S aipsniai / A icles 251
SERHII VASKO
The Depa men o Ge manic and Finno-Ug ic
Philology a Kyi Na ional Linguis ic Uni e si y
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-9748-0754
Fields o ese ch: ph asemic semiosis, cogni i e seman ics,
seman ic modula ion, ph asemic quan i a i i y.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all90-10
SEMIC COMPOSITION
MODULATIONS OF
QUANTITATIVES IN THE
PHRASEMES OF ENGLISH
(METHODICAL PRACTICES
OF ANALYSIS)
Kiekybinių odiklių seminės kompozicijos
moduliacijos anglų kalbos azėse (analizės
me odinės p ak ikos)
ANNOTATION
The a icle examines he p ocess and esul o seman ic modula ion o English quan i a i es,
which hey necessa ily unde go when a ec ed by ph asemic con ex . The de ini ion o he
concep o seman ic modula ion is cla i ied a he backg ound o he p ocesses o seman ic
de i a ion and seman ic ansposi ion. A new comp ehensi e me hodology o he analysis
o modula ion changes in ph asemic quan i a i es o he English language is p oposed, which,
in addi ion o he adi ional me hods o decomposing he meaning in o i s componen s
and de ec ing semes (in eg al, di e en ial and g ada ional), includes au oma ed ools o
he compu e p og am “Ac oba Reade ” o sea ching he s udied uni s in he elec onic
dic iona ies o he English language. The expediency o adhe ing o he me hodological
p inciples o an h opocen ism and isomo phism o language and cul u e o s udy changes
in he seman ic s uc u e o ph asemic quan i a i es is subs an ia ed. Componen ial analysis
o he seman ic s uc u e o quan i a i es has been ca ied ou and he na u e o he semic
componen s’ edis ibu ion in i unde he in luence o he ph asemic con ex has been
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252 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
e ealed. The co ela ion be ween he ac i i y o ph asemic quan i a i es and he p ocesses
o seman ic modula ion has been es ablished.
KEYWORDS: ph asemes o English, quan i a i e componen o seman ics,
componen ial analysis echnique, seme, seman ic modula ion o
quan i a i es, quan i a i es wi h seman ics o coun ing, quan i y
and measu emen .
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje ap a iamas anglų kalbos kiekybinių žodžių seman inės moduliacijos, ku ią
jie neiš engiamai pa i ia eikiami azeminio kon eks o, p ocesas i ezul a as. Seman inės
moduliacijos są okos apib ėž is paaiškinama seman inės de i acijos i seman inio pe kėlimo
p ocesų one. P is a oma nauja išsami anglų kalbos azeminių kiekybinių moduliacijos
pokyčių analizės me odika, ku i, be adicinių eikšmės skaidymo į komponen us i
semų (in eg alinės, di e encinės i g adacinės) nus a ymo me odų, apima au oma izuo us
kompiu e inės p og amos „Ac oba Reade “ į ankius, ski us i iamų iene ų paieškai
elek oniniuose anglų kalbos žodynuose. Pag indžiamas an opocen izmo i kalbos bei
kul ū os izomo izmo me odologinių p incipų laikymosi ikslingumas i ian azeminių
kiekybinių žodžių seman inės s uk ū os pokyčius. A lik a kiekybinių eikšmių seman inės
s uk ū os komponen inė analizė i a skleis as seminių komponen ų pe si a kymo joje
pobūdis eikian azeminiam kon eks ui. Nus a y as azeminių kiekybinių ak y umo i
seman inės moduliacijos p ocesų yšys.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: anglų kalbos azemos, kiekybinis seman ikos komponen as,
komponen inės analizės me odas, sema, kiekybinių eikšmių
seman inė moduliacija, skaičia imo, kiekio i ma a imo seman ikos
kiekybiniai odikliai.
INTRODUCTION
Mode n ph asemic seman ics con inues o sea ch o op imal app oaches o
he analysis o ph asemic signs (B enie , Michaelis 2005), he use and applica ion
o which will b ing schola s close o building a consis en and e icien
classi ica ion o hese uni s. Cu en ly a ailable axonomies o ph aseological
esou ces o na ional languages equi e signi ican adjus men , pa icula ly in
e ms o cla i ying he p inciples and c i e ia o iden i ying (Howa h 1998)
s able igu a i e compounds ha di e in ela ion o he sou ces o linguis ic
and cul u al mo i a ion and ch onology o ph aseologiza ion.
Scien i ic discussion (Mikola V. Gamziuk (2000), I yna F. Za a ins’ka (2022),
Ma ija O. Šu o a (2016), e c.) abou he c i e ia o iden i ying ph asemic signs
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in he Ph asemes o English (Me hodical P ac ices o Analysis)
is a om o e . I is p ima ily connec ed wi h he need o s udy combina o ial
possibili ies o a wo d wi hin ph aseological/ph asemic uni s ( he so-called
ph aseological uni componen ) and o e eal he na u e o p ese ing po en ial
ela ionships wi h i s lexicog aphic meanings ou side ph aseological con ex .
Recen ly, he deg ee o con o e sy su ounding he seman ic sel -su iciency
o he key componen o ph asemes has signi ican ly dec eased, and he opinion
o ph aseologis s ha unde he in luence o ph aseological con ex , he la en
meanings o he key componen o ph asemes a e necessa ily ac ualized, no
longe aises ca ego ical objec ions. Fi s , i is emphasised ha such meanings
can be econs uc ed by “seman ic desc ip ion o ph aseological uni s h ough
he iden i ica ion o he in a ian o he in e nal o m o hei componen s
and ixing his in a ian in he model o he idiom’s meaning” (Ba ano ,
Dob o ol’skij 2009: 21).
Inne o m o he ph aseme componen encodes po en ial oppo uni ies
o he o ma ion o new meanings, including igu a i e. As a esul o he
analysis o changes in he seman ics o quan i a i es o English, which a e
associa ed wi h he edis ibu ion o semic cons i uen s be ween he a chisemes
o coun ing, quan i y and measu emen , unde he in luence o he ph asemic
con ex , i will be possible o con i m he assump ion ha seman ic modula ion
as a cogni i e mechanism e lec s he abili y o a na i e English speake o
igu a i ely econcep ualize hese a chisemes and gene a e hei a ian s
(LSVs) as componen s o ph aseologically bound meanings. Fo example, he
quan i a i e componen penny in he composi ion o ph asemic signs e.g., o
cos a p e y penny – ‘ o cos a lo o money’, ‘ o hi he pocke ’; ‘no o ha e
a single penny’; u n an hones penny – ‘ o make hones ex a money’ acqui es
a new LSV (ph aseologically bound meaning), bu a he same ime i does
no lose i s connec ion wi h i s lexicog aphical meaning ‘a small amoun o
money’, which is ac ualized in he a chiseme ‘quan i y’ and in he in eg al seme
‘imp ecise/inde ini e quan i y’.
Fo a mo e con incing p oo o he a o emen ioned assump ion, special
me hods o ph asemic analysis (in his case, a ph aseme wi h a quan i a i e
componen o seman ics) a e equi ed, since un il now, acco ding o S e an
G ies (2008: 18), he majo p oblem in his ma e emains he lack o unanimi y
o opinions among ph aseologis s, in pa icula , which me hods a e he mos
app op ia e: classical o new, o hei combina ion. In his ega d, he e is a
need o de elop a special ele an complex and comp ehensi e echniques o
he s udy o seman ic shi s in he quan i a i es o English, which hey unde go
alling in o he composi ion o he ph asemes o English unde he in luence o
ph asemic con ex .
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The pu pose o he a icle is o apply he me hod o componen ial analysis
in combina ion wi h he echniques o e ymological sea ches and linguocul u al
p ac ices o e eal he mechanisms o semic edis ibu ion in he quan i a i es
o English wi h he seman ics o coun ing, quan i y, and measu emen unde
he in luence o he ph asal con ex .
The asks o he a icle
– o subs an ia e he expediency o de eloping a new special me hod o
analysis o seman ic changes in he quan i a i es o English unde he in luence
o ph asemic con ex ;
– o p opose a special in a ian - a ian me hodology o he s udy o
seman ic modula ion o quan i a i es in he composi ion o English ph asemes
on he basis o he p inciples o an h opocen ism and isomo phism o language
and cul u e, which, in addi ion o he echniques o adi ional componen ial
analysis, includes me hods o au oma ed sea ch o he s udied uni s in elec onic
dic iona ies, p ac ices o e ymological sea ches and linguocul u al p ocedu es;
– o p o e ha he new echnique o applying he in a ian - a ian app oach o
s udy shi s in he seman ics o quan i a i es – om a chiseme as an in a ian o
meaning o in eg al, di e en ial and g ada ional semes as i s a ian s, ac ualized
in English ph asemes, is ele an and p omising o u he esea ch.
1. MODULATION CHANGES ANALYSIS
METHODOLOGY IN THE PHRASEMIC
QUANTITATIVES OF ENGLISH
Seman ics o ph asemic signs wi h quan i a i es e lec s gene al human ideas
abou objec s and i ems ha cons i u e a quan i y, and a e subjec o coun ing
and measu emen . These uni s e ain ancien adi ions, since hey we e o med
by di e en gene a ions o ep esen a i es o a pa icula linguocul u e.
In he p ocess o ph aseosemiosis, changes occu in he seman ic s uc u es
o quan i a i es a he le el o hei meanings, hei lexicoseman ic a ian s
(he eina e LSVs), as well as a he le el o semic componen s o hei meanings.
Seman ic shi s a he le el o semic componen s a e usually conside ed h ough
he p ism o he heo y o seman ic modula ion, which co ela es wi h he
classical heo ies o seman ic de i a ion, i.e. ways o o ming new meanings
om he o iginal/p ima y meaning, o seman ic ansposi ion, i.e. me apho
and me onymy o ma ion mechanisms (Demiančuk 2021). O e ime all hese
heo ies ha e been en iched wi h new p o isions o he heo y o concep ual
in eg a ion (Fauconnie , Tu ne 2006). Each o he men ioned heo ies has i s
own me hodical p ac ices o ac ual ma e ial esea ch, in pa icula ph aseological
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ma e ial, which, in ou opinion, can be combined and adap ed o he s udy o
seman ic changes in ph asemic quan i a i es o English.
P oposed in his a icle new special comp ehensi e me hodology o
analyzing semic modula ions o English quan i a i es unde he in luence o
ph asemic con ex is comp ised o op imal me hods and p ocedu es and gi es
easons o he logic o hei sequen ial and some imes pa allel applica ion. The
de eloped me hodology is based on he in a ian - a ian app oach. P ac icali y
o implemen ing an in a ian - a ian app oach o he iden i ica ion o a wide
ange o commonly used ph aseological uni s based on he abo e-men ioned
heo ies is a gued by Ma ija Omazić (2008: 67–81).
The in a ian - a ian app oach implies wo undamen al poin s: while he
heo y o me apho makes i possible o di e en ia e ph asemic signs as a esul
o seman ic ansposi ion o i s key componen , and in his way o ix a new
meaning o a new LSV in he seman ic s uc u e o he in a ian wo d, hen
he heo y o concep ual in eg a ion ope a es in e alia wi h he mechanisms o
seman ic modula ion, e lec ing he ea angemen p ocess o semic signs in he
seman ic s uc u e o he wo d on e en ion o he a chiseme.
The limi o seman ic modula ion is he change whe e he a chiseme is
ealized in a leas one ea u e o a ce ain meaning o i s LSV. As o he
seman ic modula ion o quan i a i es in he ph asemic con ex , his issue
should be conside ed in connec ion wi h he ea angemen in he seman ic
s uc u e o he quan i a i e, e.g., wo main ea u es ‘p ecise quan i y ’ and
‘imp ecise quan i y’, which a e alloca ed o he a chiseme ‘quan i y’. In his case,
he a chisemes o quan i a i e meanings ul ill he ole o an in a ian , while
hei seman ic modula ions ac as a ian s.
The ini ial s age o he special complex me hodology in ol ed he au oma ed
selec ion (using he compu e p og am “Ac oba Reade ”) o English
quan i a i es (names o numbe s, names o agg ega es, names o measu emen s
o quan i ies, nume als, p onouns, nouns, ad e bs, e c. wi h he seman ics o
coun ing, quan i y, and measu emen ) om elec onic explana o y dic iona ies
(POAD 2008; LDOCE 2015) wi h he subsequen analysis o hei meanings
and LSVs. Fo his pu pose, he p ocedu e o de ini ion analysis was applied. The
numbe o selec ed quan i a i es o analysis in his a icle is 100 uni s.
A he second s age, he use o ools o he compu e p og amme “Ac oba
Reade ” o he au oma ed sea ch o ph ases wi h a quan i a i e componen
o seman ics in elec onic English-language ph aseological sou ces (ODOI
2004) was con inued. Hence, highly p oduc i e (15 pe cen o he o al
sample), a ely p oduc i e ph asemic o ming quan i a i es, which occasionally
pa icipa e in he ph asemic o ma ion (60 pe cen o he o al sample), as well
as unp oduc i e/inac i e a all (25 pe cen o he o al sample) we e iden i ied.

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The hi d s age is ela ed o he s udy o he mechanisms o modula o y
and seman ic changes in he quan i a i e componen s o English ph asemes.
By applying he me hod o componen ial analysis, modula ions o in a ian
a chisemes o coun ing, quan i y and measu emen in he di ec ion o hei
ea angemen in o in eg al, di e en ial and g ada ional semes ha e been
in es iga ed. Componen ial analysis p ocedu e is adi ional, es ed in many
scien i ic s udies, including con empo a y ones (No icks 2009; Dewiyan i,
Su yani 2017). Componen ial analysis as ea ly as in he middle o he 20 h
cen u y was desc ibed in he w i ings o ep esen a i es o he Ame ican school
o e hnolinguis ics (Wa d Hudyna and Floyd Lounsbu y), who subs an ia ed
he e ec i eness o using his echnique o decomposing a polysemous wo d
in o seman ic componen s (semes) on he basis o kinship e ms in di e en
languages. Since hen, componen ial analysis has become a manda o y
echnique o s udying a ious aspec s o wo d seman ics. E en oday, he e a e
s udies whe e e ms o kinship, p e iously wo ked ou by scien is s in he same
algo i hms, a e p oposed o demons a e his echnique (Widyas u i 2010).
We will demons a e he me hod o pe o ming componen ial analysis using
he example o decomposing he seman ic s uc u e o he quan i a i e one. The
p ocedu e was ca ied ou acco ding o he ollowing scena io. In he elec onic
explana o y dic iona y Longman Dic iona y o Con empo a y English (LDOCE),
using he ools o he “Ac oba Reade ” p og am, all exis ing de ini ions o he
quan i a i e one we e selec ed, copied in o a sepa a e ile, and cha ac e is ic
semes o hei meanings and a ailable LSVs we e iden i ied. The nex s ep is
o build a ma ix wi h a gene al lis o semes encoun e ed in he de ini ions o
he quan i a i e one. Fu he , wi h he help o he “+” sign in he ma ix, he
p esence in each speci ic meaning and LSV o he ele an a chiseme “quan i y”,
as well as in eg al, di e en ial and g ada ional semes is eco ded.
Thus, o example, in he elec onic explana o y dic iona y LDOCE, he
ollowing acqui ed de ini ions o he quan i a i e one we e de e mined:
a) he ac ual nume al (one1) – 3 meanings wi hou LSVs, whe e he a chiseme
“quan i y” and he in eg al seme “small/a small amoun ” we e iden i ied;
b) as a p onoun (one2, plu al ones) – 24 meanings, hei LSVs wi h ne wo k
connec ions o he a chiseme “quan i y”; o 4 in eg al semes (“indica ion
o a la ge quan i y”, “indica ion o an al eady known quan i y”, “indica ion
o he sequence o ac ions, e en s, objec s”, “indica ion o he agg ega e as a
mul iplici y”); o 9 di e en ial semes; and o 3 g ada ional semes (“indica ion
o he deg ee o mani es a ion o a la ge quan i y” ( he p esence o he g adua o
one oo many); “indica ion o he unce ain y deg ee o a la ge numbe quali y
mani es a ion” ( he p esence o he g adua o a di icul one); “indica ion on he
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deg ee o mani es a ion o he age cha ac e is ic” (o young child en) (p esence
o he li le ones) g adua o ).
A he inal s age, changes we e a es ed in he semic composi ion o he
quan i a i e one, disco e ed on he basis o he meanings and LSVs eco ded
in he LDOCE, as well as in he composi ion o ph asemes selec ed om he
elec onic dic iona y The Ox o d Dic iona y o Idioms (ODOI). The ob ained
esul s a e desc ibed in pa ag aph 3 o his a icle.
A he same ime, he echniques o linguocul u al analysis we e applied o
explain he mechanisms o igu a i e ein e p e a ion o meanings and LSVs o
quan i a i es, which in luenced he p ocess o semic edis ibu ion. I conside ed
necessa y, i is wo h appealing o e ymological e sions. The e ec i eness o
e ymological sea ch p ac ices is a gued in pa ag aph 2 o his a icle.
2. METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICES OF STUDYING SEMANTIC
STRUCTURE OF QUANTITATIVES IN THE
PHRASEMIC CONTEXT
The ca ego y o quan i y, i s highligh ed by A is o le as a uni e sal o m
o hinking, is he esul o human cogni ion o he quan i a i e unde s anding
o he phenomena o exis ence, exp essed in all languages o he wo ld
(Akulenko 1982; I čenko 1955; Ta anec’ 1999; e c.).
Based on e iew o he esea ch pape s de o ed o he de elopmen o
gene al me hodology o s udying quan i a i i y in gene al (ca ego y o
quan i y, ca ego y o numbe , ways and means o hei nomina ion, e c.) and
ph aseological quan i a i i y in pa icula , we will p o ide commen s o he
main cogni i e p inciples unde lying i .
1. The key p inciple o an h opocen ism is ocused on he s udy o he
linguis ic wo ld model and i s agmen s, one o which is quan i a i e. Following
his p inciple, he esea che ’s obliga o y me hodological echnique is o analyze
symbolically loaded uni s in co ela ion o a pe son, consciousness, hinking,
and a ious ypes o human ac i i y.
Since he image o numbe is he basic symbol used by humans, he
ca ego y o quan i y and closely ela ed ca ego y o quan i a i eness a e
conside ed o be peculia cogni i e s uc u es objec i ied in he lexical and
g amma ical sys ems o he wo ld languages (Talmi 2000). Acco ding o
S e lana A. Žabo inskaja’s (1992), he mos cha ac e is ic unc ion o numbe s,
acco ding o which cogni i e componen s o he ca ego y o quan i a i eness a e
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258 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
ully e ealed, is he unc ion o quan i y. The p esence o his unc ion in he
cogni i e ca ego y o quan i a i i y allows us o dis inguish among i s s uc u es
he concep s o QUANTITY, COUNT, MEASURE, e balized in a ious
combina ions o ph asemic con ex s by he a icles a/an, he, demons a i e
p onouns his, hese, ha , hose, measu es some, se e al, many, ew, e c., nouns
deno ing agg ega es such as g oup, he d, couple, e c, pa ame ic adjec i es big,
small, long, sho , e c., ad e bs-g ade s mo e, mos , less, leas , e c., ecu si e e ms
like a he , g and a he , g ea g and a he , and nume als (see Žabo inskaja 1992:
263).
Ano he impo an me hodological p inciple ha is di ec ly ela ed o he
epis emology o he p oblem unde s udy in his a icle is he p inciple o
isomo phism o language and cul u e, acco ding o which ph ases wi h quan i a i e
seman ic componen s a e de ined as e bal signs o cul u e and in ol e e e ence
o e ymological da a, o econs uc ed a che ypes and codes o cul u e.
In e es ing me hodological p ac ices a e o e ed by he s uden s and
ollowe s o he school o quan i a i e ph aseology in Uk aine (Anochina 2018;
Ba ano a, Kobiako a, Š ačko 2007, and o he s), ounded by P o esso S i lana
O. Š ačko (2008). As a esul o long- e m obse a ions, he esea che s concluded
ha seman ic modi ica ions o quan i a i e elemen s in he ph aseological
con ex wi h ull o pa ial p ese a ion o he gene al quan i a i e con en ,
as well as con en ela ed o coun ing and measu emen , ealize bo h gene al
cul u al and na ional cul u al meanings. The p ocess o modi ica ion o he
s udied uni s e lec s e olu ion o hei seman ic de elopmen , a e ospec i e
mo emen om he subjec o he quan i a i e meaning, cyclically epea ed a a
quali a i ely new s age, especially in na ional and cul u al condi ions.
Fo example, e e ing o he e ymological e sions o he English wo d
b ace, p o esso S. O. Š ačko in he me hodological wo k The quan i a i e
uni s o he English language: ansla ion aspec s (Š ačko 2008: 57–63) e eals
excep ional ole o he hand ha i played in he p ocesses o quan i y, coun ing,
and measu emen es ablishmen s in many linguis ic cul u es, as e idenced by
seman ic pa allels in Old F ench b ace, b ase – “ wo hands” and La in b achium,
b achia – “hand”, “hands”, om whe e hey came o mos Eu opean languages,
including English, in hei o iginal meaning o “ wo hands”. La e , mos ly in
he ph aseological con ex , he o iginal seman ics was used o de elop subjec
and quan i a i e meanings. Fo a long ime, he wo d b ace unc ioned in pa allel
wi h he wo d a hom: They ha e buil a ombe [...] a b ace and a hal high and was
e en ually eplaced by he la e .
In la e wo ks, in pa icula , in he a icle “Means o exp essing he concep
o duali y in English” (2010), p o esso S. O. Š ačko and I yna K. Kobiako a,
appealing o he same e ymological pa allels, a gue no only hei connec ions
wi h pai ing in he p ocess o coun ing objec s bu also wi h duali y.
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Based on he abo e e ymologies, S. O. Š ačko sugges s ha he subjec
meaning o he wo d b ace was o iginal, p ima y, based on which seconda y
meanings we e de eloped (Š ačko 2008: 57). The schola p esen s seman ic
de i a ion o b ace in he ollowing scheme: “dog ha ness” → “dogs in a
ha ness” → “ wo animals” → “ wo”. In ancien Rome, he measu e o land
was La in jugum. This name a ose as a esul o associa i e links be ween an
ins umen o labou and a plo o land ha was ploughed in a single day. O e
ime, he wo d acqui ed he meaning o ‘ wo’ (Š ačko 2008: 57).
A simila way o seman ic de elopmen : om subjec o quan i a i e meaning
is also cha ac e is ic o o ma ions like Mod. English yoke; span: c . Old English
ġeoc – ‘con i ance o coupling d augh animals by he neck; pai o animals
so coupled; ig. subjec ion, supp ession’ (ODOEE 1966: 1020), c . he gene ic
ma e ial o yoke, which shows close seman ic ies wi h Old Saxon juc, Old High
Ge man joh; Old No se ok; Go hic. juk, La in jugum, Old Sla ic igo; Li huanian
jùngiu – ‘ha ness’; Sansk i yoga; Hi i e jugan (ibid.).
The wo d span – ‘ha ness, yoke (e.g. o a ehicle)’ has unde gone a simila
e olu ion: he seme o ‘pai ing’ is di e en ia ed in Canada, he Uni ed S a es
o Ame ica, and Sou h A ica when e e ing o he numbe o bulls, ho ses,
and elephan s. In mode n English, his seme is mo e o en dis inguished in he
meanings o he wo ds couple, pai , since he quan i a i es span, yoke, b ace a e
limi ed in hei usage and a e conside ed a i ies.
The main conclusion d awn by S. O. Š ačko (2008) is impo an o he
s udy o he p ocesses o linguis ic semiosis o quan i a i es in gene al.
In hose cases when wo ds wi h he meaning o quan i y, coun ing and
measu emen (quan i a i es like mile) a e de i ed om nume als, hei seman ic
s uc u e does no e ymologize he subjec meaning, i hey appea ed la e
(Š ačko 2008: 59) han nume als, hei e olu ion can be aced om he subjec
o he quan i a i e meaning.
3. COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS AND
ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN DETECTING
MODULATION CHANGES IN THE
SEMANTIC STRUCTURE
OF PHRASEMIC QUANTITATIVES
Quan i a i es in he ph asemic con ex balance be ween wo poles o deno a i e
co ela ion: on he one hand, hey e lec a connec ion wi h speci ic objec s o
coun ing, quan i y, and measu emen , which ensu es i s unambigui y; on he
SERHII VASKO
266 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
p oblems), and he quan i a i e one in his con ex ac ualizes he di e en ial
seme ‘sa ing esou ces’. In his example, we obse e a seman ic modula ion o
he a chiseme ‘quan i y’ o wo quan i a i es – one and wo. Such examples a e
no uncommon in he dic iona ies o English idioms.
I is also wo h no ing he ac i i y o he quan i a i e wo as an ac ualisa o
o he g ada ional seme in he ph asemes c oss as wo s icks, as hick as wo sho
planks, whe e i unc ions as an in ensi ie o quali y as well as a g adema ke
o he deg ee o i s mani es a ion, cha ac e izing he objec “as e y e il, ill-
na u ed, and comple ely s upid”. The g ada ional seme is also p esen in
compa a i e-quan i a i e ph asemes such as be like as wo eggs/like wo peas in
a pod, whe e componen wo enhances he deg ee o simila i y o he objec s
being compa ed.
High seman ic ac i i y o he quan i a i e h ee is based on he posi i e
meaning o his numbe in di e en cul u es. The numbe h ee symbolizes he
idea o pe ec ion and goodness and ealizes ac ional seman ics in he ph ases
h ee is he magic numbe ; h ee is a cha m.
The ph asemes h ee in One, h ee ounda ions, whose linguis ic and cul u al
sou ces o mo i a ion a e my hology and eligion, ix he TRINITY and
es ablish i as he undamen al basis o he uni e se.
Apa om ha , he quan i a i e h ee does no always ac ualize posi i e
conno a ions in ph asemes. Fo example, in he meaning o he ph aseme wo
is a company, h ee is a c owd, he a chiseme ‘quan i y’ and he in eg al seme
‘p ecise quan i y’ ac ualize he di e en ial semes ‘des uc ion o he usual o de ’,
‘imbalance as opposed o ha mony’ encoded in he meanings o he LSV o he
quan i a i e wo.
Modula ion o he in eg al seme ‘p ecise numbe ’ in o he quan i a i e h ee
is based on he loss o i s basic meaning in he ph aseme h ee may keep a sec e
i wo o hem a e dead, on he one hand, as a esul o which a new in eg al seme
‘inde ini e/imp ecise numbe ’ is ac ualized (se e al people canno keep a sec e ).
On he o he hand, he p ecise numbe is equi ed o he a i hme ic ope a ion,
he meaning o which is ha he sec e will emain only i i is known o one
pe son, since he quan i a i e wo, as no ed abo e, wi h all i s equilib ium and
balance, p o okes he possibili y o con lic .
The quan i a i e se en has a high ph asemic ac i i y, which in he nai e
consciousness o speake s o di e en languages, as he English ma e ial shows,
is also associa ed wi h magic, e e ni y, and mys e ious knowledge. This explains
he edis ibu ion be ween he in eg al seme ‘p ecise quan i y’ and he in eg al
seme ‘imp ecise/inde ini e quan i y’: a ool may ask mo e ques ions in an hou
han a wise man can answe in se en yea s.

S aipsniai / A icles 267
Semic Composi ion Modula ions o Quan i a i es
in he Ph asemes o English (Me hodical P ac ices o Analysis)
Appa en ly, he o dinal nume al-quan i a i e se en h should likely be
classi ied as ac i e in he ph asemic con ex , as i ac ualizes he g ada ional
seme o ‘highe deg ee o pleasu e/enjoymen ’ in i s seman ic s uc u e: o be
in you se en h hea en.
In addi ion o he pe o mance o he in eg al seme ‘imp ecise quan i y’
and he g ada ional seme ‘highes deg ee o mani es a ion o a ea u e’ in he
ph asemic con ex o he quan i a i es se en/se en h, a en ion should be paid
o he ex a-linguis ic ac o s ela ed o eligious and my hological sou ces o
hei mo i a ion, whe e hey ealize he in eg al seme ‘p ecise quan i y’: o
commi he se en h (commandmen ); he se en wonde s o he wo ld.
O he quan i a i es o he op en, s a ing wi h ou , especially i e, six,
and nine, demons a e low ph asemic- o ming ac i i y, modelling in eg al
g ada ional semes in he ph asemic con ex , in pa icula , ‘o an inexac amoun
(many)’: a s i ch in ime sa es nine.
The quan i a i e ou in he ph asemic con ex p ese es he in eg al seme
o ‘p ecise quan i y’, ac ualizing i by cosmogonic ideas abou he ou co ne s
o he ea h, he ou elemen s, e c., in which he eal exac meaning o i s
symbolic pe cep ion is p ese ed.
A su ey o he selec ed ph asemes wi h quan i a i es con aining he numbe s
i e and six shows hei low ac i i y, whe e hey end o e ain a connec ion wi h
he p ecise quan i y. The numbe i e in he ph asemic con ex is associa ed
wi h he symbolism o he hand – he i e ( i e inge s, one’s hand). The
iden i ica ion o his numbe wi h he hand is he mo i a ional basis o he
ph aseme o gi e smb. i e, meaning a handshake. The numbe six ealizes i s
quan i a i e seman ics wi h he help o he o dinal nume al six h in he ph ase
six h sense, which is used o deno e he heigh ened supe sensual pe sonal abili y
o in ui i ely pe cei e and guess some hing (as an addi ion o he i e senses).
As o he quan i a i e nine, i s ph asemic- o ming ac i i y is low and is
mainly associa ed wi h he ac ualiza ion o he g ada ional seme, o example, he
ph aseme ca s ha e nine li es means a high deg ee o he ea u e exp ession and
symbolically emphasizes ex ao dina y i al endu ance o ca s. The g ada ional
seme ‘ o show excep ional skills’ is also modelled in o he ph asemic signs such
as o be on cloud nine; o ouch i o o he nines.
Among a ious ac i i ies o he numbe s o he i s en (quan i a i e and
o dinal nume als ha se e as quan i a i e componen s in ph asemic o ma ion),
a his s age o he s udy, no examples wi h he numbe eigh we e ound in he
selec ed ma e ial. Ne e heless, he ma e ial sampling con inues.
SERHII VASKO
268 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
CONCLUSIONS
To summa ize, we no e ha quan i a i es o English a e symbolic signs ha
encode logical, ma hema ical, and nai e comp ehension o he wo ld based
on he p ocedu es o coun ing, quan i y, and measu emen . Fo he sphe e
o na ional cul u e and nai e linguis ic consciousness, such ope a ions can be
ansmi ed h ough he igu a i e e hinking o i a ional p ope ies o an objec ,
subjec , subs ance, space, e c. in ph asemes wi h a quan i a i e componen o
seman ics.
The esul s o he s udy show ha unc ioning o quan i a i es in he
ph asemes o English and hei seman ic s uc u e a e subjec o a ious changes:
seman ic de i a ion, seman ic ansposi ion, and seman ic modula ion. The
la e is ela ed o he mechanisms o ea angemen seman ic componen s in
he seman ic s uc u e o quan i a i es – om a chisemes o g ada ional semes.
In he p ocess o analyzing modula ion o he seman ic composi ion o
quan i a i es in he ph asemes o English, i has been es ablished ha he
ansi ional limi o his phenomenon is he changes whe e he a chiseme is
ealized in a leas one ea u e (in eg al, di e en ial o g ada ional) o he main
meaning o he quan i a i e o i s LSV. I has been p o ed ha he ph asemic-
o ming ac i i y o quan i a i es, which is ac ualized by in a- and ex a-
linguis ic ac o s, di ec ly a ec s he s a i ica ion o hei seman ic s uc u e
and, as a consequence, edis ibu ion o i s seman ic componen s.
LEXICOGRAPHIC SOURCES
POAD – Pocke Ox o d Ame ican Dic iona y, Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2008.
ODOEE – Ox o d Dic iona y o English E hymology, Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1966.
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Kiekybinių odiklių seminės kompozicijos
moduliacijos anglų kalbos azėse (analizės
me odinės p ak ikos)
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnyje p is a oma speciali in a ian ų- a ian ų me odika, ski a anglų kalbos kieky-
binių žodžių seman inių pokyčių, ku iuos jie pa i ia eikiami azeminio kon eks o, ana-
lizei. Seman iniai kiekybinių žodžių pokyčiai angliškose azėse a spindi okį p ocesą kaip
seman inė moduliacija, ku i siejama su seman inių komponen ų pe g upa imo kiekybinėse
eikšmėse mechanizmais: nuo a chisemų iki g adacinių semų.
P adiniame specialiosios me odikos kū imo e ape au oma izuo ai (naudojan kompiu e-
inę p og amą „Ac oba Reade “) bu o a enkami anglų kalbos kiekybiniai odikliai (skai-
čių pa adinimai, p ie aisų pa adinimai, ma a imo iene ų pa adinimai, skai a džiai, į a -
džiai, daik a a džiai, p ie eiksmiai i k . su skaičia imo, kiekio i ma a imo seman ika) iš

SERHII VASKO
272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
elek oninių aiškinamųjų žodynų su ėlesne jų eikšmių i angl. LSV ( azeologiškai susie-
os eikšmės) analize. An ajame e ape bu o ęsiama au oma izuo a azių, u inčių kiekybi-
nį seman ikos komponen ą, paieška elek oniniuose azeologijos šal iniuose i iden i ikuo i
azemas o muojan ys i in p oduk y ūs, mažai p oduk y ūs, ku ie ik ka ais daly auja
azeminėje da yboje, aip pa i isai nep oduk y ūs kiekybiniai iene ai.
Remian is konk ečia ak ine medžiaga į ody as naujos me odologinės p ak ikos
in a ian ų- a ian ų požiū io aikymo kiekybės seman inei moduliacijai i i – nuo a chise-
mos, kaip kiekybinės eikšmės in a ian o, iki in eg alinės, di e encinės i g adacinės semos
plė ojimo leksiniuose i seman iniuose a ian uose – e ek y umas.
Da oma iš ada, kad kiekybinių žodžių azės o ma imo p ocesas, ku į ak ualizuoja i-
diniai kalbos i nekalbiniai eiksniai, iesiogiai eikia jų seman inės s uk ū os s a i ikaciją,
aigi i jos seman inių komponen ų pe si a kymą.
Į eik a 2024 m. ko o 14 d.
SERHII VASKO
Kyi Na ional Linguis ic Uni e si y
73, Velyka Vasylki ska S .
03150, Uk aine, Kyi
se hii. [email protected]