Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica
2025, ol. 92, pp. 1–23
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Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-01-31. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-04-18.
1
THE RADZIWIŁŁS AND THEIR HORSES: HIPPONYMS IN 17TH-
AND 18TH-CENTURY INVENTORIES OF THE MAGNATE FAMILY’S
HERDS
Rad ilos i jų a kliai: XVII i XVIII amžiaus ži gų a dai magna ų šeimos bandų
in en o iuose
KAMIL FREJLICH
Royal Łazienki Museum in Wa saw
E-mail: k. ejlich@lazienki-k olewskie.pl
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-9142-8886
Fields o esea ch: His o y o he Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h, human-animal ela ionships,
social his o y, cul u al his o y, me hodology o his o y.
h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all92-03
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The a icle examines he hipponyms (p ope names o ho ses) eco ded in he in en o ies o he
Radziwiłł amily’s he ds in he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies, p edominan ly loca ed in he G and Duchy o Li huania.
A o al o 434 lexical uni s we e iden i ied, consis ing o 106 emale and 328 male o ms. Analysis o hese names
e eals ha hey we e no a bi a y bu pa o a delibe a e naming sys em. The names e e ed o a ious cha-
ac e is ics o he animals, including hei appea ance, beha iou , and possibly hei places o o igin. Some names
we e associa ed wi h “ eminini y” and beau y in he case o ma es, while hose o male ho ses o en e e ed o
igh ing, cou age, and o ices. G eek and Roman my hology se ed as a signi ican sou ce o inspi a ion o many
hipponyms, while o he s we e de i ed om he names o animal species. Many we e also connec ed o he widely
unde s ood Muslim wo ld. The languages mos equen ly ep esen ed among he names we e Polish, Tu kish,
and I alian. The au ho s o he sou ces likely w o e only in Polish and we e no well-educa ed, which may explain
he dis o ed o ms encoun e ed.
KEYWORDS: The Radziwiłłs, hipponyms, ho ses, zoonyms, in en o ies.
2
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje nag inėjami ži gų a dai, už ašy i XVII–XVIII a. Rad ilų giminei p iklausiusių, daugiausiai
Lie u os Didžiojoje Kunigaikš ys ėje bu usių bandų in en o iuose. Iš iso as i 434 leksiniai iene ai (iš jų 106
mo e iškos i 328 y iškos o mos). Va dų analizė a skleidė, kad jie bu o su eik i nea si ik inai, ačiau suda ė
apgal o os a dų sis emos dalį. Ži gų a dai eiškė į ai ias gy ūnų ypa ybes, įskai an jų iš aizdą, elgseną i
galbū kilmės ie ą. Kai ku ie pa elių a dai bu o siejami su „mo e iškumu“ i g ožiu, o ži gų pa inų a dai – su
ko a, d ąsa i a nyba. G aikų i omėnų mi ologija bu o s a bus daugelio ži gų a dų įk ėpimo šal inis, ki i
a dai kilę iš gy ūnų ūšių pa adinimų. Taip pa pasi aikė a dų, susijusių su plačiai sup an ama musulmoniškojo
pasaulio ik o e. Kalbos, iš ku ių kilę a dai, dažniausiai lenkų, u kų i i alų. Są ašų au o iams lenkų kalba bu o
bene ienin elė, ku ia šie galėjo ašy i, be o, jie nebu o išsila inę, odėl pasi aikė išk aipy ai už ašy ų a dų
o mų.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Rad ilos, ži gų a dai, a kliai, zoonimai, in en o iai.
INTRODUCTION
The e a e se e al species, o he han humans, ha use speci ic sound sequences o
add ess hei conspeci ics, as obse ed, among o he s, in A ican bush elephan s (Pa do e al.
2024). Howe e , humans end no only o name o he humans bu also membe s o o he
species, a p ac ice ha can be aced back o he Old Kingdom o Egyp .
The unc ions o con empo a y zoonyms we e de ined by Janusz S u yński as: po-
ssessi e (indica ing owne ship by he pe son who names he animals), di e en ia ing
(dis inguishing one animal om ano he ), and pha ic-cona i e (used in some species o
es ablish con ac wi h animals, elici esponses, e c.) (S u yński 1996: 104–106). I would also
a gue ha hey se e an emo i e unc ion.
Al hough his o ical zoonyms canno be asc ibed he same unc ions in all con ex s,
hey a e undoub edly an impo an elemen o unde s anding how people once ea ed,
alued and pe cei ed animals, hus se ing as a sou ce o he his o y o human-animal ela-
ionships. Mo eo e , hey ep esen a laye o li ing language ha e eals much abou humans
hemsel es, including cul u al changes. Fo ins ance, in con empo a y con ex s, i is obse ed
ha zoonyms a e in luenced by popula cul u e and cu en e en s (S u yński 1996: 90–102;
Duszyk 2011: 276–280).
Resea ch on zoonyms in he Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h has no been well de-
eloped o da e. A ew a icles ha e been published on he names o ca le in he Kingdom o
Poland in he 17 h–18 h cen u ies (My lakowski 1889; Pawlik 1922; Zbo owski 1922; Wa choł
1961; Bubak 1974–1977) and in he Duchy o Siewie z in he 18 h cen u y (Plu a 1988). The
names o dogs used o hun ing, eco ded by he Voi ode o Poznań, Jan Os o óg (1565–
1622), ha e also been analysed (Ziembicki 1934; Sme ona, Sme onienė 2017). Some da a on
dog names used in he G and Duchy o Li huania in he 16 h cen u y, be o e he Lublin Union
(Ragauskienė 2010: 34), and in he second hal o he 18 h cen u y (F ejlich 2025), is also
a ailable.
Al hough he e is ex ensi e esea ch on con empo a y hipponyms in Sla ic languages
(Wa choł 2007: 119–268), Ea ly Mode n examples a e no well ep esen ed in he academic
li e a u e (see, o example, he h ee 18 h-cen u y ho se names om he Duchy o Siewie z
3
in Plu a 1988). Howe e , we can poin o he a icle by E genija N. Va niko a, who analysed
he hipponyms mainly eco ded in he in en o ies o Vologda monas e ies, wi h a o al o 430
o ms om he 16 h–18 h cen u ies (Va niko a 2020). Ma ina Cas iglione, in u n, analysed
164 hipponyms ela ed o he s ables o he noble Moncada amily in cen al Sicily a he u n
o he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies (Cas iglione 2021).
The gene ally poo s a e o esea ch on his o ical hipponyms can be a ibu ed o hei
sca ci y in sou ce ma e ials. I has been obse ed, o ins ance, ha hey a e absen om La e
Medie al u ban accoun books (Meie s 2019: 23). Bogdan Walczak concluded ha hey occu
e y a ely in Polish sou ce ma e ials (Walczak 1996: 149–150). Ne e heless, 18 h-cen u y
sou ces om he e i o y o Poland con ain examples no ye known o esea che s
(Cha czowski I: 11; Cha czowski II: 43). A ue abundance o such names is ound, howe e ,
in he ma e ials pe aining o one o he mos in luen ial magna e amilies o he G and Duchy
o Li huania – he Radziwiłłs.
1. SOURCES AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES
The Cen al A chi es o His o ical Reco ds in Wa saw houses a as collec ion known
as he Wa saw A chi es o he Radziwiłłs, which was anspo ed om Nyas izh o Wa saw in
1919 and 1923 (Lewandowska 2008: 632–654). A signi ican pa o he collec ion consis s o
a ious in en o ies, bo h o es a es and belongings. I has al eady been a gued ha Radziwiłł
in en o ies a e a aluable and mul i ace ed co pus o sou ces ha can be used o conduc
esea ch no only on he his o y o ma e ial cul u e (which seems ob ious), bu also on he
his o y o e e yday li e, men ali y, social and cul u al his o y (Augus yniak 2003), as well as
non-an h opocen ic his o y, including animal his o y (F ejlich 2025).
I needs o be no ed ha in en o ies o a ious es a es belonging o he nobili y ha e
al eady been u ilised in his o ical sociolinguis ic esea ch. Fo example, Zigmas Zinke ičius
employed such documen s o analyse an h oponymy and demog aphy in selec ed se lemen s
o 17 h-cen u y Li huania, including Vokė, which belonged o Bogusław Radziwiłł. This led
him o he conclusion ha hei popula ion was p edominan ly e hnically Li huanian
(Zinke ičius 1997). In en o ies o bo h es a es and mo able p ope y p o ide a aluable oun-
da ion o sociolinguis ic analyses, as hey e lec he language in use, e en hough his was
no he p ima y pu pose o which hey we e eco ded.
In he analysed collec ion o Radziwiłł in en o ies, he e a e app oxima ely 90 egis e s
o a ious animals belonging o he amily in he 17 h–18 h cen u ies, including dogs, ca le,
sheep, and camels. Howe e , he majo i y pe ain o ho ses – abou 70, o which only 10
con ain any hipponyms. All o he manusc ip s we e w i en in Polish (see Illus a ion 1).
The hipponyms da e om 1612 o 1742. The he ds in which hese names we e used
belonged o h ee membe s o he Radziwiłł amily: K zysz o (1585–1640), Field (la e
G and) Li huanian He man and Voi ode o Vilnius (In . XXVI-17; In . XXVI-39; In .
XXIX-249); Bogusław (1620–1669), G and Li huanian S anda d-Bea e and G and
4
Li huanian Eque y (In . XXVI-767); and Michał Kazimie z (1702–1762), who la e became
he Voi ode o Vilnius and G and Li huanian He man (In . XXVI-192; In . XXVI-261;
In . XXVI-277; In . XXVI-320; In . XXVI-809; In . XXVI-988). Mos o he hipponyms
ound in he sou ces a e associa ed wi h he i s o hese magna es. Ho se names om
18 h-cen u y sou ces ep esen only abou a en h o he o al.
The da a analysed o igina es om he ds loca ed p ima ily in he e i o y o he G and
Duchy o Li huania (Ageniškis, As ashyn, Beli sa, Be aza e s, Dzyalya sichy, Jašiūnai, Kapyl,
Ka elichy, Koydana a, Lyubcha, Naujamies is, Nyas izh, Papilys, Rad iliškis, Slu sk, Usa,
Vilnius, Vyžuonos, Zhup any), bu also in he egions o Volhynia (Olyka, Rady yli ,
Rokhmani , Tsuman) and Podlachia (O la) ha belonged o he Kingdom o Poland, and in
he assal Duchy o Cou land and Semigallia (Kuldīga).
I is jus i ied o use he names o ho ses om he Radziwiłł he ds ac oss all o hese
e i o ies, as he sou ce ma e ial demons a es ha animals we e anspo ed be ween loca-
ions. This means ha he ecu ing hipponyms may occasionally e e o he same animal.
Fo example, in 1735, a s allion named Ka aś was men ioned in Rokhmani , and he ollowing
yea , he appea ed in Tsuman, as well as being anspo ed om Olyka o Nyas izh (In .
XXVI-261: 1; In . XXVI-277: 1; In . XXVI-988: 1).
La e in he ex , I lis all o he ho se names ound, ca ego ising hem in o emale and
male. This dis inc ion is impo an because gende was usually used o cha ac e ising an
animal, e en in ambiguous cases. Fo example, in one o he la e Radziwiłł in en o ies om
1765 (In . XXVI-883: 1), wo “he maph odi e” ho ses a e men ioned, ye hey a e e e ed
o as “s allions” (ogie <…> a mo ody ). Howe e , in many cases, he gende o he animal is
no speci ied in he analysed sou ces. In such ins ances, I ha e chosen he mos p obable
gende based on he g amma ical gende and meaning o he name. Some o ms, howe e ,
a e no immedia ely ob ious. Fo ins ance, Ka ona – which appea s o be a emale name due
o i s g amma ical o m – u ned ou o be he name o a s allion.
No all o he hipponyms we e easily legible, and in some cases, he w i e s dis o ed
ce ain o ms. Addi ionally, he e we e ins ances whe e i was unclea whe he a pa icula
wo d e e ed o a p ope name o a cha ac e is ic ea u e o a ho se, such as his o he
appea ance, disposi ion, o o igin. This was especially challenging wi h emale o ms, as he
au ho s o he in en o ies o en cha ac e ised ma es using adjec i es, some o which could
ha e been used as hipponyms. Ne e heless, I was able o iden i y 434 lexical uni s (106
emale and 328 male o ms) ha we e undoub edly – o , in some cases, mos likely – used as
hipponyms.
This a icle aims o es ablish he p inciples o he naming con en ion o ho ses in he
Radziwiłł he ds. While no dis ega ding he in o ma ion abou he ho ses con ained wi hin
hem (such as gende and cha ac e is ics), i is impo an o ecognise ha hese names we e
c ea ed and used by humans. As such, I also e lec on he aspec s o human his o y ha hey
e eal.
5
To achie e hese goals, all he o ms a e lis ed and subsequen ly analysed. My pa i-
cula in e es s lie in hei e ymology, wi h a ocus on de e mining he language o o igin, and
hei seman ics. I ca ego ise hem in o seman ic ields and a emp o in e he mo i a ions
behind he use o hese pa icula o ms as hipponyms. This leads o conclusions abou he
c ea o s and use s o he names – hei men ali y and in ellec ual ho izons.
In he ex , I employ quali a i e analysis. This app oach is jus i ied by an a emp o
answe he ques ions o how he ho ses we e named and why hese names we e chosen. The
sou ce ma e ial is likely incomple e (i is p obable ha many mo e ho ses had names, bu
hese we e no eco ded), and some o he o ms we encoun e aise doub s, as men ioned
abo e. Addi ionally, we canno always be ce ain whe he a ecu ing name e e s o he same
o di e en animals. Fo hese easons, I ha e e ained om de e mining he equency o
pa icula hipponyms o hei g oups, as he esul s would likely be highly ques ionable.
2. HIPPONYMS
The names a e lis ed below in alphabe ical o de in he nomina i e case. The o iginal
spelling is e ained. Va ian s o hipponyms (including misspellings) a e all included, sepa a ed
by slash ma ks, wi h he mos accu a e o m gi en i s . All sou ces a e ci ed in b acke s and
a anged ch onologically. Di e en hipponyms a e sepa a ed by semicolons.
Female hipponyms:
Aisie (In . XXIX-249: 3); An ea (In . XXIX-249: 3); A achna (In . XXVI-261: 4) /
Rachna (In . XXVI-809: 6, 8); A iadna (In . XXIX-249: 3; In . XXVI-809: 8) / A yiadna
(In . XXVI-261: 4) / A yanna (In . XXVI-809: 6); A mida (In . XXIX-249: 3); A emissia
(In . XXVI-261: 4) / A chamissa (In . XXVI-809: 6, 8); Asp a (In . XXIX-249: 3); As ea
(In . XXVI-809: 8); A alan a (In . XXVI-17: 50, 83, 89, 94; In . XXIX-249: 3; In . XXVI-
192: 1) / A alian a (In . XXVI-17: 75) / A halan a (In . XXVI-17: 40) / A alan as (In .
XXVI-809: 8);
Badessa (In . XXIX-249: 4); Baszanka (In . XXVI-17: 28, 31–32, 49, 63, 65, 67, 72–
75, 83, 94, 101, 107) / Baszan ka (In . XXVI-17: 20, 23–24, 60); Beladona (In . XXVI-17:
22, 29, 48–49, 60, 66, 75, 97, 108) / Belladona (In . XXVI-17: 27, 31–32, 69, 83, 101; In .
XXIX-249: 1, 4) / Bella donna (In . XXVI-17: 40) / Beliadona (In . XXVI-17: 75) / Bela ona
(In . XXVI-17: 14); Bekulsza (In . XXVI-17: 28, 30, 32, 48, 66–68, 71, 83, 87) / Biekulsza
(In . XXVI-17: 60, 107); Bellona (In . XXVI-192: 1; In . XXVI-809: 8); Be a (In . XXIX-
249: 4); Białog odka (In . XXVI-17: 23, 27, 29–30, 49, 53, 56, 60, 68, 72, 76, 82–83, 89, 94,
101, 105); Bisua (In . XXIX-249: 4); Blanka (In . XXVI-17: 102); B odka (In . XXVI-17:
37, 84);
Camilla (In . XXIX-249: 5); Ce es (In . XXVI-261: 4) / Cy ys (In . XXVI-809: 6, 8);
Cicalina (In . XXIX-249: 5); Ciciliana (In . XXIX-249: 5); Ciciluzsa (In . XXIX-249: 5);

6
Cicisca ina (In . XXIX-249: 5); Cin hia (In . XXIX-249: 5); Co u ea (In . XXIX-249: 5);
Czeszka (In . XXVI-17: 63);
Dama (In . XXVI-17: 21, 23, 48, 65, 89, 94, 105; In . XXIX-249: 6); Dąmzella (In .
XXIX-249: 6); Deka (In . XXIX-249: 6); Diana (In . XXIX-249: 6) / Dianna (In . XXVI-
192: 1) / Dyanna (In . XXVI-809: 8) / Dyianna (In . XXVI-261: 4); Dido (In . XXVI-809:
8); Dola yczka (In . XXVI-17: 27, 29, 54, 57, 82) / Dola iczka (In . XXVI-17: 72–73, 82);
Do inda (In . XXIX-249: 6); D opka (In . XXVI-17: 32, 49, 83, 89, 95, 102, 106); D yada
(In . XXVI-809: 6, 8) / D yiada (In . XXVI-261: 4);
Emne (In . XXIX-249: 7);
Fa a ella (In . XXIX-249: 8); Fa ima (In . XXVI-17: 101, 104); Fa ma (In . XXIX-
249: 8); Flo a (In . XXVI-192: 1; In . XXVI-809: 6, 8); Fo una (In . XXVI-17: 20, 23, 32,
50, 60, 67, 69, 75, 83, 87, 91, 102; In . XXIX-249: 8);
Ga ba a (In . XXVI-17: 72–73, 76, 82, 101); Giul (In . XXIX-249: 9); Gwiazda (In .
XXVI-17: 63; In . XXIX-249: 9);
Hasanka (In . XXVI-17: 27, 29, 31–32, 53–54, 56, 69, 76, 82–83, 89, 95, 105–
106) / Hasan ka (In . XXVI-17: 24, 60) / Asanka (In . XXVI-17: 72);
Io (In . XXVI-261: 4) / Iwa (In . XXVI-809: 6, 8); I ys (In . XXVI-809: 8);
Juno (In . XXVI-192: 1; In . XXVI-261: 4; In . XXVI-809: 6, 8);
Kadyn (In . XXIX-249: 13); Ka onka (In . XXVI-17: 29, 54, 57, 63, 73, 76, 82, 107);
Kawka (In . XXIX-249: 13); Kie ime (In . XXIX-249: 13); Klo ys (In . XXVI-261: 4) / Flo ys
(In . XXVI-809: 6); Kma ica (In . XXIX-249: 2); Ko nice (In . XXIX-249: 13); Ko ona (In .
XXIX-249: 13); Kosa a (In . XXVI-17: 63, 102, 105); Kosminka (In . XXVI-17: 63); Kusiade
(In . XXIX-249: 13);
Lau a (In . XXIX-249: 14); Lą ka (In . XXVI-17: 63); Lucca (In . XXIX-249: 14);
Lucina (In . XXVI-192: 1) / Lucyna (In . XXVI-809: 8); Luna (In . XXVI-17: 27, 29, 50, 67,
101); Lysica (In . XXVI-17: 63);
Łachewka (In . XXVI-809: 8); Ładna (In . XXVI-809: 7; In . XXVI-320: 4);
Mała (In . XXVI-809: 7); Mamka (In . XXVI-17: 63); Ma szałkowna (In . XXVI-17:
102); Ma ica (In . XXIX-249: 15); Menica (In . XXIX-249: 15); Misu ka (In . XXVI-17:
24, 27, 29, 31–32, 49, 55, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72–73, 77, 82, 87, 95, 101) / Mysu ka (In . XXVI-
17: 83); Musulmanka (In . XXVI-17: 101);
Na cissa (In . XXIX-249: 16); Niszczycha (In . XXVI-17: 65, 67, 72–73, 75, 82, 101);
Nizka (In . XXIX-249: 16); Nozde ka (30, 32, 48, 60, 63, 66, 68, 73, 87, 101, 108) / Nasde ka
(In . XXVI-17: 83) / Nozdo ka (In . XXVI-17: 82); Nozka (In . XXVI-17: 63);
O lianka (In . XXVI-17: 63); O ega (In . XXIX-249: 17); Oszmianka (In . XXVI-17:
63);
Pallas (In . XXVI-809: 8); Pando a (In . XXVI-192: 1; In . XXVI-809: 8); Panna
(In . XXVI-17: 40, 103; In . XXIX-249: 1, 18); Pa aska (In . XXVI-17: 90); Pe sa (In .
XXVI-17: 32, 52, 56, 60, 72, 76, 82, 85, 89, 94, 105); Piękna (In . XXVI-809: 7; In . XXVI-
7
320: 4); Podlaszanka (In . XXVI-17: 63); Pomona (In . XXVI-192: 1; In . XXVI-809: 6, 8);
Ponczoska (In . XXVI-17: 41); P oze pina (In . XXVI-192: 1; In . XXVI-261: 4);
Illus a ion 1. In . XXVI-39: 1
8
Illus a ion 2. In . XXVI-192: 1
9
Illus a ion 3. In . XXVI-277: 1
16
I is wo h no ing ha he Russian examples analysed by E. Va niko a o a ce ain
ex en e e ed o he same seman ic ields: he appea ance o he animals, e hnonyms, opo-
nyms, o ices, an h oponyms, o he animal species. They we e, howe e , no loaned om
o he languages (Va niko a 2020). Simila we e he mo i a ions behind he names o he
ho ses o he Moncadas in Sicily, ha we e also based almos exclusi ely on he local language,
wi h one La in excep ion (Cas iglione 2021).
Illus a ion 4. In . XXIX-249: 23

17
I emains unclea exac ly how he p ocess o c ea ing hipponyms in he Radziwiłł
he ds ope a ed. The sou ce ma e ial indica es only ha , a imes, daugh e s we e named a e
hei mo he s (In . XXVI-17: 27, 32).
As discussed h oughou he analysis, he hipponyms we e de i ed om wo ds in
a ious languages, wi h Polish, Tu kish, and I alian being he mos commonly used. The e
a e also examples om La in and Ancien G eek (likely h ough La in) in he case o my ho-
logical igu es. Ins ances o names s emming di ec ly om La in a e a e. A ew examples can
be aced o Spanish wo ds – o he o ms men ioned abo e we may add Chidalgo (← hidalgo
‘nobleman’) and O ega (a su name). Only one name appea s o ha e o igina ed di ec ly om
Ge man. A Li huanian example is B olis (‘b o he ’).
CONCLUSIONS
The hipponyms used in he Radziwiłł he ds cons i u e a ich and a ied g oup o
lexical uni s. As demons a ed, hese names o m a delibe a e naming sys em ha can also be
unde s ood in he con ex o b oade his o ical and cul u al phenomena. The p esence o
ho se names e e ing o he Muslim wo ld only in he 17 h-cen u y in en o ies may be co-
nnec ed o he poli ical and mili a y his o y o he Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h, pa i-
cula ly he con lic s wi h he O oman Empi e and Ta a in asions. A e he T ea y o
Ka lowi z (1699), hese conce ns la gely aded om he his o ical landscape, al hough hey
had p e iously been signi ican o he inhabi an s o he s a e.
Rega dless o hei linguis ic o igins, all he hipponyms we e il e ed h ough he
sys em o he Polish language. A no able example o his is he in lec ed o m A achna ins ead
o he o iginal indeclinable A achne. I is impo an o emembe ha all he in en o ies we e
w i en in Polish, which was likely he only language he au ho s could w i e in. The ac ha
some o eign names we e ansla ed in o Polish in In . XXIX-249 u he suppo s he idea
ha he Polish language played a key ole. I is plausible ha he au ho s we e no amilia
wi h he o eign languages om which he hipponyms o igina ed, which may explain why
some o hem a e dis o ed.
The w i e s o he in en o ies we e likely no well-educa ed. Fo ins ance, In . XXVI-
809 was p obably w i en by someone wi h li le o no knowledge o my hology, who eco ded
he names o my hological igu es as he hea d hem. Tha helps explain he p esence o
dis o ed o ms such as Iwa, Rachna, and Cy ys ins ead o Io, A achne, and Ce es. Mos o he
my hological names can be a ibu ed o he ime o Michał Kazimie z Radziwiłł who was
augh classical li e a u e and a (Kucha ski 2022: 82–83, 92), and who may ha e played
a ole in he c ea ion o hese hipponyms.
I is clea ha some o he names we e used o di e en ho ses o e ime. Fo example,
Skoczek was eco ded in bo h 1620–1621 and 1735–1736. E en ho ses li ing a he same ime
18
could sha e he same name, as e idenced, o ins ance, in 1629, when wo animals we e named
Wezi , one o which was cha ac e ised as “old” (In . XXVI-39: 1–2).
Resea ch sugges s ha ho ses can espond o single wo ds, p o ided hey a e used
consis en ly. This can apply o hei names (S achu ska e al. 2024). Howe e , i emains
unclea how – and i – he analysed hipponyms we e used in p ac ice in he Radziwiłł he ds.
Some names, due o hei leng h o di icul phone ics (e.g., Ka akaszbasza), appea highly
imp ac ical o egula use.
I should also be no ed ha no all ho ses belonging o he Radziwiłłs we e eco ded
wi h names. In ac , mo e animals we e simply desc ibed by hei physical ai s, such as “one
bay ho se” (In . XXVI-310: 2), o we e me ely coun ed (e.g., In . XXVI-445). This sugges s
ha he ho ses whose names a e eco ded we e conside ed mo e aluable by hei owne s.
This is u he e idenced by he in en o ies ha emphasise he genealogies o he animals and
he ep oduc i e s a egies employed (mos clea ly illus a ed in In . XXVI-17 – see also
Illus a ions 2 and 3). Such animals we e likely iewed as signs o p es ige a he han me e
wo king o ce. Gi en he sophis ica ed na u e o many o he hipponyms, i is easonable o
assume ha hese names se ed a simila symbolic ole.
Due o hei sophis ica ion and o eign e ymology, hey we e likely less p ac ical han
he Russian and I alian examples analysed by espec i ely E. Va niko a and M. Cas iglione
(Va niko a 2020; Cas iglione 2021), al hough in all h ee cases, he hipponyms we e simila ly
mo i a ed. Howe e , he ques ion emains open o compa a i e esea ch, which would
equi e u he explo a ion o a chi al esou ces o ye unknown examples. Mo eo e , i
would be aluable o compa e hipponyms wi h o he zoonyms. Fo ins ance, al hough he
pape by Kamil F ejlich (2025) does no p ima ily ocus on zoonyms, i o e s insigh in o he
names o dogs owned by he Radziwiłłs. As wi h he ho se names, hese we e also based on
he cha ac e is ics o he animals. Howe e , in con as o hipponyms, hey also e e ed o
hun ing, o which he dogs we e used, and o sounds and musical ins umen s, which alluded
o ba king and howling. The abundance o Ea ly Mode n dog names in he Wa saw A chi es
o he Radziwiłłs, and po en ially o he zoonymic o ms in di e en a chi al collec ions om
he pe iod, emains a p omising a ea o u he esea ch.
As demons a ed abo e, analysis o hipponyms om he Radziwiłł he ds can lead o
conclusions abou he men ali y and in ellec ual ho izons o he magna es, and possibly hei
en ou age: hei ascina ion wi h he Muslim wo ld (albei a leas pa ly uelled by mili a y
h ea ), hei in e es in classical my hology, a somewha eccen ic a ac ion o o eign lan-
guages, hei belonging o he Polish-speaking cul u al ci cle, and he le el o es eem hey
bes owed upon he ho ses in hei s ables, mos likely ep esen a i e ones. Dis o ions in lan-
guage o ms, in u n, allow o in e ing a limi ed le el o cul u al compe ence among he
lowe , ye li e a e, se an s o he Radziwiłłs. Undoub edly, analogous esea ch, shedding ligh
on di e en aspec s o social and cul u al his o y, could also be conduc ed using o he
examples.
19
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20
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bandų in en o iuose
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnyje analizuojami 1612–1742 m. in en o iuose už iksuo i ži gų a dai, a o i
ijų Rad ilų giminės magna ų K is upo, Bogusla o i Mykolo Kazimie o bandose. Pi miausia
šios bandos bu o laikomos Lie u os Didžiojoje Kunigaikš ys ėje, aip pa Palenkėje, Voluinėje,
Ku šo i Žiemgalos kunigaikš ys ėje. Iš iso išaiškin i 434 a dai, iš ku ių 106 mo e iškos i
328 y iškos o mos. S aipsnyje šie a dai iš a dy i, a lik a kokybinė jų analizė.
Analizės ezul a ai a skleidžia apgal o ą į a dijimo sis emą. Ži gų a dai dažnai nu odo
gy ūnų ypa ybes, įskai an jų iš aizdą, elgesį i g eičiausiai kilmės ie ą. Be o, kele as a dų,
su eik ų kumelėms, bu o siejama su „mo e iškumo“ i g ožio są okomis, o ži gų pa inams –
su ko a, d ąsa i a nyba. G aikų i omėnų mi ologija – eikšmingas a dų įk ėpimo šal inis,
ypač mo e iškos giminės ži gų a dų.
Ki i a dai kilę iš bend ųjų į ai ių gy ūnų ūšių, ypač žinduolių i paukščių, pa adi-
nimų. Daugelis a dų aip pa susiję su musulmonų pasauliu, pa enkan a dus em asi pa e-
igybėmis, i ulais, e nonimais, eligija, is o inių asmenybių i žmonių asmen a džiais. Šias
į a dijimo aplinkybes g eičiausiai lėmė poli iniai i ka iniai san ykiai a p Abiejų Tau ų
Respublikos i Osmanų impe ijos bei jos san ykiai su o o iais. Dauguma ži gų a dų
23
g indžiami lenkiškais, u kiškais, i ališkais žodžiais, no s pasi aikė i lie u ių bei ki ų kalbų
žodžių.
Daugelis in en o inių a dų y a išk aipy ai už ašy i, o ai gali bū i susiję su uo, kad
au o iai, be lenkų kalbos, užsienio kalbų g eičiausiai nemokėjo a neišmanė klasikinės mi o-
logijos. Galiausiai šių ži gų a dų y imas su eikia e ingos in o macijos apie Rad ilų šeimos
men ali e ą i in elek ualinius ho izon us.