Morphological Variants of Anatomical Terms in Lithuanian Lexicography of the 17th–18th Centuries

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

KEYWORDS: medicine, anatomical term, variant, morphological variant, dictionary

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Words and phrases related to medicine can already be found in the earliest Lithuanian written sources—the general bilingual translating dictionaries (most often German–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–German), which played a significant role not only in the development of the Lithuanian written language and lexicography, but also in the formation of Lithuanian medical terminology. The late Lithuanian physician, anatomist, and anthropologist, Professor Gintautas Jurgis Česnys (1940–2009), who researched the history of Lithuanian anatomical nomenclature, considers Konstantinas Sirvydas’s trilingual (Polish–Latin–Lithuanian) dictionary to be its point of origin. A substantial number of its words have become anatomical terms and are still used today, for example, elbow, mouth, head, palate, neck, liver, groin, crown, nape, finger, hand, chin, brain, heart, among others (Česnys 2002: 56). These and other words denoting the main parts and organs of the body, as well as the fluids they produce, can also be found in later dictionaries compiled in Lithuania Minor.

Thus, the sources for this article are the following 17th–18th-century dictionaries from Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor (hereafter DL and ML): Dictionarium trium linguarum, In usum Studiose Iuventus, Auctore [...] Constantino Szyrwid (hereafter SD), Clavis Germanico–Lithvana (hereafter C), Lexicon Lithuanicum (hereafter Lex), Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicum et Lithuanico=Germanicum, darinnen [...] von Iacobo Brodowskij, Praecentore Trempensi (hereafter B), Vocabularium litthvanico–germanicum, et germanico–litthvanicum [...] von Friederich Wilhelm Haack (hereafter H), Littauisch=Deutſches und Deutſch=Littauiſches Lexicon, [...] von Philipp Ruhig (hereafter R), Littauiſch=deutſches und Deutſch=littauiſches Wörter=Buch, [...] von Chriſtian Gotlieb Mielcke, Cantor in Pillckallen (hereafter MŽ).

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The subject of the article is one semantic microsystem of medical terminology: anatomical terms. The lexicographic sources mentioned above were used to collect words and phrases denoting concepts in human anatomy (body parts, organs, and the fluids they produce) that have survived in usage to the present day (i.e., have become medical terms), as well as those that are no longer used. The study examines one type of terminological variant—morphological variants. These have been grouped into variant series of terms denoting the same concept (58 series and 216 distinct variants in total). The aim is to describe morphological variants of anatomical terms in 17th–18th-century DL and ML dictionaries, identify their types and subtypes, shed some light on the reasons for terminological variation, and show how the variants developed.

A few words should be said about some terminological concepts. The article uses the term variant¹. The traditional understanding of the term is adopted here: a variant is a single-word or compound term with the same meaning but a different form. The terms morphological (gender, number, and ending) variants are likewise used traditionally to designate the type of terminological variant under consideration and its subtypes.

In linguistic and terminological literature, variants are generally understood as language units that differ in a single feature, on the basis of which they are classified into separate types. However, the material examined shows that such pure variants are very few. Most anatomical terms in the dictionaries differ in at least two features, and sometimes more². Accordingly, the article also uses the terms pure variants, mixed variants. The term pure variants refers to terms that, as already noted, differ in just one feature (in this case, a morphological one), whereas mixed variants designates terms that differ in two or more features. In such cases, the distinguishing morphological feature is considered primary, while distinguishing phonetic and orthographic features are secondary. A group of two or more variants that designate the same concept is called a variant series (cf. synonym series).

¹ The concept of a variant in terminology is discussed in considerable detail in an article by Asta Mitkevičienė (see Mitkevičienė 2004). Therefore, this study does not engage in a more detailed theoretical discussion, but confines itself to indicating the author’s position and the relevant literature.

² For this reason, classifying anatomical term variants into separate types is rather difficult, since variants belonging to just one type are very rare—the same variants may be assigned to different types. Therefore, the distinguishing morphological features of anatomical term variants were chosen as the basis for classifying the variants in this study.

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Morfologiniai anatomijos terminų variantai XVII–XVIII a. lietuvių leksikografijoje

Variability³ is characteristic not only of language, but also of terminology in science, technology, and the arts (historical or contemporary). However, it is perhaps most evident in early written texts, when the written language was still being created. Thus, the abundance of different forms of the same word in the writings of different authors, and often even in the writings of one and the same author, is entirely understandable. It may be assumed that, when studying the origins of terminology in any field, variants help to reveal the development of terms and tendencies in their selection and use.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS

In this study, morphological variants are taken to mean derivational and inflectional variants of word forms (see Župerka 1983: 28, Miliūnaitė 2009: 143, 172, cf. Ахманова 2005: 71). Three types of morphological variants—gender, number, and ending variants—were found in the dictionaries examined. Morphological variants are most often single-word anatomical terms; only a few compound terms occur, and their variants are either gender or species modifiers.

1. GENDER VARIANTS

This type of morphological variant includes mainly sets of single-word anatomical terms (17 sets and 78 different variants in total), whose constituent terms differ in gender—one (or more) member(s) of a variant set are feminine, while another (or others) are masculine: Alkūnė⁴ (Lat. cubitus) – Alkune⁵, Polish Łokieć / członek rękt od przegubu aż do dłoni, Lat. Cubitus, ulna, lacertus SD 253⁶ / Alkune, Ger. Ellenbogen B I 406⁷₄₇ / Elkune, Ger. Arm B I 119₂₂, Elkune, Ger. Ellen-

³ A considerable number of theoretical works (articles and books) have been written about it (for more, see Miliūnaitė 2009, Авербух 2003, Ахманова 2005, Бабанова 1994, Граудина 2003, Лейчик 1994, Марузо 2004, Сложеникина 2005, Татаринов 1996, etc.). Lithuanian terminologists have drawn on the theoretical insights of Lithuanian and Russian authors on term variation in examining the term microsystems of particular fields of science (literature, construction) (see Mitkevičienė 2004, Stunžinas 2008).

⁴ A term from the current anatomical nomenclature (see Medž).

⁵ In the article, anatomical terms are given in the original orthography and in alphabetical order. The members of each variant set are arranged chronologically, that is, according to the date of publication of the dictionary from which the term was taken. After each term, equivalents in other languages—Polish and Latin (for K. Sirvydas’s dictionary) and German—are provided, followed by the source abbreviation (given as it appears in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) and the page number. Different term variants are printed in bold.

⁶ Original page.

⁷ Original page and line.

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begen C I 511⁸, Elkune, vok. Ellenbog[en] Lex 30⁹ / Élkūnė, vok. Arm B I 119²¹ / Elkuns, vok. Ellenbogen B I 406⁴⁷ / Alkunė, vok. Arm, das untere Theil R_vl 31, Alkunė, vok. der Ellnbogen MŽ_iv 4, Alkunė, vok. Arm, der untere Theil MŽ_vl 41, Alkunė, vok. der Ellbogen MŽ_iv 66 / Elkunė, vok. der Ellbogen MŽ_iv 66 / Elkūnas, vok. Elbogen C I 553 / Alkūnas, vok. Elbogen C I 553. LKŽ_e duomenimis, moteriškosios giminės variantas Elkune / Élkūne / Elkunė ~ elkūnė¹⁰ vartojamas gyvojoje kalboje (Grž) ir Rytų Prūsijos raštuose, o vyriškosios giminės varianto Elkūnas ~ elkūnas pirminis šaltinis nurodytas Clavio žodynas. Beje, pastarajame žodyne duodamas ir variantas su šaknies balsiu a – Alkūnas ~ alkūnas, kuris LKŽ_e pateiktas tik kaip šio šaltinio žodis.

Eyebrow (Latin supercilium) – Ant-Akkis, German Augenbrauen C I 180 / Antakė, German Augenbrahue R_vl 40, MŽ_vl 54; Antakkei, German Augen Brauen B I 156⁶ / Antakės, German die Augen=Brauen MŽ_lv 2. LKŽ_e cites P. Ruigys’s dictionary as the primary source for the feminine variants Antakė ~ antakė, Antakės ~ antakės, in which, besides the principal meaning ‘eyebrows’, the word was also used in the sense ‘eyelids’. K. G. Milkus also used these forms in his dictionary; he may have been influenced by the dictionary of his predecessor, P. Ruigys.

Eyelash (Latin cilium) – Blakſtenai, German Augenbrauen C I 180, Blakſtenai, German Augen Brauen B I 156⁶, Blakſtenai, German Augen Haar B I 156²⁹, Blakſtenai, German Augen Wimpern B I 157², Blakſtenai, German die Wimpern R_lv 16, Blakſtenai, German Augen=Wimpern MŽ_lv 28 / Blakſtēnai, German Wimpern der Augen MŽ_vl 542 / Blakſtenos, German Wimpern der Augen MŽ_vl 542. In many ML dictionaries, one of the eye’s accessory organs is designated by the masculine term Blakſtenai / Blakſtēnai ~ blakstienai (except in K. G. Milkus’s dictionary, where this concept is named with a feminine term). LKŽ_e notes that this word is used in colloquial speech (Kp, Gs) and in written sources (R, J).

Calf (Latin crus) – Blauȥda, Polish Goleń, Latin Crus, Tibia SD 170, Blauȥda, Polish Lyft mięśinty / pega, Latin Sura SD 258 / Blauȥda, German Bein C I 268, Blauȥda, German Waden C IV 891, Lex 435, Blauȥda, German Bein pro pede B I 210⁴⁸, Blauȥda, German Lenden B II 866⁴⁷, Blauȥda, German Wade B I 514²⁴, Blauȥda, German Schienbein B I 514²⁴, Blauȥda, German die

⁸ Original page.

⁹ Original page.

¹⁰ The term transcribed in contemporary spelling is given after the tilde sign (~).

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Wade am Fuß R_lv 16, MŽ_lv 28 / Blauzdà, German Schenkel R_vl 305, MŽ_vl 409, Blauzdà, German Wade MŽ_vl 525 / Blauzdas, German Beinschiene B I 211₁₆. According to LKŽ_e, the masculine variant Blauzdas ~ blauzdas is attested only in written sources (I.Simon, Ch).

Palm (Latin metacarpus) – Delnas, Polish Dłoń spódnia, Latin Vola manus SD 144 / Delwas, German hole Hand Lex 50a / Délna, German x hole Hand B II 627₃₅ / Delna, German die flache Hand inwendig MŽ_lv 47. The feminine variant Délna / Delna ~ delna, as is evident from the illustrative examples cited in LKŽ_e, is used in colloquial speech (Skr, Vvr, Plt, Tl) and in writing (J, K, R, Žem, I, I.Simon, MŽ). The word Delwas ~ delvas in Lexicon Lithuanicum may be a typographical error (see Lex 1987: 495).

Loins, lumbar region (Latin lumbus); hypochondriac region (Latin regio hypochondriaca) – šlepšna, Polish Słabizna, Latin Hypochondrion SD 506 / Slepšnas, German Lenden C II 1191. In dictionaries, the feminine šlepšna / Slepšna ~ slėpsna and masculine Slepšnas ~ slėpsnas forms were used in several senses – lumbus and regio hypochondriaca. In current anatomical nomenclature, the feminine term slėpsna has become established, while LKŽ_e gives only written attestations (N, NdŽ) for the masculine variant Slepšnas ~ slėpsnas.

Skull (Latin cranium) – Kaukolas, German Schedel C III 404, R_vl 304, MŽ_vl 407, Kaukolas, German Scheitel des Hauptes R_vl 305, MŽ_vl 408, Kaukolas, German die Hirnschädel MŽ_lv 111 / Kaukolė, German die Hirnschädel MŽ_lv 111, Kaukolė, German Scheitel des Hauptes MŽ_vl 408 / Kaukolė, German Scheitel des Hauptes R_vl 305. According to LKŽ_e, the masculine variant Kaukolas ~ kaukolas, denoting one of the principal concepts in osteology, is attested only in written sources (K.Būg, J, BzBk, R, MŽ, BtMr).

Heel (Latin calx) – Kułnas, Polish Koftká / nogicześc, Latin Talus SD 222 / Kulnis, German Ferfen vid Verfen B I 465₃₅, Kulnis, German Heße B II 693₃₁, Kulnis, German Ferfe C II 652, MŽ_vl 182, Kulnis, German Hacke am Fuß C II 829, MŽ_vl 249, Kulnis, German Verfen C IV 711, Kulnis, German Ferfen Lex 35a, Kulnis, German Hacke Lex 45, Kulnis, German die Hacke oder Ferfe am Fuß R_lv 70, Kulnis, German die Hacke, Ferfe am Fuß MŽ_lv 135 / Kulnis, German Ferfe R_vl 138. As the examples of the variants show, the term kulnas, established in present-day anatomical nomenclature, was used only by K. Sirvydas. The authors of ML dictionaries used the feminine variant Kulnis / Kulniš ~ kulnis. LKŽ_e provides examples of this name for a part of the lower limb from colloquial speech (Grš, VIkv, Šll, Šv) and written sources (V.Kudir, J.Balt, N, BsP, BB).

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Nail (Latin unguis) – naga, Polish Pázur, Latin Vuguis SD 386 / Nag-ga, German Hufe C II 978, Nagga, German Klau C II 1071 / Nagà, German Klaue R_vl 225, MŽ_vl 300 / Nagas, Polish Paźnogieć, Latin Vuguis, vuguculus SD 385–386, Nagas, Polish Pázur, Latin Vuguis SD 386, Nagas, German Horn an den Füßen Lex 51, Nagas, German Klaue Lex 54, Nagas, German der Nagel an den Fingern, oder am Fuß MŽ_lv 177 / Nágas dicit[ur] de hominib[us], German Nagel Unguis B II 935₂₃, Nágas, German Nagel C III 112, Nágas, German ein Nagel am Finger oder Fuß, eine Klaue R_lv 92, Nágas, German Klaue R_vl 225, MŽ_vl 300, Nágas, German Nagel an der Hand oder Fuß MŽ_vl 353 / Naggas, German ein Nagel, eine Klaue H_lv 64. The convex plate of keratinized epidermis covering the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the fingers and toes (Anusevičienė, Cibas, Lilienė 2002: 261) is called in the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas and ML by variants of both genders – nagu and naga. Although, as the LKŽ_e data show, the feminine variant naga / Nagga / Nagà ~ naga is widely used in living speech (especially in Aukštaitija) (Jrb, Ds, Ktk, Km, Kp, Švnč, KLt, Gs), from written sources it is cited only in SD.

Back of the head (Latin occiput) – Pakauβis, Polish Tył głowy, Latin Occiput, occipitium SD 548, Pakauβis, German Hinter Haupt Lex 50, Pakauβis, German Nacken R_vl 264 / Pakáuβis, German Nacke C III 112, Lex 63a, Pakáuβis, German Hauptshintertheil R_vl 193, MŽ_vl 256, Pakáuβis, German das Genick MŽ_lv 112, Pakáuβis, German Hintertheil des Kopfes, das Genick MŽ_vl 272 / Pakauʃzis, German Genick B II 551₂₂, Pakauʃzis, German Hintertheil des [Haupts] B II 643₁₆, Pakauʃzis, German Nacke B II 934₃₈ / Pakáûβis, German das Genick R_lv 57 / Pakauβe, German Genick C II 717. The feminine variant Pakauβe ~ pakaušė, which did not become an anatomical term, is recorded in LKŽ_e from Dieveniškės (Šalčininkai district) and written sources (C, N, LB).

Chin (Latin regio mentalis) – Paʃmakris, German Kropf MŽ_lv 188 / Paʃmakre, German Kinn Bart B II 783₅₁. LKŽ_e provides examples of the masculine variant Paʃmakris ~ pasmakrys from spoken language (Vb, Kp, Vdk) and written sources (R, J).

Foot (Latin pes) – Pėda, German Fuβ=Stapffe C II 757, Pėda, German der Fußtapffen H_lv 94, Pėda, German Fuβtapf H_vl 177 / Pėda, German der Fußtapfe R_lv 104, MŽ_lv 193 / Pėdas, German 2. ein Fußtapfe R_lv 104, Pėdas, German eine Garbe, ein Fußtapfen MŽ_lv 193. As indicated in LKŽ_e, the masculine variant Pėdas ~ pėdas, meaning “sole of the foot,” is used in spoken language (Pn, Grž) and in written sources (V.Krėv, NdŽ).

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Morfologiniai anatomijos terminų variantai XVII–XVIII a. lietuvių leksikografijoje

A t r i u m (Latin atrium) – Prißbirdis, German heart₃=pit C II 912, Prißbirdis, German heart pit R_vl 202, MŽ_vl 268 / Prießirdis, German heart’s little hollow B II 692₃₄, Prießirdis, German the breasts of a human being B I 296₃₄ / Pryßbirdis, German chest R_vl 86, MŽ_vl 113, Pryßbirdis, German the chest MŽ_lv 276 / Prißbirde, German heart hollow Lex 48a / Prif̨irde, German the breasts of a human being B I 296₃₄ / Pryßbirdĕ, German chest R_vl 86, MŽ_vl 113. It is interesting to note that in current anatomical nomenclature, the term atrium, which denotes a chamber of the human heart, atrium has been used in this sense for a very long time—in 17th–18th-century ML dictionaries. There was also a feminine variant, Prißbirde / Prif̨irde / Pryßbirdĕ ~ prieširdė, which, in addition to the aforementioned masculine variant, is found in the dictionaries of J. Brodovskis, P. Ruigys, and K. G. Milkus. According to the data in LKŽ_e, the word prieširdė is recorded in spoken language (Sdk) and in written sources (Š).

Urinary bladder (Latin vesica urinaria (masculine)) – Myžeklis, German Mannlich Glied C III 14 / Myžėklis, German Harm=Röhr C II 849 / Myzeklis, German Harn Röhre Lex 46, Myzeklis, German Pefenck Lex 67 / Mÿžėklis, German [Harn] Röhre B I 636₂₆ / Mÿžėklis, German Männlich Glied B II 897₄₃ / Mižėkle veſica, German Blaſe, Harnblaße in Menſch[en] B I 266₁₆ / Myžėklė, German das Harnglied R_lv 88, Myžėklė, German Harnblaße MŽ_vl 253, Myžėklė, German Waßerblaße eines Menfchen MŽ_vl 529. In LKŽ_e, the word Myžeklis / Myžėklis / Myzeklis / Mÿžėklis / Mÿžeklis ~ myžeklis is not given the meaning “men’s urinary bladder,” whereas the feminine variant Mižėkle / Myžėklė ~ myžeklė is listed with the meaning “urinary bladder”; the sources for this word are the dictionaries of P. Ruigys and F. Kuršaitis.

Eyelid (Latin palpebra) – Wūkas, German ein Augenlied R_lv 182 / Wokas, German ein Augenlied MŽ_lv 333 / Wókas, German Augenbrahue MŽ_vl 54 / Wokà, German ein Augenlied MŽ_lv 333. According to LKŽ_e data, sources for the use of the feminine variant Wokà ~ voka, denoting one of the accessory organs of the eye, are mostly found in ML texts (R, MŽ, N, [K]); only one illustrative example comes from spoken language (Pt).

Intestine (Latin intestinum) – 3arnai, German Eingeweÿde B I 392₄₂ / Źárnos, German Gedērm R_vl 161 / Źarnos, German Gedērm MŽ_vl 213. The masculine variant 3arnai ~ žarnai is not recorded at all in LKŽ_e.

As the examples above show, in addition to the main morphological difference, variants of anatomical terms exhibit a number of other differences—phonetic and orthographic—

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¹¹ – differences. The members of variant series most often differ in simple vowels and diphthongs, as well as vowels and diphthongs marked with various diacritics (à, á, é, ẽ, ì, ó, ú, û; iė), which indicate a stressed syllable or certain inflectional forms¹². The spelling of the vowel y and the consonants ł, š, ž also varied – these were represented by the characters ÿ, ł, β, ∫з, з́, з. In addition, clusters of two identical consonants (in this case, k and g) were characteristic.

There was one series of variants of compound anatomical terms, whose members were related terms differing in form. A term denoting one of the accessory organs of the eye also displays the phonetic and orthographic differences mentioned above:

Vokas (Latin palpebra) – Akkies Wokas, German Augenlied C I 180 / Akkiės=Wokas, German Augenlied Hᵥₗ 157 / Akkiės-Wokas, German ein Augenlied Hₗᵥ 1 / Akiės Wokas, German ein Augenlied MŽₗᵥ 333 / Akiės Woka, German ein Augenlied MŽₗᵥ 333;

Akkiu Wókas, German Augen Brun B I 156₈ / Akkiu Wokà, German Augenlied Rᵥₗ 41, MŽᵥₗ 54;

Akkiu Wोकai, German Augen Lieder Lex 10 / Akkiu Wókai, German Augen Lieder B I 156₂₇;

Akiės Wókos, German das Augenlied Rₗᵥ 4.

Some masculine and feminine words that did not become terms deserve separate mention. According to data from LKŽₑ, most of them—for example, elkūnė ‘elbow’ (fem.), blakstienai ‘eyelashes’ (masc.), delna ‘palm’ (fem.), kulnis ‘heel’ (masc.), naga ‘nail’ (fem.), pakaušė ‘back of the head’ (fem.), pasmakrys ‘chin’ (masc.), pėdas ‘foot’ (masc.), prieširdė ‘atrium’ (fem.), voka ‘eyelid’ (fem.)—are used in colloquial speech, with the exception of antakė (K, R), blauzdas (I.Simon, Ch), kaukolas (K. Būg, J, BzBk, R, MŽ, BtMr) and myžeklė (R, K), which are attested only as words in written sources (most often ML).

Thus, it may be said that in the dictionaries of the period under study, the emergence of variants with different grammatical genders may have been influenced both by colloquial speech and by masculine and feminine words in earlier writings that named the same body part or organ.

¹¹ The emergence of phonetic and orthographic differences in vowels and consonants was determined by both linguistic and non-linguistic factors. First, the period in question was the initial stage in the development of Lithuanian written language, when spelling varied greatly (the same vowels and consonants were rendered phonetically in different ways by different authors), and there were no firm principles governing it. In DL and ML, it was influenced by different languages—German and Polish. On the other hand, researchers of Lithuanian written language (see Palionis 1967, 1995; Zinkevičius 1984) note that authors wrote as best they knew how, or modeled their writing on that of their predecessors or contemporaries; some variants could be regarded as typographical errors.

¹² Plačiau apie ML senųjų lietuviškų raštų kirčio žymėjimą žr. Šinkūnas 2010.

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2. NUMBER VARIANTS

This type of term variants includes such one-word and compound anatomical terms (11 entries and 27 distinct variants in total) that are given in singular and plural forms in different (or even the same) dictionaries (in compound terms, usually the number of one of the constituents varies). It should also be noted that only pure variants were found in the type under discussion:

Eyebrow (Latin supercilium) – Ant-Akkis, German Augenbrauen C I 180 / Antakkiei, German Wienbrauen C IV 980 / Antakkiey, German Wien Brauen Lex 106 / Antakkei, German Augen Brauen B I 156₆; Antakē, German Augenbrahue Rvl 40, MŽvl 54 / Antakēs, German die Augen=Brauen MŽlv 2;

Tear (Latin lacrima) – Aβara, Polish Lzą, Latin Lacryma SD 258, Aβara, German Thränen C IV 583, Aβara, German eine Thräne Rlv 8, MŽvl 469, Aβara, German Zähre, Thräne MŽvl 550 / Aβaros, German Thränen Lex 87a, Aβaros, German die Thränen Hlv 10;

Lower leg (Latin crus) – Blauzda, German Bein C I 268, Blauzda, German Waden C IV 891, Lex 102a, Blauzda, German Bein pro pede B I 210₄₈, Blauzda, German Lenden B II 866₄₇, Blauzda, German Wade B I 514₂₄, Blauzda, German Schienbein B I 514₂₄, Blauzda, German die Wade am Fuß Rlv 16, MŽvl 28 / Blauždos, German die Beine Hlv 18;

Hair of the head (Latin capillus) – Galwôs Plaukas, German Haubt=Haar C II 860 / Galwôs Plaukai, German Haupt Haar B II 616₁₆;

Knee (Latin genu) – Kélis, German Knie C II 1086, B II 805₁₈, Kélis, German Fuβ, Knie B I 514₂₂ / Kélei, German Knie C II 1086;

Joint (Latin articulatio) – Sanarys, German Gelencke C II 708 / Sanaris, German Gelencke Lex 40a, Sanaris, German Gelenk am Leibe MŽvl 220 / Sanarei, German Gliedmaβ B II 590₃₇, Sanarei, German [Finger]ˣGelenck B I 472₃₀;

Temple (Latin tempora) – Smilkinnys, German der Schlaf am Kopf MŽlv 250 / Smilkinnei, German Schlaff C III 432, Lex 75;

Thigh (Latin femur) – Sзlaunis, German Hufft Lex 51, Sзlaunis, German Huft Rvl 211, MŽvl 280 / Sзlaunys, German beyde Hefte Rvl 211;

Eyelid (Latin palpebra) – Wókas, German Augenbrahne MŽvl 54 / Wókai, German Augen Brauen B I 156;

Intestine (Latin intestinum) – Žárna, German Darm Rvl 96, MŽvl 126 / nominative plural Žárnas, German Gekröβ, Gedärm B II 544₈.

One pair of variants was found in the dictionaries of Clavius and K. G. Milkus, whose constituent compound terms have both constituents—the generic and the specific—

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varies in number: Pirßtas Kojų, German Zee C IV 1031 / Pirßtai Kojós, German die Zähen am Fuß MŽ_vl 550.

As the examples given show, the first (German) language of bilingual dictionaries may have influenced the emergence of some plural-form variants: that is, if a German term is written in the plural in the German–Lithuanian section, the Lithuanian term is also given in this form; cf. Thränen – Aßaros H_vl 211, Beine - Blauzdos H_vl 160, beyde Hüfte, Sźlaunys MŽ_vl 280.

3. VARIANTS OF INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS

The third type of morphological variants comprises variants of one-word terms and components of compound terms (30 lines and 121 distinct variants in total), with differently morphologically marked endings of the same gender. Variants of masculine and feminine singular and plural endings are distinguished. The great majority are, of course, variants of singular endings, since dictionary headwords are generally given in the singular. Masculine-ending variants predominate.

3.1. Variants of masculine singular endings

Only a small group consists of pure masculine-ending -is and -ys variants:

K r u m p l y s (Latin condylus) – Krumplis, Polish Kłykieć, Latin Condylus, articulus digiti, articulorum nodi SD 108, Krumplis, Polish Przęgub v palcow, Latin Nodus SD 350, Krumplis, German Knöchel B II 805₅₂, Krumplis, der Knoren am Finger B I 472₂₈ / Krum(p)lys, German Knorren C II 1090, Krum-plys, Knöchel, Knochel, Knebel, am Finger Lex 55, R_vl 227;

S è d m u o (Latin clunis, natis)? – Bullis, German Arß C I 141, Bullis, German Hindern C II 936 / Bulłys, German Hinder Lex 49a, cf. 1 bulis ‘one side of the buttocks’ and bulys ‘buttocks’ LKŽ;

S k r a n d i s (Latin gaster) – Skilwis, Polish Żołądek, Ventriculus, venter, stomachus, aluus SD 649, Skilwis, Magen B II 892₃₀, H_vl 192, Skilwis, der Magen H_lv 116, MŽ_lv 243 / Skilwys, German Magen C III 5, Lex 60, Skilwys, Magen, eines Menschen R_vl 249, MŽ_vl 332;

T r a c h ė j a, g e r k l ė (Latin trachea); r y k l ė (Latin pharynx) – gurklis, Polish Gárdło, Gulla, guttur, rumen SD 164 / Gurklys, German Kähle B II 766₃₆, Gurklys, Schlund, Gurgel R_vl 312, Gurklys, Schlund,

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Gurgel MŽ_vl 418. The word gurklys is not listed in LKŽ_e with either the meaning ‘throat (trachea)’ or ‘pharynx’, meanings in which it appears in the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas, J. Brodovski, P. Ruigys, and K. G. Milkus; the second meaning of gurklio is ‘chin, dewlap’.

Most variants are mixed, since they also differ phonetically and orthographically.

The dictionaries contain the greatest number of masculine singular ending variants—18 rows were found, each comprising between two and nine variant forms. Most often, variants with two different endings compete: -is and -ys:

Eyeball (Latin bulbus oculi) – Akkies Pawiddulis, German Augapffel B I 155₄₇ / Akiės Pawiddulys, German Augapfel R_vl 40, MŽ_vl 54. According to LKŽ_e, pavidulys, meaning ‘image of the eye’, is listed only as a word in ML’s writings (R, MŽ, prš, RB);

Knee (Latin genu) – Kielis, Polish Członek w trźciny, Latin rc. Internodium SD 140, Kielis, Polish Koláno, Latin Genu, genus SD 209, Kielis, German das Knie MŽ_lv 114 / Kélis, German Knie C II 1086, B II 805₁₈, Kélis, German Fuβ, Knie B I 514₂₂ / Kelis, German Knie Lex 54a / Kellys, German das Knie H_lv 49, Kellys, German Knie H_vl 189 / Kiélis, German 1. das Knie R_lv 58, Kiélis, German Knie, des Menschen R_vl 227, MŽ_vl 303;

Big toe (Latin hallux); thumb (of the hand) thumb (Latin pollex) – Nikβtis, Polish Palec wielki w reki, Latin Pollex SD 282 / Nykβtis, German Daume C I 452 / Nykβtis, German Daume Lex 116, Nykβtis, German Daumen R_vl 98, MŽ_vl 128, Nykβtis, German Zähne am Fuß R_vl 408, Nykβtis, German der Daumen MŽ_lv 185, Nykβtis, German Zähe, große Zähe am Fuß MŽ_vl 550 / Nyk[β]tis, German [Finger] der Daume B I 472₂₂ / Ník[β]tis, German Daume B I 340₅₂ / Nykβtys, German der Daumen R_lv 98;

Buttock (Latin clunis, natis)? – Paſturgalis, German Capell C I 423) Paſturgalis, German Hinderth eil C II 937, MŽ_vl 272, Paſturgalis, German das Hintertheil H_lv 90, R_lv 103, MŽ_lv 188, Paſturgalis, German Hintertheil R_vl 205 / Paſtúrgallys, German Capell C I 424 / Paſturgallis, German Hinder theil Lex 49a, Paſturgallis, German Hintertheil Lex 50, Paſturgallis, German Hinderſtes B II 703₃₁, Paſturgallis, German Capelle pars dorsi posterior B I 3081 / Paſturgallys, German das Hintertheil MŽ_lv 70, compare pasturgalis “the posterior part of the human body, buttocks” LKŽ_e;

Temple (Latin tempora) – Smilkinis, Polish Skroń, Latin Tempus SD 505 / Smilkinys, German der Schlaf am Kopf R_lv 136, Smilkinys, German Schlaf

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on the side of the head MŽᵥ₁ 413 / Smilkinnys, cf. the temple at the head MŽₗᵥ 250. The word smilkinis is not recorded in LKŽₑ;

T a i l b o n e (Latin os coccygis) – Striengallys, cf. Capell C I 423 / Striéngallys, cf. Capell C I 424 / Striengallis, cf. Capelle pars dorſi poſterior B I 308₁ / Stréngalis, cf. Hufft Bein B II 728₂₁, Strengalis, cf. Hinderteil C II 937 / Strengallis, cf. Hinderteil Lex 49a / Strengalis, cf. Hintertheil Lex 50 / Strèn=Galys, cf. the cross on the back Rₗᵥ 142 / Strèngallys, cf. the cross on the back, the chicken's rump MŽₗᵥ 259. As the LKŽₑ data show, the word strêngalis in the sense ‘tailbone’ is attested only in written sources, mostly lexicographic ones (Ser, NdŽ, I, rš);

–as and –is:

K i d n e y (Latin ren) – Inkſtas, Polish Nerká, Latin Ren SD 298, Inkſtas, cf. the kidney Rₗᵥ 48, MŽₗᵥ 97 / Ingſtas, cf. Nieren C III 148 / Inkſtis, cf. Nieren Lex 65, Inkſtis, cf. Nieren Renes hominis B II 949₄₅, Inkſtis, cf. the kidney Rₗᵥ 48, MŽₗᵥ 97;

C h e e k b o n e (Latin zygoma) – Skroſtas, cf. Backen C I 225, Skroſtas, cf. cheek C IV 903, MŽₗᵥ 528, Skroſtas, cf. Backe mala l. maxilla B I 182₂₄, Skroſtas, cf. cheek MŽₗᵥ 68, Skroſtas, cf. a beautiful red cheek MŽₗᵥ 245 / Skróſtis, cf. cheek mala l. maxilla B I 182₂₄. It should be noted that none of these variants is recorded in LKŽₑ;

–is and –us:

I n d e x f i n g e r (Latin index) – ſmaguris, Polish Palec wtory v reki, Latin Index, demonſtratorius, ſilenti digitus SD 380 / Smaggurus, cf. Leckerer C II 1174, Smaggurus, cf. glutton C III 118, compare 1 smaguris ‘index finger, smilius, sweet-toothed person’ LKŽₑ. In LKŽₑ, smagurus is an adjective: smagurus 1. ‘fond of indulging in tasty food, greedy, sweet-toothed’, 2. ‘very tasty, suitable for a treat’;

–us and –as:

I n d e x f i n g e r (Latin index) – Smillus, cf. Leckerer C II 1174, Smillus, cf. glutton C III 118, Smillus, cf. pointer finger C IV 1036, Smillus, cf. pointer finger Lex 109, Smillus, cf. glutton or gourmand B II 856₂₇, Smillus, cf. pointer finger B I 472₂₃, Smillus, cf. glutton Rᵥₗ 265, Smillus, cf. the index finger MŽₗᵥ 185 / Smailus, cf. pointer finger C IV 1036, Smailus, cf. glutton or gourmand B II 856₂₇ / Smail[as], cf. pointer finger Lex 109. The words smilus, smailus and smailas in LKŽₑ do not have the meaning under discussion, except for form 1 smilius 1. ‘the finger next to the thumb, a sweet-toothed person’.

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Noteworthy separately are the competing variants with the endings -as and -‘s (with the shortened ending -as, following the loss of the vowel a) (the latter variants occur only in J. Brodowski’s dictionary):

G i m d a (Latin uterus) – Źywatas, vocal. Leib C II 1179, Źywatas, vocal. 1. die Barmuttergeburt Rₗᵥ 45, Źywatas, vocal. der mütterliche Leib, die Bärmutter MŽₗᵥ 352 / Źywátas, vocal. Bärmutter Rᵥₗ 51, MŽᵥₗ 70 / Źywat‘s, vocal. 5 Mutter Vulva, Uterus B II 928₃₈, Źywat‘s, vocal. Beermutter B 201₃₀ / Źywátas, vocal. der Leib (uterus) Hₗᵥ 151 / Źywatas, vocal. Leib Hᵥₗ 191. According to the data in LKŽₑ, the word žywatas, of Slavic origin, in the sense ‘womb’ is recorded only in written sources (H, R, MŽ, MŽ70, DP18, Mž171, Mž190, BPII173, BB1Moz38,27, VlnE206, ŽCh30, MP117) LKŽₑ;

K o j o s n y k š t y s (Latin hallux) – diddljis Pirʒt‘s Kojos, vocal. Зehe B I 472₂₃ / diddyljis Pirʒtas Kójós, vocal. Зähne am Fuß Rᵥₗ 408, diddyljis Pirʒtas Kójós, vocal. Зähne, große Зähne am Fuß MŽᵥₗ 550;

K ū n a s (Latin corpus) – Kunas, Polish Ciało, Latin Corpus SD 33, Kunas, vocal. Leib C II 1179, Lex 58, Hᵥₗ 191, Kunas, vocal. Cörper Lex 22, Kunas, vocal. der Leib Hₗᵥ 54 / Kun‘s, vocal. Cörper B I 315₄₅, Kun‘s, vocal. Haut B II 648₂₃ / Kūnas, vocal. der Leib Rₗᵥ 70 / Kúnas, vocal. Cörper Rᵥₗ 93, MŽᵥₗ 122, Kúnas, vocal. Leib Rᵥₗ 241, MŽᵥₗ 322, Kúnas, vocal. Leichnam Rᵥₗ 241, MŽᵥₗ 322, Kúnas, vocal. Zeug. Leib Rᵥₗ 412, Kúnas, vocal. der Leib, das lebendige Fleisch MŽₗᵥ 135, Kúnas, vocal. Körper MŽᵥₗ 306, Kúnas, vocal. Zeug, Leib MŽᵥₗ 556;

M a ž y l i s (the fifth finger) (Latin digitus minimus) – Maźąlis Pirʒtas, vocal. der Ohrfinger MŽᵥₗ 185 / maźąʃʃis Pirʒt‘s, vocal. Ohr Finger Kl. Finger B I 472₂₇.

The second largest group of variants in masculine singular endings consists of competing variants with endings formed in three different ways—three rows occurred, comprising between five and nine members:

–is, –ys, and –ỹs:

P e t y s (Latin acromion) – Petis, Polish Bárk, Latin Brachium, humerus, lacertus SD 7, Petis, Polish Lopatka w ciele człowieczym, Latin Omoplata SD 156, Petis, Polish Ramie, Latin Humerus SD 374, Petis, vocal. Achsel Lex 4, Petis, vocal. Schulter Hᵥₗ 205 / Petys, vocal. Achsel C I 53, Pet‘s, vocal. Hebe=Schulder C II 869, Petys, vocal. Schulter C III 500 / Pétis, vocal. Achsel B I 44₄₂, Rᵥₗ 13, MŽᵥₗ 17, Pétis, vocal. Schulter Rᵥₗ 318, MŽᵥₗ 426 / Pettis, vocal. die Schulter Hₗᵥ 98 / Pettys, vocal. Achsel B I 44₄₂ / Pettys, vocal. die Schulter Hₗᵥ 98, Pettys, vocal. Schulter Hᵥₗ 205;

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–as, –is and –ys:

Joint (Latin articulatio) – funaras, Polish staw w ciele, Latin Articulus, commiffura digitoru SD 520 / Sanarys, German Gelencke C II 708 / Sanarys, German Gelencke Lex 40a, Sanarys, German Gelenk am Leibe MŽ_vl 220 / Joint, German Gelenke R_lv 126, Joint, German Glied, am Leibe MŽ_vl 237 / Joint, German ein Gelenk MŽ_lv 231. LKŽ_e The word sunaras, meaning “joint,” is given as an entry in the dictionaries of A. Kuršaitis and G. H. F. Nesselmann;

–is, –ys and –(i)us:

Pupil (Latin pupilla); eyeball (Latin bulbus oculi) – Akkies wyzdzus, German Augapffel Lex 64 / Akkies Wýzdžius, German Augapffel B I 155₄₈ / Akiės Wyzdžus, German Augapfel R_vl 40 / Akiės Wiždžius, German der Augen (?) das Sehen MŽ_lv 2 / Akiės Wyzdžius, German Augapfel MŽ_vl 54 / Akkiės-Wyzdis, German der Augapffel H_lv 1 / Akkies wyždis, German Augapfel H_vl 157 / Akiės Wyždis, German Augapfel R_vl 40, MŽ_vl 54, Akiės Wyždis (?), German der Augen (?) das Sehen MŽ_lv 2 / Akiės Wyzdys, German der Augapfel R_lv 4. As the examples show, the terms akies vyzdžius and akies vyzdys designate two anatomical concepts—pupilla (pupil) and bulbus oculi (eyeball)—but these term variants more often denoted the eyeball. The term in the sense “pupil” is mentioned only in K. G. Milkus’s dictionary. The –ius ending variant vyzdžius, in the two senses mentioned, is also recorded in LKŽ_e.

The variants denoting one part of the oral cavity—the palate—differ in four distinct formalized endings: –is, –ys, –ỹs and –as:

Palate (Latin palatum) – Gamuris, Polish podniebienie w uśćiech, Latin Palatum SD 408 / Gomorys, German Gaumen C II 768, Gomorys, German Schlundt C III 452 / Gomurys, German Gaume Lex 39a, Gomurys, German der Gaumen, obere Halsschlund R_lv 41, Gomurys, German der Gaumen, obere Halsschlund MŽ_lv 83 / Gomurÿs, German Gaumen B II 527₁₉, Gomurÿs, German Hals l. Schlundt B II 624₁₄ / Gomurras, German der Gaumen H_lv 31, Gomurras, German der Gaumen, obere Halsschlund MŽ_lv 83 / Gomeris, German Gaumen MŽ_vl 210. All the above-mentioned variants of the word gomurys are recorded in LKŽ_e: gamuris SD = gomurys, gomorys N = gomurys 1, gomuras R, N = gomurys, gomeris MŽ see gomerė “palate”.

The examples show that masculine singular ending variants exhibit numerous phonetic and orthographic differences. Like variants of gender terms, they most often differ in plain vowels and vowels marked with acute, grave, and differently shaped circumflex (tilde or caron) diacritics—

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acritically marked. Among the most characteristic consonant differences are competing term variants with single and double consonants (the consonants most often doubled are d, g, k, l, n, t, r, s), as well as consonants represented by different graphemes: š (β/ś/ʃ), ž (ź/ʒ), and dž (dʒ/dź).

3.2. Variants of feminine singular endings

Compared with masculine forms, relatively few variants of feminine singular endings were found in the dictionaries—only five variant series, each consisting of three to six variant members with different endings.

Most are competing variants that differ in endings formed in three different ways:

–e, –ė, and –ė:

Saliva (Latin saliva) – Seite, Latvian fliná, Latin Saliua, ſpurum tenue SD 507 / Seile, Polish Geiffer Lex 40, Seile, Polish Speichel Lex 81a / Séilé, Polish der Speichel, der Seifer R₁ᵥ 128 / Séile, Polish Geifer Rᵥₗ 164 / Seilė, Polish der Geifer MŽᵥₗ 236 / Seilė, Polish Geifer MŽᵥₗ 217;

–e, –ė, and –ia:

Skull (Latin cranium) – Kiauβe, German Hirnſchedel C II 949, Kiauβe, German Schedel C III 404 / Kiauſʒe, German Haupt Schedel B II 644₁₂, Kiauſʒe, German Haupt Scheitel B II 644₁₃, Kiauſʒe, German Hirn Schale B II 712₄₅, Kiauſʒe, German Hirn ſchedel B II 712₄₆ / Kiáuβe, German ein Todtenkopf, Hirnſchädel R₁ᵥ 57, Kiáuſʒe, German Hauptſchedel Rᵥₗ 193, Kiáuβe, German Hinderteil des Kopfes MŽᵥₗ 272 / Kiáuβė, German Hinderteil des Kopfes Rᵥₗ 205, Kiáuβė, German Hirnſchädel Rᵥₗ 206, MŽᵥₗ 112, MŽᵥₗ 274, Kiáuβė, German Schedel Rᵥₗ 304, MŽᵥₗ 407, Kiáuβė, German Hauptſchedel MŽᵥₗ 256 / Kiáuβia, German [Hinderteil des Kopfes, Hirnſchädel]¹³ R₁ᵥ 57 / Kiauβia, German die Hirnſchädel MŽ₁ᵥ 112. According to LKŽₑ data, the variants kiaušė and kiaušia, meaning “bones covering the brain, skull,” are words from written sources, predominantly ML (C, R, MŽ, K.Donel, RB; [K], R, MŽ).

There was one instance in which variants with three different endings compete:

–a, –e, and –ė:

Artery (Latin arteria) – Gȳw=Gȳſla, German Puls Ader B II 988₂₀ / Gȳw=gȳſle, German Puls Ader B I 506₂₀ / Gyw=Gyſlē, German Pulsader Rᵥₗ 283, Gyw=Gyſlē, German Pulsader MŽᵥₗ 378. The –a ending variant in LKŽₑ is gygygla

¹³ In the original – Kiáuβia – idem. R₁ᵥ 57.

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is presented as a word in a seventeenth-century handwritten (so-called A. Krauzė) German–Lithuanian dictionary, while the original source for gygyslės ‘arteries, veins’ is identified as Fr. Kurschat’s 1883 dictionary.

Two sets of variants were found, consisting of members with endings formed in four different ways:

–e, –ẽ, –ė and –is:

B l u ž n i s (Latin lien) – Blužnė, Polish Jledźioná / v flodzona, Latin Lien, ƒplen SD 506, Blužne, German Lunge B II 886₃₇ / Blužnė, German Lunge Rᵥₗ 248 / Blužnė, German Lunge MŽᵥₗ 331 / Blußnis, German Miltz Lex 61a, Blußnis, German Miltz C III 52, Bluȥnis, German Milȥ MŽᵥₗ 342 / Blužnis, German Miltz B II 914₁₈, Bluȥnis, German die Milȥ, auch die Lunge MŽₗᵥ 30 / Bluȥnis, German Milȥ Rᵥₗ 256. The LKŽₑ variant bluȥnė ‘bluȥnis’ is presented as a word from SD;

Š l a u n i s (Latin coxa, femur) – Kulβis, Polish Kirsć / łopátká dolna, Latin Coxa, coxendix SD 201, Kulβis, German Hufft C II 978, Kulβis, German die Hüffte Hₗᵥ 54 / Kulƒzis, German Knöchel B II 805₅₁, Kulƒzis, German Hufft B II 728₂₀ / Kulƒzę, German Hufft B II 728₂₀ / Kulβe, German Schenckel C III 412, Kulβe, German Hufft Lex 51, Kulβe, German Schenkel Lex 74a / Kulβẽ, German die Hufte Rₗᵥ 70, Kulβẽ, German Knöchel Rᵥₗ 228, Kulβẽ, German die Hüfte MŽₗᵥ 135, Kulβẽ, German Huft MŽᵥₗ 280, Kulβẽ, German Knöchel MŽᵥₗ 303, Kulβẽ, German Schenkel MŽᵥₗ 409 / Kulβė, German Huft Rᵥₗ 211, Kulβė, German Schenkel Rᵥₗ 305. According to LKŽₑ, the variants kulšė and kulšis have several anatomical meanings—‘thigh’ and ‘hip region’.

The examples given show that all the variants of feminine singular endings are mixed: the members of the variant sets differ through simple vowels and diphthongs, vowels and diphthongs with diacritics (á, é, ẽ, ì; éi, áu), and the characters ÿ, ł, ß, ß, ž, ȥ denoting the vowel y and the consonants l, š, ž.

One pair of plural feminine endings—os and –es—should be mentioned separately; these variants designate a part of the central nervous system:

G a l v o s s m e g e n y s (including the medulla oblongata) (Latin encephalon) – Smagenos, German Gehirn C II 796, Lex 40, Smagenos, German Hirn Lex 50, B II 712₄₁, Smagenos, German March Lex 60a / Smagenes, German Marck B II 898₂₆ / Smagines, German Hirn B II 712₄₁, Smagines, German Marck B II 898₂₅. LKŽₑ records the variants smagenos and smagenės, whose first meaning is anatomical: ‘the part of the central nervous system consisting of nerve fibers and cells located in the human skull and spinal canal’.

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3.3. Variants of masculine plural endings

As already mentioned, headwords are generally given in dictionaries in the singular form. As the examples discussed above show, most anatomy terms occur in this form, though plural-form variants are also found. Two lines of such variants were identified. The endings -ai and -(i)ei, -ei and -iei variants compete:

-ai and -(i)ei:

Downy hairs, fine hairs¹⁴ (Latin lanugo) – Gyw-Plaukai, German Milchhaar C III 56 / Gÿw=Plaukai, German Milch Haar B II 913₂ / Gywplaukiai, German die Augenbraunen Rₗᵥ 46 / Gywplaukei, German die Augenbraunen, das Milchhaar MŽₗᵥ 92;

-ei and -iei:

Shoulder (Latin acromion) – Péciei, German die Schultern Rₗᵥ 106, Péciei, German Schulter, Rücken Rᵥₗ 318 / Peczei, German die Schultern MŽₗᵥ 197.

These variants, like those described earlier, differ in simple vowels and diphthongs, as well as in vowels and diphthongs marked with diacritics (e/é; ai/ei), and also in the letters y and č and š, representing the vowel and consonants, respectively, by the graphemes ÿ, č/cž, β/ʒ.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Variation is one of the most characteristic features of historical terminology. It is most clearly evident in written sources from the initial stage of the formation of the written language, which are marked by the abundance and diversity of forms of the same word—not only across individual authors’ writings, but often within the writings of a single author. This is confirmed by the lexicographic material from the 17th–18th centuries examined here: variants of terms denoting the same anatomical concept, but formed differently morphologically, phonetically, and orthographically, make up series ranging from two to ten members.

2. Words and word combinations related to medicine are found in the earliest general bilingual translation dictionaries, which played a major role in the development of Lithuanian medical terminology, specifically anatomical terminology; a substantial portion of them forms the basis of the present-day anatomical nomenclature.

3. Three types of morphological variants (gender, number, and endings) were found in the dictionaries examined. Morphological variants are most often single-word anatomy terms; compound terms are rare, and in them the gender or specific element varies.

4. The series of gender variants consist predominantly of single-word anatomy terms. Their members differ in masculine and feminine gender.

¹⁴ Cf. gyvaplaukiai (Latin lanugo) ME I 294.

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5. Number variant series consist of single-word and compound anatomical terms that are given in singular and plural forms in different (or even the same) dictionaries (usually, in compound terms, the number of one component varies).

6. Ending variant series consist of single-word and compound anatomical terms: either single-word terms or components of compound terms vary by having different endings of the same gender. Masculine and feminine ending variants are distinguished.

6.1. Masculine singular ending variants predominate. As many as twenty-two series of competing ending variants -is and -ys, -as and -s (a shortened ending, with the vowel a elided), -as and -is, -is and -us, -us and -as, -is, -ys and -ys, -as, -is and -ys, -is, -ys and -(i)us, -is, -ys, -ys and -as were found. Only two series of this gender’s plural ending variants -ai and -(i)ei, -ei and -iei were found.

6.2. Compared with masculine forms, relatively few feminine singular ending variants were found in the dictionaries—only five series. The members of these series differ in their endings -a and -ė, -e, -ę and -ė, -e, -ę and -ia, -e, -ė, -ė and -is.

7. The dictionaries contain mostly mixed variants, with the exception of the number-variant type, whose variants are pure. In addition to their principal morphological distinctions, gender and ending variants display numerous secondary—phonetic and orthographic—differences. The members of variant series most often differ in plain vowels and vowels marked with acute, grave, and differently shaped circumflex diacritics (tilde-shaped or broken), which indicate a stressed syllable or certain case forms. Among the most characteristic consonant differences are competing variants with single and doubled consonants (most commonly doubled are the consonants d, g, k, l, n, t, r, s), as well as variants involving the vowel y (y/ÿ), the diphthong uo (ū), and the consonants l (ł/ł), š (β/š/ʃ), č (ć/cз), ž (з́/з) and dž (dз/dз́).

8. Linguistic and non-linguistic factors influenced the emergence of morphological variants of anatomical terms in the dictionaries. Among the latter, the influence of the different—German and Polish—orthographies should certainly be noted (this is clearly evident when comparing anatomical terms from the DL and ML dictionaries). The spoken language and the writings of the predecessors and contemporaries of the dictionaries’ authors also played an important role. Different forms of the same word used by speakers and in written sources may have been adopted by seventeenth- and eighteenth-century DL and ML lexicographers. On the other hand, the possibility of individual variants of anatomical terms and typographical errors cannot be ruled out.

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PRINCIPAL SOURCES

B – Jokūbas Brodovskis. Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicum et Lithvanico=Germanicvm: an eighteenth-century manuscript dictionary: a documentary edition with facsimile, transcription, and word index / prepared by Vincentas Drotvinas. – Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2009. Volumes I–II.

C – Clavis Germanico–Lithuana. A seventeenth-century manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary. – Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1995–1997. Volumes I–IV.

H – Vocabularivm litthvanico–germanicvm, et germanico–litthvanicvm [...] by Friederich Wilhelm Haack. Halle, 1730.

Lex – Lexicon Lithuanicum: an eighteenth-century manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1987.

MŽ – Littauisch=deutches und Deutfch=littauisches Wörter=Buch, [...] von Christian Gotlieb Mielcke, Cantor in Pillkallen. Königsberg, 1800.

R – Littauifch=Deutfches und Deutfch=Littauifches Lexicon, [...] von Philipp Ruhig. Königsberg, 1747.

SD – Širvydas K. Dictionarium trium linguarum: the first Lithuanian-language dictionary. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1979.

AUXILIARY SOURCES

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – www.lkz.lt.

MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Bizulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas.

ME 1991: Medicinos enciklopedija I, Vilnius: Valstybinė enciklopedijų leidykla.

LITERATŪRA

Anusevičienė O. V., Cibas P., Lilienė L. 2002: Žmogaus anatomija ir fiziologija, Kaunas: Linos pasaulis.

Čės nys G. 2002: Lietuviško anatomijos vardyno istorijos metmenys. – Terminologija 9, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 55–65.

Milinaitė R. 2009: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos vartosenos variantai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

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Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Terminologija 15, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 111–130.

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Zinkevičius Z. 1984: Lietuvių kalbos istorija 3: Senųjų raštų kalba, Vilnius: Mokslas.

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MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS OF ANATOMY TERMS IN LITHUANIAN LEXICOGRAPHY OF 17–18TH CENTURIES

The article provides the linguistic description of morphological variants of anatomy terms, their types and subtypes and gives a brief overview of the reasons for such variation in the main general translation dictionaries (mostly bilingual German–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–German) of 17–18th century Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor.

Three types of morphological variants (of gender, number and ending) have been found in the researched dictionaries. The majority of morphological variants are one-word terms; variants of complex terms are rare – there are some variations of their generic or specific elements.

The gender variants are either masculine or feminine (Kaukolas/Kaukolė/Kaukolė ‘skull’, Wūkas/Wokas/Wókas/Wokā ‘eyelid’).

The number variants in the same or in different dictionaries have either singular or plural form (Kélis/Kélei ‘knee’, Sanarys/Sanaris/Sanarei ‘joint’).

The ending variants have different feminine endings or different masculine endings. Variants of masculine singular endings prevail. Words ending in -is/-ys (Akkies Pawiddulis/Akiês Pawiddulys ‘eyeball’, Įkilwis/Skilwys ‘stomach’) or -as/-‘s (Mažafis Pirβtas/mažafjisPirʒt‘s ‘little finger’, Źywatas/Źywátas/Źywat‘s/Źywátas/Źywatas ‘womb’) comprise the biggest groups. There were only one or two other ending variants found. Feminine singular endings are quite infrequent. Such variants differ in endings -e/-ẽ/-ė (Seile/Seile/Séilé/Séile/Seilé/Séilé ‘saliva’), -e/-ẽ/-ia (Kiaufβe/Kiaufʒe/Kiáuβe/Kiáuβe/Kiáuβia/Kiauβia ‘skull’), -a/-e/-ė (Gyw=Gýlla/Gyw‘gýlle/Gyw=Gyíle ‘artery’), -e/-ẽ/-e/-is (Bluźne/Bluźné/Bluźné/Bluβnis/Bluźnis/Bluźnis ‘spleen’).

Next to the main morphological differences gender and ending variants have quite a lot of secondary – phonetic and orthographic – differences. Variants differ in simple vowels and vowels with various diacritic marks, simple consonants and double consonants or consonants marked using different characters l (ł/ł), š (β/ś/ʒ), č (ć/cʒ), ž (ʒ/ʒ), dž (ʒ/dʒ), etc.

Variability is one of the most common features of historical terminology of medicine – lines consisting of two to ten variants of anatomy terms naming the same concept, but having different morphological, phonetic and orthographical form were found in the researched material.

There were both linguistic and non-linguistic factors influencing the occurrence of morphological variants of anatomy terms in dictionaries. One of the most obvious non-linguistic factors was the influence of the orthography of the German and the Polish languages. Living language as well as writings of the predecessors and contemporaries of the authors of the researched dictionaries also played an important role. Lexicographers of the 17–18^th century Lithuania Major and Lithuania Minor could have taken different forms of the same words used by the people and in the written sources. The possibility of the author’s own variants of the anatomy terms or proofreading mistakes could not be excluded either.

Gauta 2012-11-19

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

Morfologiniai anatomijos terminų variantai XVII–XVIII a. lietuvių leksikografijoje