Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 2025, t. 93, p. 1–23 Contents link / Turinio nuoroda ISSN 2669-218X (online / elektroninis)

ABOUT THE MANUSCRIPT OF JURGIS AMBROZIEJUS PABRĖŽA IŽĖGIS GEOGRAFYJE AND WALENTY SZACFAJER’S GEOGRAFIIA KRÓTKO ZEBRANA: A COMPARISON

On the Correspondence between Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža’s Manuscript Ižėgis Geografyje and Walenty Szacfajer’s Geografija kró́tko zebrana

JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1542-2866Research interests: Lithuanian syntax and semantics, ethnolinguistics, and the history of Lithuanian culture and ecclesiastical texts.

https://doi.org/10.35321/all93-06

ABSTRACT This article examines the textual relationship between a 166-page manuscript, referred to as a geography textbook and attributed to Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža, which has survived without a title page and begins with the words Ižėgis Geografyje, and a textbook by Walenty Szacfajer, especially popular in Lithuania in the first half of the 19th century. It reveals the general correspondence in content and structure between the Samogitian translation and the Polish original, and identifies alterations and additions in Pabrėža’s translation. KEYWORDS: Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849), Walenty Szacfajer (Valentas Šafčajeris) (~1778–1840), Józef Zawadzki (Juozapas Zavadskis) (1781–1838), geography textbook, Samogitian translation.

Copyright © 2025 Jūratė Pajėdienė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Išleido Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Šis straipsnis yra atviros prieigos, platinamas pagal „Creative Commons“ priskyrimo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias neribotai naudoti, platinti ir atkurti turinį bet kokioje laikmenoje, nurodant autorių ir šaltinį.

Received: / Received: 2025-05-21. Accepted: / Accepted: 2025-10-07.

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ABSTRACT

The article discusses the textual relationship between a 166-page manuscript, referred to as a geography textbook by Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža, lacking a title page and beginning with the words Ižėgis Geograpyje, and a textbook by Walenty Szacfajer, which was especially popular in Lithuania in the first half of the 19th century. The article reveals the general correspondence between the Samogitian manuscript and the Polish original, both in content and structure, and shows the modifications and additions found in Pabrėža’s translation.

KEYWORDS: Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849), Walenty Szacfajer (Valentas Šačfajeris) (~1778–1840), Józef Zawadzki (Juozapas Zavadškis) (1781–1838), geography textbook, translation to Samogitian.

INTRODUCTION

This article examines the textual correspondence between a 166-page manuscript, referred to as a geography textbook, which has survived without a title page and begins with the words Ižėgis Geograpyje…, and Walenty Szacfajer’s Geografia krótkо zebrana (the 1820s). The article aims to demonstrate the correspondence in structure and content between the Polish original and the Samogitian translation, discuss changes found in the translation, and consider possible reasons for producing a Samogitian version of the textbook. The general structural correspondence between Szacfajer’s Geografia krótkо zebrana and its Samogitian translation, as well as several passages inserted by Pabrėža himself, were established using analytical, comparative, and structural analysis methods.

The article consists of three sections, which examine:

1. The history of interpretations of the origins of the manuscript known as Pabrėža’s Geography, and the popularity of certain geography books that may have contributed to the production of this Samogitian manuscript in the early 19th century, including two editions of Szacfajer’s textbook: Geografia początkowa (1817; 1818b) and Geografia krótkо zebrana (1825; 1826; 1828;?1832).

2. The general correspondence between the structure and content of the Polish original and the Samogitian translation.

3. Differences between the Polish original and the Samogitian translation: Pabrėža’s additions, changes, and notes.

1. The manuscript’s Ižėgis Geograpyjeorigin and the history of its understanding

Some of Pabrėža’s extensive manuscript oeuvre has recently been published. This includes one collection of spiritual texts and two works on natural science: in 2009–2015,

¹For more on the talents and activities of the Samogitian preacher, Franciscan priest Pabrėža (1771–1849), see Pacevičius, Raudytė 2023: 7–13. In modern times, the spelling of Pabrėža’s monastic name varies between Ambraziejaus (characteristic also of references to Pabrėža’s works in the second half of the 19th century; see Kišūnienė 1972: 96) and Ambroziejus. The latter spelling, characteristic of Pabrėža’s autographs (cf. Kišūnienė 1972: 98, 99, 100, 102, 103), was popular in the works of 20th-century researchers (see ibid.: 109–111). This article follows the authentic form of Pabrėža’s name, revived at the initiative of Rita Šepetytė (2020: 7).

² Cf. Tarvydas 1972: 55; Gedrimas 2003: 117; Skorupskas 2019: 9; Šepetytė 2019: 7.

³ Szacfajer (Schacfaier) (~1778–1840) – gydytojas, vertėjas, lenkų kalba parengtų geografijos vadovėlių autorius, poetas (plg. PSB).

⁴ Naujausią Pabrėžos rankraščių aprašymą žr. Raudytė 2023: 130–133.

⁵ See Šepetytė, ed., 2020.

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All three parts of the plant compendium Tayslōs augumy̆ninis (I–223⁶, 224–776⁷, 777–980⁸) have been published, and in 2019 Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos geografija⁹. The articles accompanying the latter book discuss the manuscript’s structure and the value of its contents (Skorupskas 2019), as well as its formal and linguistic features (Šepetytė 2019). They assess the originality of the manuscript’s source differently: Ričardas Skorupskas (2019: 11–12) calls Pabrėža the author of a geography textbook written in Samogitian, whereas Šepetytė (2019: 53), asserting that “it is clear that Pabrėža translated from Polish,” also draws on earlier claims about the manuscript’s origin: Juozas Tarvydas’s view (1972: 57) that Pabrėža “had a Polish geography textbook at hand,” and another researcher’s conjecture that “[p]erhaps this was not a translation or adaptation of any single work, since no similar Polish geographical work published in the late 18th or early 19th century has been found that describes the states of all the continents so concisely”¹⁰. The editor of Pabrėža’s texts, Šepetytė (2019: 52), tentatively dates the preparation of the manuscript on the basis of an observation by the same researcher, whose identity was mistakenly given earlier¹¹: Pabrėža wrote the geography after 1831 (since the manuscript mentions Pope Gregory XVI, who became pope in 1831); she also notes that Giedrius Subačius, drawing on an analysis of the development of Pabrėža’s spelling, likewise tends to believe that the book was created around 1831–1834¹².

⁶ See Kažukauskaitė, Šepetytė, eds., 2009. ⁷ See Šepetytė, ed., 2014. ⁸ See Šepetytė, ed., 2015. ⁹ See Šepetytė, ed., 2019.

¹⁰ Šepetytė (2019: 53) cituoja Simoną Šilinskaitę (2010: 6), bet nurodytoji citata priskirtina Robertui Gedrimui (plg. Gedrimas 2003: 120). Klaidingos nuorodos priežastimi tapo Šilinskaitės magistro darbe „Lietuviškos geografijos terminijos raidos aspektai Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos Geografyje“ pasisavintas svetimas tekstas. Šiame magistro darbe (žr. Šilinskaitė 2010: 5–15, 25, 26, 33, 34) randamas beveik pilnai perrašytas Gedrimo straipsnis „J. A. Pabrėžos geografijos vadovėlio terminai“ (žr. Gedrimas 2003: 117–132) – perrašant pašalintos tik pastabos apie Simoną Daukantą ir Lauryną Ivinskį (šie pakeitimai neatsispindi pagal Gedrimą 2003 surašytoje bibliografijoje). Tiesa, magistro darbe kelis kartus Šilinskaitė (2010: 4, 6, 18) nurodo, kad rėmėsi Gedrimo darbu ir pateikia šio autoriaus teiginių (iš Gedrimas 2003: 122, 128, 131, 132) citatų (plg. Šilinskaitė 2010: 11, 14, 15, 20).

¹¹ Šepetytė cituoja Šilinskaitę (2010: 6), bet ir ši citata priskirtina Gedrimui (žr. Gedrimas 2003: 119).

¹² Plg. Gedrimo (2003: 119) straipsnio pastraipą: Knygoje nėra nurodyta parašymo data. J. Tarvydas mano, kad vadovėlis parašytas po 1825 m., nes jame minimas Rusijos caras Nikolajus I, kaip tik tais metais pradėjęs valdyti, ir ne vėliau kaip 1830 m., nes nuo tada Pabrėža atsidėjęs vien botanikai (Tarvydas 1972: 56). Matyt, remiantis šia nuomone, bibliografijoje irgi nurodoma, kad Pabrėžos Geografija parašyta po 1825 m. (Kišūnienė 1972: 97). Tačiau Pabrėžos geografijos vadovėlio datavimą leidžia patikslinti dar vienas svarbus faktas. Knygoje yra minimas popiežius Grigalius XVI, tapęs popiežiumi 1831 m., t. y. daug vėliau, nei Rusiją pradėjo valdyti caras Nikolajus I: Poniawowo-ječzió ir Grygaalós XVI. Gatwa bažnicys Riimyszkoosys 63. Vadinasi, Pabrėža ją parašė po 1831 m. Tai patvirtina ir rašybos analizė. G. Subačius, išnagrinėjęs Pabrėžos veikalų rašybos raidą, nustatė, kad ši knyga yra vienas pirmųjų Pabrėžos veikalų, rašytų su priebalsėmis cz, sz ir sudvejintomis balsėmis <...>, ir linksta manyti, kad knyga sukurta apie 1831–1834 metus (Subačius 1996: 42). Nuoseklus šios Gedrimo pastraipos nuorašas (nenurodant tikrojo autoriaus) pateiktas ir jau minėtame magistro darbe (žr. Šilinskaitė 2010: 6).

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Following the publication of the Samogitian manuscript Ižegis Geographyje (hereafter PaIG), the unresolved question of authorship of its contents prompted a search for a possible Polish source (or even several sources). The publication of the manuscript, which provides a transcription and facsimiles (see Šepetytė, ed., 2019), and new bibliographical descriptions of Pabrėža’s cultural legacy (see Pacevičius, Raudytė 2023) have made this search easier.

Pabrėža’s initial interest in geography can hypothetically be linked to his teaching at the Kretinga school, where from 1817 to 1821 he taught not only Latin and religion but possibly geography as well (cf. Gidžiūnas 1994: 69–70): the Samogitian geography textbook manuscript was used as evidence of this pedagogical activity (ibid.: 71–72). Pabrėža’s surviving library books also attest to his interest in geography¹⁴. The “Geography” section of the catalogue of Pabrėža’s library compiled by Arvydas Pacevičius and Nijolė Raudytė (see Pacevičius, Raudytė 2023: 243–259) lists collections of atlases¹⁵ and maps (61 items), as well as several Polish books—the titles Laurenco Echard’s Dyckyonarzyk Geograficzny (1782–1783), Evdokijus Zabłowski’s Ieografiia państwa rossyskiego (1810), Józef Zawadzki’s Geografia powszechna (1812), and Szacfajer’s Nowa jeografia powszechna (1824). The titles, prefaces, and contents of these books attest not only to the development and changes in geographical science at the time, but also to the popularity of geographical publications¹⁶ and, consequently, to the demand for knowledge in this field (which was changing rapidly also because of political realities¹⁷) and for certain books. A survey of the repeatedly reprinted (more or less updated) Polish-language editions of some geographical books of the period (cf. Estreicher 1878: 426) shows that Pabrėža had acquired almost all the most popular geography books. Yet his library did not contain (or has no surviving copy of?) the particularly handy textbook that concisely and accessibly presented key information on physical, political, and economic geography, which Pabrėža had called a “Polish booklet”¹⁸. That booklet was Szacfajer’s Geografija kró́tko zebrana podług ostatnich traktatų ułożona, na nowo przejrzana i poprawiona (hereafter Gkz). All the editions of Gkz that were slightly updated and/or merely reprinted¹⁹ attest to its popularity. It may be supposed that, despite the book’s frequent reprinting, the bibliophile Pabrėža probably never managed to buy it, so when he borrowed a copy

¹³ Plg. jau minėtą Gedrimo (2003: 120) spėjimą, kad tai, ko gero, nebuvęs vieno kurio veikalo vertimas ar sekimas.

¹⁴ Pacevičiaus (2023: 33) teigimu, asmeninėje bibliotekoje Pabrėža turėjęs daugiau knygų nei užfiksuota kataloge: 207 pavadinimai, 233 vienetai.

¹⁵ Apie Pabrėžos turėtus atlasus dar žr. Gedrimas 2003: 118.

¹⁶ For example, the preface to Franciszek Siarczyński’s Dykyconarzyk Geograficzny states that the Polish version (with additions on geographical features of Poland) was based on the eighth French translation edition of the thirteenth edition of Echard’s dictionary (see Echard 1782: I–II).

¹⁷ Cf. Zawadzki’s prefaces to the first and second editions of the book Geografia powszechna (see Zawadzki 1812: IV–V, I–II).

¹⁸ Cf. Pabrėža’s note about the original: lękyszko kningeliee padiets m. tór znocity ar mieszkáńcôw, ar męszczyn: ‘in the Polish booklet, the m. put down must mean either mieszkáńcôw [inhabitants] or męszczyn [men]?’ (PaIG 49).

¹⁹ Karol Estreicher lists 7 editions of this book (five under the same title—¹ 1825, ³ 1827, the revised and corrected ⁴ 1828 and ⁵ 1832 editions—and two somewhat later editions, ⁷ 1845 and ⁸ 1849, updated and bearing the title note Wydanie nowe (see Estreicher 1878: 426). The 1827 and 1832 editions have not yet been located.

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decided to copy it out in Samogitian. Even now, leafing through Gkz, one can see that the little book must have been popular among readers of the time: it presents concise information on the most important aspects of political and physical geography concerning all five continents (the countries of the European part, including those that had fallen into the clutches of the Russian Empire^²⁰, are described in greater detail^²¹).

Before examining how closely the Samogitian translation corresponds to the Polish original, it is necessary to discuss which of the several editions of Gkz published in the second decade of the 19th century (since their texts are almost identical) is the most likely source of PaIG. It is important to note that Pabrėža’s translation is not related to the 1818 edition of the 4th Geografia początkowa dla pożytku uczącey się młodzi podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona i powiększona. Przez W... S...²² (hereafter Gp)^²³. A comparison of the texts of Geografia początkowa (1817; 1818b)²⁴ and Geografija krótko zebrana (1825; 1826; 1828) shows that Gkz was prepared on the basis of the text of Gp 1818b. The textual changes in Geografija krótko zebrana <...> nanowo przejrzana i poprawiona przez Walentego Szafcajera, whose title was altered and which names the book’s editor in full (rather than by the initials W... S...), mark only changes in important rulers (for example, panuie teraz Alexander I (Gp 1818b: 16; Gkz 1825: 16) was changed to panuie teraz Mikołay I (Gkz 1826; 1828: 16)). Pabrėža’s text also mentions Nicholas I (cf. poniauo nóiau Mykalójós I (PaIG 26))²⁵, but changes of this kind in the Samogitian translation could also have been made on Pabrėža’s own initiative. A proofreading error absent from Gp (1817; 1818b) narrows the search for the Polish source used by Pabrėža to the Gkz editions alone. All editions of Geografija krótko zebrana give the figure of 26 Russian governorates (although 36 are listed), which Pabrėža also repeats in the Samogitian translation²⁶; cf.:

^²⁰In the prefaces to Geografia powszechna, hastily published in 1811 and 1812, Zawadzki, addressing privately educated young people, justifies the need for this textbook by its clarity and brevity, despite the structural incompleteness of the book: it does not describe the part of Europe that had come under Russian rule (cf. Zawadzki 1812: III–V (repeated in Przedmowa do edycyi pierwszey), I–II).

²¹ Plg. Skorupsko (2019: 12) teikiamą aprašo vertinimą: „Vadovėlis yra palyginti nedidelės apimties, bet aprėpia visą žemę kaip planetą. <...> [P]ateikti faktai ir žinios daugeliu atveju yra labai lakoniškos ir paviršutiniškos. <...> Knygoje akivaizdžiai pastebimas geografinio pobūdžio veiksnio – atstumo poveikis pateikiamos informacijos detalumui, išsamumui ir turinio apimčiai. Antai Europos aprašymui skiriama didesnioji knygos dalis, o kitų žemynų ir juose esančių šalių aprašui – tik 50 psl.“.

²² Estreicher lists four editions of Gp in Vilnius—¹˒² 1811, ³ 1817, ⁴ 1818—with the note that the third edition provides a revised version of the text (Estreicher 1878: 426). Although Gp was popular, mentions of the booklet relate only to the history of education of the period: works by Polish cultural historians state that in the second decade of the 19th century geography was taught in missionary schools in the Lithuanian Governorates using Szafcajer’s Geografia początkowa (cf. Wieczorek 2011: 70).

²³ The 3rd edition of Gp (1817) contains a considerable number of lingering proofreading errors, not repeated either in the 4th edition of Gp or in Gkz, which was slightly revised and given a new title.

²⁴ The 1st and 2nd editions of Gp (see Gp 1811) are excluded because they present an older version of the text and factual information, which also differs from that given in Pabrėža’s manuscript.

²⁵ For the effect of this information on the dating of the manuscript, see footnote 12.

²⁶ Skorupsko (2019: 20), pastebėjęs Pabrėžos rankraštyje užfiksuotą riktą, kad Rusija susidedanti iš 26 gubernijų, jį paaiškino taip: „matyt, autoriaus suklysta, nes išvardyta 36“.

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Russia is divided: First, into 36 governorates established according to the laws of the state (Gp 1818b: 16²⁷);

Russia is divided: First, into 26 governorates established according to the laws of the state (Gkz 1825; 1826;1828: 16);

Russia is divided First, into 26 governorates arranged according to the laws of the state (PaIG 27).

This proofreading error makes it possible to regard one of the later versions of Geografija krótkо zebrana as the original of Pabrėža’s translation (based on the aforementioned mention of Tsar Nicholas I, probably not the 1825 edition but a later one—1826 or 1828). It is possible that Pabrėža translated from Gkz 1832, but so far neither this edition of the book nor any information about it has been found in the aforementioned note in Estreicher’s bibliographic catalogue (cf. Estreicher 1878: 426). If Pabrėža translated from Gkz 1832, then this Gkz should present the same text as Gkz 1826 or Gkz 1828, but with Gregory XVI, who was pope from 1831 to 1846, now mentioned. At present, linking Pabrėža’s translation to the 1832 Gkz edition can only be hypothetical, although it best accords with the arguments already cited by Subačius (1996: 42) and Gedrimas (2003: 119, 132) concerning the date of the manuscript’s creation.

2. Correspondence between the content and structure of the Polish original and the Samogitian translation

The correspondence in content and structure between the textbook prepared by Szafcajer, Geografija krótkо zebrana, and Pabrėža’s Samogitian translation of this book is illustrated in Table 1 by juxtaposed excerpts from the Polish and Samogitian texts. The book (as well as its Samogitian manuscript version) consists of six parts: an introduction and five chapters²⁸; cf.:

INTRODUCTION; CHAPTER I. EUROPE; CHAPTER II. ASIA; CHAPTER III. AFRICA; CHAPTER IV. AMERICA; CHAPTER V. AUSTRALIA OR OCEANIA (Gkz 1828: 3, 10, 60, 72, 87) →

Introduction; Chapter I. Europe; Chapter II. Asia; Chapter III. Africa; Chapter IV. America; Chapter V. Australia or Oceania (PaIG 1, 13, 113, 133, 162).

The columns of the table present side by side quotations from the chapters of both works—the book and the manuscript: several opening sections and one concluding section. This comparison reflects the common structure of the texts (the arrangement of sections and paragraphs), as well as the correspondence of their content and factual information and the literalness of the translation²⁹. Gkz is cited from the 1828 edition (with variations in the citations and

²⁷ The edition published in Kraków in 1818 (it differs from the Vilnius 1818 edition of Gp in pagination and in some corrections) likewise gives this line with a reference to 36 governorates; cf.: Rossya dzieli się: naprzód na 36 Guberniy urząd­zonych podług ustaw państwa (Gp 1818a: 13).

²⁸ The structure of Szacfajer’s book has been discussed indirectly—that is, through analysis of the text of Pabrėža’s manuscript—by Tarvydas (1972: 55–56), Gedrimas (2003: 119), and Skorupskas (2019: 13–35).

²⁹ For reasons of space, the language of the translation itself is scarcely discussed in this article; the aim was only to show that Pabrėža follows the original precisely (or with a few additions). The distinctive features of Pabrėža’s translation of Gkz (compared with his other translations) will be discussed in another publication.

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The version of the spelling found in the 1826 edition). Citations reproduce the spelling model used in the Polish book, making it possible to see how words printed in italics in Gkz are marked by underlining in Pabrėža’s manuscript. For the reader’s convenience, additions are highlighted in bold when transcribing the quotations—for example, translation phrases or words containing lexical doublets or paratextual elements (Polish equivalents), or words for which Pabrėža copies the Polish equivalent into the translation (cf.: Wulkany czyli góry ogień wybuchające (Gkz 1928: 10) and Ognakalney (Wulkany arba katnaa ogni yszdómątyjiу:) (PaIG 15)), or words for which he chooses not a literal equivalent, but one customary in the Samogitian (Lithuanian) speech tradition (cf.: Wyspy <...> Zielonych Świątek (Gkz 1828: 90) and Salas <...> Sekmnynyns (PaIG 166)).

A comparison of passages from Gkz and PaIG shows Pabrėža’s efforts to structure the text more consistently than in the original. The translation contains almost no abbreviations (for example, the Polish abbreviations in Gkz MS., z MS. or m. Miasto staličzynis, só miesto staličzynio or miests (see PaIG 146, 112–113)); only the Polish abbreviation t. d. is rendered by the abbreviation t. t., corresponding to the Samogitian tyn tolaus (cf.: Nieodzowną pomocą do naukei Geografii są karty geograficzne czyli mappy <...> karty-szczególne wystawiają jedną główną część ziemi np. Azyą, lub Europę i t. d. (Gkz 1828: 8) and Neatskyramó paszałpó pri moksla Geograpyjis ira łaksztaa geograpiczny arba mappas <...> łaksztaa įpatingyji yszstata wyina binktor ny dali žemys: kaaptau Azyjį ar Europa, yr t. t. (PaIG 11–12). Pabrėža tended to write numbers out in words as well (at the beginning of the manuscript both forms were used; see, for example, paragraph 6 quoted in the section Įžėgis of Table 1).

Table 1. Translation of Szacfajer’s Geografija krótkо zebrana in Pabrėža’s manuscript Įžėgis Geograpyje: correspondences between passages of the Polish and Samogitian texts

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3. Physical geography describes the surface of the earth and the bodies found upon it.

4. Political geography comprises the various divisions of the earth established by people, describing countries and the composition of their governments. This branch of Geography will be the particular focus of our attention here.

5. The shape of the earth, somewhat flattened at the poles, is round like a sphere. Since the earth’s surface consists of land and water, we therefore call the earth a terrestrial-water globe.

6. Geographers estimate the total area of the terrestrial-water globe at 9,281,910 square miles. Of this, water occupies the greater part, for only 3,096,000 square miles are land—that is, somewhat more than one third.

pp. 3–4 <…>

31. Indispensable aids to the study of Geography are geographical maps, that is, maps depicting various parts of the earth; they take their names from the larger or smaller part of the earth that they represent. Thus, general maps contain the two hemispheres of the earth; special maps depict one principal part of the earth, e.g. Asia, or Europe, etc. General maps cover entire countries, e.g. Spain or others. Topographical or chorographical maps represent a county or a city. There are also nautical charts, on which seas, islands, rocks, shoals, and other things necessary for the mariner's information are marked. Travel or postal maps, on which roads and post stations in one or several countries are marked. On such maps, or charts, one must note the four principal directions, or regions of the world: South (meridies or Sud) at the bottom, North (septentrio or Nord) at the top, East (oriens or Est) on the right, West on the left. If these regions are not marked on the maps, then let us pay attention to the magnetic needle, or wind rose, shown on them; the side toward which the end of the magnetic needle points will be North; the opposite side, South; to the right, East, and to the left, West.

3. Physical geography describes the surface of the earth and the bodies found upon it.

4. Political geography comprises the various divisions of the earth established by people, describing countries and the composition of their governments. This branch of Geography will be the particular focus of our attention here.

5. Stowiła (: Figura) The shape of the earth, somewhat flattened at the poles, is round like a sphere. And since the surface of the earth consists of land and water, we therefore call the earth a terrestrial-water globe.

6. The total area of the terrestrial-water globe, according to the geographers, amounts to nine million two hundred eighty-one thousand, nine hundred ten square miles. That is, 9,281,910. — Of these, water occupies the greater part, while the land amounts to only about 3,096,000 square miles, that is, somewhat more than one third.

pp. 1–2 <…>

31. An inseparable aid to the study of Geography is a map, which shows us the larger or smaller divisions of the earth: their names and the larger or smaller parts into which it is divided. Thus a general map covers the whole earth; a special map shows one particular part of the earth, such as Asia or Europe, and so forth. A general map depicts whole states, such as Spain or another. A topographical or chorographical map represents counties or cities. There are also nautical (sailing) maps, on which seas, islands, bays, shoals, and other things needed by the navigator are marked (or noted). A travel or postal map shows roads and postal stations in one or another country or along a route. To examine such maps, one must know the four cardinal directions, or the regions of the world. South (Południe, meridies, or Sud) is below. North (Połnoc, Septentrio, or Nord) is above, at the top. East (Wschod, Oriens, or Est) is on the right-hand side. West (Zachod, Occidens, or Ouest) is on the left. If such directions are not marked on a map, then let us turn our attention to the magnetic needle, or to the wind rose, toward its

pp. 8–9

directions: the side toward which the end of the magnetic needle points is north; the opposite side is south South. By extending the right hand East, and to the left West. pp. 11–13

CHAPTER I. EUROPE.

Section 1. Europe §. 1.

§. 1. Location, boundaries, and size. It lies between 35–75° north latitude and 6–88° east longitude. To the west it borders the Atlantic Ocean; to the south, the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas; to the east, the archipelago, the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, the Black Sea, the Strait of Theodosia, the Sea of Azov, the Don River, and the Ural and Verkhoturye Mountains; to the north, the Arctic Ocean. Its area is 155,000 square miles.

§. 1. Location, boundaries, and size. Eu-//Europe lies between 35°–75° north latitude and 6°–88° east longitude. To the west it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. – To the south by the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas. – To the east by the archipelago, the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, the Black Sea, the Strait of Theodosia, the Sea of Azov, the Don River, the Ural and Verkhoturye Mountains. – To the north by the Arctic Ocean. Its area is 155,000 square miles.

§. 2. The Pyrenees between Spain and France: the Alps between France, Germany, and Italy: the Apennines in Italy: the Carpathians or Tatras between Poland (that is, Austrian Galicia), Hungary, and Transylvania: the Valdai Hills and the Ural Mountains, and so forth. The highest mountain in Europe is Mont Blanc, 14,793 feet high. Promontories: North Cape in Norwegian Lapland, Matapan in the Morea, St. Vincent in Portugal, Finisterre in Spain. Volcanoes, that is, mountains that erupt fire: Etna or Gibel in Sicily, Vesuvius in the Kingdom of Naples, Hekla in Iceland.

§. 2. Mountains.

Mountains the Pyrenees between Spain and France. the Alps between France, Germany, and Italy. Ape-// the Apennines in Italy: the Carpathians and the Tatras between Poland (that is, Austrian Galicia), Hungary, and Transylvania. – the Valdai Hills or the Valdai Hills, the Urals, and so forth.

The highest mountain in Europe is Mont Blanc, 14,793 feet high. Promontories: – North Cape in Norwegian Lapland; Matapan in the Morea. St. Vincent in Portugal; – Finisterre in Spain. Volcanoes (volcanoes, or mountains that erupt fire:) Etna or Gibel in Sicily. – Vesuvius in the Kingdom of Naples. – Hekla in Iceland.

p. 10 <...>

pp. 13–15 <...>

Asian Turkey comprises the following countries: 1) Anatolia or Natolia (the Levant, formerly Asia Minor), in which Kiutachia is the residence of the Pasha, Eskiudar or Skutari, Ismir or Smyrna, etc. The island of Cyprus, with MS. Maassa (Famagusta). 2) Syria, Soristan (Syria), in which Haleb or Aleppo is the residence of the Pasha, Damascus. Here belongs

Tombs extending across Asia Minor: 1) Anatoli or Natoliy (Levant, the older Asia Minor) whose Kiutachia pasha’s residence, Eskiudar or Skutari, Ismir or Smyrna, etc. – an island Cypruswhose only city is the capital of the land (Famagusta). 2) Soryiy, Sorystan (: Syria) whose Haleb or Aleppo is the pasha’s residence, – Damascus. – That is the boundary

Palestine, in which the city of Jerusalem, or Solima, is on four hills; Gaza is a port.

3) Mesopotamia, or Al Dzezira, with the city of Kara Emid, or Diarbekir, on the Tigris.

4) Turkish Georgia (Satabago), with the city of Akalazike.

5) Turkomania with Kurdistan and Arab Iraq, in which Arserum, or Erzerum, is the residence of the Pasha; Basra, or Bassora, is a depot city for all goods brought from India and Persia to Constantinople, and vice versa.

The possessions in Arabia and Egypt, and the tributary lands of Tunis, Tripolis, and Algiers, will be discussed in Asia and Africa.

pp. 59–60

CHAPTER II.

ASIA.

§. 1. Location, boundaries, extent. Asia lies between 42–208° longitude and 9–78° latitude. It borders Europe to the west (the Urals and the Don), the Sea of Azov, the Strait of Theodosia (Kaffa), the Black Sea, the Strait of Constantinople, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Suez Sea; to the south, the Indian Ocean and its gulfs; to the east, the Eastern Ocean; and to the north, the Icy Sea. It covers an area of 763,208 square miles.

§. 2. Mountains. In the center is the trunkof all the mountains, Bogdo Oola, whose branches are the Altai, Mussart, and Sayan Mountains; farther away are the Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, Taurus, and Ararat.

§. 3. Seas: 1) The Icy Sea, with the White, Kola, Ob, and other gulfs. 2) The Eastern, or Pacific, Ocean, whose parts are: the Northern Archipelago, with the Anadyr and Kamchatka gulfs; the Sea of Japan and the gulfs of Korea; Whanghai (the Yellow Sea); and Nanking Bay. 3) The Indian Ocean, whose parts are: the Arabian and Persian seas, and the Arabian Gulf (

Palestine, whose city of Jerusalem, or Solima, lies on four hills. Gaza is a port.

3) Mesopotamia, or Al Džėzira, whose capital city is Kara Emid, or Diarbekir, on the Tigris.

4) Turkish Georgia (Sabatago), whose capital city is Akalazike.

5) Turkomania with Kurdistan and Arab Iraq, in which Arserum, or Erzerum, is the seat of the Pasha; Basra, or Bassora, is a depot city for valuable goods brought from India and Persia to Constantinople, and vice versa. The possessions in Arabia and Egypt and the tributary lands of Tunis, Tripolis, and Algiers will be discussed in Asia and Africa.

pp. 112–113

Section II. Asia. §. 1. Location, boundaries, size.

Asia (: Asia) lies between 42–208° longitude and 9–78° latitude. – Its western boundaries with Europe are the Ural and Don rivers, the Sea of Azov, the Crimean peninsula (: Kaffa), the Black Sea, the peninsula of Constantinople, the Sea of Marmora, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Suez isthmus; to the south it borders the Indian Ocean and its gulfs; to the east the Great Eastern Ocean=//Ocean: and to the north the Arctic Ocean: it covers 763,208 square miles.

§. 2. Mountains.

In the interior and thechief (or highest) among all the mountains are Bogdo-Oola, known as the Altai, the Mussart and Sayan mountains; farther away are the Ural, Caucasus, Taurus, and Ararat mountains.

§ 3. Oceans.

1) The Arctic OceanArcticwith its gulfsthe White, Kara, and Ob gulfs, etc. 2) The Eastern or Pacific Ocean (: calm), whose parts are: the northern islands (: archipelago), with the Anadyr and Kamchatka gulfs; the Sea of Japan and its gulfs, Korea, Whanghai (the Yellow Sea), and Nanking.

red), Persian, Bengal, Indian Archipelagos, gulfs Tonkin and Siam, 4) the Mediterranean Sea. pp. 60–61 <...>

3) The Great Indian Ocean, whose parts are: the Arabian and Persian seas, the gulfs Arabian (: the Red Sea), Persian, Bengal–//Bengal, the Indian Archipelago, and the gulfs of Tonkin and Siam. 4) The Mediterranean Sea. pp. 113–115 <...>

§. 10. Japan.

It consists of many fertile and barren islands, rocks and reefs in the great Ocean, which in this region is called the Japanese Sea. This whole country, lying east of Asia, is said to cover 8,625 square miles and have 35 million inhabitants. All the islands are full of rugged mountains covered with perpetual snow; on Nifon alone there are five volcanoes. The prevailing religion is Buddhism (which includes the worship of Indian and Chinese gods). The government is divided among many small princes, under the supreme authority of Kuba-Soma, or the Emperor. Dairi is the head of the clergy.

X. Japan. It consists of many fertile and barren islands, rocks, and reefs (: hooks) in the great ocean, which in this region is called the Sea of Japan. This whole country lies east of Asia and is said to cover 8,625 square miles and have 35 million inhabitants. All the islands are full of rugged mountains covered with perpetual snow; on Nifon itself there are five volcanoes. The prevailing religion is Buddhism (including the worship of Indian and Chinese gods). The government is divided among many small princes, under the supreme authority of Kuba-Soma or the Emperor. Dairi is the head of the clergy.

The principal islands are: 1. Nifon or Nipon, with the capital Jeddo, has more than a million inhabitants and is the Emperor’s residence; his palace is said to have a circumference of five hours’ ride. 2. Kiusiu (Ximo), on which is the commercial city of Nangasaki, with a port. pp. 71–72

The principal islands are: 1) Nifon or Nipon, with the capital city Jeddo, whose population exceeds one million; it is the Emperor’s residence, and his palace is said to take five hours to ride around. 2) Kiusiu (: Ximo), on which the commercial city of Nangasakistands with a port. pp. 132–133

ROZDZIAŁ III. AFRYKA.

Section III. Africa. §. 1. Location, boundaries, size.

§. 1. Location, boundaries, size. The African peninsula extends from 1–99° longitude and from 34° south to 37° north latitude; it is joined to Asia by the Suez Isthmus, only 12 miles wide. On the other sides, namely to the west and south, it is washed by the Atlantic and Ethiopian seas, to the east by the Indian Sea, and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, and has an area of 531,638 square miles.

The African peninsula extends from 1–99° longitude and from 34° south to 37° north latitude; it is joined to Asia by the Suez isthmus, which is only 12 miles wide. On the other sides—that is, to the west and south by the Atlantic and Ethiopian oceans, to the east by the Indian Ocean, and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea—it is surrounded by seas; it covers 531,638 square miles.

11

§. 2. The ground is for the most part sandy and not rich in water, full of long deserts. The more considerable mountains are Lunar, that is, the Abyssinian Alps, Atlas, Snowy, and many others.

§. 3. Seas: the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Ethiopian seas; the Indian Ocean with the Mozambique Channel; the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea. p. 72 <...>

§. 15. The southern coast is inhabited by Hottentots, a wild and bold people, and by Europeans. The capital of this country is Cape.

§. 16. Islands. I. Islands east of Africa: 1) Admiralty, 2) Mahé or Seychelles, 3) Comoro, 4) Madagascar(¹⁸²⁶)¹⁸²⁸, 5) Mascarene. II. Islands west of Africa: 1) St. Helena. 2) Ascension, 5) Guinea, 4) Cape Verde, 5) Canary, 6) Madeira and Porto Santo, 7) Azores, Terceira and others. pp. 78–79

ROZDZIAŁ IV. AMERYKA.

§. 1. Location, boundaries, size. It lies between 210–344° longitude, and from 56° south to 80° north latitude. It borders east on the Atlantic Ocean, south on the Magellanic Sea, west on the Asian Ocean, and north for

§. 2. Grunts. – Gruunts dýdžiojée dalliée smylities, yr negausós wądnyey, pylns ylgų gryriu. – Kathnaa waybesnyjy Mienesnynnee arba habeszynnys Alpas, – Atlasynnee, Snygingivijy (: ar Snyigóutvijy), yr daugis krytuu.

§. 3. Seas. – The Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Ethiopian seas; the Indian Ocean with the Mozambique Channel; the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea. pp. 133–135 <...>

XV. The southern coast is inhabited by Hottentots (a wild and very bold people) and by Europeans. The capital of this country is Cape. XVI. Islands. 1) Islands east of Africa: – a) Admiralty. – b) Mahé or Seychelles, – c) Comoros. – d) Madagascar, – e) Mascarenes. 2.) Islands west of Africa: a) St. Helena, – b) Ascension (Ascension) – c) Guinea. – d) Green Cape. – e) Canaries. – f) Madeira and Porto Santo. – g) Azores (Azores) – Terceira, and others. p. 146

Part IV. America. §. 1. Location, boundaries, size. It lies between 210–344° longitude and from 56° south to 80° north latitude. It is bounded to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Magellanic Sea, to the west by the Great Asian Ocean, and to the north by the eternal snows and

12

the limits of perpetual snows and ice are unknown. Its area is 753,000 square miles.

§ 2. The mountains in this part of the world are the highest; the most notable among them are Cordilleras, an immense chain extending through South and North America, among which Chimborasso is the highest on the whole earth.

§ 3. ^{(1825; 1826} Islands^{) (1828} Seas): Scandinavian, or the Northern Ocean, of which the Eskimo Sea is a part Eskimo, with the branches Eskimo, Hudson, James, and Baffin; the western Ethiopian Ocean, with the Brazilian and Magellanic seas; the Atlantic Ocean, or the Southern Sea, with the Gulf of Panama and the Sea of California.

p. 79 <...>

19) La Marguarita belongs to Spain. 20) Curassao to the Netherlands. C. Bahama, or the Lucayan Islands, under English sovereignty: this is an archipelago made up of about 200 islands, or, according to others, 700; the more notable of them are Providence, Abaco, S. Salvador or Cai-Island, the first land discovered by Christopher Columbus. p. 87

the boundaries of the ice are unknown. – Its area is 753,000 square miles.

§ 2. Mountains.

The mountains in this part of the world are the highest; among the more notable ones are the Cordilleras, an immense (or immeasurably long) chain extending through South and North America, among which Chimborassois the highest on the whole earth.

§ 3. Islands and seas.The Scandinavian islands, or the Northern Ocean, of which the Eskimo Sea is a part Eskimo, Hudson, James, and Baffin: the Atlantic Ocean; the western Ethiopian Ocean, with the Brazilian and Magellanic seas; the eastern Ocean, or the Southern Sea, with the Gulf of Panama and the Sea of California. pp. 146–148 <...>

19) La Marguaritabelongs to Spain. 20) Curassaobelongs to the Netherlands. C. The Bahamas, or the LucayanIslands, under English rule: this is an archipelagoconsisting of 200 islands, or according to others 700; among these the most notable are Providence, Abaco, S. Salvador or Cai-Island, the first land discovered by Christopher Columbus. p. 162

CHAPTER V. AUSTRALIA OR OCEANIA. It comprises all the islands of the Pacific Ocean lying in the southern part of the earth, from the easternmost East Indian islands in the east to the western coast of America.

The sections are as follows: 1. New Holland: on its eastern coast the English established a penal colony and named it New South Wales. Here is the city of Sydney

Section V. Australia or Oceania.It comprises all the islands of the Pacific Ocean lying in the southern part of the earth, extending from the easternmost East Indian islands in the east as far as the western coast of America. Its parts are as follows: 1. New Holland: on its eastern coast the English established a penal colony of convictsand called it New South Wales.

with an excellent harbor. The island Norfolk is very fertile and belongs here as well.

2. New Guinea, after New Holland, the largest island in the Southern Ocean; its inhabitants are wild and comprise three separate peoples, namely Papuanów, Haraforów i Oranbadżu.

3. New Britain is inhabited by suspicious and treacherous Paypusas, who engage in orderly cultivation and beautiful plantations of Pisang, yam, and sugar cane; nearby are the islands Xiążęcia Jork, Sandwich, Portland, Mulgra­wa and others.

pp. 87–88

<...>

16. Easter Islands and Whitsun Islands have hard, rocky soil; the inhabitants of the Easter Islands are short in stature and have long ears.

17. Sandwich Islands have excellent soil; the inhabitants (numbering up to 400,000) are handsome, dark in complexion, and engage in agriculture, fishing, and shipbuilding, following European customs. The supreme chief of these islands, Tamaoono, adopted European customs, the English language, and manners, so that most of the inhabitants speak English. Human sacrifice is customary here; they pull out their front teeth in supplicatory sacrifices. The largest of these islands, Owaihi, was occupied by the English in 1794, without, however, disturbing the old government and religion, which continue to be maintained to this day.

THE END.

p. 90

The city of Sydney has a beautiful harbor. The island Norfolk is located nearby.

2. New Guinea, after New Holland, is the largest island in the Southern Ocean: its wild inhabitants comprise three separate peoples, namely Papuans, Harafors, and Oranbadžu.

3. New Britain is inhabited by suspicious and treacherous Paypusas, who engage in orderly cultivation and beautiful plantations of Pisang, yam, and sugar cane; nearby are the islands called York, Sandwich, Portland, Mulgra­wa, and others.

pp. 162–163

<...>

16. Easter Islands and Whitsun Islands have hard, rocky soil; the inhabitants of the Easter Islands are short in stature and have long ears.

17. Sandwich Islands have very fertile soil; the inhabitants (said to number up to 400,000) are handsome, dark in complexion, and engage in agriculture, fishing, and shipbuilding, following European customs. The supreme chief of these islands, Tamaoono adopted European customs, the English language, and manners, so that most of the inhabitants speak English. Human sacrifices are customary here; they pull out their front teeth in supplicatory sacrifices. The largest of these islands, Owaihiwas occupied by the English in 1794, without disturbing the old government and religion, which are still maintained.

Pabagga.

p. 166

3. Discrepancies between Pabrėža’s manuscript and the original: errors, changes, additions

A comparison of the text of Szafcajer’s Gkz with Pabrėža’s written translation reveals three kinds of discrepancies from the original: errors, corrections, and additions.

There are not many errors of inadvertence, and they are of several kinds: occasionally Pabrėža makes mistakes when copying the names of geographical features—omitting words with a repeated root (see Example 1), making an error while correcting repeated names of geographical features (Example 2), or repeating an adjacent inscription or part of it instead of the required word or numeral (Examples 3 and 4), cf.:

14

(1) The Indian Ocean, to which belong: the Mozambique Channel, the Arabian and Persian seas with the gulfs Arabian, Persian, Bengal, Siam, Tonkin, and the Indian Archipelago (Gkz 1828: 7). → The Indian Ocean, to which belong: the Mozambique Channel, the Arabian, and the Persian seas with the gulfs of Bengal, Siam, Tonkin, and the Indian Archipelago (PalG 8).

(2) a) Smolensk on the Dnieper, b) Drohobuz, also on the Dnieper (Gkz 1828: 17). → a) Smolensk on the Dnieper. b.) Drohobuz likewise on the Dniester (PalG 28).

(3) Kingdom of the Netherlands. It borders to the north and west on the North Sea, to the south on France, to the east on Germany. <...> Religion. Different denominations enjoy equal protection under the government, but in the north the Reformed faith, and in the south the Catholic faith, are the religions of the greater part of the inhabitants (Gkz 38). → Kingdom of the Netherlands. It borders to the north and west on the North Sea, to the south on France, and to the east on Prussia. <...> Faith. Although different denominations enjoy equal protection, the Reformed faith is prevalent in the north, ^³⁰and in thesouth the Catholic faith, which is the religion of the greater part of the inhabitants (PalG 71).

(4) IV. Grand Duchy of Finland, or Finland, having 4608 square miles, ceded by Sweden under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, is divided into 8 provinces (Gkz 1828: 21–22). → IV. Grand Duchy. Finland, or Finlandia, has 4809. square miles and was ceded by Sweden under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809; it is divided into 8 provinces (PalG 39).

The significant discrepancy in the Samogitian transcription concerning Asia, in translating the phrase Atlantic Ocean found in the 1828 and earlier editions of Gkz, can be interpreted in two ways: as indicating the absence of this error in the 1832 edition of Gkz, or as evidence of Pabrėža’s attentiveness to the factual information in the text being translated (see the highlighting and comments in Example 5):

(5) Atlantic Ocean, the western Ethiopian Ocean with the Brazilian and Magellanic seas, the Atlantic Ocean^³¹, that is, the Southern Sea with the Gulf of Panama and the Sea of California (Gkz 1828: 79). →

^³⁰ A correction is visible in Pabrėža’s manuscript in the writing of reformowaney (ey written in place of a?).

^³¹ Ši klaida vėlesniame gerokai atnaujintame Gkz (1845: 107) ištaisyta: ocean Spokojny. Gali būti, kad šios klaidos jau nebuvo likę ir 1832 m. leidime (tokiu atveju, tai būtų vienas iš papildomų ženklų, kad Pabrėža naudojosi 1832 m. Gkz).

15

great ocean Atlantic, the great western ocean of Ethiopia <...>, the great Azjeynynis32 or the southern sea, which separates Panama and the seas of California (PaIG 146–148).

The corrections in the translation are of two kinds. In some instances, Pabrėža writes notes prompted by difficulties in understanding the text (see example 6), or considers which member of a recorded lexical doublet would be more appropriate (examples 7–8), cf.:

(6) Kingdom of Portugal. It borders Spain to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west; it has an area of 1,656 square miles and a population of 3,683,000 inhabitants. The larger rivers are the Minho, Duero, Tagus, Guadiana (Gkz 26). → Kingdom of Portugal. It borders Spain to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west; it has an area of 1,656 square miles and a population of 3,683,000 inhabitants (or men: for in the Polish booklet m. is written; does it mean the number of inhabitants, or men?) The larger rivers are the Minho, Duero, Tagus, Guadiana (PaIG 49).

(7) V. The Duchy of Lucca has 23 square miles and 120,000 inhabitants; it belongs to Princess Maria Ludwika responsible, Queen of Etruria; MS. Lucca on the Serchio River (Gkz 33). → V. The Duchy of Lucca: it has 23 square miles and 120,000 inhabitants; it belongs to Princess Maria Ludwika under the guardianship (or better, under the protection) of the Queen of Etruria; the city, its capital, is Lucca on the Serchio (PaIG 62).

(8) Other towns are Kozienice and Solec on the Vistula, with an castle ancient (Gkz 24). → Other towns are Kozienice and Solec on the Vistula, with a castle (or better, a fortress) ancient (PaIG 44–45).

Another type of authorial insertion provides encyclopedic (informational) notes, while also showing what Pabrėža was investigating further at the time and recording in the margins so that he himself—and perhaps future readers or listeners, if the Samogitian copy was being prepared for geography lessons—would have no doubts later.

The translation contains four insertions, marked with the letters (a), (c: c:), (d), (e)33, which explain the concepts amtas, pound sterling, diocese, jackal in the margins (see PaIG 89, 101, 103, 123)—these informational notes34 have no equivalent in the Polish text. They demonstrate Pabrėža’s meticulousness and the relatively small number of things that were unclear to him (cf. the passages of Pabrėža’s additions presented in Table 2).

32 Pabrėža most likely also understood this as the eastern Ocean, that is, the calm one (cf. Gkz 1828: 7, 19), which at the beginning of the manuscript he had also called the great sunrise or eastern or calm great sea, cf.: the great eastern (or sunrise) sea, or the calm one; on the eastern sea (PaIG 9, 34).

33 The sequence of these notes in PaIG is consistent—the note marked with the letter b is absent from Pabrėža’s manuscript.

34 Skorupskas (2019: 29) has also drawn attention to the fact that Pabrėža provides a separate note about jackals.

16

Table 2. Pabrėža’s additional material in the Samogitian translation of Geografija krótko zebrana (comparison of several passages from Gkz and PaIG)

Gkz 1828

PaIG

Here also belongs 1) <...>

Here also belongs 1) <...>

3) The former counties of the Grand Duchy, namely: Alzenau, Amorbach, Miltenberg i Henbach. 4) The former Fulda counties: Brückenau, Hammelburg, Weihers, 5) Part of the former French department of Mont-tonnere and the Lower Rhine, MS. Zweibrücken.

p. 47

3) Ligsziutayku dydios kõnygakstistys haskynys amtaa: Alzenau, Amorbach, Miltenberg, yr Henbach. 4) Ligtōl fuldayskynee amtaa: (a): Brückenau, Hammelburg, Weihers. 5) Dalys bõvōsiojy francuzyny departamenta Mont-tonnere, yr žemōjy Rena, miestą staličyznis Zweibrücken. (a) Amts (: Amt), ira kąps žemys, łosną musō Pawieta, tōris keleta Parakŵyju.

p. 88–89

Here belongs the island of Anglesea, where there is a rich copper mine, yielding 3,000,000 pounds sterling a year. p. 53

Here also belongs the island Anglesea, whose rich copper mine yields 300,000 pounds sterling(: c:) Pounds sterling are a coin of pure silver. p. 101

Division. I. Kingdom of Denmark, excluding the duchies, is divided into dioceses, as follows: <...>. p. 55

Division. I. Kingdom of Denmark, excluding the duchies, is divided into dioceses, (d) as follows: <...>. (: d:) Dioceses are the same as provinces. p. 103

§. 4. Arabia. <...>

IV. In Arabia. <...>

The products of this region are: the finest horses, wild asses, camels, buffaloes, sheep, lions, tigers, jackals, etc., rice, manna, sugar,

The produce of this land is: the finest horses, wild asses, camels, buffaloes, sheep, lions, tigers, jackals, (e), and so on. Rice, manna, sugar, wine,

17

wine, cotton, coffee, myrrh, aloe, incense, salt, iron, lead, and various stones. pp. 65–66

cotton, coffee, myrrh, Alisós (: aloe), incense, salt, iron, lead, and various stones. (e) The jackal is a cunning animal, called by Linnaeus Canis aureus, with a reddish-brown coat; it spends the day in forests or among mountains, but at night it causes terrible damage. pp. 121, 122–123

Comparison of the texts also revealed two short insertions reflecting Pabrėža’s Samogitian and civic-minded outlook.

The languages of Europe are described in Gkz by distinguishing 11 principal language groups. Latvian and Lithuanian belong to the 9th language group; cf. §. 10. There are eleven principal languages: <…> 9) Latvian and Lithuanian <…> (Gkz 1828: 12). Pabrėža switches Latvian and Lithuanian in order and, before them, additionally notes that among these Lyžówių there is also Žemaytinis ‘the Samogitian language’; cf.: §. 10. Languages. The language family of the principal languages. <…> 9.) Samogitian, Lithuanian, and Latvian. <…> (PalG 19–20) (the full quotations are given in Table 3).

In the list of Russian orders, called in the translation Ciesorėje Rosyiskyny, Pabrėža adds two popular honors of the Kingdom of Poland, which Gkz and PalG mention in a later chapter of the book Królestwo Polskie → Karaliste Łękyszkoi—the Orders of the White Eagle and St. Stanislaus, which were also decorations of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (cf. the quotations from Gkz 1828: 16, 24 and PalG 27, 44 in Table 3).

Table 3. Insertions in the translation of Geografij̨a krótkо zebrana expressing Pabrėža’s Samogitian and civic-minded outlook

Gkz 1828 (1826)

PalG

§. 10. There are eleven principal languages: 1) Basque, 2) Scottish-Celtic (Celtic-Gallic), 3) Cymric, 4) Finnish, 5) Greek, 6) Latin, from which arose Italian, Spanish, French, and others: 7) Arnautic, or Albanian, 8) Germanic in Germany, with the dialects English, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, etc. 9) Latvian and Lithuanian, 10) Slavic most widely-

§. 10. Languages. The family of the principal languages. 1.) Basque. – 2.) Scottish-Celtic (Celtic-Gallic). – 3.) Cymric. – 4.) Finnish. – 5.) Greek. – 6.) Latin, from which arose Italian, Spanish, French, and others. – 7.) Arnautic or Albanian. – 8.) Germanic in Germany, with the dialects English, Danish,

the most extensive of all: its principal dialects are Russian, Polish, Czech, etc. 11) Turkish-Tatar in Turkey, Crimea, etc., and besides these, Jewish and Gypsy. p. 12

…ish, Swedish, Dutch, etc. – 9.) Samogitian, Lithuanian, and Latvian. – 10. Slavic, the most extensive of all: its principal dialects are Russian, Polish, Czech, etc. – 11.) Turkish-Tatar in Turkey, Crimea, etc. – besides these Jewish, and Gypsy. p. 19–20

Russian Empire. <…> State coat of arms. A black double-headed eagle with two crowns on a gold field. Orders. St. Andrew, St. Catherine, St. Vladimir, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Anne, and St. George. p. 14–16

Russian Empire. <…> The state’s insignia. A black double-headed eagle with two crowns on a gold field. Decorations (orders). St. Andrew, St. Catherine, St. Vladimir, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Anne, and St. George, St. Stanislaus, white eagles, etc. p. 23–27

§. 2. Kingdom of Poland. <…> The kingdom’s coat of arms: a white eagle on a red field, on the breast of a black double-headed eagle. Orders. The White Eagle, St. Stanislaus, divided into four classes, as well as the military cross awarded for military merit, divided into three classes. p. 22–24

Kingdom of Poland. <…> The kingdom’s insignia (coat of arms): a white eagle on a red field, with a black double-headed eagle on its breast. Decorations: the White Eagle, St. Stanislaus, divided into four classes, and the military cross awarded for military merit, divided into three classes. p. 40–44

CONCLUSIONS

Pabrėža’s 166-page manuscript, which has no surviving title page and begins with the words Įžegis Geograpyje, is a Samogitian translation of Szafčajer’s geography textbook, published several times in the first half of the 19th century at the Zawadzki printing house in Vilnius. A systematic comparison of the Samogitian manuscript

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A comparison of the text with the texts of different versions of Szacfajer’s textbook—Geografia początkowa (1817; 1818b) and Geografija krátko zebrana (1825; 1826; 1828)—shows that the source of Pabrėža’s translation was the later version, published under the title Geografija krótkо zebrana. Most likely, in his manuscript Ižgėis Geograpyje, Pabrėža wrote out in Samogitian the text of the 1828 edition, or of the 1832 edition—mentioned in bibliographical compilations but so far not found—which may have contained several predictable changes, of Geografija krótkо zebrana. Several discrepancies in Pabrėža’s translation compared with the 1828 Gkz edition suggest that the 1832 edition may have given different wording for some historical (for example, the designation of Gregory XVI, who became pope in 1831) or geographical information (for example, the corrected mention of ocean atlantycki instead of ocean Spokojny, which Pabrėža calls dydžiuuriu Azyjenniniu arba dydžiuoju saulietekyni (ar) rytiniu, an error).

A comparison of PaIG with the text of Geografija krótkо zebrana confirms the view of earlier researchers—Subačius (1996: 42) and Gedrimas (2003: 119, 132)—that Pabrėža’s manuscript Ižgėis Geograpyje was created in the early 1830s.

The translation is fairly literal, since Pabrėža had to develop new terminology, and the encyclopedic nature of the text Geografija krótkо zebrana also demanded precision in translation. Pabrėža was careful, rarely made mistakes, corrected inaccuracies, and improved the presentation of the text. Comparison of the translation with the original reveals several passages added by Pabrėža. They are of three kinds: informational notes on several words (amtas, diecezija, svaras sterlingų, šakalas); declarations of a differently understood national—Samogitian—identity (the list of European languages is supplemented by the addition of Samogitian) and civic identity (the list of decorations of Ciesoryjes Rofsvyskynys ‘the Russian Empire’ is supplemented with two decorations of the contemporary Kingdom of Poland—the Order of the White Eagle and the Order of St. Stanislaus, both of which had been distinctions of honor in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth).

The established connection between the manuscript Ižgėis Geograpyje and its source of translation, Geografija krótkо zebrana, provides new insights into trends in Samogitian and Lithuanian pedagogy in the 1830s and 1840s, and opens up new possibilities for studying Pabrėža’s vocabulary, spelling, and terminology of that period.

ŠALTINIAI

Gkz 1825: [Szacfajer Walenty, par.] Geografija krótkо zebrana podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona [Geography Briefly Collected and Arranged According to the Latest Treatises], nanowo przejrzana i poprawiona przez W. Szafcajera, Wilno: Józef Zawadzki własnym nakładem.

Gkz 1826: [Szacfajer Walenty, par.] Geografija krótkо zebrana podług ostatnich traktatų ułożona [Geography Briefly Collected and Arranged According to the Latest Treatises], nanowo przejržana i poprawiona przez W. Szafcajera, Wilno: Józef Zawadzki własnym nakładem. Prieiga internete: https://polona.pl/item-view/50689e75-d0b5-4592-b80f-f61dfe6960aa.

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Gkz 1828: [Szacðajer Walenty, par.] Geografia krótko zebrana podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona [Geography Briefly Collected and Arranged According to the Latest Treatises], nanowo przejrzana i poprawiona przez W. Szacfajera, Wilno: Józef Zawadzki własnym nakładem. Prieiga internete: https://polona.pl/item-view/0acbdd8e-11a4-4839-9ee8-39041e14228d.

Gkz 1845: [Szacfajer Walenty, par.] Walentego Szacfajera Geografia krótko zebrana [Walentу Szacfajer’s Geography Briefly Collected], wydanie nowe, podług ostatnich traktatów ułożone, przejrzane i poprawione, Wilno: Nakładem i drukiem Józefa Zawadzkiego. Prieiga internete: https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/publication/89874/edition/69163.

Gp 1811: S[zacfajer] W[alenty] ^²1811, {Geografia początkowa dla pożytku uczącey się młodzi podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona i powiększona [Introductory Geography for the Benefit of Young Learners, Arranged and Expanded According to the Latest Treatises], przez W... S..., wyd. 2., Wilno 1811 Zawadzki}. Prieiga internete: https://polona.pl/preview/feca5d42-9ba1-4bb6-a1b8-497af3130465.

Gp 1817: S[zacfajer] W[alenty] ⁽³⁾1817: Geografia początkowa dla pożytku uczącey się młodzi, podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona [Introductory Geography for the Benefit of Young Learners, Arranged and Expanded According to the Latest Treatises], wydanie trzecie, znacznie przerobione i poprawione, przez W... S... w Wilnie nakładem. i drukiem J. Zawadzkiego. w Wilnie i Warszawie. w Xięgarniach tegoż.

Gp 1818a: S[zacfajer] W[alenty] ^³1818: Geografia początkowa dla pożytku uczącey się młodzi, podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona [Introductory Geography for the Benefit of Young Learners, Arranged and Expanded According to the Latest Treatises], wydanie trzecie, znacznie przerobione i poprawione przez W... S... w Krakowie, w drukarni akademickiey 1818.

Gp 1818b: S[zacfajer] W[alenty] ^⁴1818: Geografia początkowa dla pożytku uczącey się młodzi, podług ostatnich traktatów ułożona [Introductory Geography for the Benefit of Young Learners, Arranged and Expanded According to the Latest Treaties], wydanie czwarte nanowo przejrzane i poprawione przez W... S..., w Wilnie nakładem i drukiem Józ. Zawadzkiego, w Wilnie i Warszawie. w Xięgarniach tegoż 1818. Prieiga internete: https://polona.pl/item-view/3c74fd18-fdc3-4be7-a679-12c5783ea184.

PalG: [Pabreža Jurgis, XVIII a. II ketvirtis] 2019: Ižegis Geograpyje [Introduction to Geography] (: Žemiuraszts) <...>] [Introduction to Geography], 166 p., rankraštis saugomas Vrublevskių bibliotekoje, F9-3361, faksimilė žr. Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrežos geografija, par. R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas (perrašą žr. p. 65–230).

LITERATŪRA

Echard Laurence, par., 1782: Dykyonarzyk Geograficzny Czyli Opisanie Krolestw, Prowincyi, Miast, Biskupstw, Xięstw, Hrabstw, Margrabstw, Portow, Fortec y innych miejsc

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znaczniejszych w czterech częściach świata <...> [Geographical Dictionary, or Description of Kingdoms, Provinces, Cities, Bishoprics, Principalities, Counties, Margraviates, Ports, Fortresses, and other places of importance in the four parts of the world] 1, Warszawa: Drukarnia Piotra Dufoura.

Estreicher Karol 1878: Bibliografia polska XIX stulecia [Lata 1800–1881] [Polish Bibliography of the 19^th Century [Years 1800–1881]] 4: R–U, Kraków: Drukarnia uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Gedrimas Robertas 2003: J. A. Pabrėžos geografijos vadovėlio terminai [Terminology of J. A. Pabrėža’s Geography Textbook]. – Terminologija 10, 117–134.

Gidžiūnas Viktoras 1994: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, Vilnius, Roma: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija.

Kažukauskaitė Ona, Šepetytė Rita, par., 2009: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža Taislius augyminis I–223 [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s “Taislius augyminis” I–223], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Kišūnienė Nijolė 1972: J. Pabrėžos bibliografija [Bibliography of J. Pabrėža]. – Jurgis Pabrėža (1771–1849), Vilnius: Mintis, 95–114.

Pacevičius Arvydas, Raudytė Nijolė 2023: Žemaičių daktaras Faustas. Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos bibliotekos kilmė, raida ir paveldas [Samogitian Doctor Faustus. The Origin, Development and Heritage of the Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža Library], Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

PSB: Polski słownik biograficzny [The Polish Biographical Dictionary] 46(3), sąs. 190: Syska Józef – Szafraniec Sykstus, Warszawa, Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, 2009.

Skorupskas Ri Čardas 2019: Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos geografija (J. A. Pabrėžos veikalo „Geographyje“ apžvalga–analizė) [The Geography of Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (Review–analysis of J. A. Pabrėža’s Work in “Geography”)]. – Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos geografija, par. R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 9–36.

Subačius Giedrius 1996: Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos žemaičių kalba [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s Samogitian Language]. – Lietuvių Atgimimo istorijos studijos 8: Asmuo tarp tautos ir valstybės, 10–113.

Šepetytė Rita 2019: Pratarmė. Rankraščio kalbos ypatybės [Features of the Manuscript’s Language]. – Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos geografija, par. R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 7–8, 37–50.

Šepetytė Rita 2020: Pratarmė. „Pamokslų vairingose materijose“ kalbos ypatybės. Rankraščio aprašas [Preface. Features of the Language of “Sermons on Various Matters”. Description of the Manuscript]. – Pamokslai vairingose materijose, sakyti Ambroziejaus Pabrėžos, par. R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 7–8, 36–61, 791–798.

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Šepetytė Rita, par., 2014: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža Taislius augyminis 224–776 [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s “Taislius augyminis” 224–776], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Šepetytė Rita, par., 2015: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža Taislius augyminis 777–980 [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s “Taislius augyminis” 777–980], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Šepetytė Rita, par., 2019: Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos geografija [Geography of Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Šepetytė Rita, par., 2020: Pamokslai įvairiose materijose, sakyti Ambroziejaus Pabrėžos [Sermons on Various Subjects, by Ambraziejus Pabrėža], Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Šilinskaitė Simona 2010: Lietuviškos geografijos terminijos raidos aspektai Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos „Geografije“: magistro darbas [Aspects of the Development of Lithuanian Geographical Terminology in Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s “Geography”: Master’s Thesis], Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas. Prieiga internete: https://portalcris.vdu.lt/server/api/core/bitstreams/3da5c198-f387-4d8f-9611-9c7db6f34fc4/content.

Tarvydas Juozas 1972: J. Pabrėža – pirmojo lietuviško geografijos vadovėlio autorius [J. Pabrėža – Author of the first Lithuanian Geography Textbook]. – Jurgis Pabrėža (1771–1849), Vilnius: Mintis, 55–62.

Wieczorek Agnieszka 2011: Kształcenie i wychowanie w szkołach powiatowych misjonarzy prowincji litewskiej na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku [Education and Upbringing of Missionaries of the Lithuanian Province in District Schools at the Turn of the ¹⁸th and 19^th Centuries]. – Klio – Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym 16(1), 43–76. Prieiga internete: https://apcz.umk.pl/KLIO/article/view/KLIO.2011.003/1096.

Zawadzki Józef 1812: Geografia powszechna, zawierająca krótkie opisanie stanu politycznego 5 części świata, z ostatniemi odmianami, jakie nastąpiły do r. 1812, z przydatkiem na końcu registru imion właściwych [Universal Geography, Containing a Short Description of the Political State of 5 Parts of the World, with the Latest Changes that Occurred up to 1812, with an Appendix at the end of the Register of Proper Names], edycya nowa poprawna, Wilno: Józef Zawadzki. Prieiga internete: https://polona.pl/preview/9e7f15d1-87b7-4f88-8ccb-3103a6400700.

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