Li huanian Linguis ic Ac
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Con en s linked o Tu in e e ence
ISSN 2669-218X (online o elec onically)
This is a lis o ai po s in Es onia, so ed by loca ion. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language.
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License,
which allows un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and
sou ce a e c edi ed. Published by he Li huanian Language Ins i u e. This a icle is open access, dis ibu ed
unde he e ms o a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-Sha eAlike License ha allows unlimi ed use,
dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion o he con en on any medium, including au ho s and sou ce.
Recei ed by Gau a: 2025-05-21. Accep ed: Accep ed: 2025-10-07. This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
1
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
On he co espondence be ween Ju gis Amb oziejus Pab ėžas Manusc ip
Iźęgis in Geog aphy and Walen y Szac aje s Geog aphia k ó ko zeb ana
A day's jou ney by sea
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
E-mail add ess is ju a [email protected]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-1542-2866 Di ec ions o academic esea ch: syn ax and seman ics
o he Li huanian language, e hnolinguis ics, his o y o Li huanian cul u e and chu ch ex s.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he link be ween he su i ing 166-page manusc ip o he i le page, which does no
con ain he so-called Geog aphical Manual o Geo ge Amb ose o Pab iskie, which begins wi h he wo ds "In
Geog aphy", and he ex o he 19 h-cen u y especially popula guide by Walen y Szac aje , e eals he gene al
con en and s uc u e o he Li huanian ansla ion in line wi h he Polish o iginal, and shows he changes and
addi ions ound in he Pab iskie. The ollowing wo ds a e included in he lis : Ju gis Amb oziejus Pab ėža
(1771-1849), Walen y Szac aje (Valen as Šac aje is) (~1778-1840), Józe Zawadzki (Juozapas Za adskis) (1781-1838), geog aphy guide, ansla ion by he coun y.
2
This is a e y impo an poin .
The a icle discusses he ex ual ela ionship be ween a 166-page manusc ip , e e ed o as a geog aphy ex book by
Ju gis Amb ožis Pab ėža, lacking a i le page and beginning wi h he wo ds "In geog aphy," and a ex book by Valens
Šak aje , which was especially popula in Li huania in he i s hal o he 19 h cen u y. The a icle e eals he gene al
co espondence be ween he Samogi ian manusc ip and he Polish o iginal, bo h in con en and s uc u e, and shows
he modi ica ions and addi ions ound in Pab ėža's ansla ion. KEYWORDS: Ju gis Amb oziejus Pab ėža (1771-1849),
Walen y Szac aje (Valen as Šac aje is) (~1778-1840), Józe Zawadzki (Juozapas Za adskis) (81-1838), geog aphy
ex book, ansla ion o Samogi ian, which was published by he Polish Academy o Sciences.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The a icle examines he co espondence be ween he su i ing 166-page manusc ip , which does
1
no con ain a i le page, and he ex s o he so-called "Guide o he Geog aphy o Pab ze", by
Ju gis Amb oziejus, which begins wi h he wo ds "Iźęgis Geog apyje...", and he "Geog aphia
2
k ó ko zeb ana" by Walen y Szac aje ( hi d decade o he nine een h cen u y). The aim o he
a icle is o show he s uc u e and con en compliance o he ex s o he Polish o iginal and he
3
Ge man ansla ion, o discuss he changes ha occu in he ansla ion and he possible
incen i es o he eme gence o he Ge man e sion o he manual. The gene al s uc u al
Zeb ana and Zemai ic Geog aphy o he ansla ion o his book and he co espondence o he
ex s and some o he in e ludes o he au ho 's Pab ėž ex a e de e mined on he basis o
analy ical, co ela i e and s uc u al analysis me hods.
The a icle is di ided in o h ee sec ions, dealing wi h: 1. The his o y o he pe cep ion o he
o igin o he manusc ip called he Geog aphy o Pab ze and he eme gence o his Zems o
manusc ip in he ea ly 19 h cen u y may ha e encou aged he popula i y o some geog aphy
books, including wo e sions o Szac aje 's manual […] Geog a ia począ kowa (1817; 1818b) and
Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana (1825; 1826; 1828; […] 1832). 2. he gene al con o mi y o he s uc u e
and con en o he ex s o he Polish o iginal and he Ge man ansla ion.
Di e ences be ween he ex s o he Lenkian o iginal and he Ge man ansla ion:
Addi ions, changes and no es by Pab ėžis.
The his o y o he pe cep ion o o igin in geog aphy
Pa o he abundan manusc ip wo ks
4
o Pab ėžė ha e ecen ly been published.
This is one collec ion o spi i ual ex s
5
and wo na u al sciences shops: 2009-2015 was
1
Abou he alen s and ac i i ies o he local p eache , p ies F ancis Pab ėžos (1771-1849) see mo e. The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. The spelling o he monas ic name
o Pab ėžis a ies in mode n imes be ween Amb aziejaus ( he name gi en o he wo ks o Pab ėžis in he
second hal o he 19 h cen u y, see Kišūnienė 1972: 96) and Amb oziejus. The la e , a ypical insc ip ion o
Pab ze's au og aphs (see Kišūnienė 1972: 98, 99, 100, 102, 103), was popula in he wo ks o 20 h-cen u y esea che s (see also 109[…]111). The ini ia i e o Ri a Šepe y ė (2020: 7) o e i e he au hen ic name o Pab ėža is also ollowed in his a icle.
2
The plg. I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o Eu ope.
3
Szac aje (Schac aie ) (~1778-1840) […] physician, ansla o , au ho o geog aphy manuals p epa ed in Polish, poe
(PSB).
4
The mos ecen desc ip ion o he Pab ėž manusc ip s can be ound in: Red by 2023: 130[…]133.
5
See also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3
all h ee pa s o he Tayslós plan collec ion (I[…]223, 224[…]776, 777[…]980) ha e been published, and
6
in 2019 […] The geog aphy o Ju gio Amb aziejaus Pab ėžis. The a icles accompanying he la e
7
book discuss he s uc u e o he manusc ip and he alue o he con en p o ided
8
(Sko upskas 2019) and he o mal and linguis ic ea u es o he manusc ip (Šepe y ė 2019). The
o iginali y o he o igin o he le e is assessed di e en ly in hem: Richa d Sko upskas (2019:
9
1112) calls Pab ėža he au ho o a geog aphical manual w i en in he coun yside, and Šepe y ė
(2019: 53) claims ha i is no a ansla ion o a ollow-up o a single wo k, as he e is no e idence
o a single wo k o geog aphy w i en in he coun yside, which would ha e desc ibed he p ose
o he s a e in he 18 h cen u y. Possible da e o comple ion o he manusc ip
10
The edi o o he Pab zeż ex s (Šepe y ė 2019: 52) links he a o emen ioned misiden i ied
esea che 's obse a ion ha Pab zeż w o e he geog aphy a e 1831 ( he manusc ip does
11
no men ion Pope G ego y XVI, who became pope in 1831) and he eminde ha Gied ius
Subačius, based on he analysis o he de elopmen o Pab zeż's w i ing, is inclined o hink
ha he book was c ea ed abou 1831-1834.
12
6
See also This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
7
See also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
8
See also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
9
See also This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
10
The ollowing quo a ion is aken om Simon Szilinskai ė (2010: 6), bu he quo a ion is a ibu ed o Robe Ged im (c .
Ged im 2003: 120). The eason o he misleading e e ence was a o eign ex app op ia ed by Ju gio Amb aziejaus in
his mas e 's hesis "Aspec s o he de elopmen o Li huanian geog aphical e ms in he geog aphy o Pab ėžis". In
his mas e 's hesis (see Šilinskai ė 2010: 515, 25, 26, 33, 34) he e is an almos comple ely ew i en a icle by Ged im […]J.
Only he no es on Simon Daukan and Lau yn I insky we e dele ed in he ansc ip ion ( hese changes do no e lec he
Ged imo 2003 bibliog aphy). In his mas e 's hesis, Šilinskai ė (2010: 4, 6, 18) indica es se e al imes ha he suppo ed
Ged im's wo k and p o ides he au ho 's claims ( om Ged im 2003: 122, 128, 131, 132) o hese quo a ions (p. The ollowing
quo a ion is aken om he book o Ecclesias es: "I ha e hea d ha a man named Sil anus, a membe o he synagogue
20).
11
o he Pha isees, was accused o blasphemy" (Ecclesias es 11:15; see also Ecclesias es 11:9; 1 Co in hians 11:9).
12
The plg. The book does no speci y he da e o w i ing, as s a ed in he a icle by Ged imo (2003: 119). Ta is belie es ha
he manusc ip was w i en a e 1825, because i men ions Tsa Nicholas I o Russia, who had jus begun o eign in
hose yea s, and no la e han 1830, because since hen Pab ysha has emained a bo anis alone (Ta ydas 1972: 56).
Acco ding o his iew, i is also s a ed in he bibliog aphy ha he Geog aphy o Pab iz was w i en a e 1825
(Kishunyene, 1972: 97). Howe e , ano he impo an ac allows o cla i y he da ing o he geog aphy guide o Pab ze.
Pope G ego y XVI, who succeeded o he papacy in 1831, was he i s pope o Russia, and he i s o be c owned by Tsa
Nicholas I. Gałwa Baźniicys Riimyszkoosys is loca ed a 63. I is belie ed ha Pab is w o e i a e 1831, and his is
con i med by he spelling analysis. G. Subačius, ha ing examined he w i ing s yle o he Pab ėža shops, ound ha his
book is one o he i s Pab ėža shops w i en wi h adjec i es ćź, śź and conjuga ed oices […]...>, and ends o belie e
ha he book was c ea ed a ound 1831[…]1834 (Subačius 1996: 42). Acco ding o his Ged ym pa ag aph, he no es (wi hou
indica ing he eal au ho ) a e also gi en in he a o emen ioned mas e 's hesis (see Šilinskai ė 2010: 6).
4
Po žemai iško ank aščio Iźęgis Geog apyje ( oliau – PaIG) publika imo likęs
neišsp ęs as u inio au o ys ės klausimas paska ino galimo lenkiško šal inio (a ne kele o jų
13
)
he sea ch. A handw i en publica ion p o iding ansc ip s and image acsimiles (see Šepe y ė, pa ., 2019),
bei nauji bibliog a iniai kul ū inio Pab ėžos palikimo ap ašai (ž . Pace ičius, Raudy ė 2023)
jas paleng ino.
Pab ėžos domėjimosi geog a ija p adžią hipo e iškai galima sie i su jo moky oja imu
A he K e inga school, whe e in 1817-1821 he augh no only La in and ai h, bu possibly also
geog aphy (see Gidžiūnas 1994: 69-70): he manusc ip o he coun y geog aphy guide was used
as p oo o his pedagogical ac i i y (see also 71-72). A en ion o geog aphy is indica ed by
i išlikusios Pab ėžos biblio ekos knygos
14
. A ydo Pace ičiaus i Nijolės Raudy ės pa eng o
Pab ėžos biblio ekos ka alogo sky iuje „Geog a ija“ (ž . Pace ičius, Raudy ė 2023: 243–259)
he a las and map collec ions (61 olumes) and some Polish books in h ee olumes
15
I was published by Lau enco Echa do Dykcyona zyk Geog a iczny (1782-1783), by E dokijaus
Zabłowskij Ieog a iia pańs wa ossyskiego (1810), by Józe o Zawadzkio Geog a iia powszechna
(1812) and by Szac aje io Nowa geog a iia powszechna (1824). The i les, p ologue, and con en o
hese books es i y no only o he de elopmen and de e io a ion o geog aphy a he ime, bu
16
also o he popula i y o geog aphy publica ions, and hus o he need o knowledge o he ield
(which has changed apidly because o poli ical eali ies) and o ce ain books. By e alua ing he
17
epea ed (mo e o less upda ed) Polish edi ions o some geog aphy books o he ime (e.g.
Es eiche 1878: 426) i can be seen ha almos all he mos popula geog aphy books had been
acqui ed by Pab ėža. Howe e , his lib a y did no con ain (is he e any le ?) a pa icula ly
well-w i en, concise and a ac i e guide o he mos impo an da a o physical, poli ical and
economic geog aphy, which Pab ėža called he "Lenkiška knjiga".
18
This book […] is Szac aje 's p epa ed Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana podług os a nich ak a ów
ułożona, na nowo p zej zana i pop awiona (www.gkz). I is a book ha has been ansla ed in o
English and published in English. All he sligh ly upda ed and (o only) epea ed Gkz eleases show
19
i s popula i y. One migh hink ha despi e he equen eissues o he book, he bibliophile
Pab ėža p obably s ill did no da e o buy i , so he go a loan
13
Fo example, Ged imo's (2003: 120) p edic ion, al eady men ioned, ha his was p obably no a
ansla ion o a ollow-up o a single s o e.
14
Acco ding o Pace ičius (2023:33), Pab ėža's pe sonal lib a y con ained mo e books han we e eco ded in he ca alogue:
207 names, 233 uni s.
15
See also Abou he a lases in he d awings. Ged imas 2003: 118. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so.
16
Fo example, in he p e ace o he Encyclopedia Geog aphica by F anciszek Sia czyński, i is s a ed ha he
Polish e sion (wi h addi ions on geog aphical objec s o Poland) is based on he 8 h edi ion o he 13 h edi ion o
he dic iona y o he F ench language (Echa d 1782: I […] II).
17
The plg. Zawadzki's speeches o he i s and second edi ions o he book Geog a iia powszechna (Z . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
18
The plg. A no e on he o iginal: lękyszkoo kningeliee padie s m. ó znoczi y o esiden s, o męszczyzn. :
"The Polish bookle is accompanied by he wo d mus e e o he inhabi an s o he men". (PaIG 49).
19
Cha les Es eiche men ions se en edi ions o his book ( i e unde he same i le […] 1, 21825 m., 31827 m.,
e ised and co ec ed 41828 m. and 51832 m. and wo mo e somewha la e […] 71845 m. and 81849 m. upda ed,
con aining an appendix unde he i le […] Wydanie nowe (see 1878 Es eiche : 426). The pe mi s o 1827 and 1832
ha e no ye been ound.
5
decided o spell i in Ge man. E en now, when using Gkz, i is clea ha he book was o be a
a o i e o eade s o he ime […] i summa izes he mos impo an poli ical and physical
geog aphical knowledge o all i e con inen s ( he s a es o he Eu opean pa , including hose
ha ell unde he domina ion o he Russian Empi e, a e desc ibed in mo e de ail).
20
21
Be o e e iewing he con o mi y o he Ge man ansla ion wi h he Polish o iginal, i is
necessa y o discuss which o he se e al Gkz edi ions published in he second decade o he
19 h cen u y (since he ex is almos iden ical in hem) is conside ed he mos eliable sou ce
o he PAG. I is impo an o no e ha he ansla ion o he Pab ėžis is no he same as he
4 h Geog aphical Ini ia ion o he Pos ing o he Younge S uden s unde he las ac s
22
placed and enla ged. W... S... ( h ough he […] Gp) published in 1818. The Sug e inus
23
The ex s Geog a ia począ kowa (1817; 1818b) and Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana (1825; 1826; 1828) show
24
ha Gkz was p epa ed on he basis o he ex Gp 1818b. In addi ion, he i le o he book is
changed o he ull name (and no he ini ials W... S...) indica ing Geog a ii k ó ko zeb ana […] nanowo
p zey zana i pop awiona p zez Walen ego Szac aie a ex changes indica e only impo an
changes in he ule (pa y, panuie e az Alexande I (Gp 1818b: 16; Gkz 1826: 16) changed o panuie e az
Mikołay I (Gkz 1828: 16). We also ind men ion o Nicholas I in he Pab zeża ex (plg. poniawo nójau
Mykałojós I (PaIG 26)), bu changes o his na u e in he lowe e sion could ha e occu ed a he
ini ia i e o Pab zeża himsel . The co ec ion e o , which was no in he Gp (1817; 1818b), allows o
25
adjus he sea ch ield o he Polish sou ce used by Pab zeża only wi h he pe mission o Gkz. All
geog aphical sho -zeb ana pe mi s p o ide a e e ence o he 26 Russian p o inces (al hough
lis ed as 36), which is epea ed in he coun y e sion and
Pab ėža,
26
please. :
20
Zawadzkis and he 1811 and 1812 edi ions o he Geog aphy o he Common Language, add essed o he p i a ely
educa ed you h, he need o his guide is based on he cla i y and b e i y o he ex , despi e he un inished
s uc u e o he book […] i does no desc ibe he pa o Eu ope ha came unde Russian con ol (plg. Zawadzki
1812: III[…]V (ka ojama P zedmowa do edycyi pie wszey), I[…]II). This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha he name o he coun y has been used.
21
The plg. Sko upsko (2019: 12) gi es he ollowing desc ip ion: […]Vado elis is ela i ely small in size, bu co e s he
en i e Ea h as a plane . The ac s and knowledge p o ided a e in many cases e y laconic and supe icial. […]...The
impac o he geog aphical ac o […] dis ance on he de ail, comple eness and scope o he in o ma ion p o ided
is clea ly isible in he book. Fo example, a la ge pa o he book is de o ed o he desc ip ion o Eu ope, while
only 50 pages a e de o ed o he desc ip ion o o he con inen s and he coun ies in hem.
22
Es eiche ci es ou edi ions o he Gp in Vilnius […] 1; 21811, 31817, 41818 […] wi h he no e ha om he 3 d an
upda ed e sion o he ex is p o ided (Es eiche 1878: 426). Al hough Gp was popula , he book's men ion
ela es only o he pedagogical his o y o he ime: he wo ks o Polish cul u al his o ians indica e ha in he
second decade o he 19 h cen u y geog aphy was augh in he missiona y schools o he Li huanian go e no a e om Szac aje io Geog a ia począ kowa (plg.
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
23
In he hi d edi ion o he G.P. (1817) he e a e a numbe o co ec i e e o s ha emained, which we e
no epea ed in he ou h edi ion o he G.P. no in he sligh ly upda ed and al eady enamed G.P.
24
The i s and second edi ions o he G.P. we e ejec ed as p o iding an olde e sion o he ex and ac ual
da a, which also di e ed om he one p o ided in he Pab zejo manusc ip .
25
Fo he in luence o his in o ma ion on he da ing o he manusc ip , see no e 12.
26
Sko upskas (2019: 20), ha ing no iced he no a ion eco ded in he Pab ėžis manusc ip ha Russia consis s o 26
p o inces, explained i as ollows: […]ma y , he au ho is mis aken, as i is lis ed as 36[…].

6
Rossya dis ic is: Nap zód na 36 Gube niy u ządzonych unde he law o he s a e (Gp
418b: 16
and 27
);
Rossya dis ic is: Nap zód on he 26 h o he go e no 's o dinances unde he law o he s a e (Gkz 1825;
1826;1828: 16);
In he case o he Py enees and he 26 coun ies o he Py enees, he municipali y is
esponsible o he cons uc ion o he b idge (PAIG 27). This co ec ion e o allows he
o iginal o he Pab ez ansla ion o be conside ed some ime la e ( e e ing o he
a o emen ioned name o Empe o Nicholas I, p obably no in 1825, bu la e […] 1826 o 1828). I is
possible ha Pab is ansla ed i om he Gkz 1832, bu so a nei he he publica ion o his
book, no any da a abou i , no he a o emen ioned no e o Es eich's bibliog aphical
conso ium (see Es eiche 1878: 426) ha e been ound. I he Gospel o Luke was ansla ed
om he G eek in 1832, hen his Gospel should con ain he same ex as he Gospel o 1826 o
he Gospel o 1828, excep o he men ion o G ego y XVI, he pope, in 1831-1846.
2. Consis ency o con en and s uc u e be ween he Polish o iginal and he Ge man ansla ion
The co espondence be ween he con en and s uc u e o he ansla ion o he
Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana by Szac aje and he Pab ėžos zemai ischly compiled book is
illus a ed in able 1 by he adjacen sec ions o he Polish and zemai isch ex s. The
book (as well as i s a ian , he semi-w i en manusc ip ) consis s o six pa s: he
28
in oduc ion and i e chap e s, plg. :
WSTP; and This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The ollowing A icle is inse ed in Annex I: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. Sou h A ica; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Uni ed S a es o Ame ica; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3, 10, 60, 72, 87) →
o a kind used in mo o ehicles Sepa a ed 1. he Eu opean Union; This is A skii is II. O he , o a
hickness This is A skii is III. he ollowing A icle is inse ed: This is A skii is IV. he Ame icas; V.
Aus alis o Oceania (PAIG 1, 13, 113, 133, 162) The ables in he sec ion o G eek p o ide quo a ions
om he wo wo ks […] books and […] chap e s o he manusc ip : a ew ini ial and one inal
sec ions. Such alignmen e lec s he common s uc u e o ex s ( he layou o sec ions and
pa ag aphs) and he co espondence o con en , ac ual da a and he e biage o he ansla ion.
29
Gkz is quo ed acco ding o he 1828 edi ion (wi h a ia ions indica ing he a ibu es and
27
The C oa ian 1818 edi ion o he Gp (which di e s om he Vilnius 1818 edi ion o he Gp in o he pages and
some co ec ions) also p o ides his line wi h 36 p o incial e e ences, plg. Russia is di ided in o h ee
dis ic s: nap zód na 36 Gube niy u ządzonych podług us aw pańs wa (Gp 1818a: 13).
28
Szac aje 's book Sanda is indi ec ly […] by analyzing he ex o he Pab ėž manusc ip […] is discussed by Ta ydas (1972:
55–56); This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Sko upskas (2019: 1335) was bo n in he illage o Sko upskas.
29
Due o he lack o space in his a icle, i is almos impossible o e e o he ac ual ansla ion in he language […]
i was only in ended o show he pu pose (o wi h some such addi ions) o he ollow-up o he o iginal o
Pab ėžis. The peculia i y o he ansla ion o Gkz made by Pab zewa (compa ed o o he ansla ions) will be discussed in ano he publica ion.
7
e sion o he insc ip ion in he 1826 edi ion). When quo ing, he w i ing model gi en in he Polish book is
epea ed, allowing o see he ma king o wo ds w i en in Gkz in a e ical on in he Pab ėžis
manusc ip . Fo he eade 's con enience, quo a ions a e ansc ibed in bold, o example, ph ases o
wo ds con aining lexical duplica es o pa aph ased elemen s (La in equi alen s) o wo ds whose Polish
equi alen s ha e been ansc ibed by Pab zeža in e . Wulkany czyli gó y ogień wybuchające (Gkz 1928:
10) and Ógnakalney (Wulkany nebo kałnaa ógni yszdómą yijy:) (PaIG 15)) o wo ds ha a e chosen no by
wo d o mou h, bu by he usual co espondence o he adi ion o speaking (plg. The Commission
he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle
107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The jux aposi ion o he Gkz and PaIG ex sec ions indica es Pab ėžis'
e o s o s uc u e he ex mo e consis en ly han in he o iginal. The e a e almos no
abb e ia ions in Ve ime (e.g., lenkiškus Gkz abb e ia ions MS., z MS. o m. Pab ėža w i es in ull he
wo ds Mies as s aliićźynis, só mies ó s aliićźynió o mies s (see PaIG 146, 112113)), only he lenkiška
abb e ia ion . d. is gi en in he abb e ia ion . ., co esponding o he lowland yn olaus (plg.
Geog aphical maps a e geog aphical maps, ha is, maps. Azy, lub Eu opę i . d. (Gkz 1828: 8) and
Nea sky amó paszałpó p i moksła Geog apyjys i a łaksz aa geog apiczny a ba mappas […]...>
łaksz aa ipa ingyijy yszs a a wyina bink o yny dali źemys: kaap ay Azyjy o Eu opa, y . . (PaIG 1112).
This is he i s ime ha his has happened. In he beginning o he manusc ip , bo h a ian s we e
w i en, e.g., he six h pa ag aph quo ed in Table 1 o he bookle Izy. Table o con en s The ansla ion
o Szac aje 's Geog a ia k ó ko zeb ana in he manusc ip o Pab ėžis by Iźęgis in Geog aphy:
co espondence be ween he Polish and he Ge manic ex s
Gkz 1828
(1826)
The geog aphy
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
I'm no going o lie o you.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The PRZEZ
I'm no going o lie o you.
WILNO. Wha a e you doing? This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
I'm going o bed.
PaIG 1828, which was published in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
WST[…]P.
1. GEOGRAPHY is a desc ip ion o he land on which
he place: because o he desc ip ions in hese
(: względu) is di ided in o ma hema ical, physical
going o sha e i wi h Ma ema2. Geog aphical
he ma hema ical meaning o he wo d "dabo" is
This is he I'm going o die.
1. In geog aphy (: […]emiu asz s) we unde s and
hings, he land, he co ido s a e gi en: ysz węgy
and poli ical. I'm going o ake a look a i , and I'm
desc ip ion iey pos ać, wielkość, ob o y i . d. plene a, y ap aszynie i s li i, (: pos ać), dydóma, ycznynys Fizycznynys, y Paly ycznosys.
ma hema ics conside s he land as 2. In geog aphy,
de i ed om he wo d "plane " and i s
he u n, y yn he wheel.
8
3. Physical desc ip ion o he su ace o he ea h 3.
ha i 's a place whe e he body's muscles a e
con ains a a ie y o subdi isions o he land This
because i will be he sky ha he people ha e
composi ion. he go e nmen . Tha pa o
S owiła (Figu a) is a land, he pu pose o which is o
"i a apwali łosnaa kółka". Oh, yeah, i e. The igu e
ea h, squeezed by he wings o he ea h, undyns,
i 's a small pond, i 's a small wo ld. he su ace o he
kółkas is a lowland we land ha is called he land o
you. I'm going o kill you. The Całey Obse a o y is
Asz óunes dis ic o Wyina uks ą y, de inis
hese en housand ou hund ed and nine y. The
because I'm going o ake he land". "You' e going o
wa e ". "You' e going o ake he wa e , because you' e going o ake he wa e ". I 's 3,096,000 miles om Ke wy ayn, and i 's going o be byszki p.
[…] Wschód, and om he e
The physiological desc ip ion o he spinal co d is
concen a ed. Le 's ake a look a he . 4. Poli ical
4. The pa o he paly ychnoi óżwe way es is he
g ound o he źmonis ysz as as, he ap aszidama
pa o he Geog aphical A ea is he mos impo an
es ablished, desc ibing he coun y and i s
geog aphy you'll be pa icula ly in e es ed in will be 5.
obse e. I 's called a "byszki p i gału". I 's called an
o he ea h, splashed somewha by he wings o he
s ill unning, he dis ic is shaped like a ball. Because
land consis s o land and wa e , i.e. 6. Cieł e ibys
he win e wa e . I'm going o kill you. I'm going o kill
loca ed in he Ziemnowodney dis ic o he
szim us Geog a owie 9,281,910 squa e miles. Wi h
popula ion is 9,281,910. "I'm going o ake he wa e ,
ake he wa e , because you' e going o ake he
szalis, he sode i ju ieda. I 's a lo o hi ds.
p. 1 and 2
<…>
The geog aphe s a e 31. Don' be ooled by he geog aphical
di e en geog aphical maps, we ha e di e en
we ha e di e en geog aphical maps, we ha e di e en
o smalle han he pa s o he land, he Ko ean
s a e. The main pa o he land is owned by he
szczególne wys awiaią iednę główną część ziemi np.
Azyą, lub Eu opę i . d. Ka y gene alne o bo h pu poses
Eu ope, s a e np. Spanish o o he . Topog aphical lub y .
cho og aphical a e he imagina ions o he coun y o he
Są akże Ka y żegla skie, on which he cho og a iczny is
skały, mielizny, i inne do wiadomości eepogi Łaksz aa
Zegla za is loca ed. T a el ca ds, i.e. icke s (o icke s)
a e sold on he oads and s ages, icke s a he ailway
coun ies. Tha 's he way i 's supposed o be. […] Łaksz aa
main pacz awynee, kó iusy pa odi y i a kelee, y s acyjys
pacz ynys wyinojy o kelosy źemiesy. […] okees Sud) na
maps dabo y eek ke ó es bink o ynes Wódsch (o iens
su oundings) swie a. A e he le hand. I he
dese ed. […] Sziau y we e ma ked on he ca ds, when we
auksz aa, wy szóu. […] on he magne ic spa k, ha is, he
ha ends wi h a smoky igh cheek. I 's called Waka aa.
he No h: Oues ) a e he hands o Kay ios. […] Jeegó
Południem, wi h he igh hand o he paznoczi y […]
a y ądączios: szalys, i kó y gałs ada as magnesynys i a
o Zachód. needle magne , o
maps, we ha e di e en geog aphical maps, we ha e
geog aphical maps, we ha e di e en geog aphical maps,
geog aphical maps. In he same way, ca ds ha a e la ge
uni e si ies con ain wo hal es o he land: ca ds o he
municipali y o Y eep łaksz aa ózdamynyijy óżwe dó
póskólkió źemys: // źemys: łaksz aa ipa ingyijy yszs a a
whole wyina bink o yny dali źemys: cap ain Azyjy o
. […] Łaksz aa ogółnyijy apym ciełas ponis es k .
ci y. In Spanish, i 's called ky a. Laksz aa Topog a iczny o
ma ked, is a pa ed pa ilion o place. I a mo za, wyspy,
łaywynee (Zegla skie) is he name o he illage whe e he
a e legal, icke s, icke s, pos ca ds, on which he icke s
s a ions, pos ca ds a he ailway s a ions o in se e al
paceleywingyijy o ca ds o mappach uważać need ou
s ony, czyli okolice świa a: Południe (me idies o
dole, północ (sep embe no h) w gó ze, łaks lub lubz a o
Es ) powey p a, Zach (occidens szalis, o a ound he
su ounding a ea is no (Sou h me idians o Sou h) i will be
u ned ou a en ion o (Połnoc, Sep en io o No d)
Rose Window, on which Ri a is. (Eas , O ien , o Eas ) A page
(Zachod. Occidens. o magnesowey ies zw ócony, will be in
okyi he su oundings a e no opposi e o he side o he
łaksz aas, óuka ó a k eepkem dabojyma p. 8[…]9
pas a i s, will be śźiau y, p iszinga ay szalys Pyi osmis.
needle ose e
9
The igh hand is Ri aa, and he le hand is Waka a.
p. 11 o 13
ROZDZIAL I.
This is
§. 1. Położenie, g anice i wielkość. Leży między
35–75° sze okości północney, a 6–88° długości
o he eas . On he wes e n bo de wi h he A lan ic
Ocean: on he sou he n bo de wi h he A lan ic
s zódziemném i cza ném mo zami; na wschód z
a chipelagiem, ciasniną da danelską, z mo zem
Ma mo a, ciasniną ca og odzką, mo zem cza nem,
Ocean, Ciasniną Teodozyi, he Azo Sea, he Donem
Ri e , he U al Moun ains and he Tu ks: on he
no he n bo de wi h he No h Sea. Włochami:
Powie zchnia iey wynosi 155,000 m. k.
§. 2. Gó y Pi eneyskie między Hiszpanią i
F ancyą: Alpy między F ancyą, Niemcami i
Apenińskie in Włoszech: Ka packie albo Ta y be ween
Poland (also known as Apenińskie in Polish)
Aus ia-Hunga y, Węg ami and he Land o
Siedmiog odzka: Wołchońskie o Wałdayskie, U alskie
and he like The highes moun ain in Eu ope is
Mon blanc 14,793 ee high. The ollowing species a e
included in he lis o endange ed species: No dkap in
No wegian Lapland, Ma apan in Mo ei, S . Vincen in
Po ugal, Finis e e in Spain. The olcano is a olcano
ha e up ed, E na albo Gibel in Sicily, Wezuwiiusz in he king. I'm om Naples, Hekla in Iceland.
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
<…>
A ski is 1. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
Eu ope. Eu ope and
§. 1.
I 's going o be bigge , i 's going o be bigge . Eu-Eu opa
be ween 35° and 75°. he heigh o he snow lake, and
he heigh o he snow lake a 6°88°. I swo e an oa h o
allegiance o he A lan eans. I you ask me, he
a landskyn land bo de is: […] I i us só sałma y,
pa gniuzó da danelskyny, só swo e Ma mo a pa gniużó
Ca og odzkyny, swo e jóudóujy, pa gniużó
Teodozyjys, swo e azowskyny, ópy Donó, kałnaas
u alskynees y wie cho u skynees. This is he i s ime I' e been o a place like his. […] I swo e an oa h on he ice a e midnigh . I'll pay he a hund ed and i y- i e housand.
I'd like a ou -wheele .
§. 2.
I 's called Kałnaa.
The Py enees be ween Spain and P ussia. Alps be ween
P ussia, Wokićźiu and Wałaku. Apeninsky Apeney
Wałakusy: Ka packynee y Ta as be ween he illages
o Lęku ( ay i a Gallicyjys Aus yackynys), Węg u, and
he illages o Siedmiog odzkynys. […] Wołchońskynee
o Wałdayskyney, U alskyney, y also known as
Wałdayskyney
The Eu opean Cou o Jus ice has uled in a ou o
Mon blanc 14,793. Accep ed: […] No dcap No wegskyniee
Laponyjoo: Ma apan Mo eoo. This is he name o he
island. Sain , please. Vincen Po ugaljoe, […]
Finis e e Ispanyjoe. He is a membe o he Spanish
na ional eam. Ógnakalney (Wulkany o Kałnaa ógni
yszdómą yijy) is he name o he moun ain ange o E na o Gibel Sycylyjoo. Wezuwyjusz is he king o Neapoli an. […] Heckle, wha a e you doing?
This is Iceland.
p. 13 o 15
<...>
The ollowing is a lis o ci ies and owns in Tu key, so ed by hei cu en loca ion:
To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil,
municipali y o Maassa (Famagus a). 2) So yy, So ys an (Sy ia), in which Haleb 2) So yy,
You belong o he Aleppo Boweyne Basza, he Damascenes. […] […] is he size o he
Aze baijan o he size o he Paci ic Ocean, he size o Panama and he size o
w i es no es a ising om he unde s anding o he ex (see example 6), o conside s
(examples 78), see. :
To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil,
To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil, To kil he
So ys an (Sy ia) is he capi al o Haleb o he esidence o Aleppo Baszy, Damascus.
A lan ic Ocean, he size o he A lan ic Ocean, he size o E hiopia […], he size o
Cali o nia (PaIG 146 […] 148). The co ec ansla ion is d ejopi. In some cases, Pab ėža
which o he duplica e membe s o he w i en lexicon would be mo e app op ia e
16
32
(6) The Kingdom o Po ugal. G aniczy o he no h and wes o Hiszpanii, o he sou h and
wes o he A lan ic Ocean, wi h an a ea o 1656 squa e miles, and a popula ion o 3,683,000 m.
The Queen o Po ugal. I 's a beau i ul day in Spain, and I'm asking you o wake up in he
mo ning. I 's a beau i ul day in Spain, and I'm asking you o wake up in he mo ning. I 's a
beau i ul day in Spain.
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
V. Xięs wo Łukieskie has 23 miles squa e. 120000 inhabi an s, belong o Xiężney Ma yi Ludwiki
owdowiałey k ólowey He u yi, MS. Lucca is loca ed on he i e Se chio (Gkz 33). V.
Kónygayksz iis e Łukieskyny: ó miilu ke wy aynyniu 23. y 120,000. giween oju, p iigół
p ii Kónygayksz ienys Ma yja Ludwikas apsynaszliejósys (o be e known as he King o
He u ia, Mies s s aliićźyynis Lucca ą py o Se chio) was bo n in 62 AD. (8) o he ci ies a e
Kozienice, Solec nad Wisłą wi h an old cas le (Gkz 24). → place o esidence I a Koźienice,
Solec, ą Wisłó só Rak ó (: o he dus o he well) sendyinyny (PaIG)
44–45).
In addi ion, he au ho 's no es p o ide encyclopedic (in o ma ional) no es, and a he same ime
show wha Pab zeja explained a ha ime in addi ion and w o e in he manusc ip s, so ha
he e would be no doub s o him la e , o pe haps o u u e eade s (o lis ene s, i he
geog aphical no ebook had been p epa ed o geog aphy lessons). Ve ime consis s o ou
le e s, (a), (c:), (d), (e) ma ked in a pai, in he insc ip ions explaining he concep s o he o ice,
33
he weigh o he s e ling, he diocese, he jackal (see PaIG 89, 101, 103, 123) […] These
in o ma ional no es do no ha e he co espondence o he Polish ex . They show he
ho oughness o Pab ėžis and he amoun o unclea hings ha a e no hea d compa ed o i
34
(see Pab ėžis's supplemen a y no es in able 2).
32
Pab ėža p obably also unde s ood his as wschodni Ocean czyli spokoyny (plg. Gkz 1828: 7, 19), which a he beginning o
he manusc ip was also called he g ea sun lowe o he mo ning o he quie g and a he , plg. sun lowe o he
mo ning; This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom (PaIG 9, 34).
33
The sequence o hese no es is no ollowed by a sequence o no es ma ked wi h he le e b, which is no ound in he Pab ėžis manusc ip .
34
The ac ha Pab ėža makes a sepa a e ema k abou jackals is poin ed ou by Sko upskas (2019: 29).

17
Table wo. Addi ions o he d a in he sho geog aphy o he zeb ana e ime (a ew Gkz and PaIG
ex sec ions)
This
Regula i-
You also belong o 1)
3) Do no be oo has y. Xięs wa hask, 3)
Amo bach, Mil enbe g and
Henbach. I is loca ed in he dis ic o
B iückenau, Hammelbu g, Weihe s, 5) Pa 4)
F ench depa men o Mon - onne e and
he lowe Rhine, MS. Zweyb ücken. F ench
źemojy Rena, owns and illages
[…]...[…] The Chickens o he Teapo 1) […]...
Lygius Layku dydios kónyam y: Alzenau,
gayksz iis ys haskynys am aa: Alzenau,
Alzenau, Amo bach, Mil enbe g. (4) The ull name o he coun y is Amo bach, Mil enbe g, y Henbach.
Lig oł uldayskynee am aa: (a) was he
B ückenau, Hammelbu g, Weihe s. 5) Pa s o
depa men o Mon pellie . 47 onne e, y
The wo b idges.
(a) Am s (Am ), i a kąps źemys,
łosna musó Pawie a, ó is
I'm on my way. I'm going
on shall
You belong o he island o England, on which
he island o England, he island o England,
I 's h ee million pounds. I 's
o a Membe S a e, he Commission shall, by means o implemen ing ac s, adop implemen ing ac s laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
he island o England, he island o England,
he island o England, he island o England, he island o England, he island o England.
called s e ling. In he case
kele a (c) Swa s Sz e lingu liigynas (Swa s Sz e lingu liigynas) (a) Am s (Am ) is he name o he municipali y in which he municipali y is loca ed.
o make you a sandwich.
en e
He spli up. The Kingdom o Denma k,
yszjéwyiąwszy Xs wa, pa o he
he diocese, iako o: <...>. (d) he ollowing
p. 55 and
Dalma ian. I. King Danyjyny,
diocese, mós kónygaysz iis es, pa s o
pa ag aph is inse ed:
(d) In he case o a dispu e, in
he case o a dispu e, in he case o a dispu e, in he case o a dispu e.
in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
§. The A abs.
In he coun yside, he e a e: naylepsze
dzikie donkey, wielbłądy, bawoły, owce, lwy,
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he
[…]...> IV. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. In A abic. <...>
ho ses, Waysee oo ba h i a: wysóge iausy
a klee. I is also known as he "Golden
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
18
T iangle". Riiźee, Manna, Cók ós, Wins, wine,
bowelny, kawa, my a, Alisós (also known as
p. 65 and 66
bawełna, kawa, mi ha, aloes, kadzidło,
aloes) kodiła, sól, żelazo, ołów and a ious o he s ones. I 's called a d oss, a gelz, a szwęns, a y way y s one.
(e) he keys one o he saddle, he saddle o
he saddle, he saddle o he saddle, he
saddle o he saddle, he saddle o he
saddle, he saddle o he saddle, he saddle
o he saddle, he saddle o he saddle.
This
The annexa ion o ex s also e ealed wo small-scale inpu s ela ed o he p o isions o he
Pab ėžes landed p ope y and ci izenship. Eu opean languages a e desc ibed by dis inguishing
11 main language g oups. The 9 h language g oup includes La ian and Li huanian languages, see
§. 10. he main language license: […] 9) Ło ewski and Li ewski […] (Gkz 1828: 12). Pab ėža loca es he
La ian and Li huanian languages, and be o e hem he adds ha he e is also […]emay ynis
[…]zemaičių kalba[…], plg. §. The 10 h Lyiżówee. Lyiżówiu bink o yniu ockóu wyinóulyka. This is
he i s ime I' e seen his. <...> 9.) I 's called he Emay ynis, he Lyu ówynis, he La wyzkasis.
[…]...> (PaIG 19[…]20) (see ull quo a ion in able 3). The lis o o de s o he Kingdom o Poland is
supplemen ed by wo popula badges o honou o he Kingdom o Poland, Gkz and PaIG, which
a e indica ed in he nex chap e o he book Kingdom o Poland → King o Poland Lękyszkoji […]
ha is, he Whi e Eagle and S . S anisla o de s, o me and awa ds o he Republic o he Two
Na ions (see able 3 quo a ion om
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Table h ee. In a pai Geog a iia sho zeb ana e ime, showing he p o isions o he coun y and
ci izenship o Pab ėžis
Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
§. 10. The main languages o he Lyiżówiu
Szkockoi ycki wyinóulyka. The main
license a e: 1) Biskay, 2) Szkockoi ycki
Finnish, and (1) The Biscayan. – 2.)
which we lea ned: nis (Cel ogaulsky). – 3.) I 's
F ench and o he : 4.) Finnish. – 5.) The G eek. –
Ge man w kasis, ysz kó io paejy:
dialec s, duń panskynis, p ącuzynis, y ky y.
language has been used in English. – 7.)
§. 10.
I 's called Lyiżówee.
bink o ynu okóu license a e: 1) Biskay, 2)
languages o he Lyiżówiu bink o ynu okóu
wyinóulyka. (Cel ogaulish), (3) Cymb yyski, (4)
Szkockoi ycky5) G eek, 6) Laciński, om
called Cymnb yiskynis. I alian, Spanish,
6.) Ło inysz7) A nau ycki czyli Albański, 8)
wałakyszkasis, hiszNiemczech wi h English
This is he i s ime ha he Ge man
A nauskim, Swedish, Du ch and so on. – 8.)
19
Ge manic 9) Ło ewski i Li ewski, 10)
angelskynió, dunsze nieyszy ze wszys kich:
holende skynió, y . . . he dialec is he
[…]emay ynis, Lyi ówynis, y Ła wyszkai . d.
[…] This is he i s ime I' e seen his wo d in Tu kish. – 10. Słowianskynis, wysóe ćźiausis óż i . d. a p ócz ych Żydowski i Cygański. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he Polish language. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Słowiański nayob-Wokicziusy só keys ymis
mainlyysze skynió, źwiedynió,
ollowing: Rossyyski, Polski, Czeski 9.)
11) Tu ecko-Ta a in Tu key, C imean sis e .
I is also known as he "Roseiskis", he
"Lękyszkasis", he "Czeskasis", he "y . .
11". Tó kyszkaa- a a ynis Tó cyjoo, K ymy y
. . […] apa you […]idyszkasis, y
p. 19 and 20
The Russian Empi e. […]... in
The coa o a ms o he Membe S a es.
The eagle is a double-c owned eagle in he
double-c owned eagle in he pola
double-c owned eagle in he pola
hemisphe e. I 's gold. I 's all igh . This is
O de y. I'm so y, bu I'm going o ha e o ask you a ques ion. The Sw. And zeia, please. Ka a zyny, by he way. I 's called Włodzimie za. I'm no going o lie o you. Anny and Sw. This is Je zego.
p. 14 o 16
he Cesa ean sec ion. <…>
O zeł cza ny is he name o he pony.
pola hemisphe e. The eagle is a
hemisphe e. The eagle is a
The Szw. The Ko inys, he Szw. This is
Władimi a, Szw. This is Alexęd as
Newskyny, Szw. This is Jó gy, Szw.
S anisłowa, E ely bał ojy, y . and .
p. 23 o 27
§. 2. The Kingdom o
<...>
He b King O zeł he Whi e in
I' e been o he Black Sea, I' e been o he
been o he Black Sea. c uel, c uel, c uel,
c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel,
c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel,
c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel,
The O de y. The whi e eagle, swo n
Szwę a 4 classy podzielony, udzież k zyż
Poland. I 's he King o Lękyszkoji.
<...>
he Pole o he Impe ial Household (He b)
Black Sea, I' e been o he Black Sea, I' e
c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel,
c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel,
c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel, c uel,
c uel, c uel, which is he name o he wo d
S anislaw on he hook. E eely bał ojy, […]
Cygonyszkasis. This is he i s ime I' e seen his wo d in English. pa icipa ed in h ee e ea s.
woyskowy S ąnsłowa i kee ó es a maynas padali s, za zasługi woienne dawany, dzielący się na eepogi K iiźiós ka ionynis óż zasługas (o h ee classes. Nóupełnus) ka ionynius dawyniejems, p. 22 […] 24 p. 40 […] 44
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
The un i led 166-page manusc ip o Pab zeża, beginning wi h he wo ds "Iźęgis Geog apija",
p o ides a ansla ion o Szac aje 's geog aphical manual published se e al imes in he Vilnius
Zawadzki P ess in he 19 h cen u y. The sys ema ic associa ion o he ex o he Zems o
20
manusc ip wi h he di e en e sions o he Szac aje io manual […] Geog a ia począ kowa
(1817; 1818b) and Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana (1825; 1826; 1828) […] in he ex s indica es ha he
sou ce o he ansla ion o he Pab ze was he la e e sion, unde he name Geog a iia
k ó ko zeb ana. I is likely ha Pab is w o e his manusc ip o he Geog aphical Index o 1828, o
a leas in he collec ions o he Bibliog aphical Socie y, bu i is no ye known how many
unexpec ed changes he may ha e made o he 1832 edi ion o he Geog aphical Sho Tex . The e
a e some disc epancies in he 1828 edi ion o he Gkz, sugges ing ha he 1832 edi ion would ha e
w i en di e en ly some his o ical (pic u es, he naming o G ego y XVI, who became pope in
1831) o geog aphical da a (pic u es, co ec ed ocean a lan ycki pamin ins ead o ocean
spokojny, which Pab ėža calls he Azyjeniai o he sola eclipse (a ) i y, he size).
The combina ion o he PaIG wi h he Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana ex con i ms he opinion o
ea lie esea che s […] Subačiaus (1996: 42) and Ged imo (2003: 119, 132) ha he Pab ėžis
manusc ip Iźęgis Geog ap was c ea ed a he beginning o he 4 h decade o he 19 h cen u y.
The ansla ion is qui e li e al, because Pab ėžai needed o c ea e a new e m, and he
encyclopedic na u e o he Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana ex equi ed accu acy in ansla ion.
Pab ėža was hough ul, a ely made mis akes, co ec ed inaccu acies, imp o ed he
p esen a ion o he ex . The combina ion o he ansla ion wi h he o iginal indica es some o
he in e ludes o he au ho 's Pab ėž ex . They a e o h ee ypes: in o ma ional no es on a
ew wo ds (o ice, diocese, pound s e ling, jackal) and a lis o o he wise unde s ood na ional […]
e i o ial […] iden i y ( ansla ed om he Eu opean languages lis addi ionally in he local
language) and ci il iden i y (Cieso yjes Rośyskynys […] Lis o awa ds o he Russian Empi e […]
Addi ional wo o he awa ds o he Kingdom o Poland […] Balelija and S . Decla a ion o he
p o isions o he S anisla o de s, o me badges o honou o he Two Na ions Republics.
The es ablished link be ween he manusc ip Iźęgis Geog apijoje and he ansla ion
sou ce o he o me Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana p o ides new knowledge abou he
landscape and Li huanian pedagogical ends o he 19 h cen u y and opens up new
possibili ies o he s udy o he Pab ėž lexicon, spelling and e minology o ha pe iod.
ŠALTINIAI
Gkz 1825: [Szac aje Walen y, pa .] Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana podług os a nich ak a ów
ułożona [Geog aphy B ie ly Collec ed and A anged Acco ding o he La es
T ea ises], nanowo p zej zana i pop awiona p zez W. Szac aie a, Wilno: Józe
Zawadzki własnym nakładem.
Gkz 1826: [Szac aje Walen y, pa .] Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana podług os a nich ak a ów
ułożona [Geog aphy B ie ly Collec ed and A anged Acco ding o he La es
T ea ises], nanowo p zej zana i pop awiona p zez W. Szac aie a, Wilno: Józe
Zawadzki własnym nakładem. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://polona.pl/i em-
iew/50689e75-d0b5-4592-b80 - 61d e6960aa.
21
Gkz 1828: [Szac aje Walen y, pa .] Geog a iia k ó ko zeb ana podług os a nich ak a ów
ułożona [Geog aphy B ie ly Collec ed and A anged Acco ding o he La es
T ea ises], nanowo p zej zana i pop awiona p zez W. Szac aie a, Wilno: Józe
Zawadzki własnym nakładem. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://polona.pl/i em-
iew/0acbdd8e-11a4-4839-9ee8-39041e14228d.
Gkz 1845: [Szac aje Walen y, pa .] Walen ego Szac aje a Geog a ia k ó ko zeb ana [Walen y
Szac aje ’s Geog aphy B ie ly Collec ed], wydanie nowe, podług os a nich ak a ów
ułożone, p zej zane i pop awione, Wilno: Nakładem i d ukiem Józe a Zawadzkiego.
P ieiga in e ne e: h ps:// cin.o g.pl/dlib a/publica ion/89874/edi ion/69163.
Gp 1811: S[zac aje ] W[alen y] 21811, {Geog a ia począ kowa dla poży ku uczącey się młodzi
podług os a nich ak a ów ułożona i powiększona [In oduc o y Geog aphy o he
Bene i o Young Lea ne s, A anged and Expanded Acco ding o he La es
T ea ises], p zez W... S..., wyd. 2., Wilno 1811 Zawadzki}. P ieiga in e ne e:
h ps://polona.pl/p e iew/ eca5d42-9ba1-4bb6-a1b8-497a 3130465.
Gp 1817: S[zac aje ] W[alen y] (3)1817: Geog a ia począ kowa dla pozy ku uczącey się młodzi,
podług os a nich ak a ow ułozona [In oduc o y Geog aphy o he Bene i o Young
Lea ne s, A anged and Expanded Acco ding o he La es T ea ises], wydanie
zecie, znacznie p ze obione i pop awione, p zez W... S... w Wilnie nakładem. i
d ukiem J. Zawadzkiego. w Wilnie i Wa szawie. w Xięga niach egoż.
Gp 1818a: S[zac aje ] W[alen y] 31818: Geog a ia począ kowa dla póży ku uczącéy się młodzi,
podług os a nich ak a ów ułożona [In oduc o y Geog aphy o he Bene i o Young
Lea ne s, A anged and Expanded Acco ding o he La es T ea ises], wydanie
zecie, znacznie p ze obione i pop awione p zez W... S... w K akowie, w d uka ni
akademickiéy 1818.
Gp 1818b: S[zac aje ] W[alen y] 41818: Geog a ia począ kowa dla poży ku uczącey się młodzi,
podług os a nich ak a ów ułożona [In oduc o y Geog aphy o he Bene i o Young
Lea ne s, A anged and Expanded Acco ding o he La es T ea ises], wydanie
czwa e nanowo p zey zane i pop awione p zez W... S..., w Wilnie nakładem i
d ukiem Józ. Zawadzkiego, w Wilnie i Wa szawie. w Xięga niach egoż 1818. P ieiga
in e ne e: h ps://polona.pl/i em- iew/3c74 d18- dc3-4be7-a679-12c5783ea184.
PaIG: [Pab ėža Ju gis, XVIII a. II ke i is] 2019: Iźęgis Geog apyje [In oduc ion o
Geog aphy] (: Źemiu asz s) <...>] [In oduc ion o Geog aphy], 166 p., ank aš is
saugomas V uble skių biblio ekoje, F9-3361, aksimilę ž . Ju gio Amb aziejaus
Pab ėžos geog a ija, pa . R. Šepe y ė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as (pe ašą ž .
p. 65–230).
LITERATŪRA
Echa d Lau ence, pa ., 1782: Dykcyona zyk Geog a iczny Czyli Opisanie K oles w, P owincyi,
Mias , Biskups w, Xięs w, H abs w, Ma g abs w, Po ow, Fo ec y innych mieysc

22
znacznieyszych w cz e ech częściach świa a <...> [Geog aphical Dic iona y, o
Desc ip ion o Kingdoms, P o inces, Ci ies, Bishop ics, P incipali ies, Coun ies,
Ma g a ia es, Po s, Fo esses, and o he places o impo ance in he ou pa s o
he wo ld] 1, Wa szawa: D uka nia Pio a Du ou a.
Es eiche Ka ol 1878: Bibliog a ia polska XIX s ólecia [La a 1800–1881] [Polish
Bibliog aphy o he 19 h Cen u y [Yea s 1800–1881]] 4: R–U, K aków: D uka nia
uniwe sy e u Jagiellońskiego.
Ged imas Robe as 2003: J. A. Pab ėžos geog a ijos ado ėlio e minai [Te minology o
J. A. Pab ėža’s Geog aphy Tex book]. – Te minologija 10, 117–134.
Gidžiūnas Vik o as 1994: Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža, Vilnius, Roma: Lie u ių ka alikų
mokslo akademija.
Kažukauskai ė Ona, Šepe y ė Ri a, pa ., 2009: Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža Taislius augyminis
I-223 [Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža’s “Taislius augyminis” I-223], Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u as.
Kišūnienė Nijolė 1972: J. Pab ėžos bibliog a ija [Bibliog aphy o J. Pab ėža]. – Ju gis
Pab ėža (1771–1849), Vilnius: Min is, 95–114.
Pace ičius A ydas, Raudy ė Nijolė 2023: Žemaičių dak a as Faus as. Ju gio Amb aziejaus
Pab ėžos biblio ekos kilmė, aida i pa eldas [Samogi ian Doc o Faus us. The O igin,
De elopmen and He i age o he Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža Lib a y], Vilnius:
Vilniaus uni e si e o leidykla.
PSB: Polski słownik biog a iczny [The Polish Biog aphical Dic iona y] 46(3), sąs. 190: Syska
Józe – Sza aniec Syks us, Wa szawa, K aków: Polska Akademia Nauk, 2009.
Sko upskas Riča das 2019: Ju gio Amb aziejaus Pab ėžos geog a ija (J. A. Pab ėžos eikalo
„Geog apyje“ apž alga-analizė) [The Geog aphy o Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža
(Re iew-analysis o J. A. Pab ėža’s Wo k in “Geog aphy”)]. – Ju gio Amb aziejaus
Pab ėžos geog a ija, pa . R. Šepe y ė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 9–36.
Subačius Gied ius 1996: Ju gio Amb aziejaus Pab ėžos žemaičių kalba [Ju gis Amb aziejus
Pab ėža’s Samogi ian Language]. – Lie u ių A gimimo is o ijos s udijos 8: Asmuo a p
au os i als ybės, 10–113.
Šepe y ė Ri a 2019: P a a mė. Rank aščio kalbos ypa ybės [Fea u es o he Manusc ip ’s
Language]. – Ju gio Amb aziejaus Pab ėžos geog a ija, pa . R. Šepe y ė, Vilnius:
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 7–8, 37–50.
Šepe y ė Ri a 2020: P a a mė. „Pamokslų ai ingose ma e ijose“ kalbos ypa ybės.
Rank aščio ap ašas [P e ace. Fea u es o he Language o “Se mons on Va ious
Ma e s”. Desc ip ion o he Manusc ip ]. – Pamokslai ai ingose ma e ijose, saky i
Amb oziejaus Pab ėžos, pa . R. Šepe y ė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 7–8, 36–
61, 791–798.
23
Šepe y ė Ri a, pa ., 2014: Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža Taislius augyminis 224–776 [Ju gis
Amb aziejus Pab ėža’s “Taislius augyminis” 224–776], Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as.
Šepe y ė Ri a, pa ., 2015: Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža Taislius augyminis 777–980 [Ju gis
Amb aziejus Pab ėža’s “Taislius augyminis” 777–980], Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as.
Šepe y ė Ri a, pa ., 2019: Ju gio Amb aziejaus Pab ėžos geog a ija [Geog aphy o Ju gis
Amb aziejus Pab ėža], Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
Šepe y ė Ri a, pa ., 2020: Pamokslai ai ingose ma e ijose, saky i Amb oziejaus Pab ėžos
[Se mons on Va ious Subjec s, by Amb aziejus Pab ėža], Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as.
Šilinskai ė Simona 2010: Lie u iškos geog a ijos e minijos aidos aspek ai Ju gio Amb a-
ziejaus Pab ėžos „Geog a yje“: magis o da bas [Aspec s o he De elopmen o
Li huanian Geog aphical Te minology in Ju gis Amb aziejus Pab ėža’s “Geog aphy”:
Mas e ’s Thesis], Vilniaus pedagoginis uni e si e as. P ieiga in e ne e:
h ps://po alc is. du.l /se e /api/co e/bi s eams/3da5c198- 387-4d8 -9611-
9c7db6 34 c4/con en .
Ta ydas Juozas 1972: J. Pab ėža – pi mojo lie u iško geog a ijos ado ėlio au o ius
[J. Pab ėža – Au ho o he i s Li huanian Geog aphy Tex book]. – Ju gis Pab ėža
(1771–1849), Vilnius: Min is, 55–62.
Wieczo ek Agnieszka 2011: Ksz ałcenie i wychowanie w szkołach powia owych misjona zy
p owincji li ewskiej na p zełomie XVIII i XIX wieku [Educa ion and Upb inging o
Missiona ies o he Li huanian P o ince in Dis ic Schools a he Tu n o he 18 h
and 19 h Cen u ies]. – Klio – Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym
16(1), 43–76. P ieiga in e ne e:
h ps://apcz.umk.pl/KLIO/a icle/ iew/KLIO.2011.003/1096.
Zawadzki Józe 1812: Geog a iia powszechna, zawie aiąca k ó kie opisanie s anu poli ycznego 5
części świa a, z os a niemi odmianami, jakie nas ąpiły do . 1812, z p zyda kiem na końcu
eges u imion właściwych [Uni e sal Geog aphy, Con aining a Sho Desc ip ion o
he Poli ical S a e o 5 Pa s o he Wo ld, wi h he La es Changes ha Occu ed up
o 1812, wi h an Appendix a he end o he Regis e o P ope Names], edycyia
nowa pop awna, Wilno: Józe Zawadzki. P ieiga in e ne e:
h ps://polona.pl/p e iew/9e7 15d1-87b7-4 88-8ccb-3103a6400700.