Word-formation Patterns of the German and Lithuanian Nomina Loci from the Dictionary of Seven Languages (Sieben-Sprachen-Wörterbuch)

28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS Vilnius Uni e si y ORCID id: o cid.o g./0000-0002-6755-6316 Field o esea ch: synch onic and diach onic wo d- o ma ion; his o y o he Bal ic and Ge manic g oup o languages; analysis o wo d- o ma ion o nominal compounds in bilingual manusc ip dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages; ansla ion p oblems o speci ic e minology, eaching me hodology o he Ge man language. DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ Vilnius Uni e si y Field o esea ch: nominal wo d- o ma ion, compa a i e analysis o Nomina Loci be ween he Bal ic and Ge manic languages, eaching me hodology o ESP (English o Speci ic Pu poses) and eaching English as a o eign language (EFL); ansla ion heo y and p ac ice; medical e minology. VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ Vilnius Uni e si y ORCID id: o cid.o g./0000-0002-3219-2794 Field o esea ch: applica ion o he la es me hods in eaching o eign language; didac ics o o eign languages, wo d- o ma ion in o eign language eaching and lea ning. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all88-02 WORD-FORMATION PATTERNS OF THE GERMAN AND LITHUANIAN NOMINA LOCI FROM THE DICTIONARY OF S aipsniai / A icles 29 Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch) SEVEN LANGUAGES (SIEBEN- SPRACHEN-WÖRTERBUCH1) Sep yniakalbio žodyno (Sieben-Sp achen- Wö e buch) okiečių i lie u ių kalbų ie ų pa adinimų (nomina loci) da yba ANNOTATION This a icle analyses place nouns (Nomina Loci) in Ge man and hei de i a ional equi alen s in Li huanian. The objec i e o he pape is o asce ain he simila i ies and di e ences be ween place nouns in Ge man and Li huanian. The esea ch ma e ial was collec ed om a se en-language mul ilingual dic iona y published in 1918, which was commissioned and compiled by he au ho i ies o he ‘Obe os ’ mili a y adminis a i e uni . On he basis o he selec ed da a (in o al, 253 Ge man samples ou o 8,000 wo d okens), he aim is o analyse he wo d- o ma ion endencies o Nomina Loci in bo h languages by compa ing he Ge man place nouns eco ded in he dic iona y a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y wi h hei Li huanian equi alen s. The Nomina Loci s udy is p esen ed in he ollowing o de : i s , he place nouns o he Ge man language a e analyzed, wi h he aim o inding ou wha p opo ion o he Nomina Loci consis s o compounds, de i a i es, and simple wo ds (simplicia). In he nex s age o he analysis, he wo ds eco ded in he sou ce a e compa ed wi h he equi alen s in he Li huanian pa o he dic iona y. This pa o he a icle aims a de e mining he wo d- o ma ion pa e ns o Nomina Loci in Li huanian and compa ing hem wi h he Ge man compounds, de i a i es, and simple wo ds. The s udy e ealed ha ou o 253 eco ded examples o Nomina Loci ound in he Ge man sec ion o he dic iona y he majo i y is comp ised o compound and simple wo ds, howe e , he numbe o Ge man Nomina Loci made up wi h a ixes is conside ably lowe . Mos ly, Ge man compound place nouns a e ep esen ed by syn agmas in Li huanian. Ge man simple place nouns a e ansla ed in o Li huanian by using simplicia and less equen ly by de i a i es, while he Nomina Loci o med wi h a ixes a e mos ly ende ed in o Li huanian by employing de i a i es o syn agmas. KEYWORDS: Nomina Loci (place nouns), wo d- o ma ion, a ixes, compounds, dic iona y o se en languages. 1 Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch: Deu sch / Polnisch / Russisch / Weiß u henisch / Li auisch / Le isch / Jiddisch (1918), he ausg. im Au ag des Obe be ehlshabe s Os , Be lin, Heidelbe g: Sp inge - Ve lag, 2014. DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ 30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ANOTACIJA Šiame s aipsnyje ap ašomi okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimai (Nomina Loci) i jų da y- bos a i ikmenys lie u ių kalboje. Ty imo medžiaga bu o ink a iš g e iminio sep yniakalbio žodyno, ku io engimą inicija o ka inio adminis acinio iene o Obe os o aldžia, o leidi- nys bu o publikuo as 1918 me ais. A ink ų duomenų pag indu, ku į iš šal inyje į auk ų 8000 lemų suda o 253 okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimai, siekiama išanalizuo i abiejų kal- bų nomina loci da ybą, palygin i žodyne už iksuo ų okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimų i XX amžiaus p adžiai būdingų lie u iškųjų a i ikmenų da ybines ypa ybes. A lik as y imas p is a omas okia a ka: p adžioje ap a iami okiečių kalbos ie os pa adinimimai, u in ikslą išsiaiškin i, kokią šios kalbos nomina loci dalį suda o dū iniai, ediniai i pap as ieji žodžiai. Po o šal inyje už iksuo i žodžiai palyginami su lie u iškoje žodyno dalyje esančiais a i ikmenimis. Šioje s aipsnio dalyje siekiama nus a y i, koks lie- u ių kalbos ie ų pa adinimų da ybos būdas a i inka okiškuosius kompozi us, de i a us i simplicijas. Iš žodyne už iksuo ų 253 okiečių kalbos nomina loci daik a a džių, didžiąją jų dalį su- da o dū iniai i pap as ieji žodžiai, daug mažiau as a ie ų pa adinimų, ku iems būdinga a iksacija. Vokiškuosius sudu inius nomina loci lie u ių kalboje a i inka žodžių junginiai (sin ag- mos), o pap as ieji ie ų pa adinimai e čiami į lie u ių kalbą simplicijomis, ečiau – de i- a ais. A iksiniai okiečių kalbos nomina loci da iniai žodyne pa eikiami dažniausiai lie u- iškais ediniais a žodžių junginiais. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Nomina Loci ( ie ų pa adinimai), žodžių da yba, a iksai, dū iniai, sep yniakalbis žodynas. INTRODUCTION Du ing he Fi s Wo ld Wa , he Kaise ’s Ge man a my occupied pa o he wes e n lands o he Tsa is Russian Empi e, on he basis o which a mili a y adminis a i e uni , ‘Obe os ’, was o med (Ge man: Obe Os ) (see Figu e 1). As s a ed in he publica ion o he Obe os P ess Depa men , Das Land Obe Os (he eina e – DLOO), he go e nance decisions and o dinances in he e i o y ha we e dissemina ed o ally o h ough publicly displayed pos e s e en ually p o ed o be o limi ed e ec i eness. The e o e, a e he es o a ion o p in ing p esses, i was decided o publish impo an documen s and in o ma ion in newspape s (DLOO 1917: 128). A i s , i was hough ha all he p ess should use he F ak u on used in he Ge man language, which was also used o p in publica ions in he Cu onian Spi . Howe e , he o he languages o he Obe os a ea used he La in alphabe (An ik a) and Sla ic le e s (Cy illic), so p in ing equipmen was ins alled o he publica ion o ex s S aipsniai / A icles 31 Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch) in hese on s, and hei eo ien a ion o F ak u would ha e been inancially unp o i able. Thus, i was decided o con inue publishing in ancien La in, and o use Heb ew le e s o he Yiddish language (DLOO 1917: 136–137). Due o ma ial law, publica ions and announcemen s we e censo ed, which esul ed in he es ablishmen o he Obe os P ess Depa men (Ge man: P esseab eilung) consis ing o local depa men s (Ge man: P esses ellen). The T ansla ion Uni o he P ess Depa men (Ge man: Übe se zungss elle de P esseab eilung) supe ised newspape s p in ed in local languages and p epa ed ansla ions o he mos impo an o de s o he Obe os ’s au ho i ies in o indi idual languages. To acili a e he wo k o ansla o s, a di ec o y o Ge man wo ds and hei ansla ions in o La ian, Li huanian, Polish, Yiddish, Bela usian, and Russian was compiled. I consis ed o abou 8,000 wo ds (DLOO 1917: 147–148), on he basis o which a se en-language dic iona y (Ge man: Sieben- Sp achen-Wö e buch, he eina e – SSW) was p epa ed and p in ed in 1918; his dic iona y was used as he da a sou ce o selec he esea ch ma e ial desc ibed in his a icle. FIGURE 1. Adminis a i e e i o y o Obe os ( he sou ce: Das Land Obe Os 1917: 345) DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ 32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII As s a ed in i s in oduc o y sec ion, he p epa a ion and publica ion o he dic iona y was ini ia ed by he Fi s Wo ld Wa Ge man-occupied Eas e n Eu opean au ho i ies esponsible o he media and ansla ion o a ious adminis a i e documen s in o local languages (SSW 1918: 5). Howe e , acco ding o he compile s o he dic iona y, his lexicog aphical wo k was ca ied ou wi hou he pa icipa ion o specialis s o his ield o linguis ics, so i should be acknowledged ha his undoub edly educes i s scien i ic alue. Howe e , despi e his sho coming, he p ac ical signi icance o he dic iona y is unques ionable, as i imp o ed he communica ion o he mili a y au ho i ies wi h he local popula ion (SSW 1918: 5–6). The undamen als o Ge man wo d equi alen s consis ed o he wo d ca ds ca aloged in six languages, which had hi he o been used o ansla e a ious adminis a i e w i ings in o he local languages o he occupied e i o ies. The au ho s o his dic iona y also aced some di icul ies, as he local languages did no ha e equi alen s o he Ge man e ms o adminis a ion, law, o he mili a y. In hose cases, new wo ds we e coined in acco dance wi h local language s uc u es, p esumably in consul a ion wi h na i e speake s. Thus, his mul ilingual dic iona y was chosen as a sou ce o esea ch da a due o he colloquial wo ds and cases o wo d c ea ion egis e ed in i , which has enabled he de i a ional p ope ies o he Li huanian place nouns used a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y o be de e mined. On he o he hand, his s udy could be u he ex ended o include mo e languages (e.g. La ian and Russian), which would make i possible o compa e and iden i y he mos p oduc i e wo d- o ma ion ypes o place nouns in hese espec i e languages. The subjec o he p esen esea ch is he o ma ion o Nomina Loci (he eina e – NL) in Ge man and Li huanian. The s udy seeks o examine wo d- o ma ion cha ac e is ics o Ge man NL equi alen s in he Li huanian language. To achie e he aim o he esea ch, he ollowing objec i es ha e been se : 1) o e iew he heo y o NL wo d- o ma ion; 2) o analyse he wo d- o ma ion s uc u e o NL in Ge man; 3) o in es iga e he peculia i ies o he Li huanian NL wo d- o ma ion eco ded in he dic iona y; 4) o compa e and desc ibe wo d- o ma ion pa e ns o Ge man NL wi h hei equi alen s in Li huanian. The NL esea ch esul s a e desc ibed in he ollowing o de : i s , an o e iew o he NL o ma ion heo y is p o ided; hen, he peculia i ies o he wo d o ma ion o NL in he Ge man and Li huanian languages eco ded in he dic iona y a e p esen ed, allowing us o highligh he p edominan ypes o S aipsniai / A icles 33 Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch) noun de i a ion in his ca ego y. Finally, he wo d- o ma ion o Ge man NL is compa ed wi h he Li huanian NL coun e pa s om he Li huanian pa o he dic iona y. The main conclusions and e e ences a e p esen ed a he end o he a icle. 1. OVERVIEW OF THE WORD-FORMATION OF PLACE NOUNS (NOMINA LOCI) T adi ionally, he e seems o be a gene al consensus in he academic communi y ega ding he o e all basic de ini ion o Nomina Loci. Bo h F anz Raine and Hans C. Luschü zky (2013: 1302) as well as Bogdan Szymanek (2015: 1328) de ine Nomina Loci p ima ily as a ca ego y o nouns wi hin a wo d- o ma ion sys em, pa icula ly as cases o de e bal de i a ion. Ne e heless, he au ho s acknowledge ha he ca ego y o place nouns encompasses p ima y nouns, compounds, and o he ypes o de i a ions as well (Raine , Luschü zky 2013: 1302; Szymanek 2015: 1329). P o o ypical de i a i es o NL end o ollow he pa e n o de e bal nominaliza ion, e.g. Li h. di b- u ė ‘wo kshop’ (← di b i ‘ o wo k’); Eng. e in-e y (← o e ine). Denominal ypes o NL a e also widesp ead, e.g. Li h. dilgėl-ynas ‘ne le sh ubbe y’ (← dilgėlė ‘ne le’), klamp-ynė ‘bog’ (← klampus, -i ‘boggy’); Eng. pigg-e y (← pig). The main way o de i ing NL is conside ed o be su ixa ion; howe e , con e sion, pa adigma ic de i a ion o compounding a e also u ilised (Kas o sky 1985: 224; Szymanek 2015: 1334). In he English language, he ca ego y o NL is weakly p oduc i e; o coin new NL su ixa ion, con e sion, and compounding a e employed. The su ix -(e) y, which is bo owed om he F ench language, can be used o o m de e bal o denomina i e de i a i es, whe e he basis can be bo h a e b and a noun, such as e.g. Eng. boil-e y (← o boil), pigg-e y (← a pig) (Ma chand 1969: 284). O he NL su ixes o ele ance a e as ollows: -(e)( )e ia, e.g. chocola -e ia (← chocola e); -age, e.g. o phan-age (← o phan) (Kas o sky 1985: 223; Szymanek 2015: 1335) and he o ma i e -dom, e.g. king-dom (← king), which James P. Ble ins (2006: 526) classi ies as he ype o semi-a ixes.2 As Rochelle Liebe (2004: 150) obse es, 2 In he wo d- o ma ion heo y, semi-a ixes a e gene ally conside ed o be cons uc i e elemen s ha occupy an in e media e posi ion be ween a ixes and indi idual lexemes. Howe e , esea che s ha e no eached a unanimous opinion on he s a us o a ixes, and he issue o sepa a ing hem om o he means o wo d- o ma ion emains a poin o discussion ( o mo e de ail, see Ja mala ičius 2017: 75–88; Ja mala ičius, S aižy ė 2020: 123–127). DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ 34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII he su ix -age is no a p oduc i e a ix o NL o ma ion, bu wi h he su ix -e y a numbe o wo ds in his ca ego y a e o med in English. Howe e , among he p oduc i e English su ixes, Ingo Plag (2006: 541–545) has no men ioned any su ixes which ende he de i a ion o NL, sugges ing ha su ixa ion as a de i a ional means o o ming NL in English is less common. Ne e heless, NL o med wi h su ix -men (encampmen , se lemen ) also occu s (Kas o sky 1985: 225). Mo eo e , o p oduce NL in English, con e sion can be employed, e.g. a s op (← o s op), as well as compounding, e.g. wi h he second cons i uen shop (book-shop), house (slaugh e -house) (Ma chand 1969: 375). Al hough app oxima ely 60 pe cen o he Ge man nouns a e de i ed by using su ixa ion (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 84), his way o de i a ion is no p edominan in he ield o NL. Only a ew a ixes a e used in he o ma ion o NL, mos common o hem being de e bal o denominal de i a ion. Wol gang Mo sch (2004: 352) men ions some p oduc i e ones – mos o en de e bal nouns indica ing a place whe e an ac i i y happens (Mo sch 2004: 337), e.g. he su ix -(e )ei D uck-e ei ‘p ess, p in ing-house’ (← d ucken ‘ o p ess’). Howe e , he su ix -e ei can also be used in he Ge man language o o m denominal de i a ions, e.g., Käs-e ei ‘cheese shop’ (← Käse ‘cheese’), -(l)e ei: Fö s -e ei ‘ o es y’ (← Fö s -e ‘ o es e ’), Tisch-le ei ‘ca pen y’ (← Tisch-le ‘ca pen e ’). A de e bal de i a ion o NL wi h he su ix -e is also possible: Kipp-e ‘ga bage dump’ (← kippen ‘ o ip’), Schwemm-e ‘ loodbank’ (← schwemmen ‘ o lood’) (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 146; Mo sch 2004: 353). Also, only a ew wo ds de i ed wi h o he a ixes a e ound: su ixes -ich , -nis, -ung, - and p e ix u -, e.g. Dick-ich ‘ hicke ’ (← dich ‘ hick’), Ge äng-nis ‘p ison’ (← ge angen pas pa iciple o m ‘caugh ’), Ansiedl-ung ‘se lemen ’ (← ansiedeln ‘ o se le’), Buch- ‘bay’ (← biegen ‘ o bend’), U -wald ‘jungle’ (← Wald ‘ o es , wood’) (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 35, 163, 166, 176, 203; Mo sch 2004: 353). A signi ican p opo ion o Ge man nouns a e o med by compounding. Any pa o speech can become he i s cons i uen o a compound; howe e , de e mina i e compounds co esponding o he N + N wo d- o ma ion ype3 a e highly p oduc i e (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 84). Al hough he au ho s o his a icle ha e no been able o ind any speci ic esea ch on he compounding o NL in Ge man, he ac s men ioned abo e sugges ha his me hod o wo d-building is mo e common han a ixa ion, as shown by he analysis o NL wo d- o ma ion. As wi h o he nouns, he i s elemen s o compound NL can be adjec i es, e.g. Flach-küs e ‘ la coas ’, 3 In he bilingual dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages, N + N ype Ge man compounds cons i u e 78,9–83,2 pe cen , V + N 9,4–12,6 pe cen , A + N 5,2–6,9 pe cen , and compound nouns wi h he i s cons i uen s o o he pa s o speech comp ise 1,3–3,2 pe cen (S undžia, Ja mala ičius 2019: 64, 301, 319). S aipsniai / A icles 35 Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch) e bs, e.g. Koch-ecke ‘ki chene e’, T eib-haus ‘g eenhouse’ (Mo sch 2004: 353), p eposi ions, e.g. Vo -ga en ‘ on ya d’, bu also a la ge g oup o NL consis s o bo h noun elemen s, e.g. Schuß- eld ‘ ield o i e’, Unglücks-s elle ‘acciden si e’ o Gemeinde-wald ‘communi y o es ’). Such a pa e n is especially p e alen among NL wi h he second cons i uen indica ing loca ion, e.g. S elle ‘place’, Wald ‘ o es ’, Feld ‘ ield’, e c. In Li huanian, NL is a ela i ely new ca ego y o nouns o med om nomina collec i a (Amb azas 2000: 63, 207) and cha ac e ised by a e age p oduc i i y. The majo i y o hese wo ds a e o med by employing su ixes. The mos p oduc i e a ixes o o m NL a e as ollows: Li h. -ynas, e.g. be ž-ynas ‘bi ch g o e’ (← be žas ‘bi ch’), -ynė, e.g. dyk-ynė ‘emp y place’ (← dykas, -a ‘emp y’), -inė, e.g. malk-inė ‘wood shed’ (← malka ‘wood’), -ykla, e.g. mok-ykla ‘school’ (← moky i ‘ o each’), -idė, e.g. kiaul-idė ‘pigge y’ (← kiaulė ‘pig’), -uma, e.g. saus-uma ‘d y land’ (← sausas, -a ‘d y’) and a ew o he s, he i s h ee o ma i es being he mos p oduc i e ones. Acco ding o he G amma o Mode n Li huanian (Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika (he eina e – DLKG) 1997), less p oduc i e su ixes a e: -u a, e.g. ž alg-u a ‘scou ing g ound’ (← ž algy i ‘ o scou ’), -lis, e.g. sandė-lis ‘wa ehouse’ (← sudė i, -jo ‘ o s o e’), -einė, e.g. bu -einė ‘dwelling place’ (← bū i, - o ‘ o be’), -imys (-imis), e.g. paplūd-imys ‘beach’ (← paplūs i, -do ‘ o o e low’), - ė, e.g. kal- ė ‘smi he y’ (← kal i, -ė ‘ o coin’) and -udė, e.g. al-u- dė ‘bee house’ (← alus ‘bee ’), which a e esponsible o p oducing only a ew wo ds (Amb azas 2000: 63). Taking in o accoun he wo d- o ma ion o NL, de i a ional in lec ions, such as, e.g. Li h. p ieplauk-a ‘dock’ (← p iplauk i, -ė ‘ o dock’), a e in equen (Ul ydas 1965: 396). Acco ding o he G amma o Mode n Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 137), NL a e ep esen ed by he de i a i es o he endings -a, -is, -ė and -as, e.g. pe ėj-a ‘passage’ (← pe ei i, -jo ‘ o pass’), guol-is ‘den’ (← gulė i, -jo ‘ o lie’), plyn-ė ‘wilde ness’ (← plynas ‘ba e’), nuo ak-as ‘d ain’ (← nu ekė i, -jo ‘ o d ain’). Ano he means o wo d- o ma ion o he ca ego y o NL desc ibed in he G amma o Mode n Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 145) is p e ixa ion. The p e ix pa- is p esen ed as he mos p oduc i e p e ix o ma ion, e.g. pa-kalnė ‘slope’ (← kalnas ‘hill’), pa-kelė ‘sideway’ (← kelias ‘way’). The G amma o Mode n Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 145–147) also p o ides such o ma i es o his p e ix like už-, e.g. už-s alė ‘behind he able’ (← s alas ‘ able’), an -, e.g. an -kapis ‘ ombs one’ (← kapas ‘g a e’), p ie-, e.g. p ie-pi is ‘an e-sauna’ (← pi is ‘sauna’), į-, e.g. į-kalnė ‘ascension’ (← kalnas ‘hill’), apy-, e.g. apy-kaklė ‘colla ’ (← kaklas ‘neck’), po-, e.g. po-žemis ‘dungeon’ (← žemė ‘g ound, ea h’), p ieš-, e.g. p ieš-kamba is ‘an e- oom’ (← kamba ys ‘ oom’). DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ 36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII In con as o Ge manic languages, such as English and Ge man, Li huanian is no abundan in nominal compounds, because, acco ding o he G amma o Mode n Li huanian (DLKG 1997: 151), compound nouns comp ise only abou 5 pe cen o all he wo ds egis e ed in he dic iona y, and hei dominan pa e n is wi h he second noun cons i uen . N + N ype wo ds a e mos p oduc i e, while compound nouns o o he s uc u es a e less common (S undžia, Ja mala ičius 2019: 26–28). In he absence o su icien da a and esea ch, i is di icul o de e mine he ex en o which NL a e ep esen ed by compounding in he Li huanian language, bu gi en he ela i ely small numbe o noun compounds, i is assumed ha he e will be a ewe NL exp essed by compounds han hose o med by a ixa ion. In summa y, i could be a gued ha a ixa ion is no a common way o o ming NL in English and Ge man; i is ce ainly no as equen as compounding, which is a gene ally p oduc i e way o denominal wo d- o ma ion in Ge man. Fo ma ion o NL in he Li huanian language is domina ed by su ixa ion, wi h signi ican ly ewe p e ixes and de i a ional in lec ions employed. Howe e , in he absence o mo e in-dep h esea ch, i emains di icul o asce ain wi h any p ecision he p opo ion o he Li huanian NL wo d- o ma ion aken up by compounding. 2. THE WORD-FORMATION OF PLACE NOUNS (NOMINA LOCI) IN THE GERMAN SECTION OF THE DICTIONARY This pa o he a icle desc ibes NL in he Ge man sec ion o he dic iona y, consis ing o 253 eco ded examples wi h he ocus on hei o ma ion and de i a ional s uc u e. I should be no ed ha in he p ocess o collec ing hese examples, some di icul ies we e encoun e ed in dis inguishing NL om o he ca ego ies o nouns. As Vincas U bu is no es (2009: 194), he e a e no s ic bounda ies o dis inguish be ween sepa a e ca ego ies, he e o e, in he absence o a b oade con ex , i is di icul o de e mine whe he , o example, B ücke ‘b idge’, Boh u m ‘(oil) de ic’, Abweg ‘w ong way’, Eisenbahn ‘ ailway, ail oad’, Feldbe es igung ‘ ield as ening’, T eppe ‘s ai s’ a e o be ega ded as NL o o he ep esen a ions o noun ca ego ies deno ing buildings o ins umen s. Fo his eason, simila wo ds emain ou side he bounda ies o de i a i e analysis. In addi ion, nouns, such as Anwal skamme ‘Chambe o Lawye s’, Behö de ‘agency, o ice, go e nmen body’, Fakul ä ‘ acul y’, Gene als ab ‘Gene al S a ’, Spa kasse ‘sa ings bank’, e c., a e also excluded om he s udy as hey do no S aipsniai / A icles 43 Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch) Gene ally, de i a ion (especially su ixa ion) is a p oduc i e way o o ming Ge man nouns, howe e , he choice o p e ixes and su ixes in he o ma ion o NL is a he limi ed. A la ge g oup o Ge man nouns is made up o wo ds ia compounding, which is a pa icula ly p oduc i e ype o N + N o ma ion. Al hough he e is a lack o in-dep h esea ch on Ge man place nouns, he analysis o he sou ce sugges s ha compounding is a a he signi ican me hod o NL o ma ion in Ge man. In Li huanian, he NL ca ego y can be cha ac e ised as being o a e age p oduc i i y, and he majo i y o such wo ds a e o med by a ixa ion. 2. The s udy o he Ge man pa o he dic iona y has shown ha : 2.1. Mo e han 50 pe cen o all NL eco ded in he dic iona y a e compound wo ds, which con i med he claim ha compounding is a p oduc i e way o o ming NL in Ge man. Mos o hese wo ds can be cha ac e ised by he ac ha bo h o hei cons i uen s a e nouns. Conside ably ewe compound NL co esponding o he ype o V + N we e iden i ied; mo eo e , compounds wi h he i s cons i uen belonging o o he pa s o speech (adjec i es, p eposi ions and p onouns) a e e y a e. 2.2. A signi ican p opo ion o he ocabula y unde ocus consis s o he NL which a e simple lexical uni s, i.e. unmo i a ed wo ds, which make up app oxima ely 35 pe cen o he NL ound in he dic iona y. 2.3. The e a e no so many Ge man NL o med by a ixa ion – 14,2 pe cen in o al. The analysis o he wo ds unde ocus has e ealed ha some a ixes (e.g. -ung, -e, -s ä e/-s a , -we k, -e ei, Haup -) a e used mo e equen ly, whe eas o he s (-ich , -nis, -ei, Ob-) ha e been ound only once. This ac sugges s ha a ixa ion is no a common way o o ming NL in Ge man. 3. Ha ing analysed he NL equi alen s o he Ge man sec ion o he dic iona y in Li huanian, i was no iced ha : 3.1. Ge man compound NL a e e y o en ep esen ed by syn agmas o de i a i es, and less o en he equi alen s in Li huanian a e simple wo ds and compounds. 3.2. Simple Ge man NL wo ds end o be ansla ed in o Li huanian using simplicia, wi h a ixa ion also used a he equen ly; o when se e al ansla ion a ian s a e p esen ed, hese wo me hods can be used side by side. 3.3. Ge man NL de i a i es a e mos ly ep esen ed in Li huanian by su ixes, p e ixes o pa adigma ic de i a i es, and less equen ly by syn agmas. DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ 44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ABBREVIATIONS A + N adjec i e + noun Eng. English language Li h. Li huanian language N + N noun + noun NL nomina loci (= place nouns, loca ion nouns) P + N p eposi ion + noun pl. plu al P + N p onoun + noun V + N e b + noun REFERENCES Amb azas Saulius 2000: Daik a a džių da ybos aida 2, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as. Ble ins James P. 2006: English In lec ion and De i a ion. – The Handbook o English Linguis ics, eds. B. Aa s, A. McMahon, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 507–536. DLKG – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, ed. V. Amb azas, 3-iasis pa ais. leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as, 1997. DLOO – Das Land Obe Os . Deu sche A bei in den Ve wal ungsgebie en Ku land, Li auen und Bialys ok=G odno, he ausg. im Au ag des Obe be ehlshabe s Os , bea bei e on de P esseab eilung Obe Os , S u ga , Be lin: Deu sche Ve lags=Ans al , 1917. Fleische Wol gang, Ba z I mhild 1995: Wo bildung de deu schen Gegenwa ssp ache, Tübingen: Max Niemeye Ve lag. Ja mala ičius Dalius 2017: Dėl žodžių da ybos eo ijoje a ojamų e minų i da ybinių elemen ų klasi ikacijos. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 76, 75–88. Ja mala ičius Dalius, S aižy ė Danguolė 2020: Dispu able aspec s o he his o ical de elopmen o cons i uen s in Ge man compounds. – Educa ional, linguis ic and media discou ses, eds. R. K iaučiūnienė, Camb idge: Camb idge Schola s Publishing, 118–131. Kas o sky Die e 1985: De e bal nouns in Old and Mode n English: om s em- o ma ion o wo d- o ma ion. – His o ical Seman ics, His o ical Wo d-Fo ma ion, eds. J. Fisiak, Be lin, New Yo k, Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on, 221–261. Liebe Rochelle 2004: Mo phology and Lexical Seman ics, Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. S aipsniai / A icles 45 Wo d- o ma ion Pa e ns o he Ge man and Li huanian Nomina Loci om he Dic iona y o Se en Languages (Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch) Ma chand Hans 1969: The Ca ego ies and Types o P esen -Day English Wo d Fo ma ion. A Synch onic-Diach onic App oach, 2nd edi ion, München: Ve lag C.H. Beck. Mo sch Wol gang 2004: Deu sche Wo bildung in G undzügen, Be lin, New Yo k, Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on. Plag Ingo 2006: P oduc i i y. – The Handbook o English Linguis ics, eds. B. Aa s, A. McMahon, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 537–557. Raine F anz, Luschü zky Hans C. 2013: Ins umen and place nouns: A ypological and diach onic pe spec i e. – Linguis ics 51(6), Be lin, New Yo k, Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on, 1301–1359. SSW – Sieben-Sp achen-Wö e buch: Deu sch / Polnisch / Russisch / Weiß u henisch / Li auisch / Le isch / Jiddisch (1918), he ausg. im Au ag des Obe be ehlshabe s Os , Be lin, Heidelbe g: Sp inge -Ve lag, 2014. S undžia Boni acas, Ja mala ičius Dalius 2019: Daik a a džių dū yba okiškuose XVII–XVIII a. bal ų kalbų žodynuose, Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e o leidykla. Szymanek Bogdan 2015: Place nouns. – Wo d-Fo ma ion. An In e na ional Handbook o he Languages o Eu ope (Handbüche zu Sp ach- und Kommunika ionswissenscha / Handbooks o Linguis ics and Communica ion Science 40(2)), eds. P. O. Mülle , I. Ohnheise , S. Olsen, F. Raine , Be lin, New Yo k, Ams e dam: De G uy e Mou on, 1327–1339. U bu is Vincas 2009: Žodžių da ybos eo ija, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as. Sep yniakalbio žodyno (Sieben-Sp achen- Wö e buch) okiečių i lie u ių kalbų ie ų pa adinimų (Nomina Loci) da yba SANTRAUKA Šiame s aipsnyje ap ašomi 1918 me ais išleis o sep yniakalbio žodyno okiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimai i jų lie u iški a i ikmenys. Kaip pa odė a lik as y imas, daugau nei pusė isų šal inyje už iksuo ų okiečių kalbos Nomina Loci y a dū iniai, kiek mažiau jų suda o pap as ieji žodžiai. Vokiečių kalbos ie ų pa adinimų, pasida y ų a iksacijos būdu, ė a 14,2 p oc. DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS, DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ, VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ 46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII Analizuojan okiškosios žodyno dalies NL a i ikmenis lie u ių kalboje pas ebė a, kad okiečių kalbos sudu iniai ie ų pa adinimai labai dažnai pe eikiami sin agmomis a ba pasi elkiama de i acija, o ečiau dū inių a i ikmenys y a pap as ieji žodžiai i dū iniai. Pap as uosius okiečių kalbos nomina loci links ama į lie u ių kalbą e s i simplicijomis, aip pa dažnai pasi elkiama a iksacija a ba, kai žodis u i kelis e imo a ian us, pap as- ieji, da ybiškai nemo y uo ieji, daik a a džiai i a dažodžių ediniai a ojami pag e- čiui. Vokiškuosius ie ų pa adinimų da inius dažniausiai lie u ių kalboje a i inka p iesagų, p iešdėlių a galūnių ediniai, ečiau – žodžių junginiai (sin agmos). Į eik a 2022 m. spalio 28 d. DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS Vilnius Uni e si y Facul y o Philology, Ins i u e o he Languages and Cul u es o he Bal ic Uni e si e o g. 5, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lie u a dalius.ja mala[email p o ec ed]u.l DANGUOLĖ STRAIŽYTĖ Vilnius Uni e si y Facul y o Philology, Ins i u e o Fo eign Languages Uni e si e o g. 5, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lie u a danguole.s aizy [email p o ec ed] VIRGINIJA JŪRATĖ PUKEVIČIŪTĖ Vilnius Uni e si y Facul y o Philology, Ins i u e o he Languages and Cul u es o he Bal ic Uni e si e o g. 5, LT-01131 Vilnius, Lie u a i ginija.puke iciu [email p o ec ed]