Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica
2025, ol. 92, pp. 1–28
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Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-04-18. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-05-28.
1
VARIA ONOMASTICA: SARMATO-ALANICA (DANAPRIA, BOHUS)
Va ia Onomas ica: Sa ma o-Alanica (Dniep as, Bugas)
ALEXANDER I. ILIADI
The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e
K. D. Ushinsky”
E-mail: alexand [email protected]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5078-8316
Fields o esea ch: e ymology, compa a i e-his o ical linguis ics, gene al and ypological linguis ics.
h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all92-05
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ABSTRACT
The esea ch is aimed a singling ou he I anian language he i age in he oponymy o he Dniepe and
he Bug egions. In pa icula , i dwells upon he econs uc ion o he Sa ma ian-Alanian lexical s a um, whose
exis ence does no un coun e o he da a o he his o y and a chaeology o he a eas unde in es iga ion. The
esea ch has esul ed in he econs uc ion o 20 lexemes supposed o be a ilia ed wi h he ocabula y o
Sa ma ian and Alanian. Such a conclusion is subs an ia ed by he e ymology o he e iewed oponyms,
explained due o he ocabula y o he Osse ian language. The la e , in i s u n, being he only su i ing
descendan o he Alanian language, has inhe i ed he ypical ea u es o he Sa ma ian and Alanian dialec s on
one side, and he old Eas e n I anian dialec s closely ela ed o he dialec s o he Alans and Sa ma ians, on he
o he side. A s ong a gumen in a ou o he Sa ma o-Alanian o igin o he econs uc ed lexical und is
g ounded by a ange o exclusi e whole-lexical Alanian-Osse ian pa allels. Lexical econs uc ion is con i med
wi h ce ain phone ic and mo phological peculia i ies inhe en only in he s uc u e o he assumed Alanian
p o o ypes and he wo ds om he Osse ian language.
The pa allels in he econs uc ed Sa ma o-Alanian ocabula y and he ocabula y o he o he I anian
languages a e also desc ibed.
KEYWORDS: e ymology, he Sa ma o-Alanian language elic, econs uc ion, p o o ype, e lex, oponymic
a ea.
2
ANOTACIJA
Ty imo ikslas – išski i i anėnų kalbos pa eldą Dniep o i Bugo egionų oponimijoje. Ypač daug
dėmesio ski iama sa ma ų-alanų leksinio sluoksnio, ku io egzis a imas nep ieš a auja i iamų ie o ių is o ijos
i a cheologijos duomenims, ekons ukcijai. Tokią iš adą pag indžia apž elg ų oponimų e imologija, paaiškin a
ose inų kalbos žodynu. Pas a oji, būdama ienin elė išlikusi alanų kalbos palikuonė, iš ienos pusės pa eldėjo
sa ma ų i alanų a mėms būdingus b uožus, iš ki os pusės – senosioms y ų i anėnų a mėms, glaudžiai
susijusioms su alanų i sa ma ų a mėmis. S a ų a gumen ą ekons uo o leksikos ondo sa ma ų-alanų kilmės
naudai pag indžia isa eilė išski inių alanų-ose inų leksikos pa alelių. Leksinę ekons ukciją pa i ina am
ik os one inės i mo ologinės ypa ybės, būdingos ik spėjamų alaniškų p o o ipų i žodžių iš ose inų kalbos
s uk ū ai.
S aipsnyje aip pa ap ašomos ekons uo os sa ma ų-alanų žodyno i ki ų i anėnų kalbų leksikos
pa alelės.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: e imologija, Sa ma ijos alanų kalbos elik as, ekons ukcija, p o o ipas, e leksas,
oponiminis a ealas.
1. INTRODUCTION: THE IRANIAN LANGUAGE RELICS IN THE TOPO-
NYMY OF THE DNIEPER AND THE BUG REGIONS
1.1. The issue o language elics is commonly based upon he implica ion o he aces
o he ea lie exis ing peculia i ies o he language unde in es iga ion, p ese ed in he
oponymy. Due o a ious easons, oponymy e ains a chaisms, while in he appella i e
lexicon, compe i ion be ween he olde and he mo e ecen uni s he old ocabula y is o en
displaced. The e o e, oponymy p ese es wha was los in he appella i e ocabula y. The
same peculia lexical pe iphe y e ains he pieces o e idence o he o me p esence o
speake s o he o he languages (subs a e, supe s a e) in he a eas o he mode n languages.
The schola s ha e ecen ly adi ionally e e ed he e m language elic speci ically o he
onomas ic subs a e (wo ks by academician Oleg N. T ubače , as well as se e al publica ions
by Vladimi E. O el, Alexande K. Šapošniko , Alexande V. I anenko). Con empo a y
compa a i e-his o ical Indo-Eu opean linguis ics has da a on he Sla onic language elics
(Sla ica, Scla ania) in he a ea o he G eek and Ge man oponymy, Bal ic elics (Bal ica) in
he hyd onymy o he Dniepe Ri e egion, he Indo-A yan language he i age in he
No he n Black Sea egion (Indoa ica), I anian (Scy hica, Sa ma o-Alanica, Alanica) compo-
nen in he oponymy o C imea, he No he n Black Sea egion, he Don Ri e egion, he
Volga Ri e egion, he Dniepe Ri e egion, he Bug Ri e egion, in he onomas ics o
Eu ope.
1.2. The ma ke s o he las o he abo e-men ioned ca ego ies o language elics
(I anica) a e discussed below. The ocus o he s udy is he he i age o he I anian dialec s,
which we e once common on he e i o y along he cou se o he Dniepe and in he Ingul
and Bug in e lu e. The p e ious expe ience o desc ip ion o he I anian lexical an iqui ies
in he Dniepe egion enabled o pa ly delinea e he bounda ies o hei a ea on he le bank
o he Dniepe (Moszyński 1957; Topo o , T ubače 1962: 222–228; T ubače 1968: 276;
O el 1986: 111; Šapošniko 2007: 291, 309; he e iew o e ymologies see also in: S yžak
1981: 31). The I anian lexical uni s in he hyd onymy o he igh bank o he Dniepe a e
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less equen (O el 1986: 111). Howe e , he e ha e ecen ly been added six elics o he lis ,
h ee o which a e a es ed in he Ros Ri e basin (Iliadi 2021). Inciden ally, he I anian elics
a e absen pe se in he special in es iga ion by I ina M. Železniak on he hyd onymy o he
Middle Dniepe Le Bank, while he o eign names om he Tu kic, Bal ic, Illy ian, Cel ic,
and Th acian languages in he Ros basin a e desc ibed in de ail. This migh be due o he
ocus on he conclusions, p e iously made by O. N. T ubače , in pa icula his idea ha he
“sou h I anisms a e in he basins o he le bank Dniepe ibu a ies – he Sula, Psel, Sama a
and nea hem; only he Su a, Domo kan and Samo kan low in he Dniepe on he igh , close
p oximi y o he mou h o he Sama a i e . Howe e , o he wise he Righ Bank Uk aine, in
a b oad sense, u ns ou o be ee o he I anian aces in hyd onymy” (T ubače 1968: 276).
The sea ch o he I anian hyd onymy in he Bug egion has passed wo condi ional
s ages. The i s one esul ed in he assump ion o he I anian lexemes' omission (T ubače
1968: 276), while u he e ymological esea ch did no g ound his hypo hesis (O el 1986:
112; Lučyk 1999: 9–10, 12–13). Howe e , oday he lis o I anian wo ds in he hyd onymy
o he Bug egion, as well as he co pus o he e ymologies o he I anian hyd onyms in he
Dniepe egion, need o be subs an ially e ised. C . known I anian e ymology o he name
o he le ibu a y o he Sula Ri e Артополот (Артаполотъ), o which he au ho s o he
s udies on he Dniepe hyd onymy appella e unc i ically: om *Артапород = I anian
*A a-po d ~ Alanian αρδ ‘God’ and Osse ian o d ‘big i e ’ (S yžak 1963: 83–84). We
would sugges ea ing one as an elemen o he Bal ic s a um in he local onomas ics, i.e. as
*a a-pal a ‘close/nigh s eam’ ~ Li huanian a ùs ‘close, nigh’, a ‘nea , beside, nex o’ and
La ian pa s, pal e ‘puddle’, ‘ ain low’.
2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
The pu pose o he p oposed s udy is o single ou he Sa ma o-Alanian lexical s a-
um as pa o he I anian language he i age in he oponymy o he Dniepe and Bug egion.
The s a ed pu pose is achie ed by sol ing se e al asks:
1) The o mula ion o he phone ic, lexical and mo phological c i e ia o he Sa ma o-
Alanian/Alanian language a ilia ion o he econs uc ed I anian o ms;
2) The e ymological analysis o he lexical ma e ial selec ed o he esea ch and he
e ision o he e ymological e sions p e iously in oduced;
3) The econs uc ion o a agmen o he ocabula y o Sa ma o-Alanian/Alanian
dialec s o he Dniepe and Bug egions in i s e ymological connec ion wi h he Osse ian
ocabula y;
4) The dis inc ion o some isoglosses linking he Sa ma o-Alanian ocabula y wi h he
lexicon o he o he I anian languages.
3. MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. The known co pus o I anian lexemes in onomas ics o he Dniepe and Bug
egions oday encompasses a ew dozens o uni s; howe e , i canno be ega ded as inal un il
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all a ailable sou ces ha e no ye been in ol ed. The in oduc ion o new indings a ec s he
ini ial ou look on he a ea and se e al I anian lexemes. The esea ch basis is o med by
oponymes, p esumably o I anian o igin, aken om his o ical documen s (ch onicles, maps,
geog aphical desc ip ions), and he sou ces o he onomas ic ocabula y o he Sla onic and
I anian languages. These geog aphical names in hei phono-mo phological cha ac e is ics a e
co ela i e no wi h he a chaic Sla onic, Bal ic o Tu kic lexemes bu wi h he s uc u ally
close o iden ical I anian onomas ic and appella i e ocabula y. In o he wo ds, hey a e
explained solely based on he I anian language ma e ial, which is cha ac e ised by a ce ain
o m o oo s and a ixes.
3.2. In ou iew, u he sea ches o he I anian language an iqui ies in he
onomas ics o he Dniepe and Bug egions equi e adhe ence o he ollowing h ee
impo an condi ions:
1) The analysis o he da a om he abo e-men ioned a eas should no be limi ed o
hyd onymy, i.e. he objec o esea ch should be uni s o all oponymic classes. This may signi i-
can ly ex end he ange o oppo uni ies o he esea che s, because he names o a eas,
land o ms (hills, moun ains, ocks, moun ain passes, i e apids, isles), e c., in some cases
also sa e lexical subs a e;
2) The I anian ocabula y, econs uc ed based on he Dniepe and Bug oponymy,
should be iewed no om he pe spec i es o he Old I anian language condi ion wi h some
phone ic ea u es o “Scy hia o Osse ian ype” bu as he pa o he ocabula y o he
Sa ma o-Alans/Alans, ha se led on he men ioned e i o ies much la e . The e is essen ial
linguis ic e idence, suppo ed by he a chaeological and his o ical indings (c .: (a) he se le-
men s o he Sa ma ian epoch in he Low Dniepe egion; Viazmi ina 1962; (b) he Alans on
he Dniepe ; Kazanskij, Mas yko a 1999: 119);
3) The p o o ypes should be es o ed in he o m co esponding o he Middle I anian
language condi ion wi h he ea u es peculia o he Eas e n I anian dialec s. The pa sed
lexemes a e mos ly Sa ma o-Alanian inno a ions; he e o e, he Old I anian econs uc ion,
ca ied ou in he p e ious s udies, is no always app op ia e.
3.3. The me hods used in he p oposed s udy a e as ollows: e ymological and
compa a i e-his o ical (in pa icula , he ollowing echniques a e ele an o : es ablishing
he gene ic iden i y o he compa ed o ms, de e mining he ela i e ch onology o language
phenomena, econs uc ion o p o o ypes).
3.4. The I anian p o o ypes gi en below a e econs uc ed, e ymologised and e i ied
mainly by aking in o accoun he ocabula y o he Osse ian language, i.e. he gene ic
successo o he languages o he Sa ma o-Alans and Alans. On his basis, he es o ed I anian
o ms a e de e mined as Alanian o Sa ma ian-Alanian. Thus, we ha e Alanian lexemes, p e-
se ed in he oponymy; hese a e he p o o ypes, i.e. o ms, e lec ing he old phone ic and
mo phological condi ion o Osse ian ocabula y.
Linguis ic cons uc ions a e ma ched wi h his o ical da a. The name Alano-Sa ma s
was commonly employed by schola s o deno e all he I anian-speaking ibes o he s eppe
5
and adjacen e i o ies, descendan s o he an ique Sa ma s and Alans. “A he Black Sea
Coas by he beginning o he G ea Mig a ion pe iod mos o hem we e al eady known as
he Alans” (Kazanskij, Mas yko a 1999: 119).
C i e ia o he Sa ma o-Alanian o Alanian a ilia ion
o he econs uc ed ocabula y
Lexical:
a) The es o ed I anian o m has he whole-lexical analog in he Osse ian ocabula y;
b) The econs uc ed composi e does no ha e he whole-lexical e ymological
coun e pa in he Osse ian ocabula y, howe e Osse ian analogs a e ound sepa a ely o
each pa o he composi e;
c) The whole-lexical e ymological pa allels a e ound in he Pami languages,
belonging o he Eas e n I anian g oup. In his case i is abou he uni s o a chaic ocabula y,
common o he dialec s o he Sa ma o-Alans and ances o s o Pami is;
d) The Sa ma o-Alanian p o o ype, econs uc ed wi h e e ence o he comple e
co espondences in he Wes e n I anian ocabula y, ep oduces he a chaic pa allel om he
g oup o he sepa a e Sa ma o-Alano-Wes e n I anian isoglosses (p elimina y conclusion).
Phone ic (peculia o he his o ical phone ics o he Alanian and Osse ian languages):
a) Monoph hongiza ion o diph hongs *ai > i, *au > u be o e n;
b) Syncope o sho a, i;
c) Changing *k > x unde he in luence o i in he nex syllable;
d) Changing *p > be o e i;
e) Changing * > c be o e i;
) Spo adic d opping w in he inlau a e sonan s and consonan s be o e ā, a;
g) Changing he phone ic g oup “ + i + č” in o gemina ed whis ling a ica e (a e
syncope o i): ič > cic > cc (> Sla onic ц [ s]);
De i a ional and mo phological: he p esence o su ixes and su ixal complexes -ak-/
-āk-, -čī-, -al-/-el-, -ag-ān-, -i-či-ā, -ič-a- in he econs uc ed wo ds.
4. SARMATO-ALANIAN LANGUAGE RELICS: ETYMOLOGY AND AREA
4.1. The a ea o he Dniepe egion
* -sa ak (< * pi ša -aka-)
Авсорок, Овсорок – he le . o he Bol a Ri e , he le . o he Desna Ri e .
V. N. Topo o and O. N. T ubače ecognise he I anian cha ac e o his hyd onym wi h
e e ence o he Osse ian æ sū ǧ ‘ il a e o bee ’ (li e ally – ‘ ed wa e ’) (Topo o , T ubače
1962: 222 (æ su ǧ): while no excluding he possibili y o he local Sla onic o ma ion ei he ).
While accep ing his e ymology, we ne e heless conside he oppo uni ies o he ea men
o he hyd onym genesis no exhaus ed ye . Fo example, o he same ex en , his noun may
be ea ed as he Alanian wo d * -sa ak (< * -ša ak) ‘[ i e wi h] wa e apids/ i s’, ha

6
a ose based on he collapsed ph ase * pi ša -aka- = wa e , ha lows/ alls wi h he noise. In i s
composi ion, he e lex o * pi- as he emale o m o he P o o-I anian *āp- ‘wa e ’ (i is
a es ed in he Osse ian appella i e ocabula y (Abae 1949: 153; 1958: 84) and hyd onymy)
is ecognised. The second pa is p obably he su ixed (-ak-) I anian onoma opoeic s em
*ša - ‘ he mu mu o wa e ’, c . Wakhi šo -šo ‘ he same’, ša ša á ‘wa e all’, ‘ i e h eshold’,
Pe sian šā īdan ‘ o low wi h he noice’, Tajik šo idan ‘ o low’, ‘ o low like a i e ’ (Abae
1958: 220; S ebline-Kamensky 1999: 328, 329). The p obable Alanian p o o ype * -sa ak
(> con empo a y Авсорок) co esponds o he su ixless Pe sian ābšā ‘wa e all’ (Abae 1958:
220) wi h *āpa-.
*dū -as u o *dū -us u
Дирéхтур – he s one a he en ance o he Dniepe apid Vo niga. In onomas ic
li e a u e his name is ea ed due o olk e ymology as a dialec al o m o дирéктор, because,
acco ding o he s o ies, “an inciden happened o one дирéхтур” nea his s one (Čabanenko
2008: 42). We belie e ha mode n o m o he oponym is he esul o e hinking non-
Sla onic name in he local Sla onic speech. P esumably, i is Alanian *dū -as u o *dū -
us u ‘big s one’. Comp. Osse ian dū , do ‘s one’ and (æ)s u , (u)s u ‘big’ (Abae 1958: 376;
Abae 1979: 158), oponyms wi h in e sion o pa s S u -do “Big S one” (Abae 1958: 376),
Устур дори цор “Nea he Big S one” (Tsagae a 1975: 363), i. e. wi h he same устур дор.
The econs uc ion o he a ian p o o ypes is dic a ed by qui e unclea quali y o he
p o hesis (a- o u-?) in Alanian adj. *s u ; he an iqui y o he o ms wi h he owel p o hesis
is indi ec ly con i med by he e ymology o he mode n Днестр as Scy hian *Dan-æs (u) o
*Dan-us (u) ~ Osse ian us u -don ‘big i e ’ (Kambolo 2006: 114).
The composi e con ains he name o s one, bo owed om he Caucasian languages,
hence, i is logical o conclude he belonging *dū -as u /*dū -us u o he ocabula y o he
Alans, whose ances o s came om he Fo e-Caucasus.
The e ymology in (Iliadi 2018) needs o be subs an ially e ised.
*lakand
Lochany, 1594 – he name o he hi d apid on he Dniepe (Lasso a 1866: 209). La e
o ms a e: Лоханнои, 1627: «А ниже Сурского 2 версты порог Лоханнои» (Kniga 1950:
111), Порогъ Лоханѣй, 1697 (Veličko 1855: 473), Luchan, 1736–1737 (PTT 1736–1737),
Luchanskoy, 1769 (NAM 1769), Порогъ Лаханский, 1779, (on he map o he Low Dniepe
by Ê. A apo ) Порогъ Лоханинъ, 1780 (DPND 1779–1780), now i is Лохáнський – a apid
on he Dniepe abo e he island S elča yi. The e sion o i s o igin in he li e a u e on ono-
mas ics is as ollows: he s em o his oponym is ela ed o he Uk ainian dial. лóхнути ‘ o
hi despe a ely’, because wa e s eam “was despe a ely c ashing agains he g ani e h eshold
in i s pa h” (Čabanenko 2008: 95). Howe e , he di e ence in he posi ion o s ess in he
compa ed o ms is no commen ed.
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The a ian s o he oponym demons a e labile oo ocalism (о : у : а), he di e ence
o he de i a ional s uc u e and g amma p ope ies, c .: -ø || -ы (-y) || -н-ой || -ей o -ий
(-ѣй) || -ский (-skey) || -ин. Such cases a e common o dee ymologized ocabula y: he
obscu i y o he inne o m o he wo d leads o i s con e gence wi h phone ically simila
he e ogeneous wo ds and hen esul s in i s mo phological change. In he case o Лохань we
ha e he esul o olk e ymological e hinking o he o eign oponym. The e is a eason o
belie e ha i comes om he Middle I anian *lakand as a e lex o he P o o-I anian pa .
ac . *lakan -, c . Yazghulami lakánd ‘o e hanging ock’ ~ P o o-I anian *1lak- < PIE *lek-
‘ o bend, bow, lex’, ‘ o dangle’, ‘ o jump’, ‘ o leap’ (S ebline-Kamensky 1999: 223; Edelman
2015: 57, 59, 60). I is abou a isual image o he s ones ising o e he wa e , a s eep g adien ,
causing an inc ease in wa e eloci y o u bulence. The wa e “jumps” and his me apho
plausibly explains he usage o he Middle I anian *lakand ‘ ock, s one in o he apids’ as he
name o he i e h eshold. Fo he s uc u e and seman ics o *lakan - c . pa . *ba ź-an -
o *bź-an - ‘ owe ing, high’ (: A es an bə əzan - ‘high’, Osse ian bæ zond ‘high’) < *ba ź- ‘ o
ise’ (Abae 1958: 254).
The a ypicali y o he inal -d (and gene ally ou come -nd) o he Sla onic oponymy
con ibu ed o he o mal modi ica ion o his name in he Sla onic language: his sound was
elimina ed, and he clipped o m *Лакан assimila ed wi h he dial. лохáня, лохáнь ‘clay bowl’,
‘jug’, ‘bucke ’, whence is he subs i u ion o p imo dial *a > о (howe e , *a o a while was
s ill e ained, comp. abo e Порогъ Лаханский) and *k > х.
The e ymology in (Iliadi 2018) needs o be subs an ially e ised.
As ega ds PIE e ymon see: (Poko ny 1959: 673; LIV 2001 [1998]: 411). Acco ding o
Helmu Rix’s dic iona y he oo *lek- is unce ain. Howe e , his e ymon is a es ed no only
in he Bal ic and Ge manic languages (LIV 2001 [1998]: Ibid.), bu also in Sla onic (ESSJ
XIV 147–148: wi h he de ailed pa sing o he known e sions) and G eek (Beekes 2010: 856:
*lek- ‘jump’) p imo dial ocabula y. PIE *lek- is ecognised in he ecen s udies oo, c ., o
example, (Edelman 2015: 57–60: he as I anian e ymological clus e wi h a b oad seman ic
spec um) and (Adams 2013: 613: lyak), whe e i is one o he possible sou ces o Tocha ian
wo ds.
*sāg-ba z
Сагбарса – he local name in he a ea o he illage Zolo aja Balka in No o o on so -
skij dis ic o Khe son egion ( he lowe cou se o he Dniepe , he igh bank) ( eco ding o
1973; OA). P obably, i is he esul o he e olu ion o he p imo dial *Сагбарз in he o eign
en i onmen . *Сагбарз ep oduces he Alanian wo d *sāg-ba z ‘dee hill’, c . Osse ian
Сагбарз = “Dee Hill” om саг ‘dee ’ + барз ‘hill’, ‘bump’, ‘upland’ (Tsagae a 1975: 429).
*san- o d/*sān- o d
Old Russian Снопородъ, 1169 («слышєвшє жє князи, ожє Половци побѣгли и
оставившє кошѣ свои поидоша по них вборзѣ, оставившє у возъ своихъ Ярослава
8
Всеволодича. Пришєдшє жє взяша вєжи Половєцкы на Углѣ рѣцѣ, а другыє по
Снопороду, а самѣхъ постигоша у Чєрного лѣса, и ту избиша…»; Mosko skij s od 1949:
77), Снєпородъ, 1187 («кнѧзи Роускиѣ поидоша по Днѣпроу <…> и доидоша до
Снєпорода»; Ipa ie skaja le opis 1962: 653), Снепородъ, 1552 (Литовская метрика: «Князь
великій Литовъскій Гедиминъ, завоевавши надъ моремъ Кафу и весь Перекопъ и Черкасы
Питигорское, и приведши Черкасовъ часть з княгинею ихъ, посадилъ ихъ на Снепородѣ
а иншихъ на Днепре»), Слѣпородъ, 1887 (Laza e skij 1887: 39), Slipo ok, 1665, now i is
Сліпорíд, -óду ( he o m wi h Сліп- appea s since he beginning o he 18 h cen u y) – i e ,
he igh . o he Sula, he le . o he Dniepe (SHU 1979: 510).
The p e iously s a ed (see: Iliadi 2021: 504–505) e iew o he accep ed e ymology by
O. N. T ubače Снопород, Снепород as e olu ion o Middle I anian *san-po d/*san- o d
‘con luence, con luen ’ < *san-pa a a- ( he composi ion o A yan p e ix *san- and *pa a a-
‘big i e ’) spa es us he necessi y o dwell upon he his o ic pa o he issue. The e should
be no ed only wo impo an poin s: 1) A yan p e ix *san- al eady in P o o-I anian sounded
like *han- (!), he e o e we need o sea ch ano he explana ion o *san-; 2) P o o-I anian
p o o ype o Middle I anian -po d/- o d, acco ding o ecen s udies, is *paud- a- ‘(big) i e ’
(← ‘some hing mo ing’), ha is no ela ed o *pa a a-, Scy hian Πόρατα (see: Dzi s soi y
2021: 265).
The new e ymology o he hyd onym as Middle I anian *[a]sang-po d/*[a]sang-pa a
‘s one i e /wa e ’ (Iliadi 2021: 504–505) needs o be cla i ied. In pa icula , P o .
Yu y A. Dzi s soi y in he o al discussion (2021) poin ed o he possibili y o he gene ic
ela ion o he i s pa o he composi e o P o o-I anian *san- ‘ o moun , ascend’, ‘ o ise’
(in de ail abou his e hymon see: Bailey 1979: 419; S ebline-Kamensky 1999: 307; Cheung
2007: 330–332).
Rega ding his in e p e a ion, he explana ion o his hyd onym as o Sa ma o-Alanian
o igin does no seem con adic o y *san- o d/*sān- o d, consis ing o : 1) he e lex o P o o-
I anian *san-a- (pa . ac .) o *sān- (caus.) ~ *san- ‘ o moun , ascend’, ‘ o ise’; 2) Sa ma o-
Alanian * o d (: Osse ian o d ‘big i e ’).
Fo a clea e unde s anding o he seman ics o *san-/*sān- i ’s use ul o pay a en ion
o i cogna es, c . A es an sanaka- ‘ i e mou h’ (o ‘place, whe e [coas line o i e ] ises’),
Osse ian opog aphical e m sæn *‘moun ainside’ in Sæna (o onym) and Do gin-sæn
(Dzi s soi y 2018a: 100; 2020: 105–107). Pe haps *san- o d/*sān- o d was he desc ip i e
designa ion o he i e , whe e he wa e le el ises because o na u al obs acles, o jus he
i e wi h cascades.
The de ini ion o he hyd onym as a uni o he Sa ma o-Alanian ocabula y is due
no only o he da a o he languages closely ela ed o Sa ma o-Alanian dialec s. Inclusion o
*san- o d/*sān- o d in he lis o Sa ma o-Alanian lexical elics is indi ec ly con i med by i s
geog aphy: he a ea o his name ( he igh bank o he Sula) coincides wi h he a ea o
Sa ma ian bu ials o I–II cen u ies AD (P ijmak 2022: 224: he map) and bo de s wi h he
9
a ea o he Alano-Sa ma ian bu ials o III–IV cen u ies AD, a pa o which is ound in he
Vo skla Ri e basin (Kazanskij, Mas yko a 1999: 119, 126).
*wā -dax-āl o *wā -dax-el (< *wā - ax-āl/-el)
Вордахель – he igh . o he Moloh a Ri e , he igh . o he Veh a, he igh .
o he Sozh. In a classic s udy by O. N. T ubače and V. N. Topo o , his hyd onym is gi en
as a a ian o Ведрихан. The la e is de e mined as unclea , bu he conclusion is accompa-
nied by he assump ion abou he simila i y o he ending o he wo d o he i e name Хан
(basin o he Seim Ri e ) = I anian χan- ‘well, sou ce’ and labili y o d : d (as in Osse ian),
peculia o ce ain dialec s, al hough he absence o he o he I anian hyd onyms in his a ea
educes he likelihood o I anian e ymology (Topo o , T ubače 1962: 223).
Вордахель and Ведрихан a e he he e ogeneous o ma ions wi h he minimum
phone ic simila i y. We should lea e aside Ведрихан be o e cla i ying he de ails o i s
mo phology and gene ic ela ions and ocus on Вордахель. The s uc u al e olu ion in isola-
ion om he na i e language en i onmen has changed he o m o he wo d, bu he e seem
o be some aces o i s e ymological composi ion. We mean p ese a ion o Sa ma o-Alanian
*wā -dax-āl < *wā - ax-āl ‘ i e wi h apids’ in he hyd onym. The composi e consis s o :
*wā < P o o-I anian * a -/* ā - ‘ ain’, ‘wa e ’ (: A es an ai i- ‘lake’, ā - ‘ ain’;
Ba holomae 1904: 1364, 1410; Va (di e en ly – Danab i) – he i e in Scy hia (in
Jo danes); Io danes 2001: 166; Osse ian wa yn, wa un ‘i ains’; Abae 1989: 52) and * ax-
‘ apids’, ‘ apid cu en ’ (: Osse ian æx ‘ apids in i e ’, ‘ apid, as cu en ’, ‘ as ’, ‘ apid’,
‘s o my’ (< P o o-I anian * axa-); Abae 1979: 284; тæх ‘s o my, s ong, apid cu en o
i e ’, ‘ apids’; Takazo 2015: 528). Ex ension o he second pa by -āl is he su ix, comp.,
o example, ep esen a ion o unp oduc i e -a-l and a ian -e-l- in Osse ian oponymy:
Xiz-al-a, Me -el-a-skæ e c. (Dzi s soi y 2018a: 103; see also Gaba ae 1977: 59). Thus, i is
pe missible o econs uc no only he o m *wā daxāl, bu also a ian *wā daxel wi h aking
in o accoun Me -el-a-skæ and simila Osse ian examples. In p inciple, we deal wi h he
lexeme, whose o m *wa dæxal (*уардæхал) o *wa dæxel (*уардæхел) is qui e ypical o
he Osse ian language.
The ypology o nomina ion is p o ed, c . Osse ian (Digo ian) æx don ‘s o my i e ’
(Abae 1979: 284), Тæхгæ дон “Flying Wa e ” – he le . o he Zakadon Ri e (Tsagae a
1975: 16, 212).
The uniqueness o his I anian name in he a ea o he Sla onic hyd onymy is ex-
plained by i s ans e in he Sozh basin by Sla s, who came om he e i o y whe e I anian
names a e a es ed. V. E. O el sees a simila case in he seconda y “ eplan ” o I anian hyd o-
nym Морожа in he basin o he P ipya Ri e om mo e sou he n a eas (O el 1986: 109–
110: does no deny and Bal ic e ymology).
16
*sa ak o *sa āk
Сорока – he i e ( illage Ki ajgo od in Alexand o skij dis ic o Ki o og ad egion)
(K i ulčenko 2011: 176) & Сорока – he small i e in hyd osys em o he Valuj Ri e (basin
o he Don) (O in 2012: 263), Сорóка – name o he i e s: 1) he le . o he Sou he n
Bug; 2) he igh . o he Dniepe ; 3) he le . o he Dnies e ; 4) he le -bank . o he
Wes e n Bug Ri e ; 5) he le -bank . o he Desna Ri e (SHU 1979: 521).
Hyd onyms a e ha dly ela ed o he name o he bi d, o he wise, we would deal wi h
he adjec i es Сорочий, Сорочья, Сороча, and Сорочача. The s em Сорок- also can no be
o ien ed on Tu kic sou ce like са:ры (< са:рығ) ‘yellow’, ‘whi e, ligh -colou ed’ ( ull spec um
o i s meanings see in: ESTJ VI 220–222), because in he Eas e n Sla onic use his lexeme
always p ese es а in he oo , c ., o example, in Russian Саратов ~ сары ‘yellow’ (see
e ymological li e a u e).
I appea s o us a case o he phone ically, mo phologically and seman ically subs an-
ia ed e ymology Сорок- as he Eas e n I anian lexeme (in i s Middle I anian o m) *sa ak o
*sa āk (: Sogdian s y /sa ē/, s ’k ‘head’, ‘main’, ‘ i s ’ (Gha ib 1995: 362) < *sa aka-, Osse ian
sæj ag ‘main’ < *sa āka-; Abae 1979: 59–60) < *śa a-ka-, *śa -āka- om *śa ah- ‘head’,
ep esen ed in Osse ian and Sogdian (and no jus ) oponymy in he meaning ‘beginning’,
‘headwa e ’. C . Osse ian Донысæр (Донисар) = “Headwa e s o he Ri e ” om доны – gen.
sing. дон ‘wa e ’ + сæр ‘headwa e ’, ‘head’, and also Доны сæр = “Abo e he Ri e ”, “Wa e -
heads o he Ri e ” (Tsagae a 1975: 184, 232, 337, 453, 518). C . also Pe sian, Tajik sa
‘head’, ‘beginning’ and ‘ oun ’ (Abae 1979: 75). Flexion -а is he means o g amma ical
adap a ion o Middle I anian Eas e n *sa ak, *sa āk ‘ he main ibu a y’, ‘headwa e ’ in
Sla onic pa e ned on he nomencla u al e ms * ěka, * oda.
In he a eal e ms, he I anian o igin o he hyd onym is subs an ia ed by he localisa-
ion in he basins o he Sou he n Bug, Don and Dniepe o o he names o I anian o igin.
They a e oponymic ma ke s o he a ea o a chaeological cul u es ha a e linked o he
Sa ma s and Alans.
*sa da-gan (< *sa da-kan) o *sa d-ag-ān
Сандаган, -а, 1988 – he name o he oun and d ied low ( he igh . o he Ingul
in he a ea o illage Kalino ka in Vi o skij dis ic o Nikolae egion; H omko 2017: 253).
We suppose he e olu ion o he o iginal *Сардаган on Sla onic g ounds, whe e he hyd o-
nym was subjec o eg essi e assimila ion р – н > н – н, o be spo adically no ed in he
dialec s. Hypo he ically, his migh be he case o he p ese a ion o he Eas e n I anian
compound *sa da-gan ( om *sa da-kan) ‘summe oun ’, ‘wa m oun ’, consis ed o he e-
lexes o P o o-I anian *śa da- ‘summe ’ and *kana- ‘well, sp ing, oun ’ (o he i s s em
see: Abae 1979: 80; Bailey 1979: 421–422: sala). Voicing o *k- > g- in he second pa o
he composi es is an old inno a ion, peculia also o he Alanian and Osse ian languages. Bo h
componen s a e equen ly used in he Osse ian oponymy, c . Сæрды дон “Summe Wa e ”,
Сæрды ком “Summe Go ge”, Сæрды фæндаг “Summe Road” wi h сæрды – gen. sing. сæрд

17
‘summe ’ and Æндæрхæн “O he Foun ” wi h хæн ‘ oun ’ (Tsagae a 1975: 62, 78, 211, 255).
The la e ci cums ance impels us o belong *sa da-gan o he Alanian s a um in he local
oponymy.
Unde s anding he mo phology o *Сардаган as he complex su ixal de i a i e leads
o an al e na i e econs uc ion o *sa d-ag-ān wi h he coun e pa in Osse ian Сæрдыгон
дарæн (сæрд ‘summe ’ + su . -ыгон; Tsagae a 1975: 39) = *sa d-ug-ān? The oponyms wi h
su ixal complex -ag-ān (< Old I anian -ak-āna-) occu in he a ea o he Osse ian language,
whe e his su ix na u ally has de eloped in -æg-on (examples see: Dzi s soi y 2018a: 99).
*un[i]-gul (< *un[i]-kul)
Ингул – he i e , he le . o he Sou he n Bug: «простуючи чрезъ Ингули до
Очакова», 1673 (Veličko 1851: 341), «Пятій отпочивокъ на рѣчцѣ <…>, которая зъ правой
руки припадаеть отъ Чорного лѣса, а котитъ въ Инкгулъ, на которой лози и терни есть и
вода плесами, а ити по надъ нею не переходячи до Инкгула», «Шестій отпочивокъ на
рѣчцѣ Инкгулѣ <…>, на которой два броди шляховіи <…>, а опрочъ тихъ бродовъ на
иншихъ мѣстцахъ переправи робыти трудно для плесъ многихъ и крутихъ береговъ»,
1697 (Veličko 1855: 484), Inguł, 1882 – he le . o he Bug liman (in Ta a Jeni-geł; SG III
291), Angul, Angule Wielki, Ингулъ, now Інгýл, -у (SHU 1979: 222).
The linguis ic in e p e a ion o his hyd onym has i s his o y. As a as i ’s known, Мax
Vasme was he i s o pu o wa d he Tu kic e ymology: pa icula ly, he linked Ингул wi h
Tu kish äŋgül ‘quie , lazy’ o Tu kish, C imean Ta a , Kipchak, e c. in ‘ca e, ca e n’ o
Tu kish, Uighu än ‘b oad’ wi h he second pa Tu kish göl ‘lake’ (Vasme 1986 [1967]: 131).
La e , O. N. T ubače sugges ed his e sion o he Sla onic o igin o his wo d, in which he
schola ecognised Tu kic phone ic adap a ion o Old Russian Уголъ: «Tu ks o he sou he n
Russian s eppes in hei u n, p obably, bo owed and assimila ed his Old Russian local name
Уголъ o e en i s olde o m – *Ǫglъ, ha ing con e ed i in he hyd onym Ингул ( a ian is
Angul)» (T ubače 1968: 206). See also he de elopmen o he idea abou he Sla onic o igin
o he hyd onyms Ингул, Ингулец < *Ǫgъlъ wi h subsequen Tu kic phone ic ea men in:
(Lučyk 1996: 132–135).
Howe e , he no ion “angle”/“co ne ” applies o he g ea i e s ( o examle, in he
place o hei con luence wi h o he s wa e a e ies), he e o e he “angle/co ne o he i e ”
is ha dly an a ibu e, dis inguishing he i e om o he simila i e s, whose s eam also
o ms “angle/co ne ” ela i e o he sho eline o he o he wa e objec . “Angle/co ne ” in
geog aphical meaning is mo e ela ed o he e ain, squeezed in be ween wo con luen i e s
o be ween he i e loodplain and a moun ain ange. A possible example o he e lec ion o
Sla onic *ǫgъlъ in old his o ical oponymy o Eu ope is he name o he e i o y along he
es ua y o he Danube Ri e Ὄγγλος, Ὸγκλός, Onglos, men ioned by Pa ia ch Nicepho us.
This a ea, occupied by Bulga s, is men ioned unde 660 in ela ion o hei e ea unde he
onslaugh o he Khaza s (SSS I 203), and in he scien i ic li e a u e his name is usually
e e ed o he language o he Aspa uh Bulga ians and explained as “Ten Ri e s (Lakes)”. I
18
is p esumed ha he oponym con ains a Tu kic nume al on (Geo gie 2002: 74) (appa en ly,
he e lex o Tu kic qo:l ‘ i e ’, ‘ alley’ o kö:l ‘lake’ is implied in he second pa ). Howe e ,
loca ed somewhe e be ween he Ca pa hian slopes and he loodplain o he Danube Онгл by
ha ime al eady had been se led by Sla s, wi h he leade s o which Aspa uh came in o
con ac (KIB 1987: 41), he e o e his oponym is p e e ably explained as a Sla onic wo d,
aided by i s documen ed o ms.
In ou opinion, he hyd onym is he esul o Tu kic assimila ion (phone ic and mo -
phological) o he p e-Tu kic name. I is abou *un[i]-gul < *un[i]-kul, ha ep oduces a
Middle I anian compound wo d ( he e lex o P o o-I anian *auni-kula-?), consis ing o :
1) *un-i- < P o o-I anian *aun-i- (au > u be o e he nasal sonan ), i.e. su ixed I anian
(Eas e n) *au- : *u- : * a- ‘ o low’ (?). C . Kho an Saka ai ‘s eams’ (< *u-an- o wi h oo
diph ong *au-, whe e ini ial sound a- la e was los , c . Old Indian a áni- ‘s eam’), āma ‘sea,
lood’ (Bailey 1979: 373, 383: o PIE *au- : *u- ‘be wa e y’) and Sogdian ”w’nh [āw n]
‘ i e ’ (?), c . ”w’n ”p (Sims-Williams 1983: 46; Ras o gue a, Edelman 2000: 256), which a e
a ian o *un-i- in cha ac e is ics o ocalism o he o man and oo ;
2) *kul (> *gul wi h oicing o k in he compound wo d) om *kula- ~ *kau-l- ‘deep’,
‘ca i y, pi ’, c . Middle Pe sian kōl {kwl} ‘pi ’, Ku dish (Ku manji) k‘ōl ‘pi , ca i y, moa ’, k‘ūl
‘deep’, Lu ish kol ‘hollow, ca i y, pi ’, Talysh хъl ‘maels om; deep place’ (Edelman 2011:
356, 357). The a ian s em *čau-l- is kep in Osse ian oponymy, c . Cul-ægon (Dzi s soi y
2018a: 99, 109).
The meanings o bo h componen s o he analysed hyd onym make i possible o e-
cons uc gene al con ou s o he seman ics o nomina ion as ‘s eam om he pi o gully’
( hen he name ini ially e e ed o he sou ces o he i e , c . Osse ian Донадаг “Ri e
Ra ine”, “Ra ine o he wa e ” = дон ‘wa e ’, ‘ i e ’ + адаг ‘ a ine’; Ададжы дон “Ri e o
he Ra ine”; Tsagae a 1971: 61, 131) o jus ‘s eam wi h maels oms’.
Seman ically, such e ymology looks mo e plausible han “Quie /Lazy Lake” ( he e is
no eason o s a e ha he lexemes like Tu kish äŋgül ‘quie , lazy’ we e used in oponymy) o
“The B oad Lake”. Two ac o s con ibu ed o Tu kic ein e p e a ion o he I anian hyd o-
nym as Jeni-geł: 1) he p esence o elic su ix -i- in *uni-gul (c . abo e Kho an Saka ai
‘s eams’, Old Indian a áni-); 2) he ex e nal sound simila i y o pos posi i e *gul wi h Tu kic
göl. The a ian s Inguł, Angul esul he a emp s o in e p e he s uc u e o his name in
ela ion o o he Tu kic ocabula y, see abo e M. Vasme ’s examples.
Toponyms Χιγγυλοὺς, Χιγγιλοὺς, adduced by A. K. Šapošniko , a e o g ea in e es .
The schola likens hem o mode n Жёлтые воды (sou ce o he Small Ingul o he Ingule s)
and explains hem as he co up ion o Sindo-Meo ian *hingul- ~ Old Indian hiṅgula- ‘sca le
pain , dye’, cho onym and hyd onym Hiṅgulā (Šapošniko 2015: 35: as Hiṇgulā). Howe e ,
p e iously he e e ed Χιγγιλούς, Συγγούλ ( he i e in he coun y o Khaza s and Hunga-
ians, “p obably, he Ingul o he Ingule s”) o he Sa ma o-Tu anian language elics and
econs uc ed o hese oponyms he p o o ype *hingilu- ‘ ed’? (~ Old Indian hyd onym
Siṅgula-) (Šapošniko 2007: 298: Singula-). Bu he lack o he o he names wi h a gued
19
“Sindo-Meo ian” e ymology in he oponymy o he Sou he n Bug causes doub s in he
co ec ness o he explana ion Χιγγυλοὺς, Χιγγιλοὺς as *hingul-, as well as Sa ma o-Tu anian
*hingilu-.
Accep ing he his o ical iden i y o all he o ms (wi h ini ial Χ- and wi hou i ) as
ixa ions o a single I anian *hingilu- encoun e s objec ions o a o mal na u e. I can no be
uled ou ha he di e ence o anlau Χι- : I-, A- in Χιγγυλοὺς, Χιγγιλοὺς VS Ингул, Ingul,
Angul indica es he dialec al a ian s, which a ose in Tu kic speech: hey phone ically co e-
la ed like Nogai, Ta a izan ‘a able land’, ‘bo de ’ ~ Cuman hizan ‘bo de ’ (Se o ian 1974:
647), Tu kish y yldymaq ~ hy yldamaq ‘ o g umble, oa ’, Khalaj aγač ~ hagač ‘ ee’ (Teniše
1984: 396). I sound X- is a o eign-language phone ic “laye ing”, hen we come o o iginal
*Ιγγυλοὺς, Ιγγιλοὺς.
*wa an, *wā ān
Ворóна, -и – he i e (d ied c eek), he igh . o he Sugokleja-Kameno a a, he
igh . o he Ingul, he le . o he Sou he n Bug (K i ulčenko 2011: 48) & Wo ona,
1736–1737 (PTT 1736–1737), Wo ona R., 1769 – he i e , he igh . o he Dniepe ( he
egion o he apids; NAM 1769; unde 1779–1780 as речька Вороная; DPND 1779–1780),
Вóрон, -а – he i e s in he basins o he Dniepe (Воронъ, 1898, Воринъ) and he Black Sea
in he C imea (Ворона) (SHU 1979: 121). The names a e no ela ed o he adj. воронóй as
well as he o ni honym ворóна (o he wise i would be expec ed Воронья, Вороний o
Вороняча, Воронячий). Ra he , he mode n o m o he nomen is he esul o adap a ion o
Sa ma o-Alanian *wa an, *wā ān ‘ ain, ain s eam’ (c . Pahla i wā ān ‘ ain’, Ku dish wa an
‘ he same’; Abae 1989: 52) in Sla onic speech, c . eloquen Osse ian wo d combina ion
wa yny don ‘ ainwa e ’ (applicably o d ying up i e ) ela ed o he hyd onym in he C imea
(Šapošniko 2007: 317). On he o he hand, i is wo h paying se ious a en ion o P o o-
I anian * a ana- as a pa o p e ixal o ma ion *apa- a ana- ~ * a - ‘ o wa e ou ’
(Ras o gue a, Edelman 2000: 314).
Final -а is a Sla onic lexion, adap ing his I anian wo d o Sla onic g amma (may
be, as a pa o *Ворона река).
*xūs-dān
Хуздáн [Хуз|дан], 1988 – gully, he igh . o he Ingul (Alexand o skij dis ic o
Ki o og ad egion; H omko 2017: 253). I is *xūs-dān, i.e. phone ically changed in Sla onic
use (na u al oicing o с > з be o e д), elic o he language o he Sa ma o-Alanian popula ion
o his e i o y. The compound wo d was coined as he lexicalisa ion o he a ibu i e wo d
combina ion *xūs dān ‘d ying up i e ’, ‘shallowed i e ’. This e ymology is e idenced by he
Osse ian Хусдон = “D ying up Ri e ” om хус(къ) ‘d y’ + дон ‘ i e ’ (Tsagae a 1975: 415).
Due o he p ese a ion o а, he wo d was bo owed by he Sla s (u ilizing Tu kic media-
ion?) be o e he change o Alanian ā > o be o e m, n, i.e. be o e he la e in 14 h cen u y.
20
5. CONCLUSION
5.1. In ou opinion, he e ymologies desc ibed in his pape enable us o conclude he
I anian o igin o se e al oponyms in ce ain a eas o he Dniepe and he Bug egions. These
e ymologies a e impo an as he linguis ic e idence o he esidence o he I anian e hnoses
he e. The c i e ia o mula ed abo e o gene ic a ilia ion o he dis inguished i anisms allow
o iden i y hem as he elemen s o he Sa ma o-Alanian ocabula y. Due o he absence o
us wo hy Osse ian lexical pa allels ele an o Alanian econs uc ion, he sugges ed p o-
o ypes a e de ined as Sa ma o-Alanian ega ding he phone ic ea u es peculia o he
Osse ian language.
5.2. The phone ic and de i a ional ea u es o he a es ed i anisms, hei s uc u al-
e ymological analogues in he I anian ocabula y, su ice o p o e he Sa ma o-Alanian lan-
guage a ilia ion o 20 lexemes. These include he oponyms i s ly in oduced in he scien i ic
use (*a s-wa m[ā], *be-gan, * ās-sāyan o * a s-san, *mā -wā ā o *mā - ā -, *xu -sin o
*xu sin), names wi h p e iously assumed Tu kic (Ингул = Sa m.-Alan. *un[i]-gul < PI an.
*auni-kula-), Sla onic (Лахан-, Лохан- = Sa m.-Alan. *lakand) e ymology o wo ds wi h
p e iously insu icien ly easoned I anian e ymology (Снопород = Alan. *san- o d/*sān- o d;
Сандаган = Alan. *sa d-ag-ān o *sa da-gan; Вордахель = Alan. *wā -dax-āl o
*wā -dax-el).
5.3. The econs uc ion o he pa o he ocabula y o he elic I anian language
e eals he na u e o he ela ionship o hese wo ds and he Osse ian ocabula y. C .:
a) The whole-lexical Alano-Osse ian equi alen s (Alano-Osse ica): Alan. *dū -
as u o *dū -us u : Osse . (in e ed) устур дор, S u -do ; Alan. *sāg-ba z : Osse . Сагбарз;
Alan. *sa d-ag-ān : Osse . Сæрдыгон (дарæн) o Alan. *sa da-gan : Osse . Сæрды дон; Alan.
*xūs-dān : Osse . Хусдон;
b) Alanian composi e wo ds wi hou he whole-lexical e ymological ana-
logues in Osse ian, bu explained due o Osse ian ocabula y: Alan. *a s-wa m[ā] :
Osse . a s & wæ m(æ); Alan. * ās-sāyan (= * ān-sāyan) o * a s-san : Osse . * on (in
*Ron- ændag) & sajæn o a s & sæn, Sæna; Alan. *ka d-ā : Osse . læk’æ dæ (<
* a-ka da-); Alan. *mā -wā ā o *mā - ā - : Osse . ma in *Raw-ma -don, don-ma -æn &
Osse . wa yn, wa un (< *wā ) o Раро; Alan. *san- o d/*sān- o d : Osse . sæn, Sæna & o d;
Alan. *wā -dax-āl o *wā -dax-el : Osse . wa yn, wa un & æx & su . -āl o -el;
Alan. *xu -sin o *xu sin : Osse . xu æ & Digo . sinæk, sinæg.
5.4. Ex e nal ela ions o he ocabula y o Sa ma o-Alanian dialec s o he Dniepe
and he Bug egions wi hin he I anian g oup a e ep esen ed by he ollowing isoglosses:
a) Alanian-Eas e n I anian: (as o 1 h pa ) Sa m.-Alan. *dāčī-kāϑ : Shug. wiδǟc;
Sa m.-Alan. *lakand : Yazg. lakánd; Alan. *sa ak o *sa āk : Osse . sæj ag, Sogd. s y /sa ē/,
s ’k; (as o 1 h pa ) Alan. *un[i]-gul (< *un[i]-kul) : Kho . ai, Sogd. ”w’nh [āwn];
b) Alanian-Wes e n I anian: Alan. * -sa ak : Pe s. ābšā ; (as o 2 h pa ) *un[i]-
gul (< *un[i]-kul) : M. Pe s. kōl {kwl}, Ku d. Ku m. k‘ōl, k‘ūl e c.;
21
c) Wi h a b oad geog aphy o coun e pa s: Alan. *aspa-xāg (< *aspa-xāk) :
Yagn. Aspi xok, Taj. Аспи хоки чашма [Aspi xoki čašma], Аспти хок [Asp i xok];
Alan. *wa an, *wā ān.
I should be poin ed ou ha he econs uc ed lexemes wi h geog aphical meaning
ha e coun e pa s no only in he appella i e ocabula y o he o he I anian languages bu
also in hei oponymy.
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