S aipsniai / A icles 75
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-2196-8937 Di ec ions o
scien i ic esea ch: mo phosyn ax, alency, seman ics,
and ypology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Opening and closing
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
In he case o Li huania
In speech
Valency o he Ve b a i au i and Noun
a i a imas in Con empo a y Li huanian
Language
ANOTATION The objec o his a icle is […] he e b o open and i s e b […] he noun o open.
The aim is, based on he ma e ial o he cu en Li huanian language ex book (DLKT), o cla i y
he linkage o hese wo ds in e ms o alency. The s udy showed he in luence o he
adjec i e "open" and he p edica es o he adjec i e "open" on he alency o he seman ic
ield o he minimal lexicon seman ics and g amma . I u ns ou ha openness is
cha ac e ized by a h ee- old alency. ESMINIAI WORDS: he e b o open, he e b as a noun,
he alency, he lexical seman ic ield.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o his a icle is he e b o open and i s noun de i a i e o open. The aim is o
in es iga e hei combinabili y om he alency pe spec i e, using he da a om he
Co pus o Con empo a y Li huanian Language. The esea ch indings indica e ha he
alency o a is in luenced by he seman ics and g amma o he adjec i e a and
p edica es wi hin i s minimal lexical seman ic ield. I was obse ed ha he e b open ( he
noun open) exhibi s a h ee old alency. KEYWORDS: e b o open, e bal noun, alency, lexical
seman ic ield.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The pu pose o his a icle is based on he concep o he e bocen ic
sen ence model and i s alency (openness). The s udy is based on empi ical
alen ingumo eo ijos p incipais nus a y i eiksmažodžio a i au i i jo abs ak o
ma e ial collec ed om he discussed wo ds included in he minimum lexicon
Kauno VDU Kompiu e inės ling is ikos cen o suda y o Daba inės lie u ių kal-
bos eks yno (DLKT) (ž . 2 dalį). Tikslui pasiek i keliami užda iniai: a) umpai
seman ic ield o he e b o open, alen ing (see Pa 1 below); b) Based on
examples om he DLKT (see Pa 2), examine he alency o di e en openings
( o ms) and conside he in luence o he base wo d (openings) and p edica es on
he alency o he lexical seman ic ield (see Pa 3). Finally, summa ize he whole
(see Pa 4). As a as is known, his aspec o openness has no been discussed.
The me hod o s udy used is in e p e a ion, desc ip i e analy ical, g amma ical,
seman ic analysis.
Pasi inkus nag inė i a i au i (a i a imas), umpai pasaky ina, kad a-
len ingumas – ai žodžio eikšmės lemiama ypa ybė a e i am ik ą skaičių
he acancies occupied in a sen ence o a compound by wo ds o a ce ain meaning
and hei o ms o hei equi alen s (see Sližienė 1994: 16; Vaičiuly ė Semėnienė
2001: 19, 46 and he li e a u e ci ed he e). Valency is associa ed wi h h ee le els:
abs ac logical seman ics and wo speci ic le els o language - syn ax and lexical
seman ics. The logical seman ic le el de e mines he numbe o ee spaces in a
wo d and hei possible ac an seman ic unc ions, he syn ac ic le el
de e mines he g amma ical o m o alen ine ac s and hei essen ial o op ional
na u e, and he lexical seman ic le el de e mines he seman ics o alen ine ac s.
In addi ion o he alen ine syn ac ic ac s, he necessi y and op ional na u e o
which a e de e mined in he sen ence, ee membe s a e assigned o he wo ds
o he sen ence […] which a e no condi ional on he meaning and non-condi ionali y
klauso jo alen ingumui. Lais ieji na iai neužpildo p edika o a e ų lais ų ie-
o he wo d, hei connec ion wi h he p edica e is de e mined by i , as a ce ain
pa o he language, cha ac e ized by he pu ely g amma ical abili y o connec
o he wo ds and hei o ms (Sližienė 1994: 35). Essen ial syn ac ic ac s in a
juos p aleidus sakinys pasida o neg ama iškas. Bū inaisiais sin aksiniais ak an-
ais nusakoma a si uacijos dalis, ku i žodžio eikšmei y a s a biausia i ak-
sen ence canno be omi ed because hey a e he mos impo an (Sližienė 1994:
ie sakinyje gali bū i p aleidžiami, o sakinys lieka g ama iškas i sup an amas.
31). The op ional syn ac ic ac s a e he ones ha Sakinis wi hou op ional ac s
mean abou he same as wi h hem, since he op ional ac s a e implici in he e y
meaning o he wo d (Sližienė 1994: 35). I is acknowledged ha he e a e no s ic
bounda ies be ween essen ial and op ional ac s and ee membe s (Hen schel, Weyd 1994: 345).
A icles by A icles 77
A i au i, a i a imas alen ingumas daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
The wo d "open" is no p o ided in he main explana o y dic iona ies o he
Li huanian language: Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne (BLKŽ), Daba inės lie u ių
kalbos žodyne (DLKŽe) i akademiniame Lie u ių kalbos žodyne (LKŽe). Tačiau
a i au i ‘bū i a i am iksuo as Lie u os kalbos žodžio papildymų ka o eke
(LKŽPapK) (ž . 1). The sepa a e a icle " o be open, o ell openly" is included in he
Li huanian language's new wo ds da abase (ND) (page 2). The ND also p o ides
a icles wi h examples o ela ed open wo ds (paa i au i, paa i a imas) (see 3).
Suspec ing ha I don' ca e, she asked: Whe he you buy i o no . (ligh ing up)
1982-12-18)
2) V. Adamkus knygoje a i auja apie sa o i A. Adamkienės s eika ą [an aš ė]
(F ench)
3) Voice Film di ban is Johnas Hobe manas paa i a o, kad išėjęs iš ilmo p emje-
os Kanuose jau ėsi „š iesus, a sinaujinęs i nesu okiamai laimingas“. (be na -
dinai.l ( om: […]New ligh house-Aidai[…])
Iš būd a džio a i as, -a1 pada y as a i au i ‘bū i a i am, a i ai pasako isʼ y a
ela ed o open meaning ‘3. I'm going o ell you some hing, hones ly. (Luke 4:5) The
apos le Paul w o e: "Le us no become ego is ical, s i ing up compe i ion wi h
one ano he , en ying one ano he . He's always been open wi h me, he's always old
me e e y hing.
This is J.Do . (F ench)
The desc ip ion o he alency o adjec i es in Li huanian makes i clea ha , based on he empi ical
ma e ial a ailable, he subjec co esponding o he adjec i e is he open […]nuoši dus2, he
all-saying […] ac an is ma ked wi h a noun o ano he decisi e link o he combina ion de ice, and he
one using he indi ec objec can be ma ked wi h a noun. The syn ac ic ac an co esponding o he
i p ielinksnio su kons ukcija (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 79, 87). Sakinyje
indi ec objec is op ional (i is w i en in b acke s in he ci ed examples 6 and 9). Bo h 1 In he
ollowing a icle, when alking abou he di e en ela i es o his o ha adjec i e, only he
masculine […] non-adjec i e amily is desc ibed. 2 The seman ic associa ion o he adjec i e since e
and open can also be seen in Jono Paulausko's Sys em in Li huanian sus, s aigh hea edness,
s aigh hea edness, s aigh hea edness, openhea edness, openhea edness, and so on. 3 Fo
kalbos žodyne (SisŽe): abu būd a džiai pa enka į nuoši dumo lauką, ku iame aip pa minimas ie-
mo e in o ma ion on he concep o econcilia ion, econcilia ion and econcilia ion, see he e. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
78 In Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX, he seman ic open alency is he same: he
subjec co esponds o he pe cei e 4 and he indi ec objec o he bene icia y5
(see 47). In sho , he wo- alence open syn ac ic alency is Nom, Da suIns 6, and
seman i69 examples indica e ha he seman ic and syn ac ic open and since e
nis – [Pcp, B]. Seman iniu aspek u šis būd a dis, panašiai kaip nuoši dus i k .,
pa enka į būd a džių, ku ie nusako ieno asmens simpa ijas, palankumą a an i-
pa ijas ki o asmens a ž ilgiu, g upę (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 79, 87, 99).
alency o adjec i es a e simila . This can also be seen in DLKŽ, whe e he adjec i e
since i y is de ined as ‘ o be kind; I 's open. (6) He was open and since e. ( e e ing
o Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė)
2001: 80)
7) Joniuk, who has always been so childishly open (wi h his mo o), now says no hing
o he . Oh, da ling, M . Pe e , you' e no being hones wi h me igh now. (quo ed in
oo no e 88)
9) Šią e ą a i umo alandėlę jis bu o (jai) nuoši dus. (ci uojama iš en pa , 35)
Compa ing examples 13 wi h 47, i can be seen ha he open con en o he adjec i e
[…]kon en y as7 is a ee membe (see 4, 7) which, simila ly, is included in he alence open
s uc u e (see 2, 3; see below). Wha is he syn ac ic and seman ic alidi y o he opening and (o )
A kon en y o lais asis na ys u i į akos ne iesioginio objek o aiškai a i as sa-
kiniuose i kaip (a ) ai galė ų bū i susiję su Vilmos Ágel (2000: 211–212) hi-
po eze – p edika o sin aksiniai ak an ai gali bū i leksikalizuo i, g ama ikalizuo i
lais ieji na iai – a ski o y imo e a ema. Šiame s aipsnyje keliami klausimai:
wha in luence does i ha e on he base wo d (open) and he lexemes closely seman ically ela ed
o i (since i y, o speak, o ell, e c.) alen ingumai. The la e ques ion is based on he s udy o
a achmen -bene i alency (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 4 Pe cipien as [Pcp] […] he unc ion o
expe iencing a men al s a e cha ac e is ic o li ing beings who pe cei e eal objec s, ha ing a
ce ain a i ude owa ds hem psychologically ea5 Bene icien [B] […] he add essee, whose
unc ion is cha ac e is ic o li ing beings, especially pe sons who do no use wha is o is done
guojančioms (Sližienė 1994: 21; Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 32).
(Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 32, plg.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
6 F om he poin o iew o he language no m, he p e e ence o cons uc ion is a seconda y
(pa ial) a ian o he no m and may be used in common pa lance i necessa y. Howe e , p io i y is
gi en o he main (neu al) a e op ion o he use (see KP2 S2 2003: 98; Miliūnai ė 2022: 535). 7
Con en [Con] […] a unc ion o he con en o a s a e o ea u e cha ac e is ic o a ious hings
and phenomena (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2001: 32, plg. Sližienė 1994: 22).
A icles o he 79 h
A i au i, a i a imas alen ingumas daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
In his a icle, we'll look a he seman ics and g amma ical implica ions o
p edica es om he lexical seman ic ield o alency.
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned answe s o ques ions, i is also impo an o
e e o he de ini ions in he dic iona ies and hei alidi y. Fo example, DLKZ
om he lexeme o say is di ec ed o look a he i s meaning o say (i.e. o say
[…] ‘1. he wo d (o w i ing) o exp ess a hough o an opinion), and he meaning o
he o he wo d is de ined as ‘2. o con ess. I is clea om he academic LKŽ ha
he o ms o he wo d blood can be used wi h se e al meanings: ‘12. Wha is he
meaning o he wo d "sac i ice"? o con ess (c . 11), 14. (Ma hew 22:37-39) The
apos le Paul w o e: "Le us no become ego is ical, s i ing up compe i ion wi h
one ano he , en ying one ano he . o speak; o make a name o himsel , o make a name o himsel (Z . 13) o ‘16. he ollowing able is inse ed: o make a decision (see 14).
10) She ha dly has anyone o alk o abou he poo I. Simon.
(F ench)
11) Jis jai pasisakė, kad jis ją mylįs KII28. (LKŽe)
O cou se, some we e deligh ed ha hey no longe had o ell he p ies abou
hei sins. (F ench)
13) I'm elling you he e's a illage in Jn. (Luke 14) When Uzzi spoke o he ebellion,
By au as openly said ha he did no ag ee wi h he idea o he ebellion
This is V.Myk-Pu . (F ench)
The i s meaning o he e b o ell is gi en as ‘ o ell a s o y, an e en (see 15, 16,
pp. 3). 15) He did no ell anyone abou his oubles. The Bible says: "The igh eous one
himsel will possess he ea h, and he will eside o e e upon i ". (LKŽe) F om he
conjunc ion o he e bs o he Nijolė-Sližienė Li huanian language (LKVJŽ) (Sližienė
1998: 130) i is clea ha he e b o say is used wi h he meaning ‘1. Wha is he
meaning o he wo d "sac i ice"? (a) o in o m o ally, o in o m; o p esen
hemsel es; b) To con ess (c . 18), is i alen , and in meaning […]3. o exp ess one's
opinion, o ag ee o disag ee (Z . 19) […] ambiguous. So o speak includes and
(pa ially) ell (s) seman ics and g amma (see below). She ha dly has anyone o ell
he oubles o (see 17) abou he oubles. (quo ed om Sližienė 1998: 130) 18) The
child old his mo he ha he had made a po and ha he had made a po . (ci ed om
he same page, 130) 19 All he speake s o ed o he p oposed candida e. (quo ed in
oo no e 130)
8 The e b o con ess […]1. o con ess his guil , 2. o ell he u h abou you own alency mo e b oadly
see LKVJZ (Sližienė 1998: 257), o example, she would no admi o anyone ha she liked him.

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
Iš 17 pa yzdžio ma y i, kad pasisaky i eikalauja a dininku žymimo agen y-
he subjec , he indi ec objec ep esen ed by he bene icia y, co esponding
o he unc ion o he bene icia y, and, al e na i ely, he end, he p e e ence
o he cons uc ion, he indi ec objec ep esen ed by he indi ec objec
ep esen ed by he indi ec objec . Acco ding o he second meaning o be said,
he alen ine ac s in example 18 a e said by he noun as he agen subjec , by he
bene icia y as he indi ec bene icia y objec , and by he a ian […] p e e ence
abou he cons uc ion, he pa icipan , he pa icipan o he seconda y
sen ence […] as he con en . The ac co esponding o he bene icia y is op ional. 19 shows ha he subjec o he double-speak
as aip pa y a agen y us, o p ielinksnio už a ba p ieš kons ukcija žymimas
objek as a liepia kon en y ą.
Based on he LKVJJ (Sližienė 1998: 123124) and he examples gi en he ein (ž .
2022), he e b o ell equi es he noun o deno e he agen unde he objec ,
he bene icia y o deno e he bene icia y indi ec ly and he a ian […] o
deno e he end, he p e e ence abou he cons uc ion, he end wi h he
pa icipan o he subdi ision, he pa icipan , he subdi ision, he end o he
sen ence […] o deno e he con ingen (di ec ) objec . As in he case
men ioned, he use is indica ed by he op ional ac .
20) Vi pša ells he cynical anecdo es wi hou hesi a ion. (quo ed om
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
My aun used o ell us abou he pas . (Ma hew 22:37-39) The apos le Paul w o e:
"Le us no become ego is ical, s i ing up compe i ion wi h one ano he , en ying
one ano he . (ci ed om he same sou ce, 124) In An ano Libe i's Dic iona y o
Synonyms (SŽe) i is seen ha o speak is one o he 10 synonyms o " o ell a
s o y, an e en , o each a hough ". On he basis o he o egoing, i is assumed
ha he e b o open op ional equi es he bene icia y's bene icia y, and he ac
co esponding o he essen ial con ingen unc ion could be ma ked di e en ly han he illus a ed ND.
2. The game o chess
Didžiąją DLKT dalį suda o ašy inės, dažnai edaguo os, ski ingų žan-
ex s in he Russian language (publicis ic, ic ion, non- ic ion o adminis a i e li e a u e). The e a e
ob iously ewe examples o p o e bs. Fo example, wi h 9 Agen as1 [A1] […] he unc ion o ini ia o
o pe o me o an ac ion, cha ac e is ic o li ing beings (Sližienė 1994:
19).
10 Fo a mo e in-dep h discussion o alen ine's day, see LKVJZ (Sližienė 1994: 330[…]331), also known as LKVJZ.
S aipsniai / A icles 81
A i au i, a i a imas alen ingumas daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
The di e en o ms o wo ds discussed in he a icle a e collec ed in he
sen ence11 DLKT in he expanded sea ch ield by en e ing he middle o he wo d and
selec ing he c i e ia. The able below shows how he 303 (in) ini e open o ms a e
dis ibu ed by gen e. I can be seen ha mos examples (251, o 83 pe cen ) a e om
jou nalism, much less om ic ion (41, o 14 pe cen ), and a ew cases (10, o 3
pe cen ) a e om non- ic ion. The e is only one example in he o al language, and
none in he adminis a i e language. One LENTEL. Di e en open shapes in DLKT ex
Teks ynodalis A i au i o ma Pa a ojimo
skaičius
To al consump ion
skaičius
1s , 2nd,
7 h, 8 h,
12 h,
13 h,
14 h,
15 h a e
o he
he ull
being he
he ull
3 d, 4 h,
9 h, 10 h,
nea i au i
he ull
being he
he ull
paa i au ume
paa i a au
he ull
paa i a ęs
12 h,
13 h,
15 h, and
he days
ull moon,
moon
day o
moon,
5 h, 6 h,
11 h,
1
moon
day o
moon,
1
1
moon being he day o he ull moon, he ull moon being he day o he ull moon.
1
41
The book
is a
collec ion
s o ies,
a i au i
The Li le
The
o sho
including:
3
Me maid,
Wicked
10
Publicis ika
Wi ch o
The
Wi ch o
The
Wi ch o
The
he Wes ,
Wicked
he Wes ,
Wicked
he Wes ,
Wicked Wi ch o he Wes , The Wicked Wi ch o he Wes , The Wicked Wi ch o he Wes , The Wicked Wi ch o he Wes , The Wicked Wi ch o he Wes , The Wicked Wi ch o he Wes .
251
The i s samples will be collec ed o he s udy in May 2021.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Teks ynodalis A i au i o ma Pa a ojimo
skaičius
To al consump ion
skaičius
Publicis ika
1s , 2nd,
5 h, 6 h,
9 h, 10 h,
11 h,
12 h,
12 h,
13 h,
13 h,
14 h,
nea i au i
15 h,
16 h,
18 h,
19 h,
20 h,
paa i a ęs
3 d, 4 h,
7 h, 8 h,
10 h,
11 h,
12 h,
13 h,
13 h,
14 h,
15 h,
1
16 h,
17 h,
18 h,
20 h,
20 h, 21s , 21s , 21s , 21s , 21s , 21s , 22nd, 22nd, 22nd, 22nd, 22nd, 22nd, 23 d, 23 d, 23 d, 23 d, 23 d, 23 d, 24 h, 24 h, 24 h, 24 h, 24 h, 24 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 25 h, 26 h, 26 h, 26 h, 26 h, 27 h, 27 h, 27 h, 27 h, 27 h, 27 h, 27 h, 27 h and 28 h days o he yea
1
251
The language is open 1 1
O which 303 303
The e a e 39 examples o abs ac o ms o a spoken e b. The e a e also no
2 len elę). Panašiai kaip a i au i a eju, pa yzdžių nė a adminis acinėje kalbo-
examples o p o e bial language. Mos o he examples wi h open o ms a e om
jou nalism (21, o 54 pe cen ), much less om black li e a u e (12, o 31 pe cen )
and ic ion (6 pe cen o 15 pe cen ). Two slowly. Di e en opening o he DLKT
ex o m
Teks ynodalis A i a imas
o ma
Pa a ojimo
skaičius
Bend aspa a ojimo
skaičius
The
opening 2
e o he
beau y
he
he
opening 1
o he
li e a u-
opening 2 he opening 1
6
The
opening 5
opening 1
opening 2
dange
li e a u-
a i a imą
opening 2
opening 1
o
e
1
12
A icles by A icles 83
A i au i, a i a imas alen ingumas daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
Teks ynodalis A i a imas
o ma
Pa a ojimo
skaičius
Bend aspa a ojimo
skaičius
Open-sou-
5 6 7 8 9 10
12 12 12 12
13 13 13 13
14 14 15 16
ce and
16 16 16 16
a i a imą
18 19 19 19
19 19 19 19
10 10 11 11
12 12 12 12
13 13 14 14
16 16 16 16
open-sou-
16 16 18 18
1
19 19 19 19
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
ce 1 2 3 4
O which 39 39
The e m "au obiog aphy" is used o e e o a collec ion o sho s o ies,
essays, and sho s o ies ha a e published in a pa icula pe iodical (e.g., no els,
sho s o ies, memoi s, memoi s, memoi s, memoi s, memoi s, memoi s, memoi s,
memoi s, memoi s, memoi s, e c.). The ollowing examples a e no discussed
sepa a ely acco ding o unc ional s yles.
3. The o m o he alloca ion o au ho isa ion (IMAS)
VALENTINGUMAS
Be o e aking up he basis o he DLKT o deal wi h open seman ics and
g amma , i is impo an o say ha in his ex one can also ind indi idual
examples and wi h ano he adjec i e open e b […] open […] o open […] (see 23, 24).
The ac ha he adjec i e is an open e b indica es ha he e a e examples
o bo h open (ž . 25, 26) and open (ž .
27, 28) in he o m o 13.
23) The compe i ion showed ha s uden s wan o be ac i e membe s o ou open
socie y.
24) Wha do you see as he ecen p ocesses o opening up o socie y? 12 Žiū ė a [2023-10-10] is loca ed
a : h p: ex ynas. du.l / ex ynas/menu?page=abou . 13 See also VLKK opinion: We p obably won
a oid he wo d openness, we jus shouldn u n i in o a wo n-ou p in ha eplaces o he means
o exp ession: o ell openly, o speak openly, o be open and so on. (quo ed om h ps:
www. lkk.l /consul a ions/4226-a i au i).
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
90 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX and i s annexes
Th ee-dimensional openness 3. Open speaking equi es indi ec objec s ha ul ill he
unc ions o he agen subjec , he commu a i e and he con ingen . In he
sen ence, he commu a i e indica es he necessi y o he p e e ence o he
cons uc ion, and he con ingen may be op ional he p e e ence o he
cons uc ion. T i alen opening […]2. To say, o ell, o con ess in a sen ence equi es
indi ec objec s ha ul ill he unc ions o agen , subjec , bene icia y and
con aine . The bene icia y is op ional o he use , and he con en s may be ma ked
as a necessa y p e e ence o o pa o he cons uc ion, as a side e ec o he
sen ence. Then, when he double owel "open" is used in he sense o " o be open", i s
syn ac ic ac s, by open analogy, a e said o be he noun o he essen ial subjec and
he op ional use o he indi ec objec o p e e ence wi h he cons uc ion. The
subjec co esponds o he pe cei ed agen , and he indi ec objec […] bene icien
is a ian ly deno ed. DLKT does no ind examples whe e he op ional ac o his open
meaning is exp essed in he sen ence. The a ailable empi ical ma e ial sugges s ha
he e is a endency o dis inguish be ween he open-ended "be open" and he
open-ended "speak openly", whe e in he i s case he use and he cons uc ion
co espond o one seman ic unc ion, and in he second case he exp ession o ha
pa indica es a di e en seman ics.
The s udy showed ha he con en o he speech, he speech, he speech, he
speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he
speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech, he speech.
ŠALTINIAI
BLKŽ – Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, ed. kolegija D. Liu ke ičienė,
D. Mu mulai y ė, V. Sakalauskienė, A. G i ėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugi dienė,
L. Jonušys, y . ed. D. Liu ke ičienė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2013–2022.
P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
DLKT – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks ynas, Kaunas: Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as.
P ieiga in e ne e: h p:// eks ynas. du.l / eks ynas/.
DLKŽe – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, 8-asis pa ais. i papild. leidimas, y . ed.
S . Keinys, e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2021. P ieiga in e ne e:
h ps://ekalba.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (a naujin a e sija, 2018). P ieiga
in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
24 Apie d isluoksnes seman ines unkcijas plačiau ž . D uk einis (2009).

S aipsniai / A icles 91
A i au i, a i a imas alen ingumas daba inėje lie u ių kalboje
LKŽPapK – „Lie u ių kalbos žodyno“ Papildymų ka o eka, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins-
i u as, 2015. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /lkz-papildymu-ka o eka/.
SisŽe – Paulauskas Jonas. Sis eminis lie u ių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1987, e. a-
ian as, 2015. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /sis eminis-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/
pe ziu a.
SŽe – Lybe is An anas. Lie u ių kalbos sinonimų žodynas, 2-asis pa ais. leidimas, Vilnius:
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2002, e. a ian as, 2015. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /
sinonimu-zodynas/.
In he ield o li e a u e
Ágel Vilmos 2000: Valenz heo ie, Tübingen.
D uk einis Albinas 2009: Seman inės sakinių s uk ū os su sink e inės eikšmės p edi-
I'll ell you wha . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Hen schel Elke, Weyd Ha ald 1994: Handbuch de deu schen G amma ik, 2. This is
he i s ime ha he Ge man g amma has been ansla ed in o Ge man. I 's called De G uy e .
KP2 S2 […] Speech ad ice 2: Syn ax o he language 1. The use o p e ixes and
su ixes, sud. R. Miliūnai ė, edi o o he newspape A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Ins i u e
o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 2003.
Miliūnai ė Ri a 2022: Va ia ions and new mani es a ions o he Li huanian language a
he beginning o he 21s cen u y: sys ema ics and di ec ions o changes, Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying
down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Semenya Lo e a, 2003: The
combina ion o he names. […] Resea ch on syn ac ic connec ions. G amma ical wo ks o he Li huanian language 1, ed. A. Hol oe , A. Judžen is, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 37-66.
Sližienė Nijolė 1994: A dic iona y o Li huanian language e b conjuga ion 1, Vilnius:
Scien i ic and encyclopedic publishing house.
Sližienė Nijolė 1998: A dic iona y o Li huanian language e bs 2(1), Vilnius:
Scien i ic and encyclopedic publishing house.
The e m "Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė Lo e a" (Li huanian: Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė Lo e a) is
dak a o dise acija, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
de i ed om he Li huanian wo d " ain" ( ain) meaning "good" o "good". […] Ac a
Linguis ica Li huanica 88, 181[…]205. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been
amended. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: jou nals.lki.l h p: ac alinguis icali huanica/a icle/ iew/2245/2338.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Valency o he Ve b a i au i and Noun
a i a imas in Con empo a y Li huanian
Language
Summa y
The analysis o 340 examples wi h di e en o ms o a i u and a i as d awn om he co pus
o con empo a y Li huanian language e eals ha hei alency is in luenced by he seman ics
and g amma o he adjec i e a i as and p edica es om he minimal lexical-seman ic ield.
The esea ch shows ha he gene alized meaning o he p edica e a i au i is ‘ o be open; o
speak openly. In e ms o alence, his meaning can be subdi ided in o ‘1. o be open', ‘2. o say, o
ell openly; o con ess, and 3. o alk, o indi ec objec s co esponding o he comi a i e and
con e se openlyʼ. The la e wo meanings di e om each o he in he di ec ion o speech.
The i alen a i au i ‘3. o alk, o con e se openlyʼ equi es he agen i e subjec , he
he con en i e. The commu a i e is exp essed by he necessa y cons uc ion o he
p eposi ion "su," while he con en i e can be exp essed acul a i ely by cons uc ing he
p eposi ion "abou ." The i alen open ‘2. o say, o ell openly; o con ess in a sen ence
equi es an agen subjec and indi ec objec s, which co espond bene icia y and con en i e.
The bene icia y is exp essed acul a i ely in he da i e o he indi ec objec . In con as , he
indi ec objec con en i e can be ma ked as necessa y by cons uc ing he p eposi ion abou ,
o wi h a pa iciple cons uc ion, a subo dina e clause. When he bi alen a i au i is used in he
meaning o ‘1. To be open', i s syn ac ic ac an s a e, by open analogy, said in he necessa y
subjec nomina i e and op ionally in he da i e o cons uc ion o he p eposi ion su o he
indi ec objec . The s udy shows ha he alency s uc u es o a i au i ‘ o speak openly
include a con en i e wi h exp ession om he ee elemen s o he adjec i e a i as.
pe cipien agen and he a ian ly ma ked indi ec objec o he bene icia y.
Deli e ed on 11 Oc obe 2023.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
lo e [email protected]