S aipsniai / A icles 93
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The ORCID (O chid.o g) has been used o o e 200
yea s o s udy he de elopmen o new
languages, including he de elopmen o new languages, linguis ics, sociolinguis ics, and language echnologies.
This Decision shall en e
in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Li huanian delega ion
In speech
Wo d Fo ma ion wi h Splin e s
in he Li huanian Language
The ollowing is a summa y:
S aipsnyje nag inėjamas lie u ių kalboje besi o muojan is ne adicinis žodžių da ymo
būdas su nemo eminiais elemen ais – a skalomis. I is p omo ed in Li huanian by he ecen
p oli e a ion o con amina ed loans (usually om English) and his ype o loans and
sel -con amina ed loans. Bo h con amina ion and he making o new wo ds wi h isola es a e
sp eading in many Eu opean languages and a e ecei ing a ious s udies. The a icle highligh s
he easons o he o ma ion o isola es, shows how pa s o isola es a e seman ically
gene alized o specialized and en e he p ocess o mo phemiza ion un il hey can e en ually
become e b mo phemes o e en independen lexemes. The basis o he s udy is he da a
collec ed in he Li huanian language's new ocabula y since he beginning o he 21s cen u y,
co e ing bo h bo owed con amina ed wo ds and hose ha a e likely o be aluable o made
in he Li huanian language i sel . ESMINIAI WORDS: wo ds ha a e made, con amina ion,
con amina ion in he composi ion, sepa a ion, neology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses a budding and uncon en ional me hod o wo d o ma ion in he
Li huanian language, one ha in ol es non-mo phemic elemen s: splin e s. I is d i en by
he ecen su ge o bo owed blends (usually coming om he English language) in he
Li huanian language, as well as ansla ion and indigenous blends. Bo h blending and
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXIX Wo d o ma ion wi h splin e s is becoming an inc easingly
widesp ead phenomenon in many Eu opean languages and he subjec o all kinds o esea ch.
The a icle highligh s he easons behind he occu ence o splin e s, shows how some o
he splin e s a e seman ically gene alized o specialized and en e he p ocess o
mo phemiza ion o possibly e en ually become o ma ional mo phemes o e en s and-alone.
alone lexemes.
The s udy is based on da a om he Da abase o Li huanian Neologisms going back o he
ea ly 21s cen u y and co e ing bo h bo owed blends and hose ha a e likely o be
ansla ions o indigenous blends.
KEYWORDS: wo d o ma ion, blend, blending, splin e , neology.
The Commission shall be assis ed by a commi ee composed o ep esen a i es o he Membe S a es.
In he las decade, wi h he in ensi ica ion o esea ch on he neology o he
Li huanian language, i has been no iced ha he e a e mo e and mo e new wo ds
ha ha e appea ed in he o m o con amina ion in he pas . In o he wo ds, i is
no by he adi ional ules o wo d-making ha a ew seman ically and
phonologically mo i a ed independen wo ds a e me ged in o one: a leas one o
hem is pa umped, o en aking he beginning o he i s , he end o he second,
h owing one o hose wo ds in o he sand o he pa s ha ha e me , and so on.
Fo example: a ca , -ė [< ka ė + bičiulis] ‘who is ela ed o o he ca s and hei
a ai s; he label o he box o ma ches; book auc ion [book + auc ion] book auc ion and he like.
In Li huanian, con amina ed subs ances a e also called con amina ed wo ds
(U bu is 2009: 327), con aminan s (plg. mulai y ė 2018: 6168; 2021: 95) o packages (plg.
U bu is 2009: 355; Miliūnai ė 2014: 249; Mu mulai y ė 2021: 77, 100 and k ). The e m
"con amina ion" is used in his a icle, sys ema ically co esponding o he e y
wo ds "con amina ion" o he name o he building.
Remian is daba inės lie u ių kalbos a osenos duomenimis, ku ių pag indą suda o ND bazė, jau y a
a lik a ž algomųjų y imų: aiškin asi kon aminacijos san ykis su adicine žodžių da yba, okių
da inių a si adimo 1 Čia i oliau naujažodžiai bei ki a su jais susijusi žodyninė in o macija (kilmė,
eikšmė) imami iš Lie u ių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyno ( oliau – ND), jeigu nenu ody a ki aip. In he
sa ings summa y, he o igin and meaning o some new wo ds a e no indica ed in he a icle, hey
can be ound in he a o emen ioned domain.
2 S aipsnyje a ojama są oka žodžių da ymas (ne žodžių da yba) ada, kai eikia pab ėž i, kad
žodžių a si anda i ki okiais būdais, nei apima adicinė lie u ių kalbos žodžių da yba (plg. anglų k.
wo d- o ma ion ‘žodžių da yba’ i wo d c ea ion ‘žodžių kū imas’ (Ma iello 2018: 4)).
The ollowing is a summa y o he indings o he s udy, published in he jou nal
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
Na u e and he jou nal Na u e Communica ions (2014: 636-591-636), and he esul s o
he s udy, published in he jou nal Na u e Communica ions (2014: 636-593-6, and
2020: 41–45; 2021: 74–81; Aleksai ė 2021: 17–34 i daugiau šiose publikacijose
published in he jou nal Na u e Communica ions (2014: 636-596-67-6761). The
con amina ion is pa icula ly cha ac e is ic o English and he o he Eu opean
languages a ec ed by i (o en h ough ansla ions). 1987 Pha ies: 271289; Renne
2015: 121122; Cacchiani 2016: The me hod was no cha ac e is ic un il he 20 h cen u y.
Lalić-K s in 2008: 237; Ločmele, Veisbe gs 2011: The mo e da a on con amina ed was e
305–313; Renne 2018: 2, 5–6), ne oms, ku ioms oks naujų žodžių da ymo
is collec ed, he mo e aspec s o he s udy a ise, and his is well seen in he
cons an ly inc easing numbe o publica ions by bo h o eign and Li huanian
312; S ameno 2015: 175; Bal ei o 2017: 1–14; Tomić 2019: 248–249).
au ho s. Pas ebė a, kad kon aminaciniai da iniai, ypač okiose kalbos a ojimo
s i yse kaip e slas ( eklama, p ekyženkliai), žiniasklaida, poli ika, g ožinė li e a ū a
(plg. Tomić 2019: 248–249; 2022: 19–22) ka ais p adeda suda y i didesnes a mažesnes
da inių, ku ie u i bend ų dėmenų, g upes. In o he wo ds, al hough i is o en
claimed ha con amina ion e en s a e unique esul s o wo d o ma ion (o
in e p e a ion), hei p oli e a ion and he sp ead o en i e models allows his
p ocess o be iewed somewha di e en ly. Klausimas – „kaip ak uo i žodžius su
naujaisiais a p au iniais žodžių sandais (p z., -nomika, -gei as, -holikas, -holizmas,
-mobilis, -ma as, -exi i k .“?) – jau kel as Dai os Mu mulai y ės s aipsnyje (2018: 62,
66) i kiek plė o as Ri os Miliūnai ės monog a ijoje (2022: 322–326). D. Mu mulai y ė
eigia: „ yškėja polinkis naujus žodžius da y is p ie ki ų žodžių iesiogiai segan
šiuos baigmenis, o ne maišan su juos jau u inčiais p adiniais žodžiais“, ka u
p ipažįs a, kad „ eikia a ski ai i i kiek ieno žodžio a si adimo is o iją, seman iką,
a oseną, ieni jų pasi odys skoliniai, ki i e iniai a analoginiai da iniai, e i –
indigenūs kon aminan ai, ke i ų a si adimas aip i liks iki galo nenus a y as, nes
jie sa a ankiškai galėjo bū i pasida y i keliose kalbose a ba iš jų pasiskolin i“
(see also eci al 66).
3 English speake s a e so ond o con amina ing wo d-making ha hey a e some imes called
blendaholics [< blend ‘con amina ing in + (alco)holic ha ing a dependence on some hing] (Co eia
Saa ed a 2016: 55). In some ecen English-language sou ces, abou 43 pe cen o he
con amina ed wo ds a e ound in neologisms. In he second hal o he 20 h cen u y, hey we e
es ima ed a abou 5-10%. ND as o he end o May 2023 (236 ou o 4758), o abou 2,7 pe cen o all
lie u ių kalbos kon aminaciniai da iniai suda o apie 5 p oc. isų naujada ų (įskai an e inius)
ND newbo ns (8860).
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
Thus, we encoun e a Li huanian language ha is s ill li le s udied, bu is clea ly
sp eading and aising a ious heo e ical ques ions in he way o wo d making,
using con amina ed e bs. Fi s o all, he con amina ion i sel , un il U bu is 2009:
a si andan jų s au ui, bu o laikomi kalbos pak aščiais (ž . Kabašinskai ė 1998;
354355) and did no ecei e much a en ion om esea che s. Second, esea che s
eel a lack o da a in Li huanian o make mo e accu a e conclusions (Mu mulai y ė
2021: 102), and as you will see, he equency o he use o con amina ed wo ds is a
de e mining ac o in he analogy o new wo ds. Kon aminacinių da inių dėmenims
(pama inių žodžių agmen ams) lie u ių ‘a skala, ske eld a’, ž . Miliūnai ė 2022:
kalboje pa adin i galė ų bū i pe spek y us e minas a skalà (plg. angl. splin e 4
322326). This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. The opic
o he sec ions is discussed in mo e de ail in he a icle, keeping in mind he
con ex o o eign li e a u e. Mo e and mo e da a on he use o he Li huanian
language is also accumula ed e e y yea , as he main sou ce o da a is cons an ly
eplenished, and he numbe o con amina ed deb s and deb s is also inc easing.
The aim o he a icle is o examine he peculia i ies o he o de o con amina ed
loans and sa akilmių o e s inių da inių in he Li huanian language and o es ablish
he use o sepa a es o new wo ds o do polinkius in he Li huanian language
i sel . To achie e his objec i e, he ollowing objec i es a e en isaged:
1) o p o ide an unde s anding o he subjec ma e o he s udy and an
o e iew o o eign esea ch on he subjec ;
2) o examine he (non)mo phemic na u e o ixed con amina ed loans and
de i a i es and o iden i y ecu en gaps as a po en ial o new wo ds in he
Li huanian language;
3) o desc ibe he seman ic ea u es o epea ed wo ds and hei mo phemiza ion (by means o
e men a ion) polynomials. w i en and analy ical me hods. The a icle consis s o he
Da iniams su a skalomis nag inė i aikoma sinch oninė žodžių da ybos bei
mo eminės i nemo eminės sanda os analizė, seman inė a skalų analizė, ap-
In oduc ion, wo pa s di ided in o smalle sec ions, and he Exce p s and he mos equen ly
mo phed sec ions in he new wo ds o he Li huanian language, he Addi ions. The i s pa
e iews he p oblem o isola es in he wo ks o o eign esea che s: a emp s o de ine isola es,
o de e mine he easons o hei o ma ion and he ela ionship wi h adi ional ways o
making wo ds. The second pa desc ibes he di e ences be ween he con amina ed loanwo ds
and loanwo ds and sel -se ing loanwo ds ha ha e been eco ded in he Li huanian language
qua e ly o e he pas decade and a e used o new wo ds in he Li huanian language. 4 The o igin
o he e m in English in 1961 as a uni o speci ic na u e o he language is called he p ocess o
con amina ion and i s u he de elopmen is seen in he ollowing. Baue 2005: 104105; Ju ado 2019:
89. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.
A icles by A icles 97
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
1. The p oblem o he head
When conside ing he sepa a ion p oblem, i is necessa y o b ie ly s op a
some o he cha ac e is ics o con amina ed p oduc s. They help o explain
how and o wha easons some o he wo ds, such as non-mo phemic language
elemen s, can become mo phemized o e ime.
1.1. Con amina ing subs ances and hei uniqueness
i nuspėjamumas
Con amina ed a i ac s a e usually desc ibed as si ua ional (occasional)
a i ac s ha bea wi ness o au hen ic, unique ac s o language c ea ion. Ši jų
išnaudojama i kaip s ilis inė aiškos p iemonė, siekian p i auk i dėmesį, sukel-
ypa ybė i žaidimo žodžiais e ek ą, pa yzdžiui, g ožiniuose kū iniuose, eklamose,
ku ian p ekių a įmonių pa adinimus, žiniasklaidos an aš es i pan. (Leh e 2007:
115–116; 128–131; Renne 2015: 119–133; G lj 2022: 102). The game is played wi h he aim
o lea ning he ules o he game, and he playe s expe ience he joy and
pleasu e o lea ning, being able o guess he code o he con amina ed objec ,
being su p ised by unexpec ed associa ions o associa ions caused by he
phone ics o meaning o se e al wo ds, e c. (see Cacchiani 318: 324).
Fo example: begemo h [< begemo h + mo he ] ‘begemo h mo he ; news
ela ed o ca s and hei ca e;
Til anikas [< il as + „Ti anikas“] ‘2023 m. nu i ęs, pas i ęs i pusiau į o ą
iškilęs Al onso Meškinio (Kleboniškių) il as, p imenan is skęs an į „Ti aniką“’.
Taip pa kon aminacinių da inių a si anda dėl objek y ios ik o ės dik uojamo
po eikio pa adin i kokį no s dažnai unikalų hib idinį objek ą (miš ūną), plg.:
coliūgas [< cukinija + moliūgas] ‘cukinijos i moliūgo hib idas’; zeb asilas [<
zeb as + asilas] ‘zeb ės i asilo miš ūnas’. The English wo d-making akes a
di e en app oach o con amina ion (Renne 2015: 121122). Fo some i is he
dū īni po ipis (o abb e ia ed a ian o dū īni, see Leh e 2007: 117), o
o he s i is he ipini (English clippings) ype, o o he s i is conside ed an
in e media e esul be ween he i s wo. Pa yzdžiui, anglų kalbos žodis
modem ‘modemas’, suda y as iš d iejų žodžių p adžių [< modula o +
demodula o ], ne isų laikomas kon aminaciniu da iniu: jis gali bū i
ak uojamas kaip ak onimų ( aidinių san umpų) po ipis – sudė inis

RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
98 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
umpinys i pan. (plg. G lj 2022: 88). Lyginan kon aminacinius da inius su
dū iniais, nu odoma, kad abiem a ejais ienam žodžiui pada y i naudojami du a
daugiau sa a ankiškų žodžių, o ski umas as, kad kon aminaciniai da iniai y a
ne egulia ūs i ik iš dalies nuspėjami, nes jų pa idalas kaska p iklauso nuo
pasi enkamų dėmenų ypa ybių (Beliae a 2019: 2–3). The e o e, hey do no i in o
he adi ional ules o wo d o ma ion and canno be analyzed a he le el o
mo phemes (see Ma iello 2018: 5). And i is mos commonly ecognized ha
con amina ed e bs a e a a he unde ined ca ego y o e bs ha goes beyond
he bounds o adi ional g amma and is classi ied as non-g amma ical
mo phology (see Ma iello 2013: 127139; Beliae a 2019: 3), o which such ways o
making wo ds as he sho ening o a ious ypes o wo ds and hei g oups, he
sho ening o e bs (including ac onyms) and he punishmen belong. Such a a he
loose concep o con amina ed objec s is de e mined no only by hei
spon aneous appea ance. Ne ikė umo e ek ą dažnai sukelia a si ik inis d iejų
žodžių o mos panašumas a dalinis ga sinis (g a inis) su apimas (plg. ka ui uo ė <
ka ė + a ui uo ė ‘ka ės įd ėskimas žmogui’). The e m "collec i e" is used o
desc ibe he g oup o wo ds ha a e no ela ed by blood, bu a he a e ela ed
o he same oo wo d, "collec i e" (Mu mila, 2018; G ijal a, 2022; Tomić, 2022).
15–17).
The s udy o he con amina ion o Eu opean languages (including compa isons, o
example, be ween English and F ench, see G lj 2022: 85-106), as he da a inc eases,
expands and e eals new ea u es o his ype o wo d. The ollowing is a lis o he
mos common ypes o g amma ical e o s, including: g amma ical e o s,
g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s,
g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s,
g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s,
g amma ical e o s, g amma ical e o s, and g amma ical e o s. Fo example, he
basis o he classi ica ion o con amina ed p oduc s may be hei o mal o
seman ic cha ac e is ics, dis inguished acco ding o he mo phoseman ic cla i y
dėmenų san ykius. Tiek anglų, iek kai ku iose ki ose ( okiečių, se bų) kalbose
o con amina ed p oduc s, ou ways o hei p oduc ion a e dis inguished:
comple e, con ou , pa ial and agmen a y (English: comple e, con ou ,
semi-comple e, agmen blending; see Tomić 2022: 1437 and he li e a u e e e ed
o he e). Expe imen s a e also being ca ied ou wi h language use s o explain
wha de e mines he iden i ica ion and in e p e a ion o con amina ed goods
2007: 126–128).
Kon aminacinius da inius suda ančių pi minių žodžių į ai o ė lie u ių kal-
(Leh e boje didėja, plg.
S aipsniai / A icles 99 uni e si e o izikų š en ė’ + e e anas), daik a a dis +
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
eiksmažodis ( ada om < ada as + da om5) i k .
Objec i e easons p e en he s udy o hese phenomena, he mos impo an
o which is he lack o ex s and compu e esea ch ools ha e lec he
mos ecen e olu ion. In addi ion, he Li huanian language is accompanied by
ac o s o o he languages (in ensi e bo owing and ansla ion), which makes
i di icul o de e mine he causes and ways o he occu ence o
con amina ed objec s and o ca ego ize hem acco dingly. When examining
con amina ion phenomena in he Li huanian language, i is i s necessa y o
a oid he use o bo owed wo ds ha ha e o igina ed in he Li huanian language (especially hose ha come in o he Li huanian language om English) in a con amina ion manne .
Fo example: he gui alele (< gui a < gi a a < + ukulele < ukulele < ) is a " a e
musical ins umen wi h he cha ac e is ics o a gui a and ukulele";
mobiliza ion (calling o consc ip s o mili a y se ice) as a di ec pa h o dea h
(cap) mock ail (< mock ‘ne ik as + cock ail ‘cock ail) non-alcoholic cock ail
(usually made om ui juices) and he like. Fo hose who know o eign
languages, he deal and meaning o such con amina ed loans is usually easy o
guess, e en wi hou a b oade con ex . Taip pa kon aminacinių da inių da oma
pačioje lie u ių kalboje iš sa akilmių žodžių a ba įp as ų skolinių, pa yzdžiui:
a škepas [< a škė + apkepas] ‘ a škės apkepas’; a os ogenas [< a os ogos +
genas] ‘genuose užkoduo as a os ogų oškimas’ i k .
The wo d "con amina ion" also appea s in Li huanian when ansla ed om o he languages, o
example, when ansla ing he wo d "con amina ion" in o he o m "a business is c ea ed by
biu slas (plg. angl. bu ness [< bu eauc acy ‘biu ok a ija’ + business ‘ e slas’])
bu eauc a s o poli icians o se e hei in e es s". Lab aliu as (plg. angl. lab alion [< lab ado
‘lab ado as + lion ‘liū as]) is a well-known annual en i onmen al clean-up campaign in Li huania called
ado ų eislės šuo, apki p as, kad bū ų panašus į liū ą’ i k .
Da om. 6 Whe he a con amina ed ex is e ba im can only be de e mined by knowing he o iginal
sou ce ( he o iginal ex ) o a leas by no knowing he con ex o he eali y e lec ed, so he
classi ica ion o hese ypes o con amina ed ex s is qui e condi ional.
7 I should be no ed ha when ansla ing in o Li huanian con amina ed wo ks om o he
masi e imo padėmeniui: gali bū i aikomos i ki os e imo s a egijos. Taigi i a skalos ne isa-
languages, he ules a e no necessa ily main ained. Some o hese become independen wo ds o
du ian clo hs when ansla ed, so seconda y wo d-making p ocesses ake place (see Miline s 2014: 258).
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
100 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
As he da a inc eases, he e is a eason o alk abou he egula i y o
con amina ed pa icles and p oduc i e pa e ns o ac ion (see Beliae a 2019: 17;
Tomić 2022a: 412). Fo example, in English, he wo ds wo k, wo k, and aca ion ha e
been ans o med in o he con amina ing wo d wo kca ion (and he a ian
wo ka ion)8 - a ime when wo k is combined wi h aca ions, going beyond he limi s
o wo k. Naujojo da inio dalis -ca ion ilgainiui apibend in a kaip da ybos p iemonė
į ai ių ūšių a os ogų pa adinimams da y i, aigi ampa sa o išku a iksu (plg.
spaca ion ‘a os ogos, leidžiamos spa paslaugas eikiančiuose cen uose,
spa os ogos’; s ayca ion ‘a os ogos, leidžiamos namie a ne oliese, sa o šalyje’,
MD). Plin an ys i is dažniau a ojami kon aminaciniai da iniai ampa nuspėjami:
y ėjai pas ebi į ai ių one inių i seman inių dėsningumų, kaip y a sulipdomi kelių
žodžių agmen ai (A nd -Lappe, Plag 2013: 540–543; Ma iello 2013: 135–137; Renne 2015:
119–132). Mos o hem, no only in English, a e made up o wo wo ds, usually he
i s one ha ing a beginning, he second one ha ing an end. The e a e o he
a ia ions, including o e lapping, he inse ion o one wo d agmen in o ano he
whole wo d, he me ging o h ee (e.g. japo nima ion < Japan + po n + anima ion,
example om Ma iello 2013: 307) o mo e wo ds, o he mixing o se e al wo d
agmen s in o he non- adi ional ways (e.g.
The Commission is also p oposing o ex end he scope o he egula ion o
co e he whole o he Eu opean Union. The mos common explana ion o he
numbe o spikes in a wo d is ha he numbe o spikes in he wo d is usually
he same as he numbe o spikes in he longe oo wo d, o is longe han he
spike, and he longes spike is usually he one ha is cu o (A nd -Lapp, Plague
2013: 558-559; Beliae a 2019: 787). This is hough o be mainly ela ed o he p oblem o ecogni ion o new de i a i es (G ies 2012: 159-160).
1.2. A skalų samp a a i jų ypa ybės
One o he mos impo an o mal con amina ion bounda ies o mo phemes ha a e s ill inhe en ly
žymių y a as, kad keli žodžiai sudu iami į ieną nepaisan pama inius žodžius
subdued (Beliae a 2019: 89). I is ue ha in Li huanian, any wo d can coincide wi h he i s wo d
kamienu9. The wo d "con ac " is used o e e o he in e ac ion be ween wo wo ds, and is also used
o e e o he in e ac ion be ween wo wo ds (see: Scho , 2001: 8; Ma iello, 2001: 5). 8 The alue o
his con amina ed deb is discussed in he second pa o his a icle. 9 One o he aspec s o
pačios ne a ojamos kaip sa a ankiški žodžiai (Leh e 2007: 116).
con amina ed goods ha has no ye been s udied in he Li huanian language (see Mu mulai y ė 2018:
67; 2021: 98102) is p ecisely he s uc u e o hei con aine s and he di e ence om dū inių o
su auk inių wo ds (see olde alues p o sąjunga, san echnikas, e c.).
S aipsniai / A icles 101 A skalų o ma glaudžiai susijusi su seman ika:
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
pap as ai a skalos būna okio ilgio, kad galė ų bū i a pažįs ama jų kilmė
(pi minis žodis, nuo ku io šis elemen as a skel as), pa yzdžiui: s eikoninė [<
s eik[as] + [lig]oninė] ‘ki as ligoninės pa adinimas – kai s a biau pab ėž i
s eikimą i s eika ą’;
Vilnius [< Viln[ius] + [Ve]necija] ‘Vilnius, which due o he summe ains has
become simila o Venice and k .
Thus, he meaning o he wo ds is unde s ood by he use s o he language
only by combining hem wi h he o iginal wo ds.
One ea u e o he compound wo ds ha make up con amina ion p oduc s has
a ac ed he a en ion o esea che s, especially in ecen decades: some o he
wo ds may no be associa ed wi h he o iginal wo d and a e eused o new wo ds
o be made (Beliae a 2019: 10). The e m "spo s" is used o e e o he a ious
ypes o spo s, such as oo ball, oo ball, baske ball, and so on.The e m "spo s"
is used o e e o he a ious ypes o spo s, such as oo ball, baske ball, and so
on. k- (kpop ‘popula Sou h Ko ean cul u e, kd ama ‘d ama Sou h Ko ean ele ision
lomis, joms būdinga a sidu i ik žodžio gale. Anglų kalboje (o iš jos i ki ose
kalbose) esama polinkio mo emizuo omis a skalomis i s i ne ienam ga -
se ies) which shows he connec ion wi h Sou h Ko ean cul u e; s- (sma ke ing [<
sales ‘sales + ma ke ing ‘ inkoda a], le . school school smoking), indica ing he
in e ace wi h sales, and k . Thus, in a ious languages, o en-used con aminan
e bs can be ein e p e ed as nonmo phemic e bs ha can pe o m he unc ion
o a e b and c ea e an analogue base o new e bs (see. 2019 Ju ado: 1; Tomić 2019:
249250; Rio-To o, Sand ini 2022: This is a lis o oo ball clubs in he coun y.
115), and The e m "libe a ed" is some imes used o e e o a pe son who has
been libe a ed (see Haman's 666:665, "Libe a ed" in he English ansla ion).
Miliūnai ė 2022: 322–326).
The e m "p e ix" is used o e e o he combina ion o wo wo ds, "p e ix" and "p e ix" in
he con ex o he use o he e m "p e ix" in he con ex o he use o he e m "p e ix" in
he con ex o he use o he e m "p e ix" in he con ex o he use o he e m "p e ix" in
he con ex o he use o he e m "p e ix". The non-mo phemes a e conside ed
in e media e be ween he 10 h and he 10 h, and a e some imes called "in e media e" only
because o he sepa a ion o he con amina ed pa s.
a iksų i šaknų (Callies 2016: 11). A iksai u i apibend in ą (g ama ikalizuo ą)
(see Baue and o he s 2013: 19).
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uaniana, no. 108, is a collec ion o Li huanian language
ex s. Since his is an ongoing p ocess, we can see bo h he mo phemes o he
sepa a ed consonan s and he expansions o he wo ds wi h he same
sepa a ion. Fo example, wi h some con amina ion o deb , ND is ixed one by one
in he Li huanian language i sel : -ganas, -ė [< egan, -ė s ic ly es ic s i s die
o plan oods] iganas, -ė; lie . e yganas, -ė ‘bla ininkas, ac i ely suppo s he
igh ening o alcohol con ol policies o he Minis e o Heal h Au elijus Ve ygas;
- he bikini, he eisk, he mannequin, he monokine, he ankine; ikinis
( h ee-piece swimsui , including pandemic ace mask); - mayonnaise: egan,
ba onezas ‘ba ono iekė, s u ed wi h mayonnaise (in his case he meaning o
he sepa a ion is no en i ely main ained: in Li huanian, he wo d made wi h i
does no mean a ype o mayonnaise, bu a snack wi h mayonnaise); - he iso o,
he iso o; he o zo o; g izzled ‘G eek iso o (g eek ins ead o ice).
"Isha džius" con amina ion deb s, hei sepa a e seman ic gene aliza ion
also mo es in o Li huanian, o example: dieselga e (English dieselga e [< diesel
‘dyzelis + -ga e ‘-gei as < Wa e ga e]) "Volkswagen" diesel ca pollu ion da a
alsi ica ion scandal" O lengei (English p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Spanish
su name. O lenga e [< lenkų k. „O len“ (Lenkijos ene ge ikos bend o ė –
na os pe di bimo konce nas, aldan is degalinių inklą Eu opoje) + angl. -ga e
‘-gei as’] ‘2002–2004 m. ukęs didžiausios Lenkijos na os bend o ės „PKN
O len“ skandalas dėl galimų yšių su Rusija’; picagei as (angl. pizzaga e [< i al.
pizza ‘pica’ + -ga e ‘-gei as’] ‘skandalas, kilęs 2016 m. pe p eziden o inkimų
kampaniją dėl JAV pice ijos, ne iesiogiai siejamos su ienos iš kandida ų –
Hila y Clin on – inkimų kampanijos ado u’.
Pe p a us, kad dėmuo -gei as eiškia didelio mas o dažniausiai poli inį skandalą,
lie u ių kalboje su juo p adė i da y i nauji žodžiai į ai iems skandalingiems
Lie u os į ykiams pa adin i: G igeogei as ‘skandalas dėl įmonės „G igeo Klaipėda“,
dideliu mas u e šusios Ku šių ma ias’; Kala io gei as ‘a scandal caused by people
in Li huania due o ex emely high p ices; The koldūngei as scandal, which a ose in
Li huania o e he bac e ial in ec ion o koldūnai and he ac ha he S a e Food
and Ve e ina y Se ice was able o conceal his ac , as well as o e a Seimas
membe in ol ed in i , e c. The mos equen (in o de o dec easing) o he
exclusi e di isions o con amina ed deb s, con aining a leas wo de i a i es (o
alues) in Li huanian, a e he ollowing: - (m) ca , - nomica, - gei as, - ma as, - (a)
holikas, -ė, - demija, - bus (also known as P iedą).

S aipsniai / A icles 109
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
S aipsnyje iki šiol pa eik i a skalų pa yzdžiai – žodžio galo a skalos. Jų unk-
he su ix-like syllables. The i s wo le e s o he wo d "e-mail" a e no used
in English, bu a e used in English, and a e used in English, and a e used in English,
and a e used in English. - "E-mail," [< obo ] Robophilia, obo -axis, obo - ank,
which is he name o a species o obo . I 's called a obo . I 's called a obo . In
he in e na ional scien i ic li e a u e, he con amina ed de i a i es o English,
which a e almos un ela ed o o he languages, a e mainly discussed, so he
hyb id de i a i e aspec is no ele an he e. Ki ų kalbų y imų šiuo aspek u
da nesama daug, ačiau pačių duomenų daugėja, i s a biausia jų ypa ybė a, kad
skolin asis dėmuo dažniausiai būna iš anglų kalbos (plg. lenkų – Konieczna 2012: 51–56;
ispanų – Bal ei o 2017: 1–14; se bų – Tomić 2022a: 409–428). The cases discussed show
ha con amina ed loans, al hough no all o hem, wi h ecu ing loans, a e
po en ial "accesso ies" o he Li huanian language and o m he basis o loans
in Li huanian languages. They become mo phemized, seman ically gene alized and
encou age egula pa e ns o new wo d o ma ion. The essen ial condi ion o
his p ocess is ha he con amina ed loan ag eemen s mus be unde s ood in
o de o be able o sepa a e hem and use hese new wo ds.
2.3. Mo phemiza ion o he wo ds o he
Li huanian language based on he wo ds o he Li huanian language
I could no be said ha he e was no sepa a e mo phemiza ion in he Li huanian
language un il he 21s cen u y. Howe e , hese a e only isola ed cases ha could
be ound by examining, o example, he wen ie h-cen u y Li huanian li e a u e
o beau y o he mode n ex s o publica ions. One example is he lexical
sepa a ion o he numbe 1719 om he nume als and he abb e ia ed meaning o
he apic ic numbe ha appea s in his in e al. Ji a ojama i kaip da inių
dėmuo (plg. niolikme is, -ė, niolikinis, -ė ‘paauglys, jaunuolis iki d idešim ies me ų’),
i kaip sa a ankiška leksema18.
17 Bend inėje lie u ių kalboje okie da iniai laikomi neno miniais i (a ba) keičiami keliažodžiais
co espondence (elec onic mail) o a e o ma ed acco ding o he spelling ules: e. spo , e. spo ,
e c.
18 h I wonde wha i 's like o be s anding nex o someone o less han a decade, say, hal a cen u y.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. The wo ld o boys is a place whe e men in hei eens and wen ies ha e no hing o
2008-10-11).
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX, as amended by he
No s lie u ių kalbos žodžių pag indu pada y ų kon aminacinių da inių nuosaikiai daugėja,
didžioji jų dalis y a pa ieniai a ejai, ne u in ys pasika ojančių geldija [< gelda + eldija]
a skalų, pa yzdžiui:
‘šmaikš us nusis ekenusio usų lai o pa adinimas’; adia o [< kiau as + adia o ]
adia o wi h a hole in i ; pickled [< pica + cepelinas] ‘pica, se ed wi h sliced cepelin on
op. Compa ed o he di e ences o med on he basis o he con amina ed deb s
discussed, he same Li huanian wo ds om he wo ds o hei own wo ds o he
acqui ed deb s o he sepa a ed pieces a e s ill one ano he . The Li huanian a ian s
-s ogos [< a os ogos] and -(l)ėdos [< Kalėdos] can be conside ed as sel - o ming and
p ospec i e a ian s. A skala -s ogos o igina ed om he English wo d o
con amina ed p oduc s, and ou new wo ds ha e been eco ded wi h i so a :
wo ks ogos, o ni os ogos, spa os ogos, spo os ogos (including a icle co ec ion,
and summe os ogos). The wo new wo ds "Klaiked" and "Ok aled" a e ixed wi h he
-l-sec ion, so i canno ye be conside ed mo phemized, bu i is well ecognized,
al hough i is de e mined by he seasonali y o he use, so i can become he basis o
new wo ks in he u u e. ND ame pačiame eks e iksuo i ke u i kon aminaciniai
da iniai – hib idiniai menamų mėnesių pa adinimai asgužė, aslandis, aso as, asželis su
p adžios a skala as- [< asa is] i eiškia mėnesių, u inčių asa iui būdingų ypa ybių,
pa adinimus. They should no gene a e si ua ional, one- ime and new wo ds, so his
sepa a ion should no be u he mo phed. The p oblem is he in e p e a ion o he
new wo ds o he ga men s -saka and -ėd a19. Wi h he dėmeniu -saka, which co e s
he mo pheme -saksu galūne -a and is o med in he dū iniuose om he wo d daik a
and he e b sek i (plg. au osaka), ND ixes h ee e bs: eu osaka, okupan saka and
a osaka. They a e no seman ically de i ed om he o iginal wo d au osaka and made
acco ding o i s analogy, bu i he e a e many such de i a i es, -saka can be
eseman ized o become a gene ic meaning wi h an i onic e lec ion con aining he
dis inc ion o "no o be a na a i e gen e ela ed o wha is con ained in he i s
wo d". Howe e , his ga men is conside ed a eal sepa a e keblu due o i s mo phemic
o igin.
Su dėmeniu -ėd a ND iksuo i sep yni da iniai: ba onėd a, čiulpėd a, knygė-
do bu ge d unk and alk abou how much hey d ank las nigh . (15 min.l , d a, ice, musk, Russian, and
easu e. Un il only one ešnėd a was eco ded, D. Mu mulai y ė (Mu mulai y ė 2021: 9192) in e p e ed i as
analoginį (ne kon aminacinį) da inį:
In his case, he con amina ion ( ešnės + žmogėd a) is no included in he Appendix 19 because he ND
has a new wo d o classi y i as a possible con amina ion.
A icles 111 and 112 may be less likely. The possibili y o a daik a a d and a
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
cha ac e is ic du yba ( ešnės + ėd us, -i) is ejec ed due o he a i y o his ype o
conjunc ion [...]. he seman ic connec ion wi h he i s wo d "man" is b oken and, due
Da inių su -ėd a gausėjimas odo ipišką a skalos o ma imąsi, kai iesiogi-
o seman ic gene aliza ion, his wo d acqui es he gene ic meaning "whoe e ea s
wha is said wi h he wo d co esponding o he i s wo d".
The use o he wo d "bo owed" and "sel - o ming" in Li huanian is a sepa a e
mo pheme, and i can be seen ha hei sepa a ion depends a lo on he amoun
o da a a ailable. Con amina ed e bs wi h a nega i e consonan usually indica e
he p ocess o mo phemiza ion o ha consonan only a e i has begun, when
he seman ic connec ion wi h he i s wo d is s ill main ained, and he
mul iplica ion o e bs de e mines he seman ic and e b au onomy o he e bs.
The IVDOS
1. The equency o consump ion o con amina ed deb s and con amina ed
de i a i es may encou age a ein e p e a ion o hei "sec ions" and c ea e he
condi ions o c ea ing new de i a i es wi h hem. The o ma ion o mo phized
scales is a p ocess whose esul s a e p onounced diach onically. The e o e, when
s udying hese no -so- equen , no -so-easily-disco e ed, and
no -always-uni o mly-de ined linguis ic phenomena, which equi e cons an
moni o ing o he con ex and he accumula ion o new da a, he e is a g ea deal
o ambigui y and possible in e p e a ions. Since he in o ma ion ela ed o new
wo ds ( he meaning, he in e p e a ion o he meaning) can change depending on
he new da a ha a ises, conclusions can only be made mo e eliably om a
speci ic amoun o da a o e a ce ain pe iod o ime. As non-mo phemic
con aminan componen s, he s ems a e conside ed as in e media e elemen s
be ween he s ems and he oo s. The e m is also used o e e o he phone ic
abb e ia ion o a wo d (e.g., "echo," "echo," "echo," "echo," "echo," "echo"),
which is used o e e o he egula ly occu ing sho ening o a wo d o i s oo .
p e acija iš esmės lemia i požiū į į a skalų susida ymą: ienais a ejais galima
Talk abou he o igin o con amina ed a i ac s, abou alues, abou o he abou he o iginal a i ac wi h bo owed o
sa akilmėmis a skalomis pačioje lie u ių kalboje.
3. The mos impo an cha ac e is ics o he sepa a ion a e:
3.1 The ime- a ying ca ego y o he oo p in s, which can go h ough he
p ocess o mo phemiza ion and seman ic ein e p e a ion o become a deeds
mo pheme (usually an a ix), and some imes a sel -con ained lexeme (e.g. hambu ge → bu ge ).
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
112 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This endency is de e mined by he
equency o consump ion, p oduc i i y and he esul ing seman ic
au onomy.
3.2 The mo phemiza ion-p one sec ions may be simila o a ixions:
3.2.1. ečiau – į p e iksoidus, kai dedamos p ie an ojo pama inio žodžio
( obošuo < obo- + šuo) a ba ki os a skalos (šokoholikas, -ė < šoko- + -holikas);
3.2.2. dažniau – į su iksoidus, kai dedamos p ie pi mojo pama inio žodžio
(g iponomika < lu + -nomika) o o he sepa a ion (shokoholics, -ė < shoko- +
- He's a d ug addic .
4. by he end o May 2023, he Li huanian language's new ocabula y (ND) will
con ain 440 new wo ds ela ed o con amina ion (made o ansla ed in o
Li huanian in he spoken and Li huanian languages), i was ound ha mos ly
isola es in o Li huanian come wi h con amina ed ocabula y om English. O en
hese loans a e used o p omo e he use o con amina ed wo ds wi h hei
de i a i es in Li huanian (e.g. loans in luence is,-ė, in luence is, -ė,
g an luence is, -ė, un luence is, -ė and wi h he de i a i e -( lu)ence is, -ė made
in o he Li huanian language's new wo d bu bulence is, -ė, ou sigimence is, -ė).
The mos common wi h he declensions o he declensions (in descending o de )
a e -mobilis, -nomika, -gei as, -ma as, -a)holikas, -ė, -demija, -busas, -k)alipsė,
- lu)ence is, obo-. The e o e, he con amina ing bo owings o en used in
Li huanian can be seen as po en ial sou ces o mo phemized isola es o new
wo ds o be used in Li huanian. Li huanian owels ha do no o m can be
a os ogos] i -(l)ėdos [< Kalėdos].
5. Lie u ių kalboje a skalų mo emizacijos p ocesas yks a dėsningai, pa-
conside ed owels -s ogos [< našiai as in o he Eu opean languages. Ž elgian
sinch oniškai, dalis nag inė ų pasika ojančių a skalų y a nep oduk y ios,
būdingos ik kon aminaciniams skoliniams, dalis mo emizuojasi (linkusios i s i
a iksoidais), e ais a ejais – leksikalizuojasi (plg. holikas ‘kas u i p iklausomybių’).
The seman ic ein e p e a ion o he wo ds is cha ac e is ic o he
sepa a ion, which sepa a es hem om he meaning o he o iginal wo d:
he e is a gene aliza ion o (less) specializa ion o he sepa a e meaning.
7. The p oblem o analogue wo ks (which is also aised by o eign au ho s) was
highligh ed in he examina ion o con amina ed wo ks. Analogy is o en he i s
s ep in o ming a p emise o mo phemized clauses, bu i is no always possible o
de e mine whe he a new wo d is based on an exis ing wo d analogy suku - (du ian)
as kon aminacinis da inys, kai pe im as p adinio da inio modelis, a edinys
made wi h a newly o med mo phemized clause. 8. The s udy o new wo ds wi h
mo phemized isola es ha acqui e he s a us o a egula means o o ma ion
should be done o adi ional (mo phological) wo d o ma ion, bu he o igins o
his phenomenon hemsel es should con inue o emain an objec o
con amina ion esea ch.
A icles by A icles 113
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
and 113
This is he Macmillan Dic iona y. I is a ailable online a h ps:
ND – Miliūnai ė R., Aleksai ė A. Lie u ių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęs inis
www.macmillandic iona y.com. online knowledge since 2011], sud. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius:
Li huanian language ins i u e. A ailable on he In e ne : h ps: www.ekalba.l o wa ch
he mon h o Ma ch 2023.
The In e na ional Dic iona y o Wo ds, edi ed by D. S e ikienė, Vilnius: Alma li e a, 2013. This is he i s ime ha he dic iona y has been published in English.
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"me apho ical" in he sense o he e m "me apho ical" in he sense o he e m
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T anspa ency". The collec ion o he Council o he Facul y o Philosophy in P is ina
[Zbo nik ado a o he Facul y o Philosophy in P is ina] 52(3), 1337. This Decision shall
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The book is called The Theo y o he Wo d, Volume 2, and is published by he Vilnius
Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing.
A icles 117 and 118 o he Wo d
Žodžių da ymas su a skalomis lie u ių kalboje
Fo ma ion wi h Splin e s in he
Li huanian Language
Summa y
The sp ead o blend loanwo ds and o ma ions in he con empo a y Li huanian language –
jus like in any o he Eu opean language – has c ea ed a e ile soil o new models o wo d
o ma ion o h i e. One such model is wo d o ma ion wi h elemen s o blend o ma ions
mo phemised splin e s.
The aim o he a icle is o ake a deep di e in o he s uc u e o blend loanwo ds and
indigenous o ansla ion blends making hei way in o he Li huanian language, and o iden i y
he ends conce ning he use o splin e s o make new wo ds in he Li huanian language as
such. The da a we e ga he ed om he online Da abase o Li huanian Neologisms, which
con ained 440 wo ds connec ed o blending as o la e May 2023. Nea ly hal o hese blend
wo ds a e blends c ea ed in o ansla ed in o he Li huanian language, while he es a e
loanwo ds.
The a icle consis s o a o ewo d, wo chap e s, conclusions, and an appendix: a lis o he mos
common mo phemes in ol ed in he o ma ion o new wo ds in he Li huanian language. Chap e 1
p o ides an o e iew o he opic o splin e s udies by o eign esea che s. Chap e 2
desc ibes he mo phemized and seman ically ein e p e ed splin e s in he use o he Li huanian
language ha a e used o o m new wo ds. The mos common (in descending o de ) splin e s
dis illed om blend loanwo ds ha ha e a leas wo o ma ions (o ansla ions) in he
Li huanian language a e as ollows: - (m) mo o cycle, - (nomica), - (gei ), - (ma ), - (a) holog am, - (ė), -
(demija), - (bus), - (k) alipsė, - ( lu) ence is, obo- Thus, blend loanwo ds used equen ly in he
Li huanian language a e po en ial sou ces o mo phemised splin e s o he o ma ion o new
wo ds. Ano he end ollows he o ma ion o Li huanian splin e s: - holidays, c . wo k holidays,
o ni holidays, spo holidays and - Ch is mas holidays, c . Klaikėdos (Ho is mas, ‘a ho ible
Ch is mas), Ok alėdos (Ok a is mas, ‘a Ch is mas by he band Ok a a).
Deli e ed on 15 June 2023.
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o išius g., 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania
This is a lis o people who a e o ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine, so ed by he yea o hei dea h.