: 396). Acco ding o he G amma o Mode n Li huanian
(DLKG 1997: 137), NL a e ep esen ed by he de i a i es o he endings -a, -is,
-ė and -as, e.g. pe ėj-a ‘passage’ (← pe ei i, -jo ‘ o pass’), guol-is ‘den’ (← gulė i,
-jo ‘ o lie’), plyn-ė ‘wilde ness’ (← plynas ‘ba e’), nuo ak-as ‘d ain’ (← nu ekė i,
-jo ‘ o d ain’).
Ano he means o wo d- o ma ion o he ca ego y o NL desc ibed in he
G amma o Mode n Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 145) is p e ixa ion. The p e ix
pa- is p esen ed as he mos p oduc i e p e ix o ma ion, e.g. pa-kalnė ‘slope’
(← kalnas ‘hill’), pa-kelė ‘sideway’ (← kelias ‘way’). The G amma o Mode n
Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 145–147) also p o ides such o ma i es o his p e ix
like už-, e.g. už-s alė ‘behind he able’ (← s alas ‘ able’), an -, e.g. an -kapis
‘ ombs one’ (← kapas ‘g a e’), p ie-, e.g. p ie-pi is ‘an e-sauna’ (← pi is
‘sauna’), į-, e.g. į-kalnė ‘ascension’ (← kalnas ‘hill’), apy-, e.g. apy-kaklė ‘colla ’
(← kaklas ‘neck’), po-, e.g. po-žemis ‘dungeon’ (← žemė ‘g ound, ea h’), p ieš-,
e.g. p ieš-kamba is ‘an e- oom’ (← kamba ys ‘ oom’).
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
In con as o Ge manic languages, such as English and Ge man, Li huanian
is no abundan in nominal compounds, because, acco ding o he G amma o
Mode n Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 151), compound nouns comp ise only abou
5 pe cen o all he wo ds egis e ed in he dic iona y, and hei dominan
pa e n is wi h he second noun cons i uen .
N + N ype wo ds a e mos p oduc i e, while compound nouns o o he
s uc u es a e less common (S undžia, Ja mala ičius 2019: 26–28). In he
absence o su icien da a and esea ch, i is di icul o de e mine he ex en
o which NL a e ep esen ed by compounding in he Li huanian language, bu
gi en he ela i ely small numbe o noun compounds, i is assumed ha he e
will be a ewe NL exp essed by compounds han hose o med by a ixa ion.
In summa y, i could be a gued ha a ixa ion is no a common way o o ming
NL in English and Ge man; i is ce ainly no as equen as compounding,
which is a gene ally p oduc i e way o denominal wo d- o ma ion in Ge man.
Fo ma ion o NL in he Li huanian language is domina ed by su ixa ion, wi h
signi ican ly ewe p e ixes and de i a ional in lec ions employed. Howe e , in
he absence o mo e in-dep h esea ch, i emains di icul o asce ain wi h
any p ecision he p opo ion o he Li huanian NL wo d- o ma ion aken up by
compounding.
2. THE WORD-FORMATION OF PLACE
NOUNS (NOMINA LOCI) IN THE GERMAN
SECTION OF THE DICTIONARY
This pa o he a icle desc ibes NL in he Ge man sec ion o he dic iona y,
consis ing o 253 eco ded examples wi h he ocus on hei o ma ion and
de i a ional s uc u e. I should be no ed ha in he p ocess o collec ing hese
examples, some di icul ies we e encoun e ed in dis inguishing NL om o he
ca ego ies o nouns. As Vincas U bu is no es (2009: 194), he e a e no s ic
bounda ies o dis inguish be ween sepa a e ca ego ies, he e o e, in he absence
o a b oade con ex , i is di icul o de e mine whe he , o example, B ücke
‘b idge’, Boh u m ‘(oil) de ic’, Abweg ‘w ong way’, Eisenbahn ‘ ailway, ail oad’,
Feldbe es igung ‘ ield as ening’, T eppe ‘s ai s’ a e o be ega ded as NL o o he
ep esen a ions o noun ca ego ies deno ing buildings o ins umen s. Fo his
eason, simila wo ds emain ou side he bounda ies o de i a i e analysis.
In addi ion, nouns, such as Anwal skamme ‘Chambe o Lawye s’, Behö de
‘agency, o ice, go e nmen body’, Fakul ä ‘ acul y’, Gene als ab ‘Gene al S a ’,
Spa kasse ‘sa ings bank’, e c., a e also excluded om he s udy as hey do no
S aipsniai / A icles 43
Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man
and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y
o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch)
Gene ally, de i a ion (especially su ixa ion) is a p oduc i e way o o ming
Ge man nouns, howe e , he choice o p e ixes and su ixes in he o ma ion
o NL is a he limi ed. A la ge g oup o Ge man nouns is made up o wo ds
ia compounding, which is a pa icula ly p oduc i e ype o N + N o ma ion.
Al hough he e is a lack o in-dep h esea ch on Ge man place nouns, he analysis
o he sou ce sugges s ha compounding is a a he signi ican me hod o NL
o ma ion in Ge man. In Li huanian, he NL ca ego y can be cha ac e ised as
being o a e age p oduc i i y, and he majo i y o such wo ds a e o med by
a ixa ion.
2. The s udy o he Ge man pa o he dic iona y has shown ha :
2.1. Mo e han 50 pe cen o all NL eco ded in he dic iona y a e compound
wo ds, which con i med he claim ha compounding is a p oduc i e way o
o ming NL in Ge man. Mos o hese wo ds can be cha ac e ised by he ac
ha bo h o hei cons i uen s a e nouns. Conside ably ewe compound NL
co esponding o he ype o V + N we e iden i ied; mo eo e , compounds wi h
he i s cons i uen belonging o o he pa s o speech (adjec i es, p eposi ions
and p onouns) a e e y a e.
2.2. A signi ican p opo ion o he ocabula y unde ocus consis s o he
NL which a e simple lexical uni s, i.e. unmo i a ed wo ds, which make up
app oxima ely 35 pe cen o he NL ound in he dic iona y.
2.3. The e a e no so many Ge man NL o med by a ixa ion – 14,2 pe cen
in o al. The analysis o he wo ds unde ocus has e ealed ha some a ixes
(e.g. -ung, -e, -s ä e/-s a , -we k, -e ei, Haup -) a e used mo e equen ly,
whe eas o he s (-ich , -nis, -ei, Ob-) ha e been ound only once. This ac
sugges s ha a ixa ion is no a common way o o ming NL in Ge man.
3. Ha ing analysed he NL equi alen s o he Ge man sec ion o he dic iona y
in Li huanian, i was no iced ha :
3.1. Ge man compound NL a e e y o en ep esen ed by syn agmas o
de i a i es, and less o en he equi alen s in Li huanian a e simple wo ds and
compounds.
3.2. Simple Ge man NL wo ds end o be ansla ed in o Li huanian using
simplicia, wi h a ixa ion also used a he equen ly; o when se e al ansla ion
a ian s a e p esen ed, hese wo me hods can be used side by side.
3.3. Ge man NL de i a i es a e mos ly ep esen ed in Li huanian by su ixes,
p e ixes o pa adigma ic de i a i es, and less equen ly by syn agmas.

DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
ABBREVIATIONS
A + N adjec i e + noun
Eng. English language
Li h. Li huanian language
N + N noun + noun
NL nomina loci (= place nouns, loca ion nouns)
P + N p eposi ion + noun
pl. plu al
P + N p onoun + noun
V + N e b + noun
REFERENCES
Amb azas Saulius 2000: Daik a a džių da ybos aida 2, Vilnius: Mokslo i
enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
Ble ins James P. 2006: English In lec ion and De i a ion. – The Handbook o
English Linguis ics, eds. B. Aa s, A. McMahon, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 507–536.
DLKG – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, ed. V. Amb azas, 3-iasis pa ais. leidimas,
Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as, 1997.
DLOO – Das Land Obe Os . Deu sche A bei in den Ve wal ungsgebie en Ku land, Li auen
und Bialys ok=G odno, he ausg. im Au ag des Obe be ehlshabe s Os , bea bei e on
de P esseab eilung Obe Os , S u ga , Be lin: Deu sche Ve lags=Ans al , 1917.
Fleische Wol gang, Ba z I mhild 1995: Wo bildung de deu schen
Gegenwa ssp ache, Tübingen: Max Niemeye Ve lag.
Ja mala ičius Dalius 2017: Dėl žodžių da ybos eo ijoje a ojamų e minų i
da ybinių elemen ų klasi ikacijos. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 76, 75–88.
Ja mala ičius Dalius, S aižy ė Danguolė 2020: Dispu able aspec s o he
his o ical de elopmen o cons i uen s in Ge man compounds. – Educa ional, linguis ic
and media discou ses, eds. R. K iaučiūnienė, Camb idge: Camb idge Schola s Publishing,
118–131.
Kas o sky Die e 1985: De e bal nouns in Old and Mode n English: om s em-
o ma ion o wo d- o ma ion. – His o ical Seman ics, His o ical Wo d-Fo ma ion,
eds. J. Fisiak, Be lin, New Yo k, Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on, 221–261.
Liebe Rochelle 2004: Mo phology and Lexical Seman ics, Camb idge: Camb idge
Uni e si y P ess.
S aipsniai / A icles 45
Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man
and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y
o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch)
Ma chand Hans 1969: The Ca ego ies and Types o P esen -Day English Wo d
Fo ma ion. A Synch onic-Diach onic App oach, 2nd edi ion, München: Ve lag C.H. Beck.
Mo sch Wol gang 2004: Deu sche Wo bildung in G undzügen, Be lin, New Yo k,
Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on.
Plag Ingo 2006: P oduc i i y. – The Handbook o English Linguis ics, eds. B. Aa s,
A. McMahon, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 537–557.
Raine F anz, Luschü zky Hans C. 2013: Ins umen and place nouns:
A ypological and diach onic pe spec i e. – Linguis ics 51(6), Be lin, New Yo k,
Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on, 1301–1359.
SSW – Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch: Deu sch / Polnisch / Russisch / Weiß u henisch /
Li auisch / Le isch / Jiddisch (1918), he ausg. im Au ag des Obe be ehlshabe s Os ,
Be lin, Heidelbe g: Sp inge -Ve lag, 2014.
S undžia Boni acas, Ja mala ičius Dalius 2019: Daik a a džių dū yba
okiškuose XVII–XVIII a. bal ų kalbų žodynuose, Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e o leidykla.
Szymanek Bogdan 2015: Place nouns. – Wo d-Fo ma ion. An In e na ional Handbook
o he Languages o Eu ope (Handbüche zu Sp ach- und Kommunika ionswissenscha /
Handbooks o Linguis ics and Communica ion Science 40(2)), eds. P. O. Mülle ,
I. Ohnheise , S. Olsen, F. Raine , Be lin, New Yo k, Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on,
1327–1339.
U bu is Vincas 2009: Žodžių da ybos eo ija, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų
leidybos ins i u as.
Sep yniakalbio žodyno (Sieben-Sp achen-
Wö e buch) okiečių i lie u ių kalbų ie ų
pa adinimų (Nomina Loci) da yba
SANTRAUKA
Šiame s aipsnyje ap ašomi 1918 me ais išleis o sep yniakalbio žodyno okiečių kalbos
ie ų pa adinimai i jų lie u iški a i ikmenys.
Kaip pa odė a lik as y imas, daugau nei pusė isų šal inyje už iksuo ų okiečių kalbos
Nomina Loci y a dū iniai, kiek mažiau jų suda o pap as ieji žodžiai. Vokiečių kalbos ie ų
pa adinimų, pasida y ų a iksacijos būdu, ė a 14,2 p oc.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
Analizuojan okiškosios žodyno dalies NL a i ikmenis lie u ių kalboje pas ebė a, kad
okiečių kalbos sudu iniai ie ų pa adinimai labai dažnai pe eikiami sin agmomis a ba
pasi elkiama de i acija, o ečiau dū inių a i ikmenys y a pap as ieji žodžiai i dū iniai.
Pap as uosius okiečių kalbos nomina loci links ama į lie u ių kalbą e s i simplicijomis,
aip pa dažnai pasi elkiama a iksacija a ba, kai žodis u i kelis e imo a ian us, pap as-
ieji, da ybiškai nemo y uo ieji, daik a a džiai i a dažodžių ediniai a ojami pag e-
čiui. Vokiškuosius ie ų pa adinimų da inius dažniausiai lie u ių kalboje a i inka p iesagų,
p iešdėlių a galūnių ediniai, ečiau – žodžių junginiai (sin agmos).
Į eik a 2022 m. spalio 28 d.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
Vilnius Uni e si y
Facul y o Philology, Ins i u e
o he Languages and Cul u es o he Bal ic
Uni e si e o g. 5, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lie u a
dalius.ja mala[email p o ec ed]u.l
DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ
Vilnius Uni e si y
Facul y o Philology, Ins i u e o Fo eign Languages
Uni e si e o g. 5, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lie u a
danguole.s aizy [email p o ec ed]
VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ
Vilnius Uni e si y
Facul y o Philology, Ins i u e
o he Languages and Cul u es o he Bal ic
Uni e si e o g. 5, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lie u a
i ginija.puke iciu [email p o ec ed]