S aipsniai / A icles 227
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0001-8510-9037 Resea ch a eas
include lexicology and lexicog aphy.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
So ie o Li huania
The Mode ni y o he Wo ld
The ideology o he TAPATYB
The na a i e ex
The Image o So ie Li huania in he Co pus
o he Ideological Na a i e o he Mode n
Iden i y and
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle, based on he da a o he ex o he ideological na a i e o he Mode n Iden i y,
p o ides an o e iew o he So ie Li huanian image y in he newspape s "Tiesos" o 1945,
"Komjaunimo" o 1956 and "Tiesos" o 1962, how much u h is in ha image y, and how much
dis o ed o e en cons uc ed new eali y o he p opagandis s, how he publicis ex s o
ha ime ( e) cons uc So ie Li huania. A e 798 illus a ions men ioning Li huania,
seman ic analysis shows ha he So ie p ess ied o c ea e an ex emely posi i e idealized
pic u e o Li huania, which included he ollowing main aspec s: he blackening o he nea pas
(sme onine, bou geois Li huania) and i s cha ac e s, he highligh ing o he b igh So ie
p esen , he naming o he coun y's economic, cul u al and o he achie emen s, he iends,
in e nal and ex e nal enemies. In he idealis ic p ess s o y abou Li huania, s anda d
So ie -e a p opaganda clichés a e used, he li e o he "happy" people o he "happy" So ie
sys em o he coun y is d awn in an ele a ed s yle. Seman ic analysis o he sen ences
selec ed o he s udy shows ha he So ie ideological p ess e lec ed he o icial
simulac um o Li huanian ideals in a kind o c ooked mi o , bu he eali y was comple ely
di e en , so we see a clea gap be ween wha he o icial So ie p ess imagined and wha
ac ually exis ed in he daily pic u e.
ESMINIAI WORDS: he image, he So ie -e a Li huania, he wo d "Li huania", he ex
o he ideological na a i e o he iden i y o mode ni y, he seman ics.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica 228 Li huanica XC is he i s o i s kind in he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle looks in o he image o So ie Li huania ha can be pieced oge he om he
ma e ial p in ed in he "Tiesa" om 1945 and 1962 and in he "Komjaunimo iesa" con ains
om 1956–1957, how much u h and how much dis o ed o e en new eali y cons uc ed
by p opaganda a is s he e is in ha image, and how jou nalis ex s om he pe iod
( e)cons uc so ie Li huania – all ha in eliance o he da a om he Co pus o he
Ideological Na a i e o he Mode n Iden i y. Seman ic analysis o 798 illus a ions ha
men ions o Li huania has shown ha he So ie p ess ied o p ojec a highly posi i e pic u e
o a pe ec Li huania, which co e ed he ollowing key aspec s: denig a ion o he ecen pas
(Li huania unde Sme ona, bou geois Li huania) and i s ac o s; emphasis o he b igh so ie
p esen ; celeb a ion o he coun y's economic, cul u al, and o he achie emen s; Iden i ica ion
o speci ic iends, in e nal and ex e nal enemies. The idealis ic p ess na a i e abou Li huania
employs s anda d clichés o So ie p opaganda, exul an ly po aying he li e o ‘happy people
om a ‘happy coun y in he So ie sys em. Seman ic analysis o he sen ences selec ed o
he s udy has shown ha , jus like a dis o ing mi o , he So ie ideological p ess also
e lec ed he o icial simulac um o an ideal Li huania, ye depic ed in he o icial So ie p ess
he eali y was comple ely di e en ; he e o e, we can see a clea gap be ween wha was
and he ue image o he gloomy eali y. KEYWORDS: image, So ie Li huania, he wo d
[…]Li huania[…], he co pus o he ideological na a i e o he mode n iden i y, seman ics.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The Ins i u e o Li huanian Language has been collec ing he ex o he ideological
na a i e o mode n iden i y (MTINT) since 2018. This is a da abase o publica ions
om 1928 o 1998, e lec ing mainly he economic and poli ical con ex o he ime.
Based on he da a o his ex , linguis ic discou se, a ious image y and o he s udies
can be ca ied ou . A sea ch o his ex in So ie -e a ex s (Tiesos in 1945,
Komjaunimo in 1957, Komjaunimo in 1956 and Tieso in 1962 newspape s) ound 798
illus a ions men ioning Li huania: 331 o hem in he Tieso o You h and 467 in
Komjaunimo. The sea ch was ca ied ou by sea ching no only o all o ms o he
wo d "Li huania", bu also o he abb e ia ion LTSR (pas o aji eks yne was used
only 9 imes). The main o gan o he Bolshe ik Pa y, which was he leade o he
me o o iciozas „Tiesa“. 1945 m. iename iš nume ių aiškiai išdės oma, kokią
į aką šiam laik aščiui da ė anuo me u Rusijoje leis a „P a da“: „P a da“, kaip
Bolshe ik Pa y, sp ead a lo o p opaganda, and he p ess o he Li huanian wo king
people, he Li huanian communis s, has always been an example. [...] Du ing he
Pa io ic Wa , he wo ke s o he So ie Li huanian p ess lea ned om he "T u h"
o ins ill in he wo king people ha ed o he Ge man ascis g a es, lo e o hei
A icles by A icles 229
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
homeland and de e mina ion o igh o i s eedom and independence (Tiesa, 1945-09).
The Li huanian Communis Pa y's Cen al Commi ee hopes ha he jou nalis s o
he p ess, ollowing he glo ious adi ions o he So ie "T u h", will use all he
y a e s i iš usų kalbos – lie u iškuose sakiniuose ap inkama pažodinio e i-
mo, aps u sin aksės i ki okių klaidų. Tai, kad uome inė „Tiesa“ bu o s ip us
ideological weapons o he newspape , he adio, he adio, all he media, all he media,
all he media, all he media, all he media, all he media, all he media, all he media, all he
media, all he media, all he media, all he media, all he media, all he media, all he media,
all he media.
Selec So ie ex s consciously and accu a ely o seman ic esea ch. In he
na a i e o he his o y o hese days, he So ie e a in Li huania, as in o he
Bal ic coun ies, has so a been in e p e ed in a s ic ly nega i e way as a
o eign occupa ion, which has in e up ed he de elopmen o "no mal" socie y
and s a ehood, o which only he es o a ion o independence e u ns
(Nikžen ai is 2013: 526), bu in his con ex i is a ac ual pa o Li huanian his o y,
"new cul u al con ex , obsole e and ans o med, ouching e e yone's wo ld,
alues, hings, ela ions, his o y". Acco ding o sociologis s, i is necessa y o
pe cei e i by hinking abou i , no by ejec ing i as a s ange . I is no possible
o a i icially exclude his pe iod om he pas (memo ies), bu on he con a y, i
is necessa y o p o ide an analy ical c i ical analysis o his me apho (Leina ė,
Žilinskienė, K aniauskienė, Šu inienė, Gečienė 2014: 61), o explo e he u u e o
explo e he pas in he o m o images (Š edas 2009: 27). So So ie ism is no only a
his o ical bu also a cul u al concep ha can be analyzed in i s mos di e se
aspec s - his o ical, social, an h opological, e hnological, linguis ic, e c.
A ha ime, "all a ailable p opaganda ools o he ime - he p ess, ele ision,
adio, school ex books, o ced lec u es, ic ion, li e a u e, and publici y - we e
used o sp ead So ie ideology" (Leina ė 2022: 278). Thus, he pu pose o his
a icle is o look a he seman ic analysis o he wo ds o he selec ed So ie
p opaganda p ess a e he linguis ic s udy, wha he image o So ie Li huania
is in he p ess o ha ime, how much u h he e is in i , and how dis o ed o
e en newly cons uc ed eali ies o he p opagandis s, how he publicis ex s
o ha ime ( e)cons uc So ie Li huania. The analysis o sen ences in a isual
kan , „p asib o us p o ideologinę i poli inę ankmę i paž elgus į ją k i iškai,
galima ap ik i s a bių, am laiko a piui būdingų ak ų“ (Čepai ienė 2013: 555).
Siekian šio ikslo keliami okie užda iniai: 1) a lik i seman inę y imui su ink-
way; 2) o e eal he main ea u es o he image o So ie Li huania
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
230 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC he ea u es a e highligh ed; 3) o show wha
linguis ic means we e used in he So ie p ess o sp ead he p opaganda " u h". The
e m "image" is unde s ood he e in a na owe sense han "s e eo ype" o "concep ,"
i.e. a men al image o an ea lie pe cep ion o expe ience ha is hidden in he human
consciousness. The me hods used in he s udy a e desc ip i e analy ical, as well as
seman ic and s ylis ic sen ence analysis. When s udying Li huanian image y, one looks a
he ela ionships be ween wo ds in he conjunc ion and he sen ence, wha is he
seman ic, lexical and syn ac ic connec ion o a wo d in he b oad sense. The seman ics
o he Li huanian igu a i e y us o an ac ual wo d o combina ion o wo ds and he
analizė a lik a de inan s uk ū inį i kogni y inį požiū į į seman iką, . y. iš-
ela ionships wi h o he wo ds a e iewed, wha meaning is c ea ed by he whole
sen ence. Analysis o linguis ic So ie ex s in Li huanian dialec is e y lacking,
al hough he pe iod i sel in he las decades has been pa icula ly ac i ely analyzed by
his o ians, li e a y schola s, sociologis s and specialis s in o he ields. In addi ion, he
au ho has w i en a numbe o books on he his o y o he So ie Union, such as The
His o y o he So ie Union in Sweden (2009), The Li huanian Ac o s o he Time (1994), The
Adap a ion and Resis ance o he So ie s (2007), The Men ali y o he People (2012), The
So ie iza ion o Li huania (2018), The So ie iza ion o he Na ion (2013), and The
Libe a ion o Li huania (2014). The So ie Union's policy o economic and social in eg a ion
in he So ie Union, as well as he So ie Union's policy o economic and social in eg a ion
in he So ie Union, a e discussed in a numbe o a icles, including he a icle "The
So ie Union's policy o economic and social in eg a ion in he So ie Union."
E hnologis s del e in o how he holidays we e celeb a ed a ha ime (Čepai ienė 2013;
Paukš y ė-Šaknienė 2016: 931). So ie ism is also a he o e on o li e a y
esea che s: he genesis o So ie -e a Li huanian li e a u e, he aes he ic and cul u al
imes o his pe iod a e desc ibed in de ail (Sa kausky ė 2015), he amily image and
cul u al de elopmen o So ie -e a Li huanian socie y a e analyzed (Sabonis 1992). O
cou se, his is jus pa o he s o y, bu he e's a lo mo e o he s o y han ha .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ių li e a ū os eiškiniai i są okos (Kalėda, Kmi a, Sa kausky ė 2019), ap a a
li e a ū oje (Jakony ė-K eda ienė 2015), iš i a so ie inės cenzū os is o iog a-
ija (Sėdai y ė 2017: 84–102), ap ašy a, kokį po eikį ano me o cenzū a da ė
A icles o he T ea y
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
In ac , he e's been an unp eceden ed amoun o esea ch, and he e's no doub
ha we'll ha e mo e esea ch like his in he u u e. I is hoped ha he
linguis ic analysis o So ie -e a Li huania's image y will complemen he
So ie -e a esea ch ield and will be aluable and in e es ing no only o
philologis s, bu also o his o ians, sociologis s, cul u al expe s and specialis s in o he ields.
1. he bou geois igh
This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he Commission's p oposal.
The examples selec ed o he s udy show ha one o he goals o he ideological
p ess was o beli le and blacken bou geois Li huania as much as possible: o
"demons a e he na ionalis he o ic abou bou geois Li huania's
"independence", o emind ha " he bou geois Li huanian s a ehood was helpless
and weak" and ha "opposing Li huania did no ha e any eal eedom, Li huanian
independence was only po e y and po e y" (Tiesa, 1945-12). A he same ime, i
p o ided he capi alis s and banke s wi h he wides possible scope o plunde .
(T u h, 1945-12) How can we be su e o his?
2) The whole o he wo king Li huania was co e ed wi h na ionalis sla e y, he
coun y was co e ed wi h a hick og, ba hed in blood, ea s... (Communis
Cou , 1956-12).
3) How can you no emembe he Li huanian illage s who ough agains he a my?
They made a lo o bu e , and hey u ned hemsel es in o a my h, hey made
ba ley dough wi h milk (Tiesa, 1962-12). Such examples show how So ie ideologues
used igu a i e wo ds and me apho s ( he "swallowing", he " e ge's is ", he
"p aga i's da kness" and he "pan" o ge id o he bou geois pas , o c ush i .
Public space was used o e ase, eplace, legi imize he his o ical pas , and c ea e
b igh isions o he communis u u e o he new o de (Lankauskas 2006: 51 […]52).
In he newspape s o he ime, he achie emen s o he high So ie Union we e
o en compa ed wi h he indica o s o he p e-wa Li huania: 4) In he yea s o he
So ie o de , despi e he wa , he hea y wounds in lic ed on ou people's economy, a
powe ul socialis indus y was c ea ed in Li huania, he p oduc ion o which was
al eady almos six imes highe han he p e-wa p oduc ion le el. A whole se ies o
new indus ies ha did no exis be o e we e c ea ed in Li huania (Communi y
Cou , 1957-06).
Compa ing So ie -e a Li huania wi h bou geois Li huania, he ied o
emphasize wha an uneduca ed, backwa d, da k Li huania i was a ha ime
( he ule s had no combine, he you h did no ha e he condi ions o s udy in high schools, e c.):

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
5) Šiuo me u espublikos žemės ūkyje y a daugiau kaip 16 ūks ančių ak o ių,
coun ing o 15. Un il 1940, he e we e only a housand ac o s in Li huania. The
Li huanian ci izen had no idea abou he combine ha es e . This clea ly
indica es he changes ha ook place in he epublic du ing he yea s o he
So ie sys em wi h he mechaniza ion o ag icul u al p oduc ion (Communis
Cou , 1957-03). 6) Su ice i o ecall ha he e a e now abou six imes as
many young people s udying in he highe educa ion ins i u ions o he
Li huanian SSR as in he las yea s o bou geois ule in Li huania (Communi y
Nemažai dėmesio o me o ideologijoje i spaudoje bu o ski iama bu žuazi-
nės Lie u os eikėjams: jie isaip menkin i, žemin i, u ingesnieji ūkininkai
You h Cou , 1956-12). The so-called "gua dians" and "pa io s" o he na ion -
he "gua dians" and "bou geois" na ionalis s, he "ou side s" o he
Li huanian na ion, he "picke s" o he Li huanian na ion, e c. 7) He e a e he
bandi ical means by which he ascis s wan ed o c ea e he illusion o he
elec ion o he "p esiden " Sme onas in he Li huanian budge (Tiesa, 1945-12). 8)
The Ge man occupie s and hei successo s [...], leeing om Li huania, le
hei agen s […] Li huanian Ge man na ionalis s he e. These Li huanian na ions,
wiped ou by people's killings, loo ing, bu ning o a ms, wan o hinde he wo k o he Council o Li huania's econs uc ion (Tiesa, 1945-06).
In he main Li huanian o ice o "T u h", no only he so-called "buožės", bu
also he en i e "bužinė bu žuazinė Lie u a" was educed o ubble: 9) Buožė
Gaidama ičius (Bajo ų kaimas, Žel os alsčius) in he bou geois illage in
Li huania exploi ed his neighbo s o a long ime, swea ing blood om hem.
Du ing he Ge man occupa ion, his sewe aised i s head in a special way
1945-03).
(Tiesa, 10) Bužinė bu žuazinė Lie u a was a pa adise o sewe s, landlo ds,
specula o s, exploi e s, sme onians, big ule s, bu a hell o wo ke s and
peasan s. On he bloody swea o he wo king people in he ci ies g ew he
palaces o he ich, bu he wo ke and he s a esman su e ed in he da k
and di y uins (Tiesa, 1945-07).
2. So ie Li huanian Enemies and F iends
Ty imui a ink ų sakinių analizė odo, kad po ka o Lie u a u ėjo du s a -
The main enemies: wi hin he coun y, he suppo e s and de ende s o he So ie
powe had o igh he e i ying "bou geois na ionalis s", and he main ex e nal
enemy was Hi le 's Ge many.
A icles by A icles 233
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
2.1. Vidaus p iešai
So ie inės Lie u os pikčiausiais p iešais uo me u aiškiai į a dijami „lie u iš-
when he Ge man na ionalis s, he na ionalis bandi s, agains whom he
communis s and he whole Li huanian na ion ha e o igh : 11) The ask o e e y
Li huanian wo ke is o e adica e as soon as possible he emnan s o he
Li huanian bou geois na ionalis s and hei bandi gangs (Tiesa, 1945-06). 12)
Li huanian wo ke s ocused e en mo e closely on he Communis Pa y and he
So ie go e nmen , suppo ed all hei measu es in he igh agains he bandi
unde g ound. Li huanian peasan s, all wo king people became mo e and mo e
de e mined o igh agains he na ionalis bandi s, un il hose bandi s we e
inally c ushed
(Komjaunimo iesa, 1957-06).
The Li huanian pa isans o he pos -wa pe iod a e po ayed as comple ely
opposed o he So ie he o (communis s, people's de ende s, e c.); They a e
in e nal enemies, emnan s o he pas , because hey canno adap o he new
So ie o de and y o li e by he old one (Pu inai ė 2007: 113).
2.2. Ou side Enemies
Sho ly a e he occupa ion, he So ie p ess esponded e y un a o ably o
Ge many. The mos equen ly denounced and c i icized a e Hi le 's Ge many,
which c ushed Li huania wi h he ne wo ks o ascism, he Ge man massac es
ha con ibu ed o he ag icul u al economy o he Zais, he enc oachmen on
he cul u e o he Li huanian people, he mu de o abou hal a million people in
Li huania (Tiesa 1945-03) and so on. The ep esen a i es o Hi le 's Ge many, called
he Hi le i e ba ba ians, he ascis s, he Hi le i e beas s, he Hi le i e
mu de e s, he peasan s, he bandi s, e c., hey e o ized, plunde ed and
des oyed ou coun y: mo e han 400 housand Li huanian So ie ci izens o all
dė i nukankino hi le iniai žmogžudžiai Lie u oje (Tiesa, 1945-07).
14) Mūsų pa io ės palaikė yšius su pa izanais, pačios apsiginkla usios ėjo į
na ionali ies […] Li huanians, Jews, Russians, Poles […] and abou 160 housand
So ie p isone s o wa we e killed in o de o des oy he ascis beas s, he
So ie s, all hei b o he s and sis e s [...] Public p opaganda ins illed in he
Li huanian popula ion he idea ha some capi alis coun ies a e also no e y
iendly o ou coun y, some imes hei inhabi an s e en ha m us, and Li huania ies o en y such s a es o e en
aplenk i:
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
234 o he Li huanian Language Ac XC
15) When, a e he collapse o he So ie go e nmen , ood was sca ce in
Li huania o some ime, Ame ican businessmen did no miss he oppo uni y.
jie p adėjo siun inė i į Lie u ą neaiškios kokybės lašinius, aukus. Nemaža
žmonių, a odami šiuos p oduk us, apsinuodijo (Tiesa, 1962-09).
Unde he alleged "aid" p e ix (16) Tegu danai s ill signi ican ly ou pe o ms
Li huania in he ield o ishe ies, bu he pace o Li huanian ishe men is clea ly
as e (Tiesa, 1962-12). Thus, as can be seen om he sen ences being analyzed,
Li huania's ex e nal and in e nal enemies a e named clea ly and wi hou any
ambigui y. Li huania is igh ing i s in e nal enemies, he g ea es ex e nal enemy
- Hi le 's Ge many - is also being ough , un iendly capi alis s a es a e being
despised o a emp ed o o e ake hei economic achie emen s and e en su pass hem.
2.3. F iends o he So ie s in Li huania
In he i s pos -wa yea s, Li huania's main enemies, namely Ge many, Russia, and
la e he So ie Union, we e desc ibed as he gua dians o Li huania's secu i y and
eedom, c ea ing an oppo uni y o Li huania o g ow and p ospe : only in he
So ie sys em did he Li huanian na ion acqui e i s ue eedom, o he i s
ime gaining he possibili y o uni ing all i s lands in o one Li huanian Socialis
Republic, om he old Vilnius o Klaipėda ( he Cou o he So ie Union, he
1957-03).
So ie s acqui ed hei independence in Li huania). The Council o Li huania is a
so e eign s a e (Tiesa, 1945-12). 19) The So ie sys em in Li huania, e ealing o ou
coun y g ea possibili ies o economic and cul u al p ospe i y, hus cons i u ed
he mos sui able p e equisi e o he g ow h and imp o emen o ou
in elligen sia, so ha hei ui ul wo k would go o he bene i o hei coun y,
he So ie Fa he land (Tiesa, 1945-07). A he same ime, he p ess was cons an ly
eminded ha by be iending and coope a ing wi h he peoples o he So ie Union,
Li huania ecei ed a lo o help and suppo om hem:
In addi ion, he plan was also used o p oduce spa e pa s o Li huanian
ag icul u al machine y o ac o - aile s a ions (Communi y Cou , 1956-03).
21) Uk ainians send g ea ac o s o ou ields, supply us wi h a ious
indus ial goods […] Li huanian you h en husias ically wen o he Council o
Uk aine o dig new mines, build new highways... (Communi y Cou , 1957-03).
S aipsniai / A icles 235
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
22) The Council o Li huania also ecei es om he b o he ly epublics e e y
daug mine alinių ąšų ( en pa ).
yea . O cou se, Li huania's bes and mos us ed iend is he b o he ly
Russian na ion. In he p opaganda discou se, he e was cons an alk o he
e e nal, unb eakable iendship be ween he Li huanian and Russian peoples:
23) The g ea Russian na ion sen Li huania me al, i on, machine y, building
ma e ials - e e y hing ha was needed no only o es o e, bu also o speed
up he p og ess o he Li huanian TSR people's a m (Communi y You h
Cou , 1956-03). We a e g a e ul o he sal a ion o Li huania o all he
b o he ly peoples o ou coun y, i s o all o he g ea Russian na ion,
which made he mos sac i ices in he s uggle agains he Hi le gangs, which ca ied ou he g ea es ea s in he Pa io ic Wa
(Komjaunimo iesa, 1957-06).
In o de o glo i y he b o he ly Sla ic peoples, especially he Russians, he
his o y o Li huania was ca e ully ecalled:
25) The g ea es ba le in Li huanian his o y wi h he Ge man c usade s in 1410
a Žalgi iu was won because he Li huanians came o he aid o ou b o he ly
Sla ic peoples, he i s line o he Russian people (Tiesa, 1945-03). 26) Th oughou
his wen y- ou yea s as a p ince, Gediminas ough wi hou esis ance agains
he Ge man Shun knigh s, om hese wa s Li huania in union wi h he Russians,
Uk ainians and Bal a ians eme ged ic o ious (a he same ime). I is
emphasized ha iendly ela ions a e main ained wi h o he socialis
coun ies:
27) And he Academy o Sciences o he Li huanian SSR has es ablished
close ela ions wi h he Chinese Academy o Sciences and o he
scien i ic ins i u es [...] (Communi y Cou , 1956-09).
28) F iends o he Poles exp essed hei desi e o o ganize an exhibi ion o
pain ings by Li huanian pain e s in Poland, which a e now exhibi ed in he
Dailės Museum o he Li huanian SSR, in o de o sys ema ically exchange
new wo ks o music and li e a u e (Communi y Cou , 1956-08).
3. A New Con o e sy in he His o y o he Wo ld
Analysis o selec ed examples shows ha one o he goals o o ali a ian So ie
ideology is o cons an ly explain in he p ess ha Li huania olun a ily joined he
Union o B o he ly Republics, Li huania, like o he Bal ic s a es, was no occupied
bu "libe a ed" by he Red A my a he end o Wo ld Wa II:
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica XC on he inc ease o p oduc ion, he imp o emen
o he quali y o p oduc s, he educ ion o hei cos and on he ac ha
. .:
58) Pi mieji a ga siai, gaunami iš mūsų espublikos kolūkių, a ybinių ūkių, kal-
Li huanian ag icul u al wo ke s a e eady o ac i ely pa icipa e in he
na ional s uggle o a new ise in ag icul u al p oduc ion, o pu hei pa
o he wo k in o he ealiza ion o he se ask (Cou o Communi ies, TSKP
1957-06).
59) Visų espublikos kolūkių i a ybinių ūkių ga bės eikalas u i bū i pa-
sek i pa io iniu p iešakinio kolūkio „Kelias į komunizmą” pa yzdžiu i į
Cen o Commi ee, o espond o his in i a ion o igh o he achie emen
o high indica o s o li es ock p oduc ion in Li huania)
(same)
And al hough he p ess demons a ed an ac i e and un elen ing s uggle, in eal
li e a ha ime he e was a lo o s agna ion, aliena ion, in ellec ual s agna ion
and emp iness, no o no hing did he esea che s o ha ime call he la e
So ie Li huanian socie y a moun ain, a meaningless ial o he common man.
2014: 16).
P opaganda cons an ly emphasized he impo ance o s eng hening he wo k
and mo al educa ion o he So ie Li huanian by using he example o he
in elligen sia, communis s and communis s:
60) In he esolu ion o he Cen al Commi ee o he Communis Pa y o
Li huania i is no ed ha indi idual communis s, communis s hemsel es do no
se an example o indus iousness, hei beha iou some imes does no mee he
equi emen s o he mo al code o he builde o communism. The e a e s ill
people in he neighbo hood who a oid communi y se ice (Tiesa, 1962-09). 61) The
ask o he Li huanian in elligen sia is o make he wides possible use o all he
possibili ies o e ed by he So ie powe , o c ea e a cul u e, na ional in o m,
socialis in con en , o aise he wo king people o Li huania in he spi i o he
iendship o he peoples o Lenin's S alinism, o os e lo e o hei So ie
1945-12).
Fa he land, o he b o he ly So ie peoples, i s o all o he Russian people
[...] (Thus, al hough he So ie p ess cons an ly eminded he scou s, a happy and
happy pe son is a Li huanian So ie , bu wha was di e en , because i was no
necessa y o be a membe o he So ie people, and he e was no happiness). I is
no o no hing ha schola s a gue ha he So ie e a is bes desc ibed by he
concep o he dualism o li e […]4), […] he di e ences be ween he public, o icial
and p i a e le els[…] (Čepai ienė 2013: 55 in o he wo ds, he appa en duali y o
p ac ices: he canon

S aipsniai / A icles 243
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
co esponding i ual beha iou and "no mal li e" unde he guise
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
7.P opaganda o he T u h
P opaganda in he So ie p ess used he e ms o kinship: Li huanian ci izens
called daugh e s and sons, he people o he So ie Union […] b o he ly amily,
Russia […] elde , elde b o he , e c. 62) Candida es o local depu ies o he
Council o Minis e s o Li huania
iausius sa o sūnus i duk as, į odžiusius be ibį a sida imą komunizmo ei-
kalui (Komjaunimo iesa, 1957-03).
63) The whole a e nal amily is wa ching wi h g ea in e es and a ec ion he
de elopmen and p ospe i y o Es onia, Li huania and La ia. Ou b o he s and
sis e s, especially my olde b o he , help us whe e e and whene e we can. -
Ti us 2:23-25. The au ho s o he p opaganda a icles used many compa isons and
epi he s, Li huania was called sh ewd, glo ious, expensi e, e c. 64) The memo y
o he Ge man oops will ise again om he ashes, like a sun lowe o he sun
1945-03).
(Tiesa, 65) Du ing he occupa ion, he Ge man colonis s, like hung y
g asshoppe s, sailed o Li huania and ushed o he housands o Li huanian
wo ke s in he coun yside, locking he wo ke s in hei union.
Communism, b o he ly iendship o peoples o be named and e lec ed,
achie emen s o be highligh ed wi h widely used me apho s: 66) The wo king
people o Li huania a e cons an ly s eng hening ou p ecious Mo he land […]
he o ess o peace and iendship o peoples h oughou he wo ld wi h
hei dedica ed wo k. The Li huanian na ion is ce ain o i s u u e. Toge he
wi h all he a e nal peoples o ou mul i-e hnic So ie Fa he land, i is
building a b igh house o communism (Communis Union Cou , 1957-03).
67) This b oad So ie public en ance in o he amily o So ie na ions and he So ie
(Tiesa, Li huania, 1945-09) This a icle is pa o a se ies on he Bible.
68) The ligh o science and cul u e is sp eading mo e widely in he ci ies o he Council o Li huania and
kaimuose (Komjaunimo iesa, 1957-03).
7 To his day, Li huanians hemsel es ha e a con adic o y iew o he So ie e a in he public sphe e:
bo h he unapologe ic igno ance o he So ie e a and nos algia o he So ie pas a e eco ded
(Čepai ienė 2007: 36[…]50). Pe haps one o he many easons why he idealis ic image o So ie Li huania
has endu ed o decades o p opaganda.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
244 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
O iciali so ie inė p opaganda daug dėmesio sky ė į ai iems a a e iniams
šūkiams:
69) The wo k o he Council o he People's Republic o Li huania con inues! Long
li e he Council o Li huania! The Lenin-S alin Pa y is he o ganize and inspi e
o he g ea achie emen s o ou Fa he land (T u h, 1945-03)! 70) We will make
e e y e o o ensu e ha he agedy o Pi ciupia is ne e epea ed and ha
peace is p ese ed. Long li e he Council o Li huania! The Council o he Union
(Communi y Cou , 1957-06)! A ha ime, he ex s we e ull o pa he ic, So ie
clichés: 71) Li huania's eedom was b ough by soldie s who spoke di e en
languages, bu whose hea s, he hea s o So ie pa io s, we e in hei hea s
o igh o hei coun y's happiness. Thanks o he soldie s who escued hem,
ienas ikslas, nu ody as Lenino – S alino pa ijos, – pasiaukojančiai mylė i
he hea o he Li huanian people's day in he Council o he Red A my, which
in e ened in he es o a ion o he des oyed people's a m o he Ge man
hos ages, was illed wi h g a i ude. Cons an ly epea ed clichés acqui e he
1945-07).
s a us o na u alness and no mali y. Clichés a e so deeply ing ained in people's
consciousness ha hey a e o en accep ed wi hou e en hinking abou hem;
hey shape hinking and a i udes, g adually p epa ing people o hink, speak, eel
and ac in a ce ain di ec ion.
1979: 4, 10).
Abs ac s o e bs a e o en used, and some syn ac ic cons uc ions
indica e ha some o hese p opaganda ex s we e ansla ed om
Russian:
72) The whole se ies o e olu ions ha ook place in he Li huanian a med
liucinių ka ei ių išs ojimų (Komjaunimo iesa, 1956-08).
73) Tame s eikinime sakoma, kad pa ijos Cen o Komi e as i Ta ybinė y iau-
o ces in 1905 and 1906 is undoub edly an example o he "Road o Communism"
collec i e, which shows how g ea he ese es a e o g ea ly inc ease he
p oduc ion o li es ock p oduc s, will be ollowed by all he Li huanian
epublics, as well as he o he Bal ic epublics and So ie a ms (Communis
You h Cou , 1957-06). 74) The you h o he Council o Li huania, he communis s
gijos, jėgų, jie įneš sa o s a ų indėlį į bend ą eikalą, nes jie i ai įsi ikinę,
jog sėkmingas šeš ojo penkmečio planų įgy endinimas da labiau pakels a-
do no enjoy he well-being o hei you h ul ene gy, ha his will be ano he
big s ep owa ds he communis omo ow (Cou o he Communis s, 1956-03).
A icles and a icles 245
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
75) Li huanian u al wo ke s will make new achie emen s in ag icul u e and
animal husband y, will sol e well and quickly he ask o inc easing he
p oduc ion o li es ock p oduc s (Communi y Cou , 1957-06).
The Appendices
The analysis o he collec ed examples shows ha e o s we e made in he So ie
p ess o c ea e an ex emely posi i e idealized Li huanian pain ing. Such pain ings
we e pa icula ly popula a he ime, because " he e lec ion o ac ual eali y in
So ie [...] li e a u e was conside ed a lack o unde s anding o he his o ical
p ocess, a lack o unde s anding o hidden essen ial ends" (Mažeikis 2010: 300). The
huge So ie p ess ci cula ion also had a g ea in luence on he consolida ion o
Li huania's ideal image. The image o Li huania's ideals c ea ed in he So ie p ess
included he ollowing main aspec s: he con emp o he dis an pas ( he
sme onic, bou geois Li huania), he blackening, as a coun e poin o his pe iod, he
aising o he ligh and beau i ul council p esen , he highligh ing o he coun y's
iends and enemies, he emphasis on he economic, cul u al and o he
achie emen s o he coun y. Reading he o icial publica ions o ha ime gi es
he imp ession ha a la ge pa o he Li huanian ci izens o ha ime had g own
up wi h he So ie sys em, li ed unde i s ideological p inciples and hough
acco ding o i s o med discou se9. Thus, he seman ic analysis o he sen ences
selec ed o he s udy shows ha he o icial simulac um o Li huanian ideals was
e lec ed in he So ie ideological p ess as i in a c ooked mi o 10 and i was only when we egained ou eedom ha we ealized ha his was he "pe e ed cha m o he So ie pa adise" (Pu inai ė 2007: 17).
IVADOS In oday's s udies o pos -socialism, his o ians, sociologis s, e hnologis s, and li e a y schola s
ocus mainly on he So ie pe iod, bu his his o ical pe iod is also impo an o linguis s. When
analyzing he ex s o he So ie -e a p ess, one mus always bea in mind he ac ha people li ed a
ha ime 8 The impo ance and in luence o he T u h in he li es o o dina y ci izens o he USSR is
shown by he ac ha he communis s om his newspape augh hei child en o ead (see
Aleksije ič 2016: 25). 9 When he a med esis ance was b oken, " he simples ins inc o he na ion's
sel -de ense o ced i o adap o he condi ions o he occupa ion egime" (B azauskas 2010: 92) 10
Simulac um […] an image ha c ea es a non-exis en eali y, elimina ing he di e ence be ween wha
is like a double se lemen : one […] publicly p essed p opaganda ha does no appea in his wo ld (see
Lubecka 2013: 92). To ali a ian ideology had pe mea ed he en i e p ess o ha ime. In he o icial
„ ik a“ i „ne ik a“, „ ealu“ i „įsi aizduojama“ (Baud illa d 2002: 9).
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
246 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
p opaganda p ess, an ex emely posi i e image o he Li huanian ideals o he So ie Union was
i palaikomas komunis inės ideologijos sukons uo as gy enimas, ki as – ie-
c ea ed. In his idealis ic s o y abou Li huania, he s anda d So ie -e a p opaganda clichés, e ms o
kinship, and he ele a ed s yle (me apho s, compa isons, epi he s) depic he li es o he people o he
"success ul" coun y o he "success ul" So ie sys em. The pic u e o ideal So ie Li huania is made
up o he ollowing main aspec s: unp eceden ed ligh o Li huania, p ospe i y o he new So ie
Li huania, highligh ing he coun y's iends and enemies, economic, cul u al and o he achie emen s. In
he p ess o he pos -wa yea s (especially in 1945 […]Tiesoje[…]) he ex e nal main enemy o Li huania
was clea ly named ascis Ge many, he in e nal bigges enemy […] bou geois na ionalis gangs, agains
which ie ce igh ing was ough . Acco ding o media ideologues, Li huania main ained a e nal
ela ions p ima ily wi h he g ea Russian na ion, as well as a s ong iendship wi h o he peoples o
olimos p aei ies juodinimas, „ amsiai“, „ a ganai“, „a silikusiai“ bu žuazinei
he So ie Union and socialis s a es. The Daugia i ažė So ie Li huanian p ess augh i s ci izens no
o be ashamed o hei eelings o he Red A my, which had "gi ed" Li huania wi h eedom, i s iend
S alin, he So ie Union and i s b o he ly peoples, especially he g ea Russian na ion. The p opaganda
p ess o ha ime openly demons a ed eelings o g a i ude, joy, lo e and so on. The so-called
"b igh " So ie u u e in he p opaganda p ess was c ea ed wi h special a en ion o wo king people.
I is an illusion ha in a socialis socie y Li huanians a e ull, happy, ee. Thanks o hem, Li huania
i sel was de eloping so apidly, so he p ess cons an ly emphasized how impo an i was o con inue
no only o ca y ou , bu also o exceed plans, obliga ions ( his was no conside ed an exploi a ion), o
ac i ely pa icipa e in he cons uc ion o communism, socialis li e and acing. The illus a i e
examples clea ly show ha he p opaganda sough o show how in ensi e, ac i e and p oduc i e he
li e o Li huanian wo king people was a ha ime. The ideological p ess ca ied ou a wide p opaganda
campaign, bu looking a he So ie p ess om oday's posi ions and knowing he his o y o he p ess,
and wha ac ually exis ed in he daily li e o Li huania.
iesą, ma ome aki aizdų a o ūkį a p o, ką aizda o i diegė o icialioji so ie i-
A icles and a icles 247
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
In addi ion, he Commission shall:
Alexie ich S e lana 2016: Time om he o he hand. Li e on he uins o socialism,
Vilnius: O he books.
Anuskas A ydas, edi ed by: 2004: Raid o esis ance and esis ance meBaud illa d
odai. – Pilie inis pasip iešinimas Lie u oje i Lenkijoje: sąsajos i ypa umai 1939–1956,
Vilnius: Lie u os gy en ojų genocido i ezis encijos y imo cen as.
Jean 2002: Simulac a and simula ion, Vilnius: Whi e lances. B azauskas Algi das 2010:
And hen we wo ked o Li huania, Vilnius: Books. The E hnog aphy o Li e: Places,
S uc u es, and Time. The changing Li huania in he 20 h cen u y, Vilnius: Ins i u e
o Li huanian His o y. Čepai ienė Rasa 2007: The memo y o he So ie e a […]
be ween ejec ion and nos algia. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is
a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: mokslozu nalai.lmaleidykla.l o a he publishing house 02435-716X2007/Li _036_050.pd .
Jakony ė-K eda ienė Lo e a 2015: Family image in So ie Li huanian li e a u e, Vilnius:
Ins i u e o Li huanian li e a u e and e hnog aphy. Yukne ičius S anislo as 2022:
A che ypal his o y o men ali ies: So ie Li huania, Vilnius: Li huanian Ins i u e o
Cul u al Resea ch. He is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Li huanian Academy o
Sciences. Kalėda Algis, Kmi a Riman as, Sa kausky ė Dalia 2019: Li huanian li e a u e o he
So ie e a. The Ins i u e o Li huanian Li e a u e and E hnog aphy in Vilnius. Ne enga's
2004 book, People o Today's His o y: Memo ies o he So ie E a and E e yday Expe iences
in Ru al Communi ies, is a g ea example o his. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o
supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. Dalia Kud ya se a and T ace ski Rokas: The Unknown Wa A med an i-So ie esis ance in Li huania in 1944-1953, Vilnius: Genocide and esis ance esea ch cen e o Li huania.
G. G. Lanko sky, On he senso y memo y o socialism Li huanian e hnology: s udies o social
an h opology and e hnology 6(15), 4772. Lau ina ičius Česlo as, scien i ic edi o , 2013: Epochas
jungian is nacionalizmas: he (de)cons uc ion o peoples be ween he So ie e a and he
pos -So ie e a in Li huania, Vilnius:
Ins i u e o he His o y o Li huania.
Leina Dalia 2022: The unplanned li e. So ie amily in Li huania, Vilnius:
The gold ish.
Leina ė Dalia, Žilinskienė Laima, K aniauskienė Sigi a, Šu inienė I ena, Gečienė
Ing ida 2014: The memo y o he So ie in he s o ies o his li e, Vilnius:
Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house.

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
248 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
Lubecka Anna 2013: Polish Ri ual Yea – a Re lec ion on Polish Cul u al Policy. –
Es onian and Poland: C ea i i y and T adi ion in Cul u al Communica ion 2: Pe spec i es
on Na ional and Regional Iden i y, edi ed by L. Laines e, D. B zozowska, W. Chłopicki, Ta u:
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Majewski-Gin awski 2010: P opaganda and symbolic hinking, Kaunas: Uni e si y o he
G ea Vy au as, Kaunas, Poland, published by he Uni e si y o he G ea Vy au as,
Kaunas, Poland, published by he Uni e si y o he G ea Vy au as. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: alpykla.elaba.l elaba- edo a://objec s/elaba:457526/da as eams/MAIN/con en .
MTINT […] Tex o he ideological na a i e o mode n iden i y: Con inued om he
nis moksliškai susis emin as duomenų inkinys, sud. V. Čižik-P okaše a, A. Gaidienė,
A. G i ėnienė, L. Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2018–
In e ne 2021 A ailable on he In e ne a : h p: publicis ikos- eks ynas.lki.l . Nikžen ai is
Al ydas, Sud., 2013: The poli ics o memo y and his o y in Li huania. […] Mul iple laye s o
memo y. The ci y, he s a e, he egion, Vilnius: Li huanian Ins i u e o His o y, 517[…]538.
Paukš y ė-Šaknienė Rasa 2016: Family and calenda celeb a ions in So ie
Li huania. Li huanian e hnology 16(25), 931.
Pocius Mindaugas, Sud., 2018: The So ie iza ion o Li huania in 1947-1953. Documen s
o he VKP(b)CK, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he His o y o Li huania. Pu ina Ne i is he
au ho o The Un ouchables: Adap a ion and Resis ance o he So ie s.
In Li huania, Vilnius: Aidai.
Ramona Ai ė 2013: Wha is he leng h o he So ie Union? The in luence o economic
s a us, social en i onmen and alues on he So ie […] an i-So ie di ide in
Li huania. I 's called sociology. Mind and ac ion 2 (33), 265 […] 285. Access o he In e ne : h ps: www.ceeol.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Sabonis A ydas, Sabonis S asys, ed., 1992: W i e and censo , Vilnius:
I 's a hie .
Sa kausky ė Dalia, ed., 2015: Be ween aes he ics and poli ics: Li huanian li e a u e in he
So ie pe iod. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Li e a u e and E hnog aphy. Sėdai y ė Edi a
2017: His o iog aphy o So ie censo ship: main esea ch di ec ions and concep s o
censo ship. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
Dell/Downloads/24603698.pd .
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In 2010, K is ina Šlia ai ė published a
book en i led Deindus ializa ion, Social Insecu i y and Su i al S a egies in he Pos -So ie
Space: The Visagino Case. Li huanian e hnology: s udies o social an h opology and e hnology
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S aipsniai / A icles 249
So ie inės Lie u os aizdinys Mode niosios apa ybės
ideologinio na a y o eks yne
Sex wi h a succubus, spi i ual phenomena, Sex wi h a succubus, spi i ual phenomena, Wes
Vi ginia I 's called sociology. Though and ac ion 1 (46), 728. I is a ailable on he In e ne a :
h ps: www.zu nalai. u.l sociology-min is-i - eiksmas/a icle/ iew2621621839. The Swedish
Au ima 2009: Ma ic's imp isonmen . His o iog aphy o he So ie Li huanians (1944)
1985), Vilnius: Aidai. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
Tininis Vy au as 1994: So ie Li huania and i s ac o s, Vilnius: Encyclopedia. He is a
membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. The
ollowing is a lis o cha ac e s who ha e appea ed on he soap ope a As he Wo ld
d augai a p iešai? Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
Tu ns, along wi h hei espec i e cha ac e s: Leona, Rapunzel, Lucy, and Lucy, as well
as cha ac e s om he manga se ies As he Wo ld Tu ns, Rapunzel, and Lucy.
Kasdienybė and he ideology o he la e So ie e a (1965-1984), Vilnius: Li huanian
Ca holic Academy o Sciences. In his 2005 book, Ma xism and he Leap o F eedom: A His o y o he U opia o Communism, And zej Walicki w i es:
Venclauskienė Laima 2016: Homo so ie icus: he ea u es o a g ay and naked
human po ai in he Li huanian p ess. […] Wo k and days 65, 143[…]162. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
VLEe […] Wo ld Encyclopedia o Li huanian, e. a ian , Vilnius: Cen e o he
publishing o academic and encyclopedic wo ks, 2001[…]2020. Access o he In e ne :
h ps: www. le.l . Zijde eld An on 1979: On Cliches: The Supe sedu e o Meaning by
Func ion in Mode ni y, London, Bos on, Henley: Rou ledge and Kegan Paul. Žilinskienė
Laimu ė, K aniauskienė Sigi a, Šu inienė I ena 2016: Bo n in socialism: he i s
So ie gene a ion, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y. She is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Vilnius Uni e si y.
The Image o So ie Li huania in he Co pus
o he Ideological Na a i e o he Mode n
Iden i y and
Summa y
In 2018, he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language launched he Co pus o he Ideological Na a i e
o he Mode n Iden i y. A sea ch ac oss he Co pus o ex s om he So ie e a ( he "Tiesa"
om 1945 and 1962 and he "Komjaunimo Tiesa" om 1956-1957) has ne ed 798 illus a ions ha
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
250 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
con ain men ions o Li huania. The aim o his a icle is o analyze he sen ences om he
So ie p opaganda p ess selec ed o he linguis ic s udy and o look in o he image o So ie
Li huania ha can be pieced oge he om he ma e ial p in ed du ing he pe iod o So ie
in he p ess o he pe iod, how much u h and how much dis o ed o e en new eali y
cons uc ed by p opaganda a is s he e is in ha image, and how jou nalis ex s om he
Li huania. When you analyze he ex s o p ess a icles om he So ie pe iod, you always need
o keep in mind he ac ha people back hen used o li e double li es, so o speak: one li e
cons uc ed by he communis ideology as c ea ed and main ained in he public eye. he o he ,
an undisclosed p i a e li e o ones home; The e o e, as we look a he pe iod p ess h ough he
lens o he 21s cen u y, we can see a clea con on a ion be ween he p opaganda and he
eali ies o he So ie e a. Seman ic analysis o he selec ed sen ences has shown ha he
So ie p ess ied o p ojec a highly posi i e pic u e o a pe ec Li huania. This pic u e is
pain ed wi h s anda d clichés o So ie p opaganda, exul an ly po aying he li e o ‘happy
people om a ‘happy coun y in he So ie sys em. The ideal image o So ie Li huania consis s
o he ollowing key aspec s: denig a ion o he ecen pas ; jux aposi ion o he ‘da k, ‘poo ,
and ‘backwa d bou geois
Li huania o he b igh and lou ishing new So ie Li huania; Iden i ica ion o he g ea es
iends and enemies, bo h in e nal and ex e nal. celeb a ion o he coun y's economic, cul u al,
and o he achie emen s. In he pos -wa p ess ( he 1945 […]Tiesa[…] in pa icula ), he main
ex e nal enemy o Li huania was ascis Ge many; I s bigges in e nal oe was bou geois
na ionalis gangs, which we e he a ge o b u al hos ili ies. The ideologues a gued ha
Li huania main ained a e nal ela ions wi h he g ea Russian na ion i s and o emos , and
was building s ong iendly ies wi h o he peoples in he So ie Union and wi h o he socialis
s a es. The p ess o So ie Li huania, wi h i s la ge ci cula ion, educa ed i s ci izens no o be
ashamed o he wa m eelings o g a i ude, lo e, suppo , and o he emo ions owa ds he Red
A my ha had "gi en" Li huania i s eedom, owa ds Com ade S alin, he So ie Union and i s
b o he hood o na ions, and he g ea Russian na ion in pa icula . The So ie p ess placed
conside able emphasis on Li huania's p og ess, always accen ua ing he impo ance o
deli e ing and exceeding he plans and obliga ions, ac i ely pa icipa ing in building communism,
social li e, and ace. The illus a i e examples co e ed by he analysis clea ly show ha he
Li huanian people o he pe iod li ed a e y in ensi e and ac i e li e. The ideological p ess o he
pe iod was engaged in a la ge-scale campaign o p opaganda, saying ha Li huanian people li ing
in he socialis socie y we e well- ed, happy, and ee, e en hough he eali y was comple ely
di e en . E go, we can see a clea gap be ween wha was depic ed in he o icial So ie p ess
and he ue image o he gloomy Li huanian eali y.
Deli e ed on 13 Janua y 2024
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
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